T42 300 100 Wilson and Mitchell 1987 Diskinson et al 1989 Giorgi 1990 IPCC Houghton et al.2001 2~4-40~80 2 50 Purdue Regional Model, PRM PRM PRM 1990~2000 15 1

PRM (Sun and Hsu 1988Sun and Chern 1993) p Arakawa C ( Chern 1994) ' ' u m p m p φ = Adv(u) + fv + Diff(u) t + ρ x p σ x (1) * ' ' v m p m p φ = Adv(v) + fu + + Diff(v) (2) t ρ y p σ y * () () () () Adv = mu mv σ (3) x y σ θ L v L f θ ei = θ + q v q (4) i T c p c p θ ei t = Adv ( θ ) v f + q q + Diff ( θ ) + Rad ( θ ) + Conv ( θ ) ei L c p v L c p i d θ dt T ei ei ei (5) 1 p * = ( p V) 0 σ * t dσ 2 ( ) ( up ) ( vp ) * * p V = m + σ * m x m y (6) (7) q t q l t q i t w = Adv = Adv = Adv ( q ) + Diff ( q ) + Conv ( q ) + Micro ( q ) w w ( q ) + Diff ( q ) + Conv( q ) + Micro( q ) l l ( q ) + Diff ( q ) + Conv( q ) + Micro( q ) i i l i w l i w (8) (9) (10) Chou Suarez(1994) 2

Sun Haines(1996) Kuo-type (Anthes 1978 Molinari 1982) 1.5 order closure scheme (Sun 19881993) Bosilovich and Sun (1995) ECMWF advance analysis data1990 2000 11 6 120 E25 N 45 95 90 4230 4005 sigma 28 121.2 E23.7 N 15 43 61 600 900 28 15 PRM GRADS GRADS 84 zz UVW TKE 50hPa 20 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 3

4 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

5

6

290 K 298 K PRM 1990~2000 6mm/day PRM PRM PRM PRM 850hPa 200hPa 1990~2000 PRM PRM 7

8

Anthes, R. A.,1977: A cumulus parameterization scheme utilizing a one-dimensional cloud model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 270-286. Bosilovich, M. G., and W. Y. Sun, 1995: Formulation and verification of a land surface parameterization for atmospheric numerical models. Bound-Layer Meteor., 73,321-341. Chern, J. D.,1994: Numerical simulation of cycologenesis over the Western United States. Ph. D. Dissertation.Purdue University, West Lafayette,IN,pp.178. Chou, M. D., and M.J. Suarez, 1994: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models, NASA Tech. Memo. 104606,Vol.3, 85pp. Dickinson R.E., R.M. Errico, F.Giorgi and G.T. Bates, 1989: A regional climate model for western United States. Clim. Change, 15, 383-422. Giorgi, F., 1990: Simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. J. Climate, 3, 941-963. Houghton, J.T.,Y. Ding, D.J.Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J.van der Linden,X.Dai, K.Manskell, C.A.Johson, 2001: Climate Change 2001:The scientific Basis.881pp. Molinari, J., 1982: A method for calculating the effects of deep cumulus convection in numerical models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1527-1534. Sun, W. Y.,and J. D. Chern, 1993: Diurnal oscillation of mesoscale circulation in 9

Taiwan and surronding area. J. Atmos. Sci., 51,191-209. Sun, W. Y., and W. R. Hsu, 1988: Numerical study6 of cold air outbreak over the warm ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1205-1227. Sun, W.Y., and P.A. Haines, 1996: Semi-prognostic tests of a new mesoscale cumulus parameterization scheme. Tellus, 48A, 272-289. Wilson CA, Mitchell JFB, 1987: A doubled CO 2 climate sensitivity experiment with global climate model including a simple ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13315-13343. 10

11

PRM buffer zone 45 15 12

a b 1990~2000 aprmb ECMWF 1hPa 13

1990~2000 aprmb ECMWF 1hPa 14

1990~2000 aprmb ECMWF 1hPa 15

1990~2000 aprmb ECMWF 1hPa 16

1990~2000 MJJA a PRMbECMWF 1hPa 17

a b 1990~2000 aprm becmwf 2 K 18

a b 1990~2000 aprm becmwf 2 K 19

a b 1990~2000 aprm becmwf 2 K 20

a b 1990~2000 aprm becmwf 2 K 21

a b 1990~2000 aprmb ECMWF 2 K 22

1990~2000 MJJA aprmb 23

a b 1990~2000 200hPa a PRMbECMWF 24

a b 1990~2000 850hPa a PRMbECMWF 25

a b 1990~2000 15 a PRMb 26

a b 1990~2000 15 a PRMbECMWF 27

28