T C P 13 HTTP 13.1 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol H T T P ) ( World Wide We b W W W We b ) H T T P We b 1 2 We b We b N F S n e t ( 13-1 ) 1994 1 H T T P.01.04.07.10.01.04 13-1 NFSnet ( f t p :// f t p. m e r i t. e d u / s t a t i s t i c s ) H T T P F T Te l n e t 1994 1995 1994 1 2 N F S n e t H T T P We b 13-2 We b ( ) We b T C P We b T C P 8 0 We b T C P H T T P We b We b We b We b F T P Te l n e t H T T P 1990 1993 ( [ B e r n e r s - L e e 1993] H T T P 1. 0 ) I n t e r n e t ([Berners-Lee, Fielding Nielsen 1995]) I n t e r n e t [Berners-Lee, Connolly 1995] We b H T M L ( ) We b ( P o s t S c r i p t )
130 TCP Web Web Web TCP 80 TCP 80 TCP 80 TCP Web 13-2 We b H T T P H T M L ( N e t s c a p e ) H T T P T C P H T T P [Stein 1995] We b 13.2 HTTP H T M L H T T P T C ( ) ( ) H T T P H T T P H T T P N C S A 1. 3 U n i x 6 500 C X Wi n d o w U n i x Mosaic 2.5 80 000 C I n t e r n e t Te l n e t H T T P A S C I I ( C R / L F ) A C S I I H T T P 8 bit ISO Latin 1 A S C I I ( h t t p :// u n i c o d e. d r g) A d d i s o n - We s l e y 80 Telnet Telnet Telnet Web
1 3 H T T P 131 33 4 G E T / 51 3611 We b Te l n e t T C P H T M L < H T M L > < / H T M L > H T M L H T M L < H E A D > < / H E A D > < B O D Y > < / B O D Y > [Raggett, Lam, and Alexander 1996] H T M L Telnet ( ) <CENTER><IMG SRC = "awplogob.gif" ALT=" "><BR></CENTER> < C E N T E R > <I M G> S R C A L T ( ) <B R> We b T C P ( We b ) ( <P> ) (< H 1 >) ( 2 ~ 7 ) ( H T M L ) ( Tr o ff, Te X, P o s t S c r i p t ) H T M L S M G L ( S t a n d a r d Generalized Markup Language) (h t t p : / / w w w. s g m l o p e n. o r g S G M L ) H T M L ( 1 ) We l c o m e < D D > ( ) "Information Resource Meta-Index" (< A > ) " h t t p :// w w w. n c s a. u i u c. e d u " ( H R E F )
132 TCP ( ) H T M L ( ) w w w. n c s a. u i u c. e d u H T T P G E T h t t p :// w w w. n c s a. u i u c. e d u / S D G / S o f t w a r e / M o s a i c / M e t a I n d e x. h t m l U R L (Uniform Resource Locator) U R L RFC 1738 [Berners-Lee, Masinter and McCahill 1994], RFC 1808 [Fielding 1995] U R L URI(Uniform Resource Identifier) U R I URN(Universal Resource Name) RFC 1630 [Berners-Lee 1994] U R I U R N U R L We b H T M L N e t s c a p e M o s a i c View Source 13.3 HTTP G E T / H T T P 0. 9 ( ) H T T P 1. 0 1. 0 H T T P H T T P H T T P / 1. 0 13.3.1 H T T P / 1. 0 H T T P / 1. re q u e s t - l i n e headers ( 0 ) <blank line> body ( P O S T ) re q u e s t - l i n e request request-uri HTTP 1) G E T re q u e s t - U R I 2) H E A D G E T 3) P O S T b o d y P O S T C o n t e n t - L e n g t h b o d y We b 500 000
1 3 H T T P 133 99. 68 % G E T 0. 25 % H E A D 0. 07 % P O S T P O S T H T T P / 1. 0 s t a t u s - l i n e headers ( 0 ) <blank line> b o d y s t a t u s - l i n e H T T P response-code re s p o n s e - p h r a s e 13.3.2 H T T P / 1. 0 ( 13-3 ) ( D a t e) P O S T 13-3 17 [Berners-Lee, Fielding, and Nielsen 1995] 13-3 HTTP 13.3.3 H T T P 3 13-4 3 5
134 TCP 3 N T T P ( 15-2 ) I n t e r n e t F T P S M T P 1 y z 2 0 0 O K 201 O K ( p o s t ) 2 0 2 2 0 4 O K 301 U R L 302 U R L 304 ( G E T ) 4 0 0 4 0 1 4 0 3 4 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 1 5 0 2 5 0 3 13-4 HTTP 3 13.3.4 H T T P / 1. 0 G E T 1. 0 2859 GIF Telnet F r o m
1 3 H T T P 135 200 O K D a t e 4 NCSA Server 1. 3 MIME 1. 0 1 2 8. 4 [Rose 1993] M I M E C o n t e n t - T y p e C o n t e n t - E n c o d i n g C o n t e n t - T y p e / i m a g e g i f H T T P I n t e r n e t Assigned Number RFC ( [Reynolds and Postel 1994]) C o n t e n t - E n c o d i n g U n i x c o m p r e s s P o s tsc r i p t (. p s. Z ) L a s t - M o d i f i e d (2 859 ) C o n t e n t - L e n g t h ( / ) H T T P 8 bit T C P I n t e r n e t S M T P ( 1 28 ) T C P 7 bit A S C I I 0 U s e r - A g e n t 13.3.5 H T T P I f - M o d i f i e d - S i n c e G E T
136 TCP 304 T C P ( 2 859 G I F ) T C P ( ) 13.3.6 / ( U R L ) 302 U R L L o c a t i o n / U R L U R L H T M 13.4 We b (Netscape 1.1N) H T T P T C P A d d i s o n - We s l e y (h t t p :// w w w. a w. c o m) ( w w w. a w. c o m ) 1 17 T C P 3 132 47 483 17 4 H T M L ( 28 159 ) 13 G I F ( 19 324 ) N e t s c a p e Tc p d u m p T C P (G E T /) H T M L 7 G I F 4 T C P 4 G I N e t s c a p e ( We b ) 4 7
1 3 H T T P 137 13-5 8 T C P y 8 T C P 1 114~1 121 8 8 S Y N ( c o n n e c t) F I N F I N ( c l o s e ) 7 12 14-22 ( 1 114 ) Tc p d u m p 1114 13-5 7 G I F 8 T C P 1 115 1 116 1 117 ( 1 114 ) N e t s c a p e 14-22 F I N F I T C P s u n ( ) N e t s c a p e ( 1-13 ) A d d i s o n - We s l e y I n t e r n e t 28.8 Kb/s I n t e r n e t 1 7 13-6 13-6 We b 1 4
138 TCP Tc p d u m p 4 4 4 1 ~ 2 2 ~ 3 3 ~ 4 1 3-5 13-6 ( 10. 2 ) 2 13-6 1 3-5 [Padmanabhan 1995] F T P ( ) ( 1 21. 6 ) S Y N We b 14. 5 13.5 HTTP T C P / I P H T T ( ) H T T P 24 Tc p d u m p 1 3-7 130 000 H T T P Tc p d u m p ( M e d i a n ) ( M e a n ) / 224 266 /3 093 7 900 ( ) 3. 4 22. 3 13-7 H T T P H T T P [Mogul 1995b] 200 000 H T T P 1770 12 925 150 958 2 394 [Braun and Claffy 1994] N C S A 3 000 17 000
1 3 H T T P 139 T C P H T T P We b H T T P I P H T T P H T T P ( ) We b We b I P ( [Stein 1995] 4 ) [Kwan, McGrath, and Reed 1995] N C S A 30 30 6 H T T P 95 000 H T T P We b H T T P We b H T T P [Cunha, Bestavros, and Crovella 1995] 4700 H T T P 591 575772 11 500 ( H T T P ) 13.6 H T T P ( 1 3-1 ) I n t e r n e t [ K w a n, McGrath, and Reed 1995] N C S A H T T P 1994 58 % 11 % ~ 14 [Braun and Claffy 1994] N C S A H T T P H T T P T C P T C P [Spero 1994a] HTTP / 1.0 T C P RT T [Spero 1994a] ( 1 2 0. 6 ) M S S ( I n t e r n e t 512 536 ) 512 M S S 512 ( m b u f 14. 11 ) ) M S S RT T [Spero 1994a] X m o a s i c T C P 1 130 ( 4 2 41 A c c e p t ) 13. 4 Netscape 1.1N 17
140 TCP 150 ~ 197 13 - M o s a i c A c c e p t 13-3 ( [Berners-Lee, Fielding, and Nielsen 1995] ) I n t e r n e t G I F P o s t S c r i p t H T T P T I M E _ WA I T [Padmanabhan 1995] [Mogul 1995b] T C P 13. 3. 4 C o n t e n t - L e n g t h G I F Pragma: hold-connection P r a g m a P r a g m a H T P P ( 1. 1 ) C o n t e n t - L e n g t h boundary = C o n t e n t - T y p e ([Rose 1993] 6. 1. 1 ) ( ) P a d m a n a b h a n M o g u l G E T A L L( H T M L ) G E T L I S T( G E T ) G E T A L L H T M G E T G E T L I S T H T M L H T T P T C H T T P T C P H T T P T C [Spero 1994b] H T T P - N G H T T P - N G T C P ( ) T C P 8 ( I D )
1 3 H T T P 141 13.7 H T T P T C ( ) A S C I I A S C I ( ) ( A S C I I ) ( ) H T T P 10 000 ( P o s t S c r i p t ) H T T P 3000 H T T P T C 13. 4 8 T C P M S S T C P T I M E _ WA I T H T T P G o p h e r G o p h e r R F C 1436[Anklesaria et al. 1993] H T T P G o p h e r ( G o p h e r 70 ) G o p h e r G o p h e r A S C I I G o p h e r A S C I I H T T P I n t e r n e t G o p h e r U R L g o p h e r :// h o s t n a m e We b G o p h e r G o p h e r H T T P (HTTP / 1.1) 1995 1 2 I n t e r n e t ( M D 5 ) T C P