7 33 /35 ( ) ( ) 2 /2 4 4 /4 /4 /5 /6 /33 35 36 /36 37 37 /37 37 /37 38 /38 40 47 /47 48 28 76 48/ wljs nj@126com 47 1310 210009 /48 23 A 23 B 21 A 19 B 17 ( wwwskwlorg )

2 ( 2) 13,,,,,,,, 1820 7, 21,,, ;, ;,,,,, 918,,,,,,,,, 19, 20 13,,,,,,, 13,, 1807 1820,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3,,,,, 1825,,,,,, 1831,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 1831829, 2cm 15cm A B A, 7m 1mm, B 18m,,, A, B A, B, 1927, ; A, ;,GP B,, 9 24,,, 1929, 11,, 02nm,1981 001nm, 1831,,,,, X,,,,,, 50μm, 03μm,, 10μm, 1961,,, ;,,,, 1923~1924,, ;,,, ( )

4, );1(b),, 3Fb =G+G 1 (sh), h, s s h,4m,,,,, 2F=G+G,, 1(a),,, s h,s=2h 1(b),s=3h, 1 W = G h =900N 2m =1800J,, W = W / η =1800J/80% =2250J,, s h 400N, 900N, (2) 80% 1 2 400N 2m, 250N (1) (2)900 N 2 m,, ( ) W =Fs=250N 2m 2=1000J, η=w /W =800J/1000J=08=80% s=2h, : η = W = W h 2 (F GG) F G G, 1(a),, 2Fa =G+G(, (2),, (1) (1),,2F= G+G,2 250 N=G+400 N, G=500 N- 400N=100N 900N,F = (G+G )/2= (100 N+ 900N)/2=500N :W =F s=500n 4m=2000J,, :, (1) :G = 400N,h=2m,F=250N 2 2 5s, 3 W η= = Gh W Fs 1280N 1m, 320N,,, :(1) P; s,, (2) η s=2h=4m :(1) P=320W 3 :W =Gh=400N 2m=800J, (2) η=80% Gh Fs = G 2F = 400N 2 250N =80%, s,

5, 4l1 l2, 4 4, 1l1,l2 O,, F, 1 1, O,A A A,F,F 4 ( ) ( ) A B A B C,D, C D l1 l2,,l1,l2,f = l2 G F ;,l2, F C l1 1 2 C 5 2l2,l1 2 2, OA B D,A M, OA, A PQ, M P G1l1 =G2l2,G1v1t= G2v2t, G1v1 = G2v2 C Q, A ( ) A B 6 6, (AO < BO )A B C D, G1 G2(G1 G2 M P Q, ), G1 : P, l1 G2, ( ),F = l2 G ( ) l1 A F ; Q, l1 B A, F D C B 3l1 l2, 6 D 3 3, G1OA =G2OB;G1, B F,,F ( ) A B C D, 3 F, F G l1 l2, ( l1 ), = OB,, l2 OA, Fl1 = :,, Gl2,F = l2 G, F A l1,l1,l2 F = l2 G F A l1 5 5,,,O O,, ( ) A B G2,(G1 -ρ )OA gv1 - (G2 - ρ G1 gv2)ob =G1OA -ρ g ρ goa -G2OB + G2 ρg ρ gob = 0, A :,,

6,,,,, W =Gh; W = W + W, Fs = Gh+Gh,nF =, G+G,n F G, 1,, 40N, O, 05m B 490N :,, W, 1,N, : n=3, FA = lb,gb lb,la ( ),FA v=nv=3 GB la 01m/s=03 m/s 1,, P = W t = Fs t = Fvt = Fv =250 N t :FA la =GB lb +G la 2 03m/s=75W η= W = Gh W Fs = Gh Fnh = ρ, FA la =GB lb +ρ l2 A 2,FAlA - ρ l2 A 2 =GB G nf = 600N 3 250N =80% lb, :FA =20lA + 245, nf =G+G, G=,lA, FA, :, : la > 49+ 21 槡 5 4 m 2401m,lA < 49-21 槡 5 4 m la 049m, FA >490N ) 1 :, 2 (a) (b) (, ), ( ), η 1 η 2 (a) (b) 2,W1 W2,,, ( ),, Aη, 1= η 2,W1 = W2 :FA la = Bη 1> η 2,W1 > W2 GB lb +G la 2 Cη 1< η 2,W1 < W2 2 3 : Dη 1> η 2,W1 < W2 A,, 2 3, (a) (b)(, ) G,, ( ) 1, 600N A, 01m/s, 250N,, nf -G=3 250N-600N=150N :75W 80% 150N, nf =G+G,W =Gh, η = W = = W W +W 1 ( Cη 1 = η 2 D,, η 1 η 2 100%,, C, 3 W Gh Gh+Gh = G G+G, η 1 η 2, ( ) Aη 1 > η 2 Bη 1 < η 2

7 Ⅰ 1 2, 1, :, (1) (2) 2, F1 3 (O, ),, ( ) F2 AA B BA O F1 F2 (11) CO B DO C 12 5cm,, (3) (4) 4, O, 5, ( ) A B (12) C D 6 ABC, F1/N F2/N l1/cm l2/cm ( ) 1 15 10 1 15 A A B B ( ) A 123 B 245 C 135 D 456 8, F, B F (8) (9) 9,,, 10, ( ) A B C D 11 (1),,,,, (2), 05N, 2 1 20 10 C C (6) 3 1 20 15 10 D D 7 :1 2 3 4 (3) 5 6,

8 Ⅱ A B C 1, D 2 (5) 6, 3,, : 1, ( ) (6) (7) (1) 7,, 02m, 3m, 8N (1) (2) 2, A 5,, ( D ), ( ) 8,,, B (1), C ( (2) D ) (1), (8) (2) ( ) 2m, 3/5, (2), ( ) 3,, 9 :, ;, ;, ( ), (9),, :1 A B C D, ;2, A, C D, B ;3, C, (3), D, ;4 BD AB,BC AB 4 200 N, (1), 4 1,, N, ; (2) C, ( )

9 Ⅰ 1 2 3 A B C D 8, ( ) A B 1 C D (7) ( /, ); 9, 2,, (/, ) ; F1 F2 10, ( ), ( ) (9) (2) (3) 3, ( ) A B C D 4,, (10) 5 ( ) 11 A, B C, D : :1 ;2 G; 6 :,, 3,, :, (11),,, ;4, ;5, F, F G ;6, : (6) 7, A B ( ) G/N F/N 1 2 3, : : ( )

10 Ⅱ 1 2 1, F, A,B (1) 2 ( ) (7) (8) A 8,, B 9 ( ) ( ) C,, D, 3, 600N,, ( ), A600N B300N (1) C ; D (2) (9) 4, (3) 20N,, ( 10, ) : (1) ; (2) 5,, G1 G2, ( ) (4) AG1 =2G2 C2G1 = G2 BG1 = G2 DG1 =3G2,, ( ), 11, (10), ( ) 12,,,, (5) (6) (/), 6, (1) ; (12) (13) 13 A 14 ( 8 ),, ;,, ( (2) L, ) h= : 7 ( )

11 1 2 3 1J Ⅰ 2,, A 10g 1m B 500g 2m C 50g 2m D 100g 1m 7 ( ) A 1kg B 10m/s 1, C 05m ( ) D 05J A (m) B (J) C (N) D(s) 8,,,( ) A, (1), :1 B, ;2 C, (8) (2) (2) m, D, J 9, 3,, ( ) ;,, A B, C D ( 10, ),02m/s A B 5m, C D 4, (10) 11,, ; ( ) ; A002J B02J C2J D20J A B 5, ( ) C D 12,, :1,, ;2,, ;3, (12),, 1 2, 6, 3 01J, ( ),

12 Ⅱ 8,, ( ) A5J B50J C500J D900J 1 9 2 3, 1,, ( ) A (1) (9) B C (1) D W1 W2 G/N 2, 1m h/m F/N s/m (Gh)/J (Fs)/J,( ) 1 50 010 16 05 050 08 A1J B05J C0J D2J 2 50 015 22 05 11 3, S, 3 50 025 31 05 125 ( ) A B, C D : ; 4, 10, A 840N, 160N, F 5 2J ( 1m/s, ) A 650mL F N, 1s, F J, B J 2kg 50m C D 5kg 5min 6, ( ) A B C D 7, ( ) (2), : (10) (11) (7) 11,,, ( ), (1) ( / ) (2) 480N,, 10cm 12, (a), (b) (c),, (12) ( )

13 1 2 3 1W 4 (/) 5 11, 6 1 ( ) (1), A B C D 2 10W ( ) A B C D 3 ( ),,,, 4, 15min, 40s, ( ) A B C D (4) 5 100N 10m W 10s,J, W : (13) ; : 6, 3min15kg 14, 12m,,, J, W(g 10N/kg) (1) :, 7 70kW, 1s J, (2) ; (3), 8 180 W, 10min, 9, ( ) A B C D 10 9kW, 320kW :1 ;2,, O, A 500N, : (2) 1 min 30, 04 m, (11) 12 10N 10s 5m, 100N: (1) ; (2) 13, 1000m 100s, m/s 120 N,, ; ; (4),, ( / / ) ( )

14 Ⅰ 1 2 3 1,, (7) (8) 8, ( ) 90% 01cm,, A 45N: B (1) (1) C (2) D 9, 2,, ( ) A (1) B (2), C D (3) 05N, 3 1N, 02m, (9), ( (2) ) 10, 4, ( ) A : (10) B A, C B, C, D (1) (4) 5 50kg, 40 1 2 3 kg, ( ) G/N 15 3 6 A B h/m 01 01 01 C D F/N 06 12 24 L/m 6, 04 04 04 ( ) W /J 015 03 06 A,, B 1 W /J 024 048 096 C, η 625% 625% 625% D (2), 7,,, : ( ) (3), 02m, A 6N, 38N, B C (4) D ( )

15 Ⅱ (1) (2), 1 2, (3) N, 2N, 1 ( ) 7,, A B 7000kg, (6) C D 2, (g 10N/kg): ( ) (1) A, B C, D, 3, ( ) (1) ; (2) 30000N 2000m, 300m (2) A B (7) (8) C D 4, 5m,3m, 8, 300N,, ( ) 240N, : A (a) B (b) C D (b) 9, (a) (b), (a) W1, η ; (b) 1 W2,η 2 (4) (5), ( ) A W1= W2, η 1 =η 2 5,, 2N, 10N F, 04m/s, ( ) AF=5N,F 02m/s B W1= W2, η 1 <η 2 C W1< W2, η 1 >η 2 D W1> W2, η 1 <η 2 (9) BF=7N,F 02m/s CF=6N,F 08m/s DF=22N,F 02m/s 10 6N, ( ) (1) (2) 3s 01 m, 6, ( ) (3), G/N G/N h/m s/m, 2 01 05 02 (10) ( )

16 6,, 12m/s, 1 F 9N, 2 ( ) (6) A 27N, 04m/s B 18N, 06m/s 1,OA = 1m,OB=02m,G=1N,, D 18N, 06m/s ( ) A10N B2N C5N D20N C 27N, 04m/s 7,, (/ ) 1/4,, (7) (1) (2) 2, ; 3, ( ) A 9 B C D 4 ( ),, (4) (5) 5, 3m, 8m, 120 N, 90%, F N 8 10, ( )

33 4, ( ), A3J B30J C300J D600J :, :, ;,, ;,, ;,,,,, :, ;, ;,,, :,,,, : 1, ( ), A B C, D, 2 1, AB 08 m, F AC A AB > AC, F1 F2, W1 W2, P1 P2, ( ) AF1 < F2,W1 = W2,P1 < P2 BF1 > F2,W1 > W2,P1 > P2 CF1 < F2,W1 < W2,P1 < P2 DF1 < F2,W1 = W2,P1 > P2 1 :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;, ;,, 3,, 10s ( ) A3W B30W C300W D3000W,, 5 2 500kg, 2500W, 80%, :(g 10N/kg) (1) ; (2) ; (3) 6250N, : 2, (3),, 6,

34 3, A B, O 9, 6, 6, 3 4 G/N h/m F/N s/m W /J W /J η 7 4, AOBC,O, AO=60cm,OB=40cm,BC=30cm, 10 02 4 1, F l 10 04 6 1 4 6 67% :, : :, (1),,,,, (1), ;, :,, (2), :, :,,, 8 5, (1) m,, : (2) : 5 10 01 3 1 1 3 33%,,,, ( );, : ; ; :,,, :1 :,,, ;2 :, ;3, 10, (2), 7, :,, : G/N G /N F/N η 1 05 04 035 476%, 2 05 04 038 439%,

35 G/N G /N F/N 3 1 06 062 538% 4 1 08 071 469% 5 2 06 098 680% 6 2 08 106 629% η (, : ),, (1) 2 x1 x2 (2)1 2,,, (3) :, 2,, 7 G, F1 =2G, F2 = 3G;F1 l1 = x2 -x0,f2 l2 = x2 -x0,,,2g l1 3G l2,,,,,,, x0/cm x1/cm x2/cm l1/cm ( l2/cm ),( ) 1 2 3 1800 520 770 510 ( ) 2 3 5 1030 1800 565 770 465, 3 4 7 1800 585 770 445,,, (8) :, :,,,, : 20cm,,,,,, x0, 1, 1,,,,,,, :

36 [ ],,,, 4, 4, [ ], [ ] [ ], ( ),,,,,,, 4 5,A 1 1 F1 [(a),(b) ] [(a),(b) ],,,, (a) 1 (b) 2 2 ((a),(b) ), [ ],,,,,, B A [ ],,,,, (a) (b) 2, 5 6, 6 3 3 [(a), (b) ] (1),, (a), 5 (b) (2),, (1),,, : =2 2=4, =1 3=3, (a) (b) (2), 3 : =3 1=3, =2 2=4, [ ],, [ ],, [ ],,, [ ],,, ( ), (,, 39)

37,, : 50 ; ;, :,, ( ), A 1 :, B, C,, D,,,, 2 ( ), A, 2 : B C,, D,,, 3, ( ), ( ) A B,,, C :,,, 3 : A,, B,, C, 5,,,,( ), A B C D 6 ( ),, ; A, B,,, C,,, 1 ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) 2 ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) 3, 4 ( ) : 100 1 10 2 ;1g 50 10g 1, D, 4, ( ) D, D, :1C 2D 3D 4C 5C 6C, : Q =

38 qm, ( ) Q =cmδt, Q= Q ( ) 3 3t 20 Q=ηQ( ) 100 :, (1),,, (2), 75%, ( q= Q=cmΔt 84 10 7 J/m 3 ; Q=qV, V ) 1 1kg,, ;, 20 100, J, Q=qm Q=qV ; [c=39 10 2 J/(kg ),c=13 10 2 J/(kg )], Q=cmΔt, Q =cmδt, η= Q/Q Q= Q/ η Δt= Q cm, (1) Q=cm(t-t0)= 42 10 3 3 10 3 (100-20)J=1 10 9 J c c=3 1,Q Q=1 1,m m=1 1, (2) Q= Q Δt= Q cm,δt = c = 1 Δt c 3, η = 1 109 075 J= 4 3 109 J Q=cmΔt=39 10 2 J/ 4 (kg ) 1kg 100 =39 10 4 J V = Q q = 3 109 m 3 =16m 3 84 10 7,,, () Q= Q/ η Q= Qη,, Q =cmδt, 75%,,, Q=Q 4, 2, 100g 168 10 5 J, 500g ( ), 30, ( 100g 10, ) 25, [c=, 04 10 3 J/(kg )], Δt=80,30 +80 >100,,,, Δt=70,, Q=qm,Q =cmδt, Q=Q,,,,(100 ) Q= Q Q= Q,Q= cm(t-t0),q= cm(t0 -t),04 10 3 J/(kg ) 01kg (100-25 )=c 01kg,, (25-10 ),c=2 10 3 J/(kg ),,,,, Q=cm(t0 -t) Q=cm(t-t0),, ;,, Q c m t t0,,

39, ; ;,, B, A B C,, ( ),, A (1), (2) 1m, (3) 1m ( 1 ) 1 (4) (3) A /m 1 1 2 1 3 1 B ( ) 05 m 10 m 20m, B /m 1 05 2 10 3 20 (1) ; (2) (, ( ),, ),,, (1) (, ), ( ), (1), (2), ( 3 ),,, (2),,,, (3),, 2 ( 2 ), (2), A ABC C, C,, [ ], 3 檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨檨 ( 36) 6,,,, 7 : (1),, 7 (2),, (3),, (1), (2),,,,,

40 Ⅰ C, 1, D, 2, 8,, ( ) 3, A, 1, ( ) D A C B D 2, ( ) ( ) A A C B D 3, A B D B,A, (9) 10 A (/),B (/) (/), 4,,, B,, C,, : (4) (5), 5,, (12),,, ;, 6,, :, (1) (6) ; (2),,,,, ; (3) 7, ( ) A, B, B, C, 9,,, B C ( ) ( ) A, D, 11,, 12 (1) (2),,,, (3), (4)

41 Ⅱ 1,, ( ) A B (1) ( ) C A D B 2,, C, ( ) D A, 10, (9) B,,, (/ / C ) D 11 3, ( ) ( MA > MB > MC) A B C, ; B, /BC ) C D 7,, ;,, 1, 8,, 2, ( ) A,, B,, C,, D,, 9,, /m /m /m 1 M A 06 025 020 2 M B 06 025 010 3 M C 06 025 005 4 M B 10 025 020 5 M B 08 025 015 6 M B 04 025 005 (3) (1) 4, (2) 1 2 3,,, ( ) : A B (3) 4 5 6, : C D 5,, (4) :, A B, 12, B C B C,, O A ( / /, ), 8J, (A /AB A, A B,O B (5), 6 ( ) (12) A B ( )

42 ( ) A 2 10 6 J B 2 10 6 J C 2 10 6 J D 2 10 6 J 1,, 10, ; 2, 3 ( ), A B C D 1, 11, ( ) 2,, ( ) A B C D 3, ( ) A C B D 4 25 0 (11),, ( ) A 12 ( ) B C D 5,, ( /, ),, A0 0 B0 5 C0 5 D 13, : ;, : 14, : (5) 6,, ( 0, ) ( ( ) ) A, B, C, D (6) 7, (1), ;,, ( / ), ; ( / ) (2), 8,, ( ) (3),, A B C D 9, 2 10 6 J, ( )

43 Ⅰ ( ) A, 1, B,, C, 2 D, 3, 8,,, 1, B ( ) C A B C D 2,, ( ) A B C (2) D 3, 12,, ( ), ( ) A B A, C D 4, B, ( / ),, C, 5,, ( ) 13, A 10,,, B 5 10,,, ; C 10,, D 10,,, 6, ;,, ( ) A B C D 7, ( ) A D 9 ( ) A1kg 1 4200J B1kg 1 4200J C1kg 1 4200J D1kg 1 4200J 10, ( ) A C B D 11,,,, D, (13) ( )

44 Ⅱ,, 1 21 10 3 J/(kg ), (2) 12 10 7 J/kg,,,, 2, (1), : ; (2) (2) : ; (3) : ; (4) : 3 092 10 3 J/(kg ), 1 10 7 kg 2 6,,, 40kg 20 100, 42 10 3 J/(kg ), : (1) 7, 500g, 22, 72 (1) [c= 42 10 3 J/(kg )] (2) :, (7) 8 2kg,, 95 45 (1) (2), ( )[ 42 10 3 J/(kg )] 4 500g, 20,, 27 (1), (2), 9 80, 90 ml,, 30 (1), 42 10 3 J/(kg ), (2) 5 : (1) ; (2)

45 Ⅰ 7,, :,, 1,, 8, (7) ( ) (1) (2) (8) 2, 9, 3, (1) A B C ( ), (3) 4 10,, ( ) ;, A, B 11 :1 C ;2 ;3 ;4 D ;5, 5,, ( ) A B C D (5) 6, (2) B C,B C (3), (9) ;6 ;7 ;8, ;, 12,,, (1) : : ; (2) : : (6)

46 Ⅱ, J, ( / / ) 1, 6, 2 ; 3, 7, ( ) 4, A, B C 5, D,, 8, ( ) A B 1, C D, 9, (1) 10g, ;, (2) (1),10 g ; (q = 3 10 7 J/kg) (3), 2 ( A B),,,B,A,, (A/B) ; 3,,,,,,, (1) (3) (2), ( ) (3) (4),, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 4,,,,,, 5 30 10 7 J/kg,200g (9) (2) 25, 200g, 14%, [c= 42 10 3 J/(kg )] ( )

47 [ ],, [ ],,,,,,,,,,,,, A,,,, ;B, ;C ;D 1, :D [ ], 1,,, : A B, ; 1 hb ; A C,,mA mc; : [ ] ha, A B, B, ( ),,B, ha <hb ; A C,, C,, C, ma <mc :,, ;, [ ] [ ] [ ] (, ),, ;,,,,, [ ],, [ ],,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ; A,,, ; B 2, ( ) A B C D [ ],, ;, [ ], [ ], 3, ( )

48 C, D,, :1kg,, /, J/kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :D [ ],, 1kg 1kg, [ ] [ ], [ ],,,,, :(1),,,,, (2),,, (3),,,,,,, 300mm 300mm ( ), :,,, 10mm 30mm,,,, 30mm,, ;, 6V 3W,,, 6V,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 24V 300 W,,,

殢 殢 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹殢 A 殢 :45 :100 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵 ( 1,20) 1,, ( ) A B C ( ) D E F G H 2,, 3,120 N, F N, 30N N, ; F 4 100N, 500 N 20 m, 5 J 2 10 4 kw, 6, (3) 7,, ( ) 8 20m/s, 9 10 4 N N, W 9, 80N 2m, 40N, J, η= 100N, ( / / ) ( 3,30) 10, ( ) A B, (9) C D 11, ( ) A C B D, 12 500N, 700N, ( ) A1200N C500N B700N D200N 13, ( ), 100N, (11) 40N, F ( ) A20N C60N B50N D70N 23

14, A F,,F ( ) A C B, D, (13) (14) 15, ( ) A001J B01J C1J D10J 16, F,(a) s,(b) s,(c) s F,( ) A (a) F B (b) F C (c) F D (16) 17 ( ) A 100% B 1 C D, 18,, ( ) A B C D 19 10N 01m, F 6N ( ) A 06J B 08J C 12J D 60% ( 2,6) (19) 20, 40N, 20N 21,, 22, 2/3,, (, ) (20) (21) (22) 24

(234,2413,17) 23 AB, B, B (/) 50g, C ;C, D,, N, 24, (23) A,, G; B ( ), ; C F s h; D,, 1 2 3 4 G/N 5 5 5 5 h/m 01 015 02 025 W /J 075 1 125 F/N 16 22 27 31 s/m 05 05 05 05 (24) W /J 11 135 155 η 68% 81% (1) (2), :, (3), 1 ( ) 2, (25~27 7,286,27) 25,, G10N, 5m (1) G 40N, ; (2) G 90N, ; (3) (25) 25

26,, 960N 4m, 8s, 600N, (1) ; (2), (26) 27,AB,CD,OC,C,OD,E, O D, (1)OE=15m, 08t D (OE=25m), (2)OE=15m, 08t 8m, 90, (27) 28 9 10 4 N, 75%, F 25kW 2m,: (1) F ; (2) (28) 26

殢 殢 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹殢 B 殢 :45 :100 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵 ( 2,20) 1, 2,, (2) (3) (4) 3, OA OB=3 2, F=30N A,A 15cm,F W = J, G= N 4, R=20cm, r=15cm F= 15N, f= N 5 800N 200N, F=,( / / ) N;, 6 12kW, 80%, 5min J,5min N 10m ( 3,30) 7, ( ) A B C D 8, ( ) A, B, C, D, 9 ( ),,( ) A B C D 21

10 ( ) A, B, C, D, 11 50N 10N, 40m, ( ) A 2000J B 400J C D 1600J 12, ( ) A, B, C, D, 13 ( ) A B C D 14 400N,, ( ) A100N B200N C133N D100N 15, F A B,F ( ) A B C D (15) (16) 16, AB, OB, B 5N P, A, ( ) A25N B5N C10N D (172,185,196,208,21) 17, OA F1 F2, A F1 OO F2, F2, F2 B( ) 18, (1) :, (2) 15cm, cm (17) (3), 2N, 05N, 25N, 19, (g 10N/kg) /g /m /N /m 200 01 15 02 200 02 10 08 (1), (2), ; (18) (3) 22

20 :,, : (1) ; (2) ; (3), (216,229,236,248,29) 21 95N 5m, 100N (1) 95N, 100N (2) (21) 22, (1) :1, ;2, (2), 300N,5s 810N 1m,:1 ;2 ;3 (3) :, : F= 1 3 ( G+G):G=3F-G=3 300N-810N =90N (22) 27

23, 200N, 40N (1), 02m/s, F (2) 80%, F (23) 24, 600kg 40kW 50cm 2 100km 10L 075 10 3 kg/m 3 (g 10N/kg) (1) 100km, (2), (3), 90km/h,10min (24) 28

殢 殢 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹殢 A 殢 :45 :100 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵 ( 1,21) 1,( / /, ),, 2, ( / /, ), 3, ABC, C A, ;, 4,, ; (3), 5, ;,, 6 a b,, (a/b), : ( 3,27) (6) 7,, ( ) A B, C D, 8,, ( ) A,, B,, C,, D,, 9 ( ) A C 10 B D A B C D ( ) 11 ( ) A 0, B 0, C 0, D 19

12, ( ) A B, C, D 13,, ( ) A B C D 14, m m=2 1;,, ( ) A C B D 15, ( ) A, C, (16~19 1,208,26) B, D, 16,,,, 17,, (1), (2),,, (16) (17) (18) 18,,,, : (1) (2) (3) (4) m/kg v/(m s -1 ) E/J 600 05 75 50 6 900,, 19 :,, A B C, (1) : m/kg H/cm h/cm, A 5 (2), 50 4 : B 5 100 10 C 3 100 7 20

20,, (1), ; (2), (215,226,237,248,26) 21 2kg 45 60, 264 10 4 J (1) ; (2) 90, 22 30 10 7 J/kg 5kg 20 30%,: (1) (, ) (2) 29

23 :, 500g 20,, 15g (1) ; (2), (q = 30 10 7 J/kg) 24 18km,,: (1) / / (2) ( )40kW, (3) 025kg, (q=46 10 7 J/kg) (24) 30

殢 殢 檹檹檹檹檹檹檹檹殢 B 殢 :45 :100 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵 (1~4 1,5~8 2,25) 1, 2,,, 3, ;, 4 1200r/min,, 5 46 10 7 J/kg, 21g J ;,,,,, 6 5cm 3, 20 30, J, 30 40, 65J, ( / )[ c= 046 10 3 J/(kg ), ρ =79 10 3 kg/m 3 ] 7, 08m,1min 18, 15N 5min 25%, J 8 40%, 05m 3 39 10 7 J/m 3, ( 3,30) 9, ( ) A, B C D, 10, ( ) A, B C D 11, ( ) A B C D, 12, ( ) A B C D 13 獉獉獉 A B ( ) 17

C1kg D, 14, ( ) A B C D 15 ( ) A B C D 16 ( ) A B C D 17 (c<c), ( ) A B C D 18, ( ) A B C D ( 6,12) 19, :, : A, B,, :,,, (1), ; (2) A, : (3), : 20, :500g, 20, 12560m 3 ;, 80, 12563m 3 [c=42 10 3 J/(kg ),1m 3 ] (1) Q; (2) Q V( ), q= Q V 18

(216,228,235,248,256,33) 21 50kg,, 20 : (1), (2) 44 10 7 J/kg,, 15%,, [c =10 10 3 J/(kg )] 22 200kg 15 50,: (1) (2) 30 10 7 J/kg, (3),200kg 15 50 (2), (4) ( ) 23 11 66 55kg 36,66 11 ( ) 31

24 165 65mm, 55mm,, 9 58 10 5 Pa, 1500r/min: (1) ( ) (2) 15g, ( 46 10 7 J/kg) 25 6615 10 4 W, 46 10 7 J/kg, 30%, 54km/h 15km, 32

11 Ⅰ 1 2 3 C 4 5 C 6 C 7 B 8 9 12 13 14, 10 B 11 Ⅰ 1 B 2 (1)1 2 (2)18 09 3C 4 C 5B 6A 7D 8 A 9 A 103J 11A D B C A B C D 12 12 (1) (2)2 (3), Ⅱ, l1 1C 2C 3B 4 5C 6 A 7 A 8B 9 (1)075 155 (2) Ⅱ, 10500 1000 1 C 2(1)C (2)C 3 (b) (a) (c) 4800 840 11O (1)(2)240N 24J 12 5A 6,,(b), 7 (1)02 m 32 m (2)05N 8 (1) (2)08m 9 (1) (2) 1B 2 B 3 s/j 4 B 51000 100 6 1800 10 7 7 10 4 P = W/t Ⅰ 8108 10 5 J 9C 10 11 (1)300 N 1 2 3 B (2)60W 12 (1)50J 5 W (2)0 0 1310 1200 4 5B 6 (a) (c) W =Fs,v=s/t P = W/tFs/t= Fv 14 (1),(b) (d) 7B 8C 9 2F1 =F2 10C (2)P = W/t= mgh/t (3) (4) 11,, ; Ⅰ ; 1 A 2 A 3 4 D 5B 6 D 7B 8 (1)45 10-3 J (2)5 10-3 J Ⅱ 9 (1) (2), 1 2 C 3C 4 (1) (2) 5 A 6(1)4 (2)1/4L 7 83 6 9 (1) (2)120N 140N 10 (3)667% 10 (1) (2), (3)789% (4) 1

Ⅱ 1 D 2 C 3 A 4 (1)900J (2)75% 5 D 6 (1)80% (2) (3)2 7 (1)6 10 7 J,,, 25 (1)200J 250J 80% (2)450J 500J 90% (3), 26(1) (2), (2)35% 8 D 9 C 10 (1)24 N (2)024 W 833% (3) η = 1 G 1+ G 1 A 2 O 3 D 4 :1 G=240N;2 η =80%;3 W =960J;4 P=600W 27 (1)C GC,OE=15m, 08t,GC OC =08 10 3 kg OE D,GC OC = m 10 3 kg OD 2 5 25 6 C 7 12 m =048t (2) 3/4G 727% 8 9 10, W = Gh = 08 10 3 kg 98 N/kg 8 m = 62720J 28 :(1) η = W 100% = Gh W F 3h 100% = 9 104 N 3 F 100% = 75%,F = 4000N (2) F W =Fs=4000N 2m 3= 24000J,t= W P = 24000J 2500W =96s 1 A 1 E F 2 1 2 (b) (b) 3120 90 40 2000J 5 345 45 420 5500 636 10 6 288 10 5 2 10 7 J 6 7 7 D 8C 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 C 13 D 14 C 8 9 10 4 18 15 A 16C 17 18 (1) 10 6 9240 667% 10 B 11 D 12 C 13 A 14 D 15 C 16 D 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 21 B 22 23 6 294 (2)5 (3)80% 19 (1)1 2 (2)67% 50% (3) 20 (1) 24 (1)05 08 0625 074 (2) G/N h/m F/N η s/m, (a) (3)1, 2 :, (b) ( ) :, (2) 2

(3) (a) (b) G, 8B 9C 10 D 11, 12 A 13 F1 F2, h1 h2 s1 s2,, Ⅱ 21 (1), 11kg, 1, 21 10 3 J, 2(1) (2) (2)W =Gh =95N 5m = 475J,W = Fh = 100N (3) (4) 5m =500J, η = W 100% = 95 5 100% =95% W 100 5 22 (1)1 2 3 (2)1 900J 2 180W 3 90% (3) 23 :(1)v F =2v= 2 02m/s=04m/s,F =f/2=40n/2=20n, P = W t = Fs t = Fv = 20N 04m /s= 8 W (2) η = fs F2s = 40 2F =80%,F =25N 24 (1)m =ρv =075 10 3 kg/m 3 10 10-3 m 3 = 75kg (2) :F = mg = 600kg 10N/kg=6000N, :p = F S = 6000N =3 4 50 10-4 m 2 10 5 Pa (3) :W =Pt=40 10 3 W 10 60s= 24 10 7 J v=90km/h=25m/s,,f=f; P = Fv =fv,f = P v = 40 103 W 25m/s Ⅰ =16 103 N 1C 2B 3 4 5 Ⅱ 6 (1) 1 (1)(2) (3) (2) (3), 7B 2B 3(1) 8C 9C 10 D 11 12 (1), (2) ( ) (2) (3) (4), (3) ( ) (4)1, ;,, Ⅱ 1C 2B 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 8 B 9 A 10 11 (1) (2), A, (3), 1 2 3,, (4), 4 5, 12 A O 6a,,O 8J ;O B, a 7A 8 B 9 D 10 D,,B 8J 11 D 12 A 13 D 14 B 15 B 16 17 (1) (2) 18 (1) (2) 1 2 C 3 A 4 A 5 (3) 6 B 7 8 C 9 B 10 B 11 A ;,, (4) 12 D 13, 1 12, 14 (1) (2) (3) 12, Ⅰ 1B 2 D 3B 4 5 D 6 D 7C 3464 (1)147 10 3 J (2), 5 (1) (2) 6 (1)1344 10 6 J (2)0112kg 7 (1)105 10 5 J (2) 8 (1)42 10 5 J (2) 9 (1)18900J (2), Ⅰ 1 2 3 C 4 B 5 B 6 7 8 B 9 (1)C (2)B (3) 10 11 234567 18 12 (1) (2), 2 3, 4 530 10 6 6 7 A 8 C 9 (1)3 10 5 J (2)50, 12, 19 (1) (2) 3

20 (1) ; 878 10 6 J 9 C 10 B 11 D 12 C 13 C 14 D, (2) 15B 16 C 17 D 18 C 19 (1) :, 15m, (2) (, ; ), (3),, 15m,,, :, 20 (1)Q =cmδt=42 10 3 05 60J=126 10 5 J,15m, ; (2) q= Q, 15m, V =42 107 J/m 3 :V,Q Q 21 (1)Q = cm(t - t0),c = m(t-t0) = 獉獉獉獉,, 264 10 4 J ;,, J/(kg ) (2) 2kg (60-45 ) =088 103 21 (1)Q=c m (t- :Q= cm(t -t0)= 088 10 3 J/ t0)=10 10 3 50 20J=10 6 J (2)Q 15% =Q (kg ) 2kg(90-60 )=528 10 4 J 22 (1) 10 6 m =, 44 10 7 15% 015kg 22 (1) Q=cm(t-t0)= :Q=cm (t-t0)= 42 10 3 J/(kg ) 200kg 42 10 3 J/(kg ) 5kg(100-20 )= 168 10 6 J, (50-15 )=294 10 7 J (2) Q=Q 30% = qm 30%, m = Q q 30% 168 10 6 J 3 10 7 J/kg 30% =0187kg (2) 23 (1)Q= 90km/h=25m/s = (2)t= s v =1800m 25m/s =72s,W =Pt= 40000W 72s=288 10 6 J; :f = F = W s = 288 106 J 18 10 3 m = 1 600 N (3) η = W Q = 288 10 6 J 025kg 46 10 7 J/kg =25% 15km B 54km/h =15000 36 =1000s, 54 η = Pt 10 3 mq =6615 104 m 46 10 7 1 2 =30%,m =48kg 3 440 10 20 20 5 966 10 5 6 1817 7 270 Q =qm, Q=Q =qm,, :m = Q q = 294 107 J 30 10 7 J/kg =098kg (3), 200kg 35, 098kg, cm(t-t0)=42 10 3 J/(kg ) 05kg(100-20 )=, ; 168 10 5 J (2),, (4) ; ;, 24 (1)v = 23 Q= Q,cm (t0 -t)=cm (t- t0),(55-m )(66-36)= m(36-11),m = 30kg, m=25kg 24 (1),W1 = FL = 958 10 5 314 (0065 2) 2 0055=17475J;1500,750,P = 750W1 t = 750 17475 =2184W 60 (2) η = 750W1 mq = 750 17475 0015 46 10 7 =19% 25t= s v = 4