36 1 Vol. 36No. 1 2016 2 Journal of the Meteorological Sciences Feb. 2016.. 2016 36 1121-127. ZHANG Xi NIU Shengjie WEI Jinchenget al. Classification and case study of macro and micro structures of spring sea fog in Xiamen. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences2016 36 1 121-127. doi 10. 3969 /2014jms. 0108 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 210044 2 710014 3 361100 2013 3 23 4 22 8 NCEP 3 0 ~ 1 2013 4 17 18 Junge P426. 4 doi 10. 3969 /2014jms. 0108 A Classification and case study of macro and micro structures of spring sea fog in Xiamen ZHANG Xi 1 2 NIU Shengjie 1 WEI Jincheng 1 3 ZHANG Shuting 1 1 School of Atmospheric PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Abstract Nanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjing 210044China 2 Shaanxi Meteorological Service CenterXi'an 710014China 3 Xiamen Meteorological BureauFujian Xiamen 361100China By using the visibilityfog droplet spectraautomatic weather station observation data the conventional weather data and NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis FNL data of eight fog processes from 23 March to 22 April2013 the macro and micro processes of spring sea fogs in Xiamen were studied. Results show that the weather situations promoting sea fog in Xiamen include cold front low pressure with an inverted trough and high pressure running into sea. The 0-1 temperature range in sea fog areas of Xiamen was important to sea fog forecast. In a typical case on 17-18 April 2013 the strong southwesterly flow with enhanced moisture triggered the formation of this sea fogwhich provided plenty of vapor for the development of this event. The average fog droplet size distribution was in agreement with the Junge distribution. The analysis on evolution of microphysical characteristicssuch as fog droplet number concentration liquid water content and fog droplet mean radius indicated that the dominant physical processes were condensational growth on the nuclei and subsequent reversible evaporation. Key words Fog Sea fog type Micro-structure of sea fog Air-sea temperature difference Xiamen Received2014-08-17 Revised2014-12-30 Published on-line2016-01-18 http / /www. cnki. net /kcms /detail /32. 1243. P. 20160118. 1600. 012. html 41275151 41375138 3502Z20124012 CXZZ13-0514 Corresponding author NIU Shengjie. niusj@ nuist. edu. cn
122 36 1 km 1 2 3 GAOet al 4 5 1 NCEP National Centers for Environmental Prediction 1 1 6 h2 3 hysplit 17 6 7 8 2 2. 1 9-11 1km 90% 2013 3 23 4 22 8 12 3 1 12 h 2 13 14 15 7 5 2. 2 2 14. 8 ~ 20. 9 90% 1. 3 m s - 1 2 m s - 1 1 Fig. 1 The observation sites 18 1 71% 2013 3 23 4 22 50% 1 24. 23 N 20% 39% 118. 19 E 16
1 123 1 2013 8 Table 1 A survey for 8 spring sea fog cases in 2013 /h 850 hpa /km 1 3 24 05 29 22 57 17. 5 h 0. 46 2 3 28 29 15 42 05 18 13. 6 h 0. 42 3 3 30 31 21 54 07 00 9. 1 h 0. 36 4 4 2 02 54 06 55 4. 0 h 0. 27 5 4 4 06 19 23 05 16. 8 h 0. 37 6 4 5 6 17 32 07 43 14. 2 h 0. 08 7 4 15 00 09 07 17 7. 1 h 0. 02 8 4 17 18 15 00 07 00 16. 0 h 0. 11 2 3 23 4 22 Fig. 2 Temperature profiles of sea fogs from 23 March to 22 April 2. 3 2. 3. 1 2013 4 17 18 200 m 500 5 h 4 17 08 500 hpa 4 17 15 92 E 18 3 2013 4 17 18 700 hpa 850 hpa 925 hpa 4 72 h 700 hpa
124 36 3 Fig. 3 2013 4 17 18 a b c de Temporal evolution of a visibility b air temperature c relative humidity d wind speed and e wind direction 4 4 17 15 72 h 0 m 500 m 1 000 m 3 Fig. 4 72 h backward trajectories of air masses at 15 00 on 17 April at 05001 000 m altitudesrespectively 3. 0 19 0 ~ 1 2. 3. 2 6 Vis C LW N 珋 r 0. 05 km Vis < 0. 5 km 0. 5 km Vis < 1 km 1 km Vis < 10 km 3 20 17 15 1 km 15 00 17 30 17 31 18 22 18 23 20 12 17 20 13 18 01 00 07 00 5 2 m C LW N 珋 r C LW 0 ~ 0. 041 g m - 3 C LW 1. 0 0. 003 g m - 3 2 0. 5 ~ 7 C LW
1 125 Fig. 5 5 a 4 17 14 b 4 18 02 Air-sea temperature difference at a 14 00 on 17 April b 02 00 on 18 April 6 2013 4 17 18 a b c d e C LW N 珋 r T 1 min Fig. 6 Temporal evolution of a visibilityb liquid water content C LW c number concentration N d average radius 珋 r and e auto-conversion threshold function T. Values of LWCN 珋 r and T were 1-min averaged 16 00 T 0. 09 15 20 16 40 珋 r C LW N 珋 r 18 01 00 3. 745 10-5 g m - 3 4 cm - 3 1. 6 μm 20 13 T 6e
126 36 7 Fig. 7 The droplet spectra distribution at different stages 8 Junge Fig. 8 Fitting of Junge distribution of average spectra 2 Table 2 Mean values of microphysical properties and variation range at different stages C LW g m - 3 N cm - 3 珋 r μm 0. 041 0 ~ 0. 35 0. 003 0 ~ 0. 05 3. 745 10-5 0 ~ 0. 01 73 5 ~ 326 15 0 ~ 90 4 0 ~ 33 3. 1 1. 5 ~ 5. 4 2. 2 1. 1 ~ 5. 5 1. 6 1. 1 ~ 3. 5 C LW N 珋 r r p 0. 016 g m - 3 36 cm - 3 2. 4 μm 1. 5 μm 21-22 0 ~ 1 N 89 cm - 3 2 C LW 珋 r 0. 37 g m - 3 11 μm N 珋 r 28cm - 3 2. 2 μm C LW C LW 1. 5 μm 3 3 5 a C LW N 珋 r 0. 041 g m - 3 73 cm - 3 3. 1 μm C LW C LW N 珋 r r p 0. 016 g m - 3 2. 3. 3 36 cm - 3 2. 4 μm 1. 5 μm 8 C LW junge Y = ax - b 4 Junge a = 112. 07 b = 2. 24 R 2 = 0. 98 N D = 112. 07D - 2. 24 0. 98 2 ~ 7 μm 2. 8 μm Deirmendjian 16 NASA CRYSTAL-FACE CSTRIPE Gamma 23 3 1
1 127 1.. 1983 352pp. WANG Binhua. Sea fog. Beijing China Ocean Press in Chinese 1983 352pp. 13Bott ASievers UZdunkowski W. A radiation fog model with a 2.. detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and ica Sinica in Chinese 200931 2 17-23. 200838 3359-366. fog microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci. 199047 18 2153-2166. ZHANG SupingBAO Xianwen. The main advances in sea fog research in China. Periodical of Ocean University of China in Chi-. 201238 8985-996. 14. nese 200838 3 359-366. XU FengWANG JingZHANG Yuet al. Analysis on the cli- 3Koračin DDorman C ELewis J Met al. Marine fog A review. Atmos. Res. 2014143 142-175. doi 10. 1016 /j. at- west Guangdong. Meteorological Monthly in Chinese 201238 matic and microphysical characteristics of sea fog over the coast of mosres. 2013. 12. 012. 8 985-996. 4GAO ShanhongLIN HangSHEN Biaoet al. A heavy sea fog event over the Yellow Sea in March 2005 Analysis and numerical. 201472 2350- modeling. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 200724 1 65-81. 365. 5. LYU JingjingNIU ShengjieZHANG Yuet al. Evolution characteristics of the macro-/ micro- structure and the boundary layer. 201141 523-30. REN ZhaopengZHANG Suping. Structure characteristics of the during a spring heavy sea fog episode in Donghai Island in Zhanjiang. Acta Meteorologica Sinica in Chinese 201472 2 Yellow Sea summer fog in the boundary layer and the comparison with spring fog. Periodical of Ocean University of China in Chinese 201141 5 23-30. 16. 350-365. 6. PM 2. 5. 200525 6587-593. 2014. doi 10. 1016 /j. partic. 2014. 03. 010. 12.. 200931 217-23. HUANG HuijunHUANG JianLIU Chunxiaet al. Microphysical characteristics of the sea fog in Maoming area. Acta Oceanolog- 15.. 201337 3552-562. ZHANG ShutingNIU ShengjieZHAO Lijuan. The microphysical FAN ShuxianXU JianqiangZHENG Youfeiet al. A sources apportionment of aerosols PM 2. 5 over the urban and suburb areas of Nanjing. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica in Chinese 200525 6 587-593. structure of fog droplets in a sea fog event in the South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences in Chinese 201337 3 552-562. 17NIU ShengjieLU ChunsongLIU Yanganget al. Analysis of the 7. microphysical structure of heavy fog using a droplet spectrometer. 201031 71425-1431. YANG JunNIU ZhongqingSHI Chuneet al. Microphysics of atmospheric aerosols during winter haze / fog events in Nanjing. Environmental Science in Chinese 201031 7 1425-1431. A case study. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 201027 6 1259-1275. 18. Ⅱ. 200929 117-24. FENG YangZHANG GuozhengZHU Binet al. A study on a 8. rare radiation-advection fog Ⅱ the analysis of chemical characteristics. 201033 2129-136. of fog water. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica in Chi- YIN YanCHEN ChenCHEN Kuiet al. An observational study of the microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosol at Mt. nese 200929 1 17-24. 19FU GangLI PengyuanCrompton J Get al. An observational Huang. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences in Chinese and modeling study of a sea fog event over the Yellow Sea on 1 August 201033 2 129-136. 2003. Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 2010107 3-4 149-159. 9. PM 10 20QX /T48-2007 4. 201031 122375-2382. FAN ShuxianHUANG HongliGU Kaihuaet al. Effect of fog. QX /T48-2007Meteorological observation specificationpart Ⅳ Observations of weather phenomena in Chinese. process on the size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 21.. 2014 60pp. in the atmospheric aerosol PM 10. Chemical Journal of Chinese U- niversities in Chinese 201031 12 2375-2382. NIU Shengjie. Physical and chemistry research of fog. China Meteorological Press in Chinese 2014 60pp. Beijing 10HE JiabaoFAN ShuxianMENG Qinziet al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs associated with fine particulate matters in NanjingChina Distributionssources and meteorological influences. Atmos. Environ. 201489 207-215. 11MENG QingziFAN ShuxianHE Jiabaoet al. Particle size distribution and characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 22Goodman J. The microstructure of California Coastal fog and stratus. J. Appl. Meteor. Climat. 197716 10 1056-1067. 23Hsieh W CJonsson HWANG L P. On the representation of droplet coalescence and autoconversion Evaluation using ambient cloud droplet size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 2009114 D7 D07201. doi 10. 1029 /2008JD010502. during a heavy haze episode in NanjingChina. Particuology