(1), (2),,,,, :,, ; ;, : 4 1000mL, 2 ; 1000mL, 100mL, 10mL, 2mL,,,,, ph, : Al2 ( SO4 )3 ; FeCl3 6 ; 2 ; 2 ; 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 1 ; 1
) 1 : (1) ZR4-6 (2) 1 000ml 6 6 1 000mL :,, (3) : Al2 ( SO4 ) 3103050607080mg/ L (4) ZR4-6 ( ),, (5),, 2 (6) 500r/ min 30s, 150r/ min 5 min, 80r/ min 10 min (7),, (8),, 15 min, (9) 6, 15 min, 100mL, 6 125mL,, 1-1 - 11-1 - 2 (10), 6,,, ( ), ( ) a b ab X1 X2 X3 X4, (1),,, (2),, (3),,, 2
/ ph 1 2 3 4 5 6 X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 b ml mg/ L ph 1 2 3 4 5 6 X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 b ml mg/ L ph 1 2 1-1 - 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ) 2 (1) 1 000mL (2) : Al2 ( SO4 )31020304050607080mg/ L 3
(3) 10, (4) 1min, 2min, (5) 20min, : ; ; (6) 80mL 100mL (7) (8) Al2 ( SO4 ) 3FeCl3 2 (9),, 1-1 - 1 (10), 1-1 - 31-1 - 4 1-1 - 3 ph Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ml mg/ L ph ph FeCl 3 ml mg/ L ph 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (1), (2),,,,, 4 24h, ( ) 1.,,, 5
680nm, 3., 3 ( ) (1 ) 50mL (2 ) () 1. 0.2m, 2. (1 ), 1.000g (NH 2 ) 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4,, 100mL (2 ) : 10.00g (CH 2 ) 6 N 4,, 100mL (3 ) : 5.00mL 5.00mL 100mL, (253) 24h,, 400 1 () 1. 0, 0.501.252.505.0010.00 12.50mL, 50mL, 0410204080100 680nm, 3cm,, 2. 50.0mL (100,, 50mL), 50mL, : () = A C 50 : A: C (50mL), 1-1 - 5 1-1 - 5 110 10100 100400 4 0001 000 > 1 000 1 5 10 50 100 6 ()
( ) 1mg ( ) 100mL, 1 ( ) (1 ) 100mL (2 ) 250mL, (3 ) () (1) 10g 0.1mm (150 ),, 1 000mL,, 24h, 800mL 1 000mL, 1 000mL, 24h 800mL 1 000mL,, 400m 50.0mL, 1052h, 30min,,,, 1h,,, (mg) (2) 250mg, 1 000mL,, 250 ( 3) 250 100mL 250mL,, 100 1g/ L, () 1. 10 (1 ) 100 01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0 10.0mL 100mL,, 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 (2) 100mL 100mL,, 2. 10 (1) 250 0102030405060708090 100mL 250mL,, 0102030405060708090 100, 250mL, 1g,, (2) 250mL, 250mL,,,,, (3 ) 100, (1), 7
(3) (4),,,, 1-2 - 1 1-2 - 1,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,, e = L - L 0 100% L0 : L, cm; L0, cm,, 8
e (2) (3) (4) (1) 1-2 - 1, (2) 1-2 - 1 (3), 4020mg/ L, Al2 ( SO4 ) 3 FeCl3,, (4), 1-2 - 2 (5) (6), : 1 # : 5m/ h; 2 # : 8m/ h; 3 # : 12m/ h; 4 # : 16m/ h (7), :, 1-2 - 3 1-2 - 4 e = 20% 40% 80% q, e, 3, 1-2 - 1 / mm / m 2 / m / m 1 2 3 4 1-2 - 2 / min (mgl - 1 ) (Ls - 1 ) 9
ms - 1 ) / cm / m / cm 1-2 - 3 / mm / m 2 / mm / cm 1-2 - 4 Q( Ps - 1 ) h/ min 1 2 3 e = ( L - L 0 )/ L 0 100 % q = Q/ F ( Ls - 1 / e q m - 2 ) (1), 4,, 1-2 - 2 1-2 - 2 (2) 4, 10
, 1-2 - 3 1-2 - 3 1-2 - 4 ( 3),, 1-2 - 44 (1),, (2),, (3),,, 3, ( 1 ),,,,,, (1), (2) (3) 11
,, ( ),,,, 1-3 - 1 1-3 - 1,,, (,, ),,,,,,,,, (1) 1 (2) 1 (3) ph 2 (4) 1 ; (5) 1 ; (6) 200mL 2 12
(1) (2), (3),, (4) Q = 500L/ h (5), (6), (7), 1-3 - 1 1-3 - 1 1 ph / / Lh - 1 / mgl - 1 2 3 4 5 :, 1.1mm/ s,, (1), (2), (3) (4),,,,,,, :,, 13
1-4 - 1 1-4 - 1 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8.,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 1: 21: 4 (1) 1 (2) (3) ph (4) (5) (6) (7),, (1),,, (2),,, 14
800L/ h (4) 800L/ h,,, (5), (6),,,, 1-4 - 1 1-4 - 1 ph 1 / Lh - 1 (/ mgl - 1 ) 2 3 4 5 :, 1.1mm/ s ;, (1) (2)?? (3)?? (1), (2) (3),, ( ),, 1-5 - 1,,,,,,,, 15
,,,,,,, (1) (2) (3) v = 812m/ h, Q (4), 30min (5) (6), 2, d - e ( d ) / m 2 / m / m H h / m3 / m2n e% (1) (2), U,? (3),? 16
( ) (1), ; (2) ; (3),,,, 60,,,,, ( ), ; ( ), 1-6 - 1,,,,,, : (1) ; (2) ph ; (3) 1 ; (4) ; (5) 200mL 5, 3 ( ) 17
,, (2),, 400L/ h, (3) 400L/ h,,, (4) (5),, 1-6 - 1 1-6 - 1 / / Lh - 1 / mgl - 1 1 2 3 4 5 6,,,, 1-7 - 1,,,, ;, ( ), (1) :, ( ) 18
Q = 500800L/ h,, (2) :,,,,,,,,,,,, (1) (2) (min ) (3) (4),? 4,,,,,,, 19
H + OH -, 1-8 - 1 1-8 - 1 4 5 1. (1) 1N HCl 1 ; (2) 10%CuSO4 1 ; (3) 5N NH4 H 1 ; (4) 1N NaOH 1 ; (5) 0.5% 0.1% 50mL; (6) 200mL 2. (1) 1 000mL 1 ; (2) 1 000mL 5 ; (3) 50mL 2 ; (4) 30mL 25 ; (5) 12 3 ; (6) 20
1: 5, 23mL, 30mL 12, 1N HC15mL, 12min,, 23, 12min,, 23 12 10% CuSO4 510mL, 12min, 2 3 1 12 2, (2) 2:, ( ), 5N NH4OH 510mL, 1 2min, 23 23, ( ), ;, (3) 3: 1, 1N NaOH 510mL1min, ; 0.1% 5, 12min 23,, (4) 4: 3,, : 1N HC1510mL12min, 23, 0.1% 35, 23min,,, ;,, (1) (2),,,,,,,,, 21
R - SO3 Na) H,,, H +, Eo 2 ( CaCl2 ) H +, 1,, H +, Eo 3 : 1. (1) 5 ( ) ; (2) 0.05N NaOH 50mL ; (3) 0.1% 25mL; (4) 1N HCI 1 000mL; (5) 1N CaCl2 1 000mL (6) ph 1 2. (1) 100mL 1 ; 250mL 3 ; (2) 1000mL 1 ; (3) 25mL 2 ; (4) 812mm 1 ; (5) 25mL 1 ; (6) 1 ; (7) 2550mL 1 ; (8) 1 ; (9) 5001 000mL 3 ; (10) 1. : (1) 5g,, 1L (2) 1N HCl 60mL, ( ), H (3),, ( ph = 7 ) (4) 1L (5) 1N CaCl2 600800mL,, H +,, ph = 7 (6) 1L, (7), 0.05N NaOH, V, 22
5, Eo 1-9 - 1 Eo = V1 N1 10 mg - N/ W Eo = : () g V1 V1 100 mg - N/ ( ) g VW1 ( 1 - r) V10.05N NaOH ml; N1 0.05N NaOH ; W, ; W1, ; r, % ; 10 1-9 - 1 (1) Eo 4.5mg - N/ ( ) g, HC1, (2) Eo 4.5mg - N/ ( ) g,, Eo (3),, 23
E1,, Eo,, 60%70%, EO E1,, : (1) ( ) (2) E1 1. (1) EDTA ( N = 0.05) ; (2) CaCl2 ( N = 3035mg - N/ L) ; (3) ph = 10 (NH4Cl + NH4OH) ; (4) T 2. 3 1 (1) 1 ; (2) 1 ; (3) 2050mL 1 ; (4) 1 ; (5) 20mL 1 ; (6) 250mL 3 ; (7) 1 000mL 1 ; (8) 1 000mL 1 ; (9) 812cm 1 ; (10) 500mL 1 ; (11) 1 ; (12) 1 1-10 - 1 :, 1-10 - 1,,, H,, Na +,,, Na +,, 24
, ( ), Eo, E1, E,, ;, ;,, E1,, E1 : (1) H, (2), H1,, v = vo, (3) (HO ), : TO5min, 1-10 - 1 1-10 - 1 / min / mlmin - 1 / ml / ml EDTA / ml / (mg - N/ L) : H O = N 1 V 1 1 000 V 2 ( mg - N/ L) (4), H 0.03mg - N/ L, TiQi 10min, (1), (),, (2) E1 I ( HO - H) Qi Ti,,,, E1 = ( HO - H) W : HO, mg - N/ L; Qi Ti H, 0.03mg - N/ L; (mg - N/ L) 25
Qi ml/ min; Ti, min; W, ml 1-10 - 2 1-10 - 2 (3), +, EO ;, (4),,, E,,,,, (1) (2), H +, H + ;, OH - : RH + X + RX+ H + ROH + X RX+ OH - : H + + OH - H2O,,,, ph 7, 210 6 cm 26
H Na 1-11 - 1, H - Na 1-11 - 2 1-11 - 1 H - Na 1. H ; 2. ; 3. : 4. ; 5. ; 6.Na ; 7. 1-11 - 2 H - Na 1. H ; 2. ; 3. : 4. ; 5. ; 6. Na ; 7. : (1) 1 ; (2) 1 ; (3) 1 ; (4) 250mL 4 ; (5) 1 000mL 1 ; (6) 1 ; (7) 1 ; (8) 1 5 1. (1),, (2) (3),, v = 10m/ h (4), 5min ph (5), 3040min, 1-11 - 1, 1-11 - 2 1-11 - 1 ph 27
/ min / (Lh - 1 ) / (mh - 1 ) ph ph 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 40 2.,, E1 ( E1 1 1001 250mg - N/ L),, 1-11 - 2 (1) : n = 1.52.0 c = 3% 5% v = 3.0m/ h, 5.0m/ h, 7.0m/ h (2) (3),, T0 (4) 10min, T1, (5) 1-11 - 3 / min / (mh - 1 ) / (Lh - 1 ) / g n 28
min / (mh - 1 ) / (Lh - 1 ) / g n 3.,,,, : (1), V1 = 35m/ h, T1 = 10min, V2 = 1015m/ h, T2 (2) 10min ph, 3040min, ph 0.2, T3 (3),, : n, m 3 / m 3 ; T1T2, h; n = T 1 Q1 + T2 Q2 W Q1Q2, m 3 / hi; W, m 3 4. 1-11 - 4 (m 3 / m 3 ) 1-11 - 4 (mh - 1 ) (Lh - 1 ) min ph 29
mh - 1 ) (Lh - 1 ) min ph, 4050 (1) (2), 1 3,, (3) ( 80% 90% ), (1), (2) ( ph ), (3) ph (4) 30
(1) (2), - ( t - E) - ( u - E) C t Co u, 4, 2-1 - 1, h, t h v h t t 0 uo uo t0 C0, = C o - Ct Co 100% t h u: u = h10 t60 ( mm/ ) : C0, mg/ L; C1 t,, mg/ L; h cm; t, min (1),,, 2-1 - 1 (2) : 1/ 10 000, 100mL, (3) : 31
,, 105 1, 10545min, 30min, 1/ 10 000, (2) (3) 100mL 100mL ( C0 ),, (4) 5101520304060min, 100mL, ( Ct ) (5),,, (6),,,,, ( 1) : (7) W1 ; Cm g/ L = ( W 2 - W1 ) 1 0001 000 V W2 + ; V, 100mL (1) h t, u1 E, t - E u - E, 2-1 - 22-1 - 3 2-1 - 2 t - E (2), t,, 32
P = C 1 C0 u - E 100% (3) u, P u - P (4)? (5) 3, (, ) (, ),,,,,,,,, 103105,, 105, (1802),, ;,, 20 000mg/ L 103105 ( ),, 103105, () (1) : 90mm (150mL, ) 33
(3) ( ) (1) 10310530min,, ( 0.0005g) (2 ) (50mL), 25mg,, ( )103105 1h,, ( 0.0005g) : ( A - B) 1 0001 000 mg/ L = V : A +, g; B, g; V, ml 103105 (), 103105, () ( 0.45m), () (1) (1) (2) 0.45m, (3), (2) () : mg/ L = : A +, g; B, g; V, ml ( A - B) 1 0001 000 V :, () 103105 : ( 103 105 ) 436.4mg/ L, 7, 6.9% ; 18.8% ; 2.97% ( ),,,, 15, 100.81 575mg/ L; 95.6% 103.6% 34
( ), 1802 103105,,,,,, 0.45m 200mg,, () 103105, (1802) () 103105 () 180 : ( 108 ) 347.1mg/ L, 6, 10.2%, 15.8% ; 0.72% ( ),,,,, 15, 1021 318mg/ L; 77.3% 106.3% 103105 (),,,,,, ( ),,,, (), 103105 () () (1), 3050mm (2) 0.45m () (1 ) 1,, 1031052h,,, ( 0.0005g) (2), ( 2.5mg ), ; 35, 10mL 2 35
,, 103105,, 2h,, ( ) ( A - B) 1 0001 000 mg/ L = V : A+, g; B, g; V, ml () (1) (2), 24,, 103105 (),,, (1) () KLa (2) (3), EA Ep : KLa, L/ h; t, h; dc dt = K La ( cs - c) KLa = 2.303 [ I g ( cs - c0 ) - Ig ( cs - ct ) ] t cs ; c0, t = 0, c0 = 0; ct t,, mg/ L,,, 36
,,, c t, t,, KLa Ig ( c s - c0 ), t, cs - ct cs - c0 Ig ( ) = KLa cs - ct 2.303 t, KLa 2.303 2-2 - 1 2-2 - 1 (1) 12cm, H = 2.0m; (2) ( ) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5) ; (6) ; (7) (1), 1.5 2Na2SO37H2O + O2 2Na2SO4 O2 2Na2SO37H2 O = 32 504 = 1 15.8 = 1.51.58g 37
2.5g (2), () 1.9m (3), 10min (DO) (4),, 1510152025304050 60min DO, DO 95% ( 0.20.3m 3 / h) (5) ( ) (6),,,,,, 1/ 31/ 2 (7) DO, 1mL,,, 2mL,, 2.0mL,,, 5min 100.0mL 250mL,, 1mL,, mg/ L = : M, mol/ L; MV81 000 100 V, ml 1. 2-2 - 1 1 ( ) / m / m / (m 3 h - 1 ) / / mmhg 2-2 - 2 2 t/ min / ml / (mgl - 1 ) t/ min / ml / (mgl - 1 ) 38
t min / ml / (mgl - 1 ) t/ min / ml / (mgl - 1 ) 2. : KLa (20) = KLa 1.024 ( T - 20) EA = R 0 S 100% R0 = KLa (20) ( cs - co ) Vmg/ n 20 : S = 21% 1.33Q (20) = 0.28Q (20) = 0.28Qkg/ h (20 ) 10 6 (mg/ L) Q (20 ) = Qt P0T P0T0 Qt : Q (20) 20, m 3 / h Qt, m 3 / h P0, latm; T0 ; (37320) P ; T,,,,,,,, ( ), ;, ; ( ),, 0.05mg/ L, 2 1mg/ L, ; 2 1mg/ L, ;, 39
,,, ( ),,,, 1/ 31/ 2,,,, (),, 4,,, ( ) 250300mL, 2-2 - 2 ( ) (1) ; 480g ( MnSO 4 4H 2 O 364g MnSO 4 4H 2 O ), 1 000mL, (2 ) : 500g 300400mL, 150g ( 135g NaI) 200mL,,,, 1 000mL,,, 2-2 - 2,, (3 ) (1 + 5) (1 5 ) (4) 1% : 1g,, 100mL, 0.1 0.4g (5) 0.02500mol (1/ 6 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) : 105 110 2h 1.225g,, 1 000mL,, (6) : 6.2g ( Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O), 0.2g, 1 000mL, 0.0250lmol/ L : 250mL, 100mL 1g, 10.00mL 0.02500mol/ L 5mL (1 + 5) 5min,, 1mL,, M = 10.000.02500 V : Mmol/ L; V, ml (7 ), = 1.84 ( ) 1., 1mL 2mL,,,,, 2. 40
, 5min 3. ml,, 100.0mL 250mL,, 1mL,, 4. ( O 2 mg/ L) = : M, mol/ L; V, ( ) ml MV81 000 100 4, 206.859.09mg/ L, 0.3% ; 0.5% ( ) 4.73 11.4mg/ L, (1 ) ( 0.1mg/ L ),, 5mL ( 1 + 5) 1g,,,,, ( ) ;,,, (2 ), (1), (2), (3),, 95%, 2-3 - 1, 2-3 - 2,, ( ), 41
2-3 - 2 (1) CODNs :, : (2) t: Ns = QL a xv ( kg COD/ kg MLSS ) t = V Q ( ) : 42 (3) c: Q; C = QX+ La ( CODs ) ; V ; ( ) ; Q ; X; Xe xv ( Q - Q) XexV () QX (1),, (2) :, (3) : (4)
(1),,, (2) ( ) (3) (4), ;,, ;, (5) :, COD ( BOD), ( SS) XW QW (6) ( ) DO 1.02.5mg/ L CODNs = 0.10.4kgCOD/ kg MLSS C = 210 (7),,, (1),, (2),, (3), (4) (1), ( ) COD (2), (3)? (4) COD? 43
COD ( COD),, mg/ L,,,,,,, ( CODcr) ( ) 1.,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 000mg/ L, 2 000mg/ L, 3. 0.25mol/ L 50ml/ L COD, 0.025mol/ L 550mg/ L COD, ( ) (1) : 250mL 2-3 - 3 ( 30mL, 500mL ) (2 ) : (3 ) 50mL ( ) (1 ) (1/ 6 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 = 0.2500mol/ L) ; 1202h 12.258g, 1 000mL,, (2 ) : 1.485g ( C 12 H 8 N 2 H 2 O, 1, 10 - phenanthnoline), 0.695g (FeSO 4 7H 2 O), 100mL, (3) ( NH 4 ) 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O0.1mol/ L: 39.5g, 20mL, 1 000mL,,, : 10.00mL 500mL, 110mL, 30mL,, 3 ( 0.15mL),, 44 : c (NH4 )2 Fe ( SO4 )2= 0.250010.00 V c, mol/ L; V, ml (4 ) - : 2 500mL 25g 12d, (
2 500mL, 500mL 5g ) (5 ) : ( ) (1 ) 20.00mL ( 20.00mL) 250mL, 10.00mL,, 30mL -,, 2h ( ) :, 1/ 10, 15mm150mm,,,,,, 5mL, 30mg/ L, 0.4g, 20.00mL ( 20.00mL) (2), 90mL, 140mL,, (3), 3,,, (4 ), 20.00mL, ( ) CODcr CODcr ( 0.2mg/ L) = (V 0 - V1 ) c81 000 V : c, mol/ L; V0, ml; V1, ml; V, ml; 8 ( 1 O) g/ mol 2 ( ) COD 6 COD 150ml/ L, 4.3% ; 5.3 % ( ) (1 ) 0.4g 40mg, 20.00mL, 2 000mg/ L ;,, : = 10 : 1 (w/ w), (2) 10.0050.00mL, 2-3 - 1, 45
/ ml 0.2500mol/ L K2 Cr2 O7 / ml H 2 SO 4 - AgSO 4 / ml HgSO4/ g FeSO 4 ( NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 / (mol/ L - 1 ) / ml 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 15 30 45 60 75 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 70 140 210 280 350 (3) 50mg/ L, 0.0250mol/ L 0.01mol/ L (4 ), 1/ 54/ 5 (5), CODcr 1.176g, 0.4251g ( HOOCC6 H4 COOK), 1 000mL,, 500mg/ L CODcr (6 ) CODcr 3 (7 ),, (1), (2), (3),,,, BOD,,, ( ), SV% 100mL 30min, ( 100mL) % 2-4 - 1 ( SVI), 30min, 1g ml, : 46 30 min ( ml/ L) SVI = ( g/ L ) SV% 10 = MISS (g/ L)
,,,,,,,,,, ( SVI), 30min, (1) ( ) (2) (3) (4) (5) 100mL (1) 100mL, (2) ( ),, (3) 100mL, 100mL, (4) 100mL,, 13510152030min (5) 30min ( ml) ( SV% ) (6) 30min, ( ) (7) (1) ( SV% ) (MLSS), ( SVI) (2),, (3)? (4) 100mL, ( 2-4 - 2 ) 47
(5)? SBR (1) SBR, SBR (2), SBR SBR ( SBR ),, SBR, 30%,,, ;,,,, SBR, 1914 Ardem Lockett, SBR 1955 Hoover Porges SBR,, SBR,,, SBR SBR,,, ; ; 48
SBR, :, ; SBR,,, ;,,,,,,,, 2-5 - 2 SBR SBR 2-5 - 1 2-5 - 1 SBR 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. : 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. 2-5 - 2 SBR 5,,, 49
, SBR,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,, BOD,,,, 3.,,, 4., 5. (1),, 2 2, ; (2),,,,, (3),,,,, (4) (, ),, 0.5min,, (5),, (6) SBR, 50
(1), : ph (2), (3),,,, ph,,,,,, 0.52mg/ L 2-6 - 1 2-6 - 1 ph, ph 2-6 - 22-6 - 3,,, ( ),,,,,, ph 51
2-6 - 3 ph (1), (, ) (2) (3) ph (4) (1), ( ) (2),,, (3) ph ph (4) (5) ( ) (6),,,, (7),,, (8),,, 52
(1), (2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1),, BOD (2), (3),, (4),,, 2-7 - 1 1.,,,,,, 53
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. 2.,,,,,, 3. 0.50.7m,,, 4. 3,, ( 3 4 ), 3, 1954 Helbrown,, 1972,,,,,,, 1, ( 14mm), 54
,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (1) 1 ( ) (2) (3) (1), (2), (3 ),,, (4), (5), (6),, 10d (7),, 0.8% 1.20mm/ s, 95% 96% (8),,, (9),,, ( ), 20 50,,,, 55
2-8 - 1,, (1) 824m, 0.53.5m 0.5m, (2), 40 100mm,,,,, (3) (4),,,, 0.5m,,,,,, (),,, (1),,, (2), (3),,, (4) BOD,,, 500mg/ L, (5), BOD 56
(1), ; (2) ; (3),,,,,,,, CH4 CO2,, (1) 2-9 - 1,, 2-9 - 1 (2), 1 (3) (4) ph (5) COD (6) 105 (650) ( ) (7) (8), 57
(COD, ) (2) 1 ( ) 3, (COD) ph (3),, 12/ h, ( 331 )[, ( 1 ) (3) ] (4), 5min, (5) (), ( ), ( ), CODpH, (6) 5% (7) CH4 CO2 (8),,, (1), ; (2) ; (3), (1) COD g g = (2) Ns : ( ml/ d) ( COD) ( g/ d) Ns = (Kg/ d) m 3 KgCOD/ m 3 d (3),, g CH4, (4) CH4, (5) ph CH4? 58
(1), (2),,, q : q = V ( C 0 - C) M = X M : q, g/ g; VL; C0 C, g/ L; X, g; M, g,,, : q = kc 1/ n : q, g/ g; C, g/ L; kn ( 2) : lgq = lg k + 1 1g c (3) n ( 1) (2) qc, ( 3 ), 1 n, lg k (1) 1 ; (2) 2 ; (3) 1 ; (4) 722 1 ; (5) 250mL 6 ; (6),, 100mL,, 50mL 59
( 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 8.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0mL 50mL), (1mL 0.01mg ) ( ) ( ph = 10) 0.5mL 41mL 1mL 15min 722 ( = 510nm) (2 ) 6 250mL 050100200300400mg, 100mL (C = 10mg/ L) (3),, 1h (4), 50mL, (50mL ) (5) (1), (6), 2-10 - 1 V V V V V V C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 C0 M1 > M2 > M3 > M4 > M5 > M6 C1 < C2 < C3 < C4 < C5 < C6 q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 2-10 - 1 2-10 - 1 / (mgl - 1 ) / (mgl - 1 ) V/ ml / / g g/ g / % 1 2 3 4 5 6 60
[ ( 3) ] (2),?, 203,,,,,, (0.10.2mg/ L),, ( > 5mg/ L),,,, ( ), 4,, ( ),, ph 4.0, (1g/ L), (5 10), 24h ( ),,, ( ) (1 ) ( ),,, (2 ), ph 4.0 ( ph ), (1g/ L) ;,, (3) :,, ph 1212.5, (40mL 2 ),,,, ph4.0 (4) :,, 5030, 30mL,, 43 3mL 10 %,,,,, 61
,,,,,, (5) 4 -,, ph < 0.5, ( ) 500mL ( ) ( 1) 1L 0.2g 2000.5h,,,,,, :, ( ) (2 ) : 50g ( CuSO 4 5H 2 O), 500mL (3 ) : 50mL ( 20 = 1.69g/ ml), 500mL (4 ) : 0.05g 100mL ( ) (1) 250mL,, ph 4 ( ), 5.0mL (, ) :, ;,, (2 ),, 225mL,, 25mL, 250mL :,,, 1 ;,,, 4 - ( ) 1. ph 10.00.2,, 4 -,, 510nm :,,,,, ; ;,, 2. 20mm, 0.1mg/ L ( ) ( ) 1. 1.00g ( C6 H5 OH), 1 000mL,, 1 62
(1) 10.00mL 250mL, 100mL, 10.0mL 0.1mol/ L -, 5mL,,, 10min1g,,, 5min 0.0125mol/ L, 1mL,, (2 ), (3 ) : (mg/ ml) = ( V 1 - V 2 ) c15.68 V : V 1, ml ; V 2, ml ; V ml ; c mol/ L; 15.68(1/ 6C 6 H 5 OH) g/ mol 3., ml 0.010mg 4. - (1/ 6KBrO 3 0.1mol/ L) 2.784g ( KBrO 3 ), 10g ( KBr),, 5. (1/ 6KIO 3 0.0125mol/ L) 1 000mL, 1800.4458g, 1 000mL, 6. (Na 2 S 2 O 3 5H 2 O 0.0125mol/ L) (1 ) 3.1g, 0.2g, 1 000mL,, (2) : 10mL 250mL, 100mL, 1g, 5mL (1 + 5),, 5min,, 1mL,, (3 ) (mol/ L) : c ( Na2 S2 O35H2 O) = 0.0125V 4 V 3 : V 3, ml; V4, ml; 0.0125, mol/ L 7. 1g,, 100mL,, 8. ( ph 10) 20g ( NH 4 CI) 100mL,, : ph,, 9. 2% (m/ V) 4-4 - (C 11 H 13 N 3 O) 2g, 100mL,, 1 :, 10. 8% (m/ V) 63
g {K 3 Fe(CN) 6 }, 100mL,, 1 ( ) 1. 8 50mL, 0, 0.50, 1.00, 3.00, 5.00, 7.00, 10.00, 12.50mL, 50mL 0.5mL,, ph 10.0 0.2, 4-1.0mL, 1.0mL,, 10min 510nm, 20mm,,, (mg) 2. 50mL, 50mL, 3.,,, ( ) (, mg/ L) = m 1 000 V : m,, mg; V, ml :, 250mL, ( ) 3 2.00mg/ L, 0.4% ; 2% ; 2 % (1) (2) 2030mm1 000mm 500750mm (3) (),, (4) (5),,, (6) 64
2-11 - 2 2-11 - 1 1 2-11 - 2 2 / (mgl) - 1 4 -, : (1) 510mL, 50mL,, (2) ( ph = 10 ) 0.5mL (3) 4-1mL (4) 1mL (5) (6) 15min 722 ( = 510nm),,,,, ( ) :,, ( ), ( ),, 1. 65
( ), 2. AL2 (SO4 )3 (),, (1) ; ( 2-12 - 1 ) 2-12 - 1 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. (2), 90% ; (3), Al2 ( SO4 ) 3, Al2 (SO4 )3 5060mg/ L; (4), 3kg/ cm 2 ; (5), 24L/ min ; (6),, ( 24L/ min ) (7),, 46L/ min (8) 3kg/ cm 2 (), 0.10.2L/ min,, ; (9), ; (10) ; (11), ; :,, 66
( ),, (1),, (2),, (3) ( ),, ( ), (4) 67
(1) (2),, (1) (2) ( ) 3-1 - 13-1 - 2, 1. 68 3-1 - 1 1
2 (1) 160mm, 4 (2),,,, (3),,, 2. (1) 3, 5 10 16, 5 10 16 16 (2), 3, 41040100, 40 () 10 4010 = 400; 16 4016 = 640,, 100,,,, (, ),,,,, ( n = 1.52 ) (, n = 1.515 ), (3-1 - 3 ) 69
3-1 - 3 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4.,,,,,, (3),,,, ( ) 1. (1) ON, (2), 10,, ( ) 0.3mm 2m( ) 3.6mm, (3), (4),, 70% 80%, (5), (6) 2. 100,,,,,,,,,,,, /, 3. (1), (2), 70
, ( ) 1., ( 3-1 - 4 ), 3-1 - 4 2. 3-1 - 5, ( 3-1 - 5 )100, 1/ 100mm, 10m,, ;,,,,,, 5,, 10/ 5 2m,,, 1m 4m (), 1. (1), (,, ;, ), : 71
, (2),,,,,,,,,, (, ),, ( ), 2. (1),, 1 ( m ),,, (2),,, (1),? (2),??? (3)?,,,? (1) (2) (3) (,,, ), : 72
cm 4cm, 0.30.4cm, 1010 = 100,,, 0.7cm,,,, 3-2 - 1 3-2 - 1 1. ; 2. :,, (1) ;, 11 ( : 10mL, 5mL, 5mL,, 11 ) (2) 1 (, 1 1/ 20mL),, 1,,, 3-2 - 2 3-2 - 2 ( ) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. (3) 100,,,, (4) 1 30, ml 30220 = 1 200 ; 10, 10220 = 400 ( 1 1/ 20mL, 11 ) 3-2 - 1 73
ml : (1), : 1 ( ),, 1, ( ),, (, ),,,,,,, 1mL,,,,,, (2), ( HgCl 2 ) (1) (2) () (3) () (4), (1) () (2) (1), 74
,, ( ) (1) ( ) (2) (3) 1) : ( ) 0.3g, 95% 30mL ; : (KOH) 0.01g, 100mL, : 0.3g, 95% 10mL; : ( ) 5g, 95mL, 95%,, 510,, ( ),, 1, 2) : 2.5g, 95% 25mL; : 1g, 100mL 1g, 2g, 300mL,, ( ) 2.5g, 95% 100mL 10mL 90mL,, 75
(1),, 1 ( 0.85%NaCl),,,, 1, 3-4 - 1 3-4 - 1 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. (2), (, ) (3) 34 ( ), (4),, ( 35min, 12min) 76
,,,, (6),, 2. (1) (2), 1 1min, (3) 1min, (4), 95%,, ( 0.51min),,, 0.51min, ;, (5) 0.5min, (6),,, (1)? (2)?? (3),? (4) (1) (4),,? (5),?, (1) (2) (3) (1) (, 90mm) (2) (3) ph 68.4 10% HCl10% NaOH (4) (5) 77
) 1.,, 2. (1) 1, (2), 11.5cm,,,,, 45cm, 45, ( 3-5 - 1),,,,,,, 3-5 - 1 (3),,,,, 2/ 3,, 3-5 - 2,, 3-5 - 2, ( 78
( ) 1. (1) : 10g, 3g, 5g, 1020g, 1 000mL 2. 1),, 2) 3) ph 7.47.6 4) ( ),, 250mL, 100mL 5), 121(9.8MPa) 20min, 2. () (1) : 10g, 3g, 5g, 5g, 1.6% 1mL, 1 000mL (2) 1) 1 000mL, ph 7.2 7.4 2) 1.6% 1mL,, ( ), 10mL 3), 115(6.9MPa) 20min 4) 3. () 3 ( ) 50mL, 5mL 4. () ( ) (1) : 10g, 10g, 3.5g, 2030g, 1 000mL, 5g, 5% 20mL (2) 1) 900mL,,,, 1 000mL, ph 7.27.4 2) ( ),,, 115(6.9MPa) 20min, (3) 1) 2), 5% 3),,, 10min 4), 79
, ( ) 6) (90mm 10 15mL), 2, 5. () ( ) (1) : 10g, 5g, 5g, 10g, 20g, 3.5g, 5g, 5% 20mL, 1 000mL (2) (), 6. () (1) : 10g, 10g, 2g, 2030g, 1 000mL, 2% 20mL, 0.5 13mL (2) 1) 900mL,,,, 1 000mL, ph 7.27.4 2) ( ),,, 115(6.9MPa) 20min (3) 1) 2), 2% 0.5%,, ( ) 3) ( 90mm, 10 15mL),, 7. () (1) : 10g, 5g, 5g, 10g, 5g, 1 000mL (2) 1) 800mL, ph 7.27.4, 1 000mL, 2), 1/ 3 3) 115(6.9MPa) 20min,, 2 4),, 68h ( ) (,, ),, 9mL ( ) 99mL ( ) 80
( ) 9mL 99mL ( ), : (1) 1cm (2),, (3) (4) (5), 100,,,, (6),,, 13.7MPa (125) 20min ( 13.7MPa ) 13.7MPa ( 115) 20min ( 13.7MPa ) (7), (8) 0,,,,, (9),, (10),, (1)?? (2)?,,,,,,,,,, 81
: (1) ( 90mm) 5 ( 9mL ) (2) ( ) (3) () ( ) (), ( ), ( ) 1. (1), ( ) (2) 1) 5 9mL 0.10.010.0010.00010.00001 ( 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 ) 2), 1mL 1mL, 3,, 10 0.1 1mL, 3,, 100,,, 10 3 10 4 10 5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 0.00001 ( 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 ) (3) 1) 0.10.01 0.00001 ( 10-1 10-2 10-5 ) 2) 1mL 10-5, 0.5mL ( 3 ), 3),, 4050 (, ;,, ), 1015mL (, 23mm, 90mm 1015mL, ), 3-6 - 1,,,,,, 30 24h, 82
( ) a. ( 9cm ) ; b. 2. (1) 1 (2) (, ),, (3), ( 3-6 - 2),,,,,, ( ),,, 3-6 - 3, 30 24h, 3-6 - 2 a. ( 15mm150mm 3mL5mL ) b. ( ),,,, 1. ( ), 3-6 - 4 (15mm150mm), 3mL5mL (1/ 41/ 3 ) : 3-6 - 5 83
(1), (2) 4,,, (3), (4),, (5), (6),, (7), ( ),,,, ( ) (8),, 2. ( ) (1),, (2),,,, 3.,,,, 4. ( 20mm220mm), 12mL15mL (1), () (2),,,,,, 84
,,,,, (1)?? (2),??,,, (1) ( ) (2) (3) (1),,,, 3036h, (2),,,,,,,,,,,, (3), 85
,???,,,,,,,,,,, 1mL, 37 24h, ( ) GB 574985 : 1mL 100, 1L 3 (1) (2) (3),, 2,, (4) ( ) 90mm 15mm (5) ( 3-8 - 1 ), 15mm 150mm, 200mL ( 510mm 2040mm,, ),, 86
(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) () (11) (12) (13) () (14) 5 (15) ph ( ph ) (1) ( 2)( 3)(4 )(9 )( 10 ) (11) (14) (15) ; ( 1)( 2) ( 3) (4 )(5 )(6 ) (9) (10) (11)(12)(13)(15) ;,,,,,,, 3-8 - 2,,,,,,,, 1015cm,,,,, 87
,,, 510min,, 500mL 1.5% 2mL, 4h ( ) 1. (1) 3 : 1) 2 50mL ( ), 100mL; 10 5mL ( ), 10mL 37 24h,,,,,,,,,,, 2),, ( ) 371824h, :,,,, 88
;, :,,, :,,, 3) 10mL ( ), 13, 37 24h, ( ),, 3-8 - 1, 3-8 - 1 ( ) 10mL 100mL ( ) 0 1 2 10mL 100mL ( ) 0 1 2 0 < 3 4 11 6 22 36 92 1 3 8 18 7 27 43 120 2 7 13 27 8 31 51 161 3 11 18 38 9 36 60 230 4 14 24 52 10 40 69 > 230 5 18 30 70 : 300mL ( 2 100mL, 10 10mL ) (2) 1) 110 : ( ),, 9mL 2) 5mL 3 5 ( ), 10mL ; 10mL 5 ( ), 1mL ; 10mL 5 ( ), 1mL 110, 15 3 (3) 3-8 - 2 2. ( ), 89
,,, 3-8 - 2 ( ) ml 100mL ml 100mL 10 1 0.1 10 1 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 4 0 0 2 4 1 0 2 6 0 0 3 5 1 0 3 8 0 0 4 7 1 0 4 10 0 0 5 9 1 0 5 12 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 4 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 6 0 1 2 6 1 1 2 8 0 1 3 7 1 1 3 10 0 1 4 9 1 1 4 12 0 1 5 11 1 1 5 14 0 2 0 4 1 2 0 6 0 2 1 6 1 2 1 8 0 2 2 7 1 2 2 10 0 2 3 9 1 2 3 12 0 2 4 11 1 2 4 15 0 2 5 13 1 2 5 17 0 3 0 6 1 3 0 8 0 3 1 7 1 3 1 10 0 3 2 9 1 3 2 12 0 3 3 11 1 3 3 15 0 3 4 13 1 3 4 17 0 3 5 15 1 3 5 19 0 4 0 8 1 4 0 11 0 4 1 9 1 4 1 13 0 4 2 11 1 4 2 15 0 4 3 13 1 4 3 17 0 4 4 15 1 4 4 19 0 4 5 17 1 4 5 22 0 5 0 9 1 5 0 13 0 5 1 11 1 5 1 15 0 5 2 13 1 5 2 17 0 5 3 15 1 5 3 19 0 5 4 17 1 5 4 22 0 5 5 19 1 5 5 24 90
ml 100mL ml 100mL 10 1 0.1 10 1 0.1 2 0 0 5 3 0 0 8 2 0 1 7 3 0 1 11 2 0 2 9 3 0 2 13 2 0 3 12 3 0 3 16 2 0 4 14 3 0 4 20 2 0 5 16 3 0 5 23 2 1 0 7 3 1 0 11 2 1 1 9 3 1 1 14 2 1 2 12 3 1 2 17 2 1 3 14 3 1 3 20 2 1 4 17 3 1 4 23 2 1 5 19 3 1 5 27 2 2 0 9 3 2 0 14 2 2 1 12 3 2 1 17 2 2 2 14 3 2 2 20 2 2 3 17 3 2 3 24 2 2 4 19 3 2 4 27 2 2 5 22 3 2 5 31 2 3 0 12 3 3 0 17 2 3 1 12 3 3 1 21 2 3 2 17 3 3 2 24 2 3 3 20 3 3 3 28 2 3 4 22 3 3 4 32 2 3 5 25 3 3 5 36 2 4 0 15 3 4 0 21 2 4 1 17 3 4 1 24 2 4 2 20 3 4 2 28 2 4 3 23 3 4 3 32 2 4 4 25 3 4 4 36 2 4 5 28 3 4 5 40 2 5 0 17 3 5 0 25 2 5 1 20 3 5 1 29 2 5 2 23 3 5 2 32 2 5 3 26 3 5 3 37 2 5 4 29 3 5 4 41 2 5 5 32 3 5 5 45 91
ml 100mL ml 100mL 10 1 0.1 10 1 0.1 4 0 0 13 5 0 0 23 4 0 1 17 5 0 1 31 4 0 2 21 5 0 2 43 4 0 3 25 5 0 3 58 4 0 4 30 5 0 4 76 4 0 5 36 5 0 5 95 4 1 0 17 5 1 0 33 4 1 1 21 5 1 1 46 4 1 2 26 5 1 2 63 4 1 3 31 5 1 3 84 4 1 4 36 5 1 4 110 4 1 5 42 5 1 5 130 4 2 0 22 5 2 0 49 4 2 1 26 5 2 1 70 4 2 2 32 5 2 2 94 4 2 3 38 5 2 3 120 4 2 4 44 5 2 4 150 4 2 5 50 5 2 5 180 4 3 0 27 5 3 0 79 4 3 1 33 5 3 1 110 4 3 2 39 5 3 2 140 4 3 3 45 5 3 3 180 4 3 4 52 5 3 4 210 4 3 5 59 5 3 5 250 4 4 0 34 5 4 0 130 4 4 1 40 5 4 1 170 4 4 2 47 5 4 2 220 4 4 3 54 5 4 3 280 4 4 4 62 5 4 4 350 4 4 5 69 5 4 5 430 4 5 0 41 5 5 0 240 4 5 1 48 5 5 1 350 4 5 2 56 5 5 2 540 4 5 3 64 5 5 3 920 4 5 4 72 5 5 4 1 600 4 5 5 81 5 5 5 > 1 600 : 55.5mL, 5 10mL, 5 / ml, 5 0. 1mL 92
1),, 3, 15min23, 2), 121(9.8MPa) 20min (2) 1),,, 333mL (, ),,, 0.05MPa ( 30mm, 50 ) 2), 5s,,, ( ), 372224h (3) 1) 2224h, ( ),, 2), ( ), 37, 24h, 68h,,,, 3-8 - 3 3-8 - 3 3) 1L, ( ) 1. (1) 1mL,, 15mL 45,,, 93
,,, 37 24h,, 1mL 2. (1) 1mL, 9mL, 110 (2) 110 1mL, 9mL, 1100 11 000, 110 000 (3) 23 1mL, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 2 4. (1) 30300, ( 3-8 - 3 1) (2), 30300, 2, 2 ( 3-8 - 3 2 3) (3) 300, ( 3-8 - 3 4) (4) 30, ( 3-8 - 3 5) (5 ) 30300, 300 30 ( 3-8 - 3 6) 3-8 - 3 10-1 10-2 10-3 (/ ml) ( / ml) 1 1 365 164 20 16 400 16 000 1.610 4 2 2 760 295 46 1.6 37 750 38 000 3.810 4 3 2 890 271 60 2.2 27 100 27 000 2.710 4 4 1 650 513 513 000 51 0000 5.110 5 5 27 11 5 270 270 2.710 2 6 305 12 30 500 31 000 3.110 4 94
100, 100, 2,,, 10 ( 3-8 - 3 ), GB 575085 () (1)?? (2)? (3) 6.9MPa 20min, 13.7MPa 220min? (4),? (5),? (6),? 3724h,? (1) 1),, 2), 3), 5 4), 37 18h,,,, 0.3mL, 20mL (20mm220mm), 37, 18h (2) (3) 1., 12,,, ( ) ( ),,,, 95
3 : ; ; (1) 12 ( 20mL ), ( ), 1 1mL, 0.2mL 18h,,, (2) 12,, 37 9, 01.53468101214h,, 1, 4h, 1mL ( : : = 311 ),, 14h,, 2, 6h, 1mL,, 814h,, (3),,,,,, 0.00.4 (1) 01.53468101214h, 4h 6h, 3 (2),, 3,, (1)? (2)? (3)? 96
( ) 1. 2. 3. 97
) 1. 98
3. 99
( ) 1. 100
101
102
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 103
( HQ) ( NQ) ( Q ) 4-1 - 1 1. ; 2. ; 3. ( ) ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9 ; 10. 1. (HQ), : z1 + P 1 g + V 2 1 2 g + H = z2 + P 2 g + V2 2 2 g : H, z2 - z1 = z, p2 g = h d 104
- p 2 g = h v, V1 = V2, H = hd + hv + z : hd pd, hd = p 2 g = 100 p 2 ; ( p2 Mpa ), ; hv pv, hv = - p1 g = 100 p 1 z() : ( p1 Mpa ), Q = V t : Q l/ s; t s; Vt l Q H,, ( HQ) 2. ( NQ) N M, : N = Mw M,,,,, M : M = FL F = ( G - G0 ) g : L, F, G0 G, g n () ; = 2n 60 N = ( G - G0 ) gl 2n 60 = ( G - G 0 ) Ln Q N,, ( NQ) 3. ( Q) Ne N, : 105
N = ghq N Ne :, g, H, Q Q,, ( Q) (1) ZG0 L0 (2) (), ( ), (3) (4),,, (5), 4 (6), 5,, 10 (7), (1), (2),, 106
: z = m, L = m, GO = kg No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 p2 hp H V L Q G n N Ne (MPa) (m) (m) (I) ( s) (l/ s) ( kg) ( r/ min) (W) (W) % H(m) N( kw) ( % ) 0 Q ( l/ s) 107
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1L 4mL 1.5%,,,,,,,, ( 5-1 - 15-1 - 2) (HQM1 HQM2 108
( 772 783 ),,,, (DO) (NH2 H2 N), DO, ( ) 5-1 - 1 1. ; 23. ; 45. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. 5-1 - 2 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. 2L, 5L10L (1), 23,, > 2cm (2),,, (3),,, (4), 20cm50cm 1m2m, (5),,, 109
, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ph,,, ;,,,,,,, 1.,, 3,, ( ),, 2 ; 1 2.,,,, 1 0.2m0.5m, ( 0.5m1m ) ( 0.5m1m ) ( ) 3,,,,, 110
,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ph ),,, :,,, ( 4 ),,,,,,,,, ; ; ; :, ; ph,,, 5-2 - 1 5-2 - 1 / ml G, P 1 000 ph G, P 2 5 6h 50 G, P 2 5 100 G, P 2 5 24h 50 G, P 100 G 6h 200 G, P 2 5 24h 100 DO G MnSO 4 KI 48h 300 BOD 5 (20) G, P 2 5 1 6h 1 000 111
ml COD G, P H 2 SO 4 ph < 2 2 5 7d 24h 50 TOC G H 2 SO 4 ph < 2 7d 25 G, P 2 5 7d 100 G, P H 2 SO 4 ph < 2, 2 5 24h 400, 500, 100 G, P 2 5 50 G, P H 2 SO 4 ph < 2 24h O 3 CO2 G, P G, P 6h G, P lgcuso4/ L, H3 PO4 ph < 2 24h 500 Hg Hg G, P G HNO 3 ph < 2,, HNO 3 ph < 2 13d 38d 100 100 Cr Cr 6 + G G HNO 3 ph < 2 NaOH ph89 G, P 2 5 7d 50, 300, 50 G, P NaOH ph13, 2 5 24h 500 G, P 2mLlmol/ lpb ( CH 3 COO ) 2 1mLlmol/ lnaoh 24h 250 P HNO 3 ph < 2 6 CHCl3 G, P 5g/ L, G 2 5 G, 2 5 24h 50 P, G H 2 SO 4 ph < 2, 2 5 24h 50 G, P HNO 3 ph < 2 6 100 G, P HNO 3 ph < 2 6 50 P 2 5 7d 50, G HNO 3 ph < 2 3, 2 5 24h 1 000 G CHCl 3, 2 5 7d G 1 % ( V/ V ),, 2 5 1, G ( ) 6h 112
1 722 (1) 1 ( ) (2),, T, (3) 20min (4) ( ), 0, 00.0, ( ),,, 100%, 100.0 (5) (4) 0 100%3, ( 6 ) A : A,,.000,, (7) C : A C,,, ;, : (1) ( 4 ), 100.0,,, 0 100% (2), (3), ;,, 2 2100P (1) POWER, RANGE AUTO RNG (2),, READ, 5%, ; 5%, 113
(2) 20NTU: 200mL 1.0mL 4 000NTU (3) 100NTU: 200mL 5.0mL 4 000NTU (4) 800NTU: 200mL 20.0mL 4 000NTU (1) CAL CAL S0, ; READ, Singalaverage 1 min S0 (2) S0 S1 20NTU, 20NTU, (3), S2 100NTUS3 800NTU (4) S0S1S2S3, CAL, (5),,, : ( S0S1S2S3) : SXQNAL AVERAGE : DIAG : RANGE : / 3 TG - 328A ( ) TG 328A, 114 () : 200g : 0.1mg : 100mg199.990g : : 10mg: 0.1mg : 75mm, 155mm : 110220V, 68V, 50Hz : 390mm, 300mm, 440mm : 18kg
,, 3,, (2), (3),,,,, (4),,, (5),,,, (6),,,, (7), 0.110mg (8), 3 10mg 199.990g ( ) 1.,,, ( 20 2),,, 1 2. ( ),,, (, ),,,,, () 1.,,, ( ),,,,, 2. (1) 1, 2, ( ),,,, 1 2 115
, ), ( ), 19g, (2), ( 21, 8, 13 ),, (, ) (),,, 0 () 10mg,, 10mg,,,,,, (,,, ) (),,,,,, 1, 2 3, 2, (), 1 ;, : 1. 7, 8,, 7, 6, 1, 2. 5 4,,, 3. 3 2,, 7 (, ) (1),,, (2),,, 10mg 116
,, (4) 10mg, 10mg, 3 10mg199.990g (1) (202),, (, ) (2), (3), (4),, 0, (5),, ( ), (6),, 4h (7),,,, (1),,, (2),,,,, (3), ( ), (4),,, (5),, ;, (6),, 4 JYD1 JYD - 1, 117
ml L,,,,,,, (1) : (DO) : 020mg/ L, (T) : 040 (2) : : 0.2mg/ L (), 1 C (3) : 0.2/ (4) : 040 C (5) : 90% 30s (6) : 0.005uA (7) : ( 15512055) mm 3 (8) : 460g 5min : (1) < 80% (2) : 040 C (3) : 6F22 9V 2 (4) (1) (2) : 0.7V,, (i = KCO) : 1. : O2 + 2H2 O + 4 e4oh - : 4Ag + + 4C1-4AgC1 + 4 e (1) 4-14 - 2 1) 2), 9V 3),, 9V 118 4)
5) 4-2 6),,, 7) 8), 2. (1), 6,, 4-3(, ),,, 2.,,,,,, ;,,, 3. (1),, 6, (2),, :,, 20 C, 119
(1), 2mW,,, (2), (3), (4) 0.33m (5),,, ( ),, (6),, (7) Cl -, 5 XJ - I COD XJ,,,,,, COD, COD,, 600nm 3,,,,, 120
: 040 C (2) 85% (3) : 220V10% ; 50Hz2% (1) : ( 1651 ) (2) : 52 500mg/ L (3) : 10 000mg/ L (4) : COD 1050mg/ L, 10% COD 50mg/ L, 5% (5) : COD 1050mg/ L, 10% COD 50mg/ L, 5% (6) : 6 (7) : 15min (8) : 300W (9) : 15kg (10) : 370mm430mm170mm (1),,,, (2) 25min,, 165 C (3),, 1),, (15min),, ; 2) 3),,, 7min, 163,, 4),,, 5),,, 6), 121
(1) XJ I COD (2) 2. (1) (2) 3cm (3) : 1mL3mL5mL10mL (4) 25mL (5) 150mL (6) 20mL 3. (1) (1/ 6K2 Cr2 O70.0500mol/ L) : 120 C 2h 2.4516g,, 1 000mL,, (2) : 1.485g ( C12 H8 N2H2 O) 0.695g ( F4 SO47H2O), 100mL, (3) [ (NH4 ) 2 Fe ( SO4 )26H2O0.05mol/ L] : 19.76g, 20mL, 1 000mL,, 9.88g3.95g ( ) 0.025mol/ L0.01mol/ L : 10.00mL 250mL, 55mL, 15mL,, 23, C[ ( NH4 )2 Fe( SO4 )2 ] = 0.0510.00 V : C( mol/ L) ; V( ml ) (4) : 19.60g, 50.0g, 10.0g, 500mL, 200mL,, 1 000mL, 0.4mol/ L ( C = 1/ 6K2 Cr2 O7 ) COD 1 0002 500mg/ L (2 500mg/ L ) (5) : 9.80g, ( ), 0.2mol/ LCOD 501 000mg/ L (6) : 2.45g, ( ), 0.05mol/ LCOD 50mg/ L (7) : 8.8g 1L, (8 ) : 30.00g 100mL 10% ( ) 122
H2 SO4 : 50mL, 10mL, 100mL : 4. (1) XJ - 1 165 C (2) ( ) 3.00mL, 1.00mL ( 1mL 10% H2 SO4 )3.00mL 5.00mL, (3) (,, ), 165 C COD,,,, (4),,,, COD [ ] (1) 150mL, 20mL 3,, 23 ( ),,, COD (2) : COD (mg/ L) = : V0, ml; V1, V2, ml; C, mol/ L; ( V0 - V1 ) C81 000 ml; V2 8 ( 1 2 O), g/ mol [ ] (1), 3.00 ml,,, (2) 20 min, 600 nm, 0 100%, (3) 3 cm ( ),, (4) :, : A; F; COD = AFK K, A = 1 COD :, 2, 0.05000 mol/ L 123
0.02500 mol/ L, 0.01000 mol/ L,, : (1),, (2), (3),, (4),,, (5),, (6), ( ),, (7),,, 6 ZR46 (1), (2) (3) 6,,,,, (4) (5),, (6), 6,,, (), 6,,,,, (7), 6, (8),,,,,, 1 s G (9),,,, 124
10),,, (11), ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ), 12, 10, :, ( ) ( ),,, 2, 4,, 0,, 1, 0 ; 0000, 4,,,, 00, 20900 r/ min, 900 20, 900 20,,, 4, 5,, 1, (1),, (2),,,,,,, 10 min (3),, (4),,, (, ),, ;,, (5), (6),, 125
7 7-1 : mg/ L 1 / : ;, ; ; ; ; 1; 2 2 ph 6.58.5 69 3 4 2 - ( SO 4 ) (Cl - ) 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 7 0.01 1.0 ( 0.01) 1.0 (0.01) 1.0 1.0 8 0.05 10 ( 0.1) 10 (0.1) 2.0 2.0 9 10 (N ) (N ) 10 10 20 20 25 0.06 0.1 0.15 1.0 1.0 11 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.2 126
0.5 0.5 ( 0.05) 1 ( 0.05) 2 3 13 (P ) 0.02 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 14 2 4 8 10 15 15 90 % 6 5 3 2 16 17 18 ( COD cr ) ( BOD 5 ) (F - ) 15 15 20 30 40 3 3 4 6 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 19 (4 ) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 20 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 21 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001 22 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01 23 (6 ) 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 24 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 25 0.005 0.05 (0.005) 0.2 ( 0.005) 0.2 0.2 26 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.1 27 28 29 ( ) (/ L) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 200 1 000 2 000 5 000 10 000 30 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 31 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 : 127
7 2 mg/ L 1 ( ) 5 5 15 25 > 25 2 3 () 3 3 3 10 > 10 4 5 ph 6.58.5 5.56.5 8.59 < 5.5, > 9 6 ( CaCO 3 ) 150 300 450 550 > 550 7 300 500 1 000 2 000 > 2 000 8 50 150 250 350 > 350 9 50 150 250 350 > 350 10 ( Fe) 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.5 > 1.5 11 ( Mn) 0.05 0.05 0.1 1.0 > 1.0 12 ( Cu) 0.01 0.05 1.0 1.5 > 1.5 13 ( Zn) 0.05 0.5 1.0 5.0 > 5.0 14 ( Mo) 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.5 > 0.5 15 ( Co) 0.005 0.05 0.05 1.0 > 1.0 16 ( ) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.01 > 0.01 17 0.1 0.3 0.3 > 0.3 18 1.0 2.0 3.0 10 > 10 19 (N ) 2.0 5.0 20 30 > 30 20 (N ) 0.001 0.01 0.02 0.1 > 0.1 21 ( NH4 + ) 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.5 > 0.5 22 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 > 2.0 128
0.1 0.1 0.2 1.0 > 1.0 24 0.001 0.01 0.05 0.1 > 0.1 25 ( Hg) 0.00005 0.0005 0.001 0.001 > 0.001 26 ( As) 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.05 > 0.05 27 ( Se) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 > 0.1 28 ( Cd) 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.01 > 0.01 29 (6 ) ( Cr 6 + ) 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 > 0.1 30 ( Pb) 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 > 0.1 31 ( Be) 0.00002 0.0001 0.0002 0.001 > 0.001 32 ( Ba) 0.01 0.1 1.0 4.0 > 4.0 33 ( Ni) 0.005 0.05 0.05 0.1 > 0.1 34 g/ L 0.005 1.0 1.0 > 1.0 35 g/ L 0.005 0.05 5.0 5.0 > 5.0 36 (/ L) 3.0 3.0 3.0 100 > 100 37 (/ ml) 100 100 100 1 000 > 1 000 38 ( Bq/ L) 0.1 0.1 0.1 > 0.1 > 0.1 39 ( Bq/ L) 0.1 1.0 1.0 > 1.0 > 1.0 9 7-3 : mg/ L 1 0.05 2 3 0.1 4 1.5 5 6 0.5 129
6 0.5 7 1.0 8 1.0 9 ( a) 0.00003 10 0.005 11 0.5 12 1Bq/ L 13 10Bq/ L 10 () (1997 12 31 ) 7-4 : mg/ L 1 ph 69 69 69 2 ( ) 50 180-50 80-100 300-100 500-3 ( SS) 100 800-4 5 ( BOD 5 ) 20 30-70 200 400 30 100 600 30 150 600 20 30-30 60 300 130
100 200 1 000 (COD) 100 300 1 000 ( ) 100 150 500 60 120-100 150 500 6 10 10 30 7 20 20 100 8 0.5 0.5 2.0 9 ( ) 0.5 5.0 5.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 10 1.0 1.0 2.0 11 15 50-15 25-10 20 20 12 ( < 0.5mg/ L) 10 20 30 10 10 20 13 ( P ) 0.5 1.0-14 1.0 2.0 5.0 15 1.0 2.0 5.0 16 2.0 3.0 5.0 17 (LAS) 5.0 15 20 5.0 10 20 18 0.5 1.0 2.0 19 2.0 5.0 5.0 20 2.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 21 2.0 3.0 5.0 22 3.0 6.0 6.0 23 0.1 0.3 0.3 24 (P ) 0.5 0.5 131
500 / L 1 000 / L5 000 / L 100 / L 500 / L 1 000 / L 26 ( ) > 3 ( > 2 ( > 0.5 1h) 1h) > 0.5 > 6.5 ( > 5 ( 1.5h) 1.5h) : 50 ;, 11 () (1998 1 1 ) 7-5 : mg/ L 1 ph 69 69 69 2 ( ) 50 80-70 300-70 400-3 ( SS) 70 800-20 30-70 150 400 20 60 600 4 5 ( BOD 5 ) 20 100 600 20 30-20 30 300 100 200 1 000 5 (COD) 100 300 1 000 ( ) 60 120 500 60 120-100 150 500 6 5 10 20 7 10 15 100 132
0.5 0.5 2.0 9 0.5 0.5 1.0 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 11 15 50-15 25-10 15 20 12 ( < 0.5mg/ L) 10 20 30 10 10 20 13 ( P ) 0.5 1.0-14 1.0 2.0 5.0 15 1.0 2.0 5.0 16 2.0 3.0 5.0 17 (LAS) 5.0 10 20 18 0.5 1.0 2.0 19 2.0 5.0 5.0 20 2.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 21 1.0 2.0 3.0 22 3 3 6 23 0.1 0.1 0.3 24 (P ) 0.5 0.5 25 1.0 2.0 26 1.0 2.0 27 1.0 2.0 28 5.0 10 29 30 () (AOX) (CI ) 5.0 8.0 10 1.0 5.0 8.0 31 0.3 0.6 1.0 32 0.03 0.06 0.5 33 0.3 0.6 1.0 34 0.1 0.2 0.5 133
0.1 0.2 0.5 36 0.4 0.6 1.0 37 0.4 0.6 1.0 38-0.4 0.6 1.0 39-0.4 0.6 1.0 40-0.4 0.6 1.0 41 0.2 0.4 1.0 42 0.4 0.6 1.0 43 0.4 0.6 1.0 44 0.5 1.0 5.0 45 2, 4-0.5 1.0 5.0 46 0.3 0.4 1.0 47-0.1 0.2 0.5 48 2, 4-0.6 0.8 1.0 49 2, 4, 6-0.6 0.8 1.0 50 0.2 0.4 2.0 51 0.3 0.6 2.0 52 2.0 5.0 5.0 53 0.1 0.2 0.5 54 500 / L 1 000 / L5 000 / L 100 / L 500 / L 1 000 / L 55 ( ) > 3 ( > 2 ( < 0.5 1h) 1h) < 0.5 > 6.5 ( > 5 ( 1.5h) 1.5h) 20 40-56 (TOC) 20 60-20 30 - : 50 ; ;, 134 12 () (1997 12 31 )
-6 75 % 90 % ( ) 1 16.0m 3 / t 9.0m 3 / t 8.0m 3 / t 8.0m 3 / t 2 () 1.2m 3 / t 3 80 % 4 () : A B+ C+ + ( ) > 500 t, 1.0m 3 / t A250 500 t, 1.2m 3 / t < 250 t, 1.5m 3 / t > 500 t, 1.5m 3 / t B250 500 t, 2.0m 3 / t < 250 t, 2.0m 3 / t > 500 t, 2.0m 3 / t C250 500 t, 2.5m 3 / t < 250 t, 2.5m 3 / t 5 200.0m 3 / t 70.0m 3 / t 10.0m 3 / t 6 200.0m 3 / t 7 30.0m 3 / t 8 10.0m 3 / t 4.0m 3 / t 9 60.0m 3 / t 100.0m 3 / t 150.0m 3 / t 10 ( ) 100.0m 3 / t 80.0m 3 / t 70.0m 3 / t 600.0m 3 / t 16.0m 3 / t 11 5.0m 3 / t 135
12 () 15.0m 3 / t 13 500m 3 / t 750m 3 / t 14 : 150m 3 / t : 240m 3 / t 15 ( ) ( ) 300m 3 / t 800m 3 / t 16 5.0m 3 / 17 5m 3 / 1000m 35mm 18 95% 136
() (1998 1 1 ) 7-7 75 % 90 % ( ) 1 16.0m 3 / t 9.0m 3 / t 8.0m 3 / t 8.0m 3 / t 2 () 1.2m 3 / t 3 80 % 4 () : A. B. + C. + + ( ) A B C > 500 t, 1.0m 3 / t 250 500 t, 1.2m 3 / t < 250 t, 1.5m 3 / t > 500 t, 1.5m 3 / t 250 500 t, 2.0m 3 / t < 250 t, 2.0m 3 / t > 500 t, 2.0m 3 / t 250 500 t, 2.5m 3 / t < 250 t, 2.5m 3 / t 5 200.0m 3 / t 70.0m 3 / t 10.0m 3 / t 6 200.0m 3 / t 7 30.0m 3 / t 8 10.0m 3 / t 4.0m 3 / t 9 60.0m 3 / t 100.0m 3 / t 150.0m 3 / t 137
10 ( ) 100.0m 3 / t 80.0m 3 / t 70.0m 3 / t 600.0m 3 / t 16.0m 3 / t 11 5.0m 3 / t 12 () 15.0m 3 / t 13 500m 3 / t 750m 3 / t 14 ( ) 300m 3 / t 800m 3 / t 15 : 150m 3 / t ; : 240m 3 / t 4 700m 3 / t 1 450m 3 / t 1 300m 3 / t 1 900m 3 / t 9 200m 3 / t 3 000m 3 / t 20 400m 3 / t 16 C 1 200m 3 / t C 2 700m 3 / t 2 000m 3 / t B 1 3 400m 3 / t B 1 180m 3 / t 750m 3 / t 2 400m 3 / t 1 200m 3 / t 138
17 ( ) ( P 2 S 5 ) ( PSCl 3 ) ( ) 700 m 3 / t 300 m 3 / t 500m 3 / t 550m 3 / t 200 m 3 / t 40 m 3 / t ( ) 18 700m 3 / t 5m 3 / t 2m 3 / t 19 4m 3 / t 2 4 14m 3 / t 2, 4-D 4m 3 / t 4.5m 3 / t (Fe ) (Na 2 S ) 2m 3 / t 3m 3 / t 20 3.5m 3 / tmwh 21 5.0m 3 / 22 5m 3 / 1000m35mm 23 95% : 100 % ; P 2 S 5 PSCl 3 PCl 3 14 7-8 : 1 15, 2 3, 5 3 4 5 ph 6.58.5 6 450mg/ L 139
7 0.3mg/ L 8 0.1mg/ L 9 1.0mg/ L 10 1.0mg/ L 11 ( ) 0.002mg/ L 12 0.3mg/ L 13 250mg/ L 14 250mg/ L 15 1 000mg/ L : 16 1.0mg/ L 17 0.05mg/ L 18 0.05mg/ L 19 0.01mg/ L 20 0.001mg/ L 21 0.01mg/ L 22 (6 ) 0.05mg/ L 23 0.05mg/ L 24 0.05mg/ L 25 () 20mg/ L 26 60g/ L 27 3g/ L 28 (a) 0.01g/ L 29 1g/ L 30 5g/ L 31 100 / ml 32 3 / L 33 30min 0.3mg/ L, 0.05mg/ L 34 0.1Bq/ L 140
35 1Bq/ L : 15 7-9 / / (mgl -1 ) / / (mgl - 1 ) / / (mgl -1 ) 0 14.6 15 0.15 30 7.6 1 14.2 16 9.95 31 7.5 2 13.8 17 9.74 32 7.4 3 13.5 18 9.54 33 7.4 4 13.1 19 9.35 34 7.2 5 12.8 20 9.20 35 7.1 6 12.5 21 9.0 36 7.0 7 12.2 22 8.9 37 6.9 8 0.9 23 8.7 38 6.8 9 0.6 24 8.6 39 6.7 10 11.3 25 8.4 40 6.6 11 11.1 26 8. 2 - - 12 10.8 27 8. 1 - - 13 10.6 28 7. 9 - - 14 10.4 29 7. 8 - - 141