primary inductive process cell proliferation neruonal migration 2001 2001 8
neural plate 18 neural tube neural creast 22 1999 Painter, 1996 spina bifida 1994 1999 2000Batshaw & Perret, 1992; Dias & McLone, 1994; Painter, 1996 rachischisis 2001 1986 spina bifida Varni & Wallander, 1988 1984 1996 1983 Palmer, Zebold, Firlit & Kaplan, 1997; Jacqui, 2001 9
2001 26.2/100000 20.2/100000 23 Honein Leeds 1984 1983 1996 Honein, Paulozzi, Mathews, Erickson, & Wong, 2001 2/1000 1/1000 0.2/1000 4/1000Steinbok, 2002 0.2/1000 2002 1993 1992 spina bifida occulta, occulta spinal dysraphism spina bifida aperta spina bifida cystica dimple capillary hemangioma hypertricohosis sinus tag cutaneous fat spina bifida aperta 10
myelomeningocele myeloschisis hemimyelomeningocele syringo- myelomeningocele spina bifida cystica meningocele myelomeningocele1993 1999 1994Knowlton, Peterson, & Putbrese, 1985; Miller, Mayo, & Kwam, 1998; Palmer et al., 1997 myelomeningocele 80-85 70 hydrocephalus 40 80 hydromyelia lipomyelo- meningocele neuromusulo- skeletal syndorme 11
( 1996Palmer et al., 1997; Tew, 1991 ; Willis, 1989) 1994Batshaw & Perret, 1992 Alpha-fatoprotein, AFP 1984Hsieh & Chang, 1995 24-48 1993 1994 1994 Batshaw Perret (1992) 12
renal ultrasound intravenous pyelograsn, IVP 3 4 1993 (Batshaw & Perret, 1992) 1992 2001 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Batshaw & Perret, 1992 2000 13
2000 Schneider & Gabriel, 1990 1992 1996 200 300 5 8 650-1000 8 14 800-1400 6 9 1999 2 4 11 2 1999 1992 1999 1991 ; 1992Gray, 1990; Brown, 1990 4.5 14
Sousa, 1976 1993 neurologenic bladder 1992 ; Wong, Yang, Chen, & Lin1999; Kalucy et al., 1996; Shurtleff, 1980; Sackett, 1993; Willis, 1989 Alison200090 95 2001 McLone, 1989 1991Rachel, 2000 1996 1999 15
1991 1992 1983 1 1989 12 51 2 39 0-19 76.4 58.8 35.3 31 64.5 22.6 80.6 31.1 66.66 91.66 75 34.8 30.4 16
Wong 1999 1986-1997 36 27.7 50 66.7 81.6 5.6 25 1984-1997 43 72.1 23.3 75 50 63.2 26.3 17
1997 1997 1999Hoeman, 1997 ; Peterson, 1992 80 18
1991 Peterson et al., 1994 19
1998 1994 1995 20