1 ( CIP) /,. :, ISBN X753 CIP ( 2005 ) : : : : /

( 50474050) ( 20040533011)

1 ( CIP) /,. :, 2005. 12 ISBN 7-81105-260-1............. X753 CIP ( 2005 ) 151885 : : 410083 : 0731-8876770 : 0731-8710482 880 1230 1 /32 11. 25 277 2006 3 1 2006 3 1 ISBN 7-81105-260-1 /T D 003 35. 00,

, ;,,,,,,,

2,,,,,, 21 95% 80% 70 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,

3 : 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4, ; 5, ; 6, AMD ; 7, ; 8, ; 9, ; 10, ; 11, 10,,,,,,,, 2005 6

1 ( 1) 1. 1 ( 1) 1. 2 ( 2) 1. 3 ( 8) 2 ( 18) 2. 1 ( 18) 2. 2 ( 23) 2. 3 ( 31) 2. 4 ( 39) 2. 5 ( 50) 2. 6 ( 58) 2. 7 ( 65) 2. 8 ( 72) 3 ( 79) 3. 1 ( 79) 3. 2 ( 80) 3. 3 ( 88) 3. 4 ( 91) 4 ( 99) 4. 1 ( 99) 4. 2 ( 102)

4. 3 ( 109) 4. 4 ( 113) 4. 5 ( 114) 4. 6 ( 116) 5 ( 118) 5. 1 ( 118) 5. 2 ( 119) 5. 3 ( 125) 5. 4 ( 134) 5. 5 ( 139) 6 AMD ( 154) 6. 1 ( AMD) ( 154) 6. 2 ( 158) 6. 3 ( 164) 6. 4 ( 170) 7 ( 172) 7. 1 ( 172) 7. 2 ( 188) 7. 3 ( 194) 7. 4 ( 195) 7. 5 ( 202) 7. 6 ( 209) 7. 7 ( 213) 8 ( 214) 8. 1 ( 214)

8. 2 ( 218) 8. 3 ( 225) 8. 4 ( 228) 9 ( 235) 9. 1 ( 235) 9. 2 ( 237) 9. 3 ( 243) 9. 4 ( 245) 9. 5 ( 247) 10 ( 254) 10. 1 ( 254) 10. 2 ( 257) 10. 3 ( 282) 10. 4 ( 289) 10. 5 ( 294) 10. 6 ( 299) 10. 7 ( 310) 10. 8 ( 317) 11 ( 321) 11. 1 ( 321) 11. 2 ( 321) 11. 3 ( 323) 11. 4 ( 336) ( 339)

1 1 1,,, 1. 1 100, 80, 5 g cm - 3, 45 As Se,, ;,, 1-1,,, [ 1],,,,,

2, Hg Cd Pb As Cr Sn Mo Se,, Fe Cu Co Zn Mn Se,, 1-1 / g cm - 3 / g cm - 3 ( V) 50. 942 6. 11 ( Ag) 107. 87 10. 49 ( Cr) 51. 996 7. 14 ( Cd) 112. 40 8. 65 ( Mn) 54. 938 7. 43 ( Sn) 118. 69 7. 31 ( Fe) 55. 847 7. 25 7. 86 ( Sb) 121. 75 6. 68 ( Co) 58. 933 8. 92 ( Pt) 195. 09 21. 45 ( Ni) 58. 71 8. 90 ( Au) 196. 967 19. 3 ( Cu) 63. 54 8. 94 ( Hg) 200. 59 13. 59 ( Zn) 65. 37 7. 14 ( Pb) 207. 19 11. 34 ( As) 74. 921 5. 73 ( Bi) 208. 98 9. 78,,,, 1. 2 1. 2. 1 95 % 80% 70%

1 3,,,, 2004 10 1 430, 3,,,, 1. 2. 2,,,,,, 50, Cu Ag Au Sn S Cd Ti Ge Bi Ga Sb Hg In, Cu Sn Sb 20 50 60,,,, 1-2,,,,,,

4, 1-2 [ 4] /g t - 1 / g t - 1 Ag Hg Ga Ag 96. 15 Pb 566 80 S S 25% S 40% 80 Cu Ag Cu Ag Cu Ag / % Cu 0. 3% Cu 16. 21% 70 Ag 42 Cu 1 320 54. 21 Cu 0. 8% Cu 18% Ag 40 Cu 200 Pb 800 Cu 0. 41% Cu 18% Ag 64 Cu 2 115 Pb 451 S Ag Ag 93. 5 Pb 380 Ag Ag 26. 3 Pb 320 27 Au Ag Cd Se Au Ag Sn Sb Au 1. 73 Ag 99. 59 Cd 50 Se 180 Cu 15. 80 Pb 6. 32 Cu 705. 33 Pb Zn 338. 44 Cu 118 Pb Zn 118 Cu 360 Pb Zn 1 800 83 72. 8 84. 44 75. 12 Au 0. 52 Pb 2. 55 14. 46 Ag 52. 24 Pb 746. 03 68. 31 Sn 2. 02% Sn 50. 48% 73. 84 Sb 4. 81% Pb Sn 27. 36% 85. 98 Ag Ag 26. 98 500 600 60

1 5 /g t - 1 Ag Ag 51. 27 Ag S / g t - 1 Pb 2 813 Zn 578 1-2 / % 87. 5 Ag 40 797 65. 45 S 8. 5% 22 55. 00 Ag Ag 17 380 48. 3 1. 2. 3, 100 t a - 1,,,, 2. 96 % 9. 66% 77. 58%, 78. 51% 67. 85% 68. 66% 30 100 t a - 1, 20,, 3. 67% 5. 41%, 59. 92% 47. 99%, 87. 97% 84. 07%, 59. 92% 55. 56%, 2. 68% 6. 55%, 61. 52% 52. 56%, 85. 80% 89. 94 %, 55. 44% 58. 12%,,

6,,,, Q = C 1 ( 1 - r 1 ) + C 2 ( 1 - r 2 ) + C 1 r 1 ( 1 - L 1 ) + C 2 r 2 ( 1 - L 2 ) ( 1-1) : Q, t; C 1 C 2, t; r 1 r 2, % ; L 1 L 2, %, 2000 [ 4], 2000 2. 96% 3. 67% 2. 68%, 9. 66 % 5. 41% 6. 55% : : r 1 = r 2 = 2. 96 + 3. 67 + 2. 68 % = 3. 1 % 3 9. 66 + 5. 41 + 6. 55 % = 7. 2 % 3 ( 1-1 ), 2000 Q = C 1 ( 1 - r 1 ) + C 2 ( 1 - r 2 ) + C 1 r 1 ( 1 - L 1 ) + C 2 r 2 ( 1 - L 2 ) = 101 ( 1-3. 1% ) + 184. 3 ( 1-7. 2% ) + 101 3. 1 % ( 1-85. 12% ) +

1 7, : F = 184. 3 7. 2% ( 1-83. 83 % ) = 271. 63 t Q 271. 63 100% = 100% = 99 % C 1 + C 2 101 + 184. 3, 2000 271. 63 t, 1 10 9 t,,,,,,,, 1. 2. 4,,,,,,,,, ;,,,

8,,,,,,,,, Cu Zn Hg Pb Mn Cd,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1. 3 [ 2 ] [ 3 12],,,,,

1 9,,,, 20 [ 1 44, 1 04 1 08] 1. 3. 1,,, [ 3], J. M. Azcue [ 18 ] As Pb, As Pb 1 104 g g - 1 28 100 g g - 1, 98 g g - 1 88 g g - 1, As As 4 As Pb Gatlla, Cu Zn Cu 155 g L - 1 Zn 186 g L - 1 [ 23 ] ( 2003),, Cu Cd,, [ 25 ] ( 2003 ) 12 ( Cu Zn Cd Pb),, Cu Zn Pb Cd,

10 : Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu [ 1 ] ( 2003 ),, Pb Zn Cd As,, 10 a Pb Zn Cd As 1. 19 2. 71 ( 2002 ) [ 27],,, Cd Zn, [ 82 ],,, Cd, Co Cr Ni Pb, As Zn,,, [ 1 33, 67 8 4],,, [ 69 ],,,,,,,, [ 2 2 26 ],

1 11,,,,,, [ 24 ] ( 2002) 5 32 8 ( Cd Co Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn Mn),,, Pb ;, [ 27 ] ( 2002),, Cd Zn ph, [ 28 ] ( 2003 ) Tessier, Fe Mn Cr Ni Co V Cu Zn Pb, Fe Mn Cr Ni Zn V Co Pb, ; Cu,, Mn Cu Zn Pb, ; Cr Fe Ni Co V,,,,

12 [ 43 47 ] Clark Fork [ 30 ], Cu Zn Fe Pb [ 1 2] ( 2003),,,, [ 1 1], 3 : ; ; [ 72 ],,, [ 77 ],,, ( ),,, [ 1 26 ] [ 29 ] ( 2002 ),

1 13,,,, 1 2 98. 06 %, 1 2 2 ( ),,,,,, [ 26 ], 4, 4 IC 50 ( 50% Immobilization Concentration ) : Cd l57. 71 mg kg - 1, Zn 182. 29 mg kg - 1, Cu l85. 09 mg kg - 1, Pb l 223. 3 mg kg - 1,, D J, [ 35],,,,,

14,,,,, WQI [ 10 1] 1. 3. 2,,,, 70 m,,,,, [ 6 33 ] [ 22 ] ( 2003) 10 20 100 a, 10 30 60 cm,,, 100 a, 575. 51 mg kg - 1, 5 144. 57 mg kg - 1,, 453. 48 mg kg - 1, 20 a 10 a,, 197. 0 mg kg - 1 50. 0 mg kg - 1,

1 15 Laver,, La S Y V Ni Li Co Zn Cu Cd, A1 Mg K,, 5% 10 % Zn Cd Co Ni,, Cu, Cu, [ 22 ] Zn Cr Co Ni,, [ 30 ] ( 2002 ), ph,, ( ),, ph Eh, [ 34 42],,

16, Sherlock [ 38] Coston [ 39 ] ph 7 8. 3,,, ph 2. 15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 10 4 1 08] [ 10 4], :, ; ph ;

1 17 [ 10 6], ph 2 7 50 d, ( Pb Zn Cu Cd), Zn, Pb Cu ph < 3, Cd, ph > 3, Cd Zn Cd Cu Pb [ 10 7], : ( 20. 4 % 15. 9 % ),, 51, ( 7. 2% ),, Pb Zn Cd [ 10 8] ( ),,,,,, ph,,

18 2,,,,,, 2. 1, 2. 1. 1, 321, 767,,,,,

2 19,,,,,, Cd +, Cd 2 + ( ) [ Cd( OH) 2 ],,,,,,, ph,,,,,,, ph 2. 1. 2,,,,,,,,,,,,

20,,,, [ 15 ],,,, 0. 01 10-6, 17%, 4% ; 0. 05 10-6, 23 %, 8% ; 1 10-6, 42 %, 38% ; 5 10-6, 43%, 59%, 1 10-6 85%, 5 10-6 21% CdCl 2, 10 10-6, 11%, 12%, 5% ; 100 10-6,,, 6 12 cm, 12% ; 300 10-6, 17 d,,, 20 cm, 60%, 52%, 63. 5 % ; 500 10-6, 30 d 27%,, 61 %, 38. 2%,,,,,,, 1 10-6 17 %, 5 10-6 19%, 10 10-6 20 %,

2 21,,,, 2 10-6 25%, 160 10-6 ;, 4 10-6, 75 10-6, 250 10-6, 150 10-6,, ( 4 13) 10-6, 25%,, 160 10-6 250 10-6, 25% 764 10-6, 25%, 2. 1. 3,, 30 60 g, 0. 02 1. 0 g, 18 50 g 10 % 30%, 2% 5 %,,,,,, 6 18 a, 30 45 mg, 33 %, 14 %, 2%, 0. 13%,, 30 10-6 200 10-6,,,,, 1 10-6,

22 ( 0. 8 2. 1) 10-6, 5 10-9, 83% 100 10-9 8 10-9, 30 60,,,,,,,,, ( 1 3 ), B 2,,,,,,,,,,, D 3,, D 3, D 3,,, :

2 23, ;,,,,, 2. 2 2. 2. 1,,, - 38. 87, 356. 95,, 0,,, 20, 13. 546 g cm - 3 ( 20 ), 7,,,, Na K Ag Zn Cd Sn Pb,,,,,,, Hg + 2H 2 SO 4 HgSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O 3 Hg + 8 HNO 3 3Hg( NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O

24, HgS HgCl 2,,,,, Hg 2 + Hg 2 C1 2,,,,,,, S 2 -, Hg 2 + S 2 -, HgS 860 mv, Hg 2 + Hg; 860 mv, Hg Hg 2 +,,

2 25, Hg 2 +, HgCl 2, ( CH 4 ),,,,,, Hg +, Hg 2 +, CH 3 Hg +, Hg + ph < 7, ; ph 7,,,, -,,,,,,,, :

26 ( CH 3 ) 2 Hg 2CH - 3 + Hg CH - 3, 2. 2. 2,,,,,,,, ; ;,, [ 15 ], 2-1 0. 074 10-6,, 0. 74 10-6,,,, 7. 4 10-6,,,,, 22. 2 10-6 36. 5 10-6,, 97 %, 36. 5 10-6

2 27 2-1 * / mg L - 1 / cm / N / cm / cm / % / g b - 1 87. 0 15. 3 30. 7 13. 4 8 26. 1 0. 074 81. 7 12. 7 35. 8 13. 4 14. 2 22. 4 0. 37 83. 7 13. 3 33. 3 13. 6 10. 1 22. 5 0. 74 80. 8 12. 5 28. 8 13. 6 11. 4 18. 6 3. 65 71. 0 14. 0 20. 2 11. 8 9. 4 12. 5 7. 40 71. 7 10. 0 16. 3 12. 8 11. 8 7. 3 22. 5 54. 5 6. 7 16. 3 9. 6 14. 0 5. 2 36. 5 37. 9 3. 0 16. 8 6. 5 48. 7 0. 86 * g b - 1 /, N,, 18. 5 10-6, ( 2-2),,, ( 25 50) 10-6 / g b 2-2 * - 1 / g b - 1 /10-6 0. 078 28. 9 28. 6 21. 1 25. 3 0. 370 28. 1 27. 6 20. 7 24. 8 1. 825 32. 5 33. 6 20. 7 24. 2 9. 00 32. 4 31. 8 21. 4 24. 4 18. 50 36. 3 37. 8 22. 8 26. 8 * g b - 1 /

28 ( 2-3 ), HgCl 2 25 10-6,, HgS HgO, 300 10-6 50 10-6,,, HgCl 2 HgO HgS 2-3 HgCl 2 HgO HgS * /10-6 / cm / / cm / cm / / g b - 1 / % /10-6 0 65. 8 9. 2 98. 8 16. 3 70. 0 100. 4 0. 0083 25 48. 2 7. 7 91. 0 15. 1 53. 7 99. 0 1. 4 0. 210 50 47. 8 7. 2 87. 0 15. 6 65. 0 85. 3 15. 0 0. 479 75 44. 1 6. 7 83. 6 14. 7 59. 8 70. 4 26. 3 0. 559 HgCl 2 50 46. 9 6. 4 87. 3 15. 8 56. 4 81. 5 18. 5 0. 526 25 48. 2 7. 3 91. 3 15. 4 45. 1 93. 5 6. 9 0. 422 HgO HgS 75 52. 9 5. 5 86. 2 16. 1 69. 9 81. 3 19. 3 0. 586 50 44. 2 6. 5 90. 5 16. 3 67. 2 86. 3 14. 0 0. 363 100 40. 1 5. 2 81. 6 15. 2 56. 4 67. 8 32. 5 0. 473 150 33. 9 4. 3 78. 9 16. 5 79. 5 66. 5 33. 8 0. 660 100 53. 6 9. 1 92. 8 16. 1 71. 7 98. 0 2. 4 0. 0205 200 54. 2 8. 0 91. 7 16. 2 65. 4 99. 5 0. 9 0. 0274 300 52. 2 8. 5 89. 9 16. 9 65. 6 86. 3 14. 0 0. 0375 * g b - 1 /

2 29 2. 2. 3,, 95%,, 7%, 75 % 85%,,,,,,,,, 70 % 85%,,,, :,,,,, ;,,, 5 20 g, 2 g, 42 d, 70 74 d, 10 g /50 kg, 0. 17 g( Hg ),

30 2 /3,,,, SH, SH,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20%,,,,,,,,,,,

2 31, 1 1,, S Se Hg,,,,,,, 2. 3 2. 3. 1, ( 11. 34 g cm - 3 ), ( 327. 5 ), ( 1 525 ) 400 450,,,,, CO 2, [ 3 PbCO 3 Pb( OH) 2 ],,,,,,, ( ), : Pb + 2 OH - PbO 2-2 + H 2 + 2 + 4 PbO PbO 2 Pb( OH) 2 PbCO 3,,

32,,,,, 0,,,, Pb 2 + : Pb 2 + + SO 2-4 PbSO 4 Pb 2 + S 2 - : Pb 2 + + S 2 - PbS PbS, Pb 2 + OH - : Pb 2 + + 2OH - Pb( OH) 2, : Pb 2 + + 2OH - Pb( OH) 2 H + + HPbO - 2, : Pb( OH) 2 + 2 HCl PbCl 2 + 2 H 2 O Pb( OH) 2 + NaOH NaHPbO 2 + H 2 O 2. 3. 2,,,,,,, Pb,,

2 33,,, Pb,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, CO 2, -,,,,

34, ( 2-4 ), ( 1 20 ) 10-6, ; 50 10-6 22% ; 150 10-6 28 % [ 15], 700 10-6 10%, 10% 300 10-6, 10% 500 10-6,,,, ;, ( 2-5) 2-4 * /10-6 / N b - 1 / cm / N b - 1 / g / g b - 1 54 114 49 25. 4 224 1. 0 48 109 47 25. 8 200 5. 0 57 109 54 25. 4 208 10. 0 55 110 54 24. 6 200 20. 0 51 116 49 26. 2 179 50. 0 42 114 42 26. 6 175 80. 0 47 115 45 24. 4 180 150. 0 46 113 45 26. 6 160 * N b - 1 /, g b - 1 /

2 35 2-5 * /10-6 /mg b - 1 / cm / cm / cm / g N - 1 0 35. 0 17. 5 33. 0 327. 5 500 1 000 40. 0 22. 0 36. 0 316. 0 2 000 4 000 40. 0 17. 0 36. 0 283. 0 3 000 6 000 36. 0 14. 5 33. 0 254. 0 5 000 10 000 32. 5 18. 0 24. 5 197. 0 * mg b - 1 /, g N - 1 /,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2. 3. 3 300 g, 10%, 30 g, 2 5 g m - 3, 10 m 3,, 50%, 10 25 g, 40 55 g

36,, 96%, 4%,,,, ( 2-6),, 90% 95 %, 2-6 /10-6 32. 65 59. 20 221. 00 13. 65 35. 60 61. 00 1. 11 1. 17 1. 36 0. 73 0. 44 0. 47 0. 58 0. 60 0. 60 0. 43 0. 48 0. 33 0. 40 0. 22 0. 30 0. 29 0. 16 0. 24 0. 19 0. 19 0. 14 0. 17 4. 17 0. 09 0. 08 0. 08 0. 07 0. 06 0. 35 0. 06 0. 04,,,

2 37,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;, ;,, ( ),,, :, ( ALA - D),, ALA - D, ( Fe 2 + ),,,,,, ( 0. 6 0. 8 ) 10-6, ( 0. 13 0. 15) 10-6,,

38,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100 mg m - 3, 1 h,,,,,, EDTA,,,,, 0. 6 10-6 9,,,,,, 40, 16 000, 3 200,

2 39,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 0. 4 0. 6) 10-6,,,,,, 2. 4 2. 4. 1,,

40,,,, ;,,, As 2 O 3 As 2 O 5,, As( OH) 3 H 3 AsO 3,,,, : H 3 AsO 3 + 3NaOH Na 3 AsO 3 + 3 H 2 O H 3 AsO 3 + 3HCl AsCl 3 + 3H 2 O H 3 AsO 4,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),, ( AsH 3 ) ( CH 3 AsH 2 ) + 5 + 3 0-3, As 3 - Eh AsS ph Eh, -,

2 41 2. 4. 2,, 25 10-6 ;, 75 10-6,,,,, 10 10-6, 6. 4% 54 kg hm - 2, Ca 3 ( AsO 4 ) 2 1 200 10-6, Ca 3 ( AsO 4 ) 2 500 10-6,, : ; ; : 1 10-6,,,,, :,, ;,,, ;,,,

42,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, K 2 O, NH + 4 NO - 3 MgO P 2 O 5 CaO,,,,,, 10-5 10-4 mol L - 1,,,

2 43,,,,,,,,,,, 2 10-6, 18 10-6 ; 1. 2 10-6, 10 10-6 Brenchley, 4 10-6, 20 10-6, 1 10-6, 5 10-6 50%, 10 10-6 2. 5 10-6,,, 5 10-6, 2 10-6, 10 10-6, 5 10-6,,,, 2. 5 10-6 80%, 40% ;, 10 10-6, 30 10-6, 3,, 2-7 2-8 2-9 [ 15], 25 10-6 50 10-6, 25 10-6 8. 7%, 50 10-6 20%, 100 10-6

44 2-7 ( ) * /10-6 0 25 50 100 200 1 000 / cm 70. 9 74. 8 75. 7 50. 7 / cm 8. 3 8. 7 8. 9 6. 7 / g 40. 7 42. 1 39. 0 31. 0 / g b - 1 69. 1 75. 7 82. 6 25. 7 / % 100. 0 108. 7 119. 5 37. 2 * g b - 1 / 2-8 ( ) * /10-6 0 25 50 100 200 / cm 2. 51 2. 43 2. 31 2. 02 0. 79 / cm 20. 4 20. 0 17. 4 15. 7 / g 320 326 345 275 / g b - 1 1 545 1 470 1 345 915 / % 100. 0 95. 2 87. 1 59. 2 * g b - 1 / 2-9 ( ) * / 10-6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 / cm 74. 7 71. 2 64. 3 54. 9 50. 5 11. 0 59. 0 34. 8 / cm 19. 2 18. 3 18. 0 16. 2 15. 8 13. 1 12. 7 11. 2 / g 22. 0 22. 0 19. 5 17. 4 19. 6 10. 8 10. 0 8. 9 / g b - 1 84. 2 70. 6 52. 7 38. 4 19. 6 10. 8 10. 6 3. 9 / % 100. 0 83. 8 62. 6 45. 6 23. 3 12. 8 12. 6 4. 6 * g b - 1 /

2 45,, 37. 2%, ( 200 1 000 ) 10-6, 25 10-6, 50 10-6 20%, 100 10-6 40%, ( 200 1 000) 10-6,,,,,,, 5 10-6, 10 10-6 20%, 30 10-6 ( 100 200) 10-6, 10 10-6,,, 75 10-6 21. 6%, 250 10-6,, 10 10-6, 35 10-6 20 30 d ( 5 10) 10-6, 25 10-6, 10%, 50 10-6 20 %, 100 10-6 40%,,, 100 10-6, 1000 10-6,, 10 10 10-6, 10 %, 120 10-6, 80 10-6 9%, 120 10-6 50%, ( 2-10),

46 2-10 * /10-6 / cm / g b - 1 /g b - 1 /10-6 0 74. 0 41. 9 50. 9 0. 65 2 72. 9 40. 2 52. 6 0. 72 4 72. 2 40. 3 54. 5 0. 82 8 72. 1 39. 7 53. 4 0. 94 12 68. 5 38. 4 44. 3 1. 04 16 68. 3 32. 2 38. 9 1. 11 20 67. 8 24. 5 33. 5 1. 41 40 54. 6 16. 0 18. 7 2. 13 80 35. 1 7. 5 5. 3 2. 08 160 30. 1 3. 6 0 320 0 0 0 0 53. 5 22. 3 29. 6 0. 59 1 55. 4 23. 4 33. 0 1. 72 2 55. 2 23. 0 29. 6 2. 02 4 53. 8 38. 6 6. 0 2. 49 6 49. 0 45. 0 0. 1 8 44. 5 48. 8 0 10 31. 6 41. 8 0 20 37. 5 29. 3 0 * g b - 1 / 8 10-6,, 8 10-6,,,, 40 10-6, 50%, 160 10-6,,,,

2 47,,,, 4 kg,,,,, ; 6 kg,,,,,, 0. 5 10-6,,,,,,, 1 mol L - 1 HCl,,, 1 10-6, 9 10-6, 2 10-6, 7 10-6,, 6 10-6, [ 15], ( 2-11),,,, 12 10-6, P /As 1, P / As 4 ( 2-12 ) 125 10-6, 54%, 250 10-6, 20% ;, 73% 41 %,,,

48 ph 6,,, 2-11 ( 10-6 ) * / g N - 1 10 65 120 20 0. 50 1. 15 2. 16 15 0. 75 1. 91 2. 51 0 2. 67 2. 58 2. 38 * g N - 1 /13 2-12 ( 10-6 ) * / g N - 1 0 100 200 0 7. 43 8. 50 8. 73 50 4. 09 8. 53 8. 08 100 1. 04 3. 14 6. 30 * g N - 1 /13 2. 4. 3,, 100 g, 100 g,,,,,,,,

2 49,,,,,,,,,,, 27 ( 0. 40 1. 68) 10-6, 19 ( 0. 04 0. 28) 10-6,, 3 10-6,, ( 2 3) 10-6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ; ;,, ; ;

50,,, 143 ; 24, 24 5,,,,, 2 9,, ( 0. 25 0. 85 ) 10-6,,,, 37 40 421, 428, 1. 059%,,,,,,, 2. 5 2. 5. 1,,, 52. 01,

2 51 7. 2 g cm - 3, 1 550, 2 469, Cr 2 O 3,,,,,,,,,, Cr 2 O 3 CrO 3 ; Na 2 CrO 4 K 2 CrO 4 Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 K 2 Cr 2 O 7,,,,,,,, ph ph = 4 Cr ( OH ) 2 + Cr( OH) + 2 ; ph > 5, Cr 2 ( OH ) 4 + 2 Cr 3 ( OH) 5 + 4 ; ph > 14 CrO - 2 Cr ( OH ) - 4, Cr 3 O 2-10 Cr 4 O 2-12,,,,,,,, Cr 3 + CrO 2-4,

52 2. 5. 2,,,,,, 2-13, ( 20 40 ) 10-6,, 220 10-6, ; 20 10-6,, 80 10-6,,,, [ 15] 15 kg, 2 a, 3 g, 2. 48 t 3. 07 t, 0. 1 10-6 40 g, 21%, 18% 23%, 16 kg 0. 05%,, 25% 50%,, 2-13 /10-6 20 40 80 160 320 640 1 280 Cr 3 + / g 251 280 296 242 210 159. 3 159. 3 3. 0 / % 100 111. 6 117. 0 102. 0 96. 4 13. 7 63. 5 1. 2 / 10-6 0. 32 0. 48 0. 45 0. 45 0. 74 1. 48 1. 56 7. 29 Cr 6 + / g 251 288 256 36 / % 100 114. 7 102. 0 14. 8 / 10-6 0. 32 0. 42 0. 72 1. 02

2 53,,,,,,, 5 10-6,, 10 10-6, 25 10-6,,,, 50 10-6,, 5 10-6,,,,,, 1 10-6,, 10 10-6, 50%, 20 10-6 50 10-6, 66% 90% ( 3. 5 18) 10-6,,,,,, ( 0 60 ) 10-6, 5 10-6, : ( 1 ),,, ;,, 2-13, 80 10-6,

54 320 10-6,, ( 2 ), ;,,,, Cr 3 + 600 10-6,, Cr 3 +, 1 020 10-6, ; Cr 3 +, 300 10-6,, 1 000 10-6, ( 3 ) -, -, ;,,,,, 800 10-6,, 200 10-6, ( 4 ) ph ph,, 80 10-6, ph 5. 5 7. 0 8. 0, 1. 56 0. 31 0. 14,, ph,, ph,,,

2 55 Cd Zn Ni Cu Cr,, Cr( OH) 3 2. 5. 3,,,, ( 2-14 ),, 2-14 10-6 0. 017 0. 160 0. 07 0. 078 0. 660 0. 38 0. 065 0. 182 0. 12 0. 098 0. 277 0. 16 1. 100 3. 400 2. 00 0. 202 0. 393 0. 31 0. 058 0. 208 0. 14,, 0. 17 10-6, 1. 5 kg, 260 g, 5 10 g,, 5 % 25%,

56 20 200 g,,,,,,, 40%, 93%, 75%, 72%, 50%, Cr 3 + ( 3 % ), Cr 6 + Cr 3 +, Cr 6 + Cr 3 + Cr 6 +, Cr 3 +,, Cr 6 +, Cr 6 + Cr 3 +,,, Cr 3 +, Cr 6 +,, 15 min 50%,,,,,, 6 mg, 80%,, 11 65 g L - 1, 27 g L - 1 ; 5 10 g L - 1, 8. 4 g d - 1 ; ( 0. 69 0. 96) 10-6,,,, ( ), 100,,,,,

2 57,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 445, 193, 66 ( 42 ), 5%,,,, K 2 CrO 7 K 2 CrO 4 Cr( CH 3 COO) 3 Cr( NO 3 ) 3 CrCl 3,,,,,

58 2. 6 2. 6. 1,, 63. 57, 8. 92 g - 3, 1 083, 2 336,,,,, CO 2, Cu 2 ( OH) 2 CO 3 185,,,, [ Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ] 2 +, Cu 2 S CuS CuCl 2,,, NH 3 CO 2-3 HCO - 3 SO 2-4 : NH 3 CO 2-3 HCO - 3 OH - SO 2-4 Cu 2 + + 4NH 3 Cu( NH 3 ) 2 + 4 Cu 2 + + 2CO 2-3 [ Cu( CO 3 ) 2 ] 2 - Cu 2 + + HCO - 3 CuHCO + 3 Cu 2 + + SO 4 2 - CuSO 4

2 59 S 2 - CuS OH - Cu( OH) 2 Cu 2 + + S 2 - CuS Cu 2 + + 2OH - Cu( OH) 2 2. 6. 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

60,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 7 8) 10-6, ( 0. 3 3. 0 ) 10-6,,,, 2-15 2-18,,,,,,, ;, ( ) ( ), ; 60% 2-15 /cm / cm /% / g /kg hm - 2 40. 7 19. 9 13. 0 94. 0 80. 1 26. 1 5 826 38. 5 18. 9 12. 0 90. 3 77. 3 25. 2 5 180 2. 2 1. 0 1. 0 3. 7 2. 8 0. 9 647

2 61 2-16 * / cm / cm / g N - 1 / g N - 1 / g N - 1 / kg hm - 2 /% 128. 0 26. 8 52. 8 46. 1 67. 2 1 913 22. 0 122. 9 24. 8 43. 5 37. 4 50. 0 1 560 5. 1 2. 0 9. 3 8. 7 17. 2 353 * g N - 1 / 2-17 / cm / / g / kg hm - 2 / % 20. 8 677. 1 42. 4 5 820 14. 3 17. 8 527. 0 39. 7 5 093 3. 0 150. 1 2. 7 728 2-18 * /g N - 1 / g N - 1 / g N - 1 /% 148. 0 249. 0 397. 0 60. 2 102. 5 145. 3 247. 8 45. 5 104. 7 149. 2 * g N - 1 /,,,, ( 2-19 2-20), 410 10-6,,,,

62 28. 2 % 48. 5% 810 10-6, 49. 6%, 91. 3% /10-6 2-19 * /10-6 / g N - 1 / g N - 1 / g N - 1 / % 0 30( ) 102. 5 145. 3 247. 8 50 74 148. 0 249. 0 397. 0 100 125 103. 6 164. 7 268. 3 150 200 113. 8 183. 8 298. 8 200 240 128. 0 203. 4 331. 4 400 410 78. 0 100. 0 178. 0 28. 2 800 810 55. 7 69. 3 125. 0 49. 6 1 000 1 060 26. 5 14. 0 40. 0 87. 3 * g N - 1 / /10-6 2-20 * /10-6 /cm / cm / g N - 1 / % 0 30( ) 13. 0 8. 0 52. 0 50 74 14. 7 9. 1 60. 3 100 125 13. 2 8. 1 53. 9 150 200 13. 0 8. 5 56. 7 200 240 14. 0 8. 1 55. 8 400 410 11. 0 6. 3 26. 8 48. 5 800 810 5. 8 2. 6 4. 5 91. 3 1 600 1 760 5. 1 2. 5 3. 3 93. 7 * g N - 1 /

2 63,,,,,,, NH + 4, NH + 4,, 2 4 cm,,, ;,,,,, 1 10-6,,, 4 10-6 ;, 2. 6. 3,, 1 d 2 4 g,, 1 d 3 g, 30%, 0. 6 1. 2 mg, 0. 5 0. 9 mg, 0. 1 0. 3 mg, 0. 01 0. 06 mg,,,,,,, 2, 95 %, 100 mg, 1. 4 10-6, 10 %, 8 %,

64 35 %, 65%, 8%,, ( 1 7 ) 230 10-6, 35 10-6,, ( 6. 5 9. 0 ) 10-6,, ( 1. 06 0. 05 ) 10-6, ( 1. 14 0. 05) 10-6,, 2 3, ( 0. 62 0. 89) 10-6,, ( 0. 15 0. 17) 10-6, 30,,,,,,,, ATP,,,,,,,, C,,,,

2 65,, 0. 1 0. 15 g, 0. 1 1. 0 g,,,,,,,,,,, Cu 2 + SH, ;,,,, Wilson,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 7 2. 7. 1,,

66 78. 96, 217, 680,,,,,,, 3 Se + 4HNO 3 3SeO 2 + 2H 2 O + 4NO 3 Se + 6NaOH Na 2 SeO 3 + 2Na 2 Se + 3H 2 O,,,,,,, H 2 Se, xse + ym( ) M y Se x - 2 + 2 + 4 + 6, + 4 + 6,,, H 2 S, 4, 1 3. 77, 25 2. 7, K 1 = 2 10-4 ( K 1 = 1 10-7 ),,,,,,,,,,,

2 67,,,,,, H 2 SeO 3, ;,,,, 2. 7. 2,, 7. 5 g hm - 2,,,, [ ( 0. 001 0. 05) 10-6 ], 60 10-6, ; 300 10-6,,,,,,,,, 1 000 10-6,,,,

68,,,,,,,,, 0. 1 10-6,, 12 1,, 8 1,, 2 1, 1 10-6,,,,,, 2. 7. 3,,,,,, 3 6

2 69,,,,,, 3 6,,, 0. 1 10-6 0. 06 10-6, ( 0. 04 0. 06 ) 10-6,,,,,,,,,,,,, :

70,,,,,,, 60%, 20%, 5 %,,,,,,,,,, 5 10-6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

2 71, 0. 1 3. 0 mg m - 3, 2 3 a,,,,, 0 0. 15 mg L - 1, 0. 2 0. 6 mg L - 1,,, 0. 2 1. 33 mg L - 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

72,,,,, ( 10 15) 10-6 2 3 ( 0. 2 0. 3 ) 10-6, 5 6, 0. 4 10-6,, ( 1 4) 10-6,, 1. 5 mg kg - 1, 4. 5 5. 0 mg kg - 1 2. 8 2. 8. 1, 65. 38, 7. 1 g cm - 3 110 150,, 419. 5, 907 184,,, Cu Ag Au Cd Hg Mg Ca Mn Fe Co Ni Sn Sb, ( Cu 67%, Zn 33% ) ( A1 1% 8%, Cu 55% 75%, Zn 26% 42% ),,,, ZnCO 3 3Zn ( OH) 2, 4 Zn + 2O 2 + 3H 2 O + CO 2 ZnCO 3 3Zn( OH) 2

2 73,, Zn + 2 H + Zn 2 + + H 2,,,, H +,,,,,, Zn + 2 H 2 O + 2 NaOH Na 2 [ Zn( OH) 4 ] + H 2 Zn + 2 H 2 O + 4 NH 3 [ Zn( NH 3 ) 4 ] ( OH) 2 + H 2, Zn 2 + ph, Zn 2 + Cl - SO 2-4 CO 2-3 HCO - 3,,, 2. 8. 2,,,,,,,,

74,,,,,,,,, ( 0. 23 10-6, 1. 13 10-6, 2. 25 10-6, 4. 5 10-6, 11. 4 10-6 ), 2. 25 10-6, ; 4. 5 10-6,, ; 11. 4 10-6, 60%,,,,,, 10 10-6, 27 %, 32 10-6 92. 8%, 58 10-6 96. 6 %, 100 10-6 97. 9% 3 10-6,, 44 10-6, 30 d, 76 d,,,,,, 100 10-6,, 500 10-6,,, 100 10-6, ; 500 10-6,

2 75 2. 8. 3 80, 70, 2 3 g, 2. 5 g 1 /2, 2. 5 ( 60% ) ( 30% ), 2. 2 mg, 2. 5 3. 0 mg, 5. 45 mg 10%,, 22 mg 25 30 mg 54. 5 mg, 28 mg, ( 20 60 ) 10-6 ( 15 40) 10-6,, 4 10-6,,, 0. 5 mg,, 0. 5 mg d - 1, 3 mg d - 1,, ( 93 230 ) 10-6, 151 10-6, ( 92 225) 10-6, 173 10-6, ( 160 170) 10-6, ( 163 181) 10-6,, Full-Blown,

76, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; 400 :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1966 Strain, DNA,,, 20 mg 3,,,,,,,

2 77, 30. 8 mg L - 1,, 10 20 mg L - 1,, 5 20 mg L - 1,,, 1. 0 mg L - 1, 1. 0 mg L - 1,,,, 3 675 10-6,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1 mg kg - 1 10 mg, 80 mg, 48 mg m - 3 10. 5 min 74 mg m - 3 12 min

78 15 mg m - 3,,,,,,

3 79 3 3. 1,,, [ 10 ],, [ 11 ],,,,,,,,,,,

80,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 3. 2, ( 2000) [ 11 ],,,,,, :

3 81 ; ;,, 3. 2. 1,,,, Ruhling,,,, 20 70, 80 Goodmant, Little Cameron Hynninen, Harjavalta, 5, Hynninen, 3. 5 4. 5 g, ; 2 g,,, 3. 8 g,

82 3. 2. 2,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, Cu Zn Ni Cd a,,,, a ;,,

3 83,,,,,,,,,,, Cu,,,,, 20 30,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,

84,, ( ) ( ),, Cd, Cd Cd, ( ),,, Hg,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 7 1], ( Cu Pb Zn Cd)

3 85 3. 2. 3,,,,,,, 98. 06%, ( ),,,, 20 60 70,, 20 70,,,,,,, 20 80

86, 20, : ( ) ;, ; ( ), 1993, 300 mg kg - 1 200 mg kg - 1, 3. 2. 4,,,, Moore-Penrose,,

3 87, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1 ),,,,, ( 2 ),,,, ( 3 ),,,,

88,,,,, 3. 3 3. 3. 1,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, m ( ), n, Z = ( x ij ) n m, i = 1, 2,, n; j = 1, 2,, m Z : x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 m Z = x 2 1 x 2 2 x 2 m x n1 x n2 x nm, x i j j i, P ( P

3 89 < n),, C V = ( v ij ) n n, V C 1 2 n 0 1 2 n 0,, V Z = ( x 1, x 2,, x n ) y = ( y 1, y 2,, y n ), y = V Z ( 3-1) y 1 v 1 1 v 1 2 v 1 n x 1 y = y 2 = v 2 1 v 2 2 v 2 n x 2 ( 3-2) y n,, v n1 v n2 v nn x n y 1 = v 11 x 1 + v 12 x 2 + + v 1n v n y 2 = v 21 x 1 + v 22 x 2 + + v 2n x n ( 3-3) y n = v n1 + v n2 x 2 + + v nn x n, y 1, y 2,, y n, i i y i, n P, a 85 %, P a : a = P i i = 1 n i = 1 ( 3-4) i, P, n, i

90 3. 3. 2 ( 1) m, n, X = ( x i j ) n m, i = 1, 2,, n; j = 1, 2,, m X : x 11 x 12 x 1 m X = x 21 x 22 x 2 m x n1 x n2 x n m, x i j j i ( 2),,, 0, 1, : Z i j = x i j - x i i i = 1, 2,, n; j = 1, 2,, n ( 3-5), x i = 1 m m x ij, = j = 1 m 1 m - 1 ( x ij - x i ) 2 j = 1 ( 3 ) x, C, x = 1 m m x 1j j = 1 1 m m x 2j j = 1 1 m m x nj j = 1 x 1 x 2 x n ( 3-6)

3 91 C = m 1 m - 1 ( x j - x) ( x j - x) T = j = 1 1 m- 1 m ( x - x ) 2 1 1j 1 j = 1 m- 1 m ( x - x )( x - x ) 1 1j 1 2j 2 j = 1 m- 1 m ( x - x ) (x - x ) 1j 1 nj n j = 1 1 m- 1 m ( x - x ) ( x - x ) 1 2j 2 1j 1 j = 1 m- 1 m ( x - x ) 2 2j 2 1 j = 1 m- 1 m ( x - x ) (x - x ) 2j 2 nj n j = 1 1 m- 1 m ( x nj - x n )( x 1j - x 1 ) j = 1 1 m- 1 m ( x nj - x n )( x 2j - x 2 ) 1 j = 1 m- 1 m ( x nj - x n ) 2 j = 1 ( 3-7) ( 4 ) C C n,, 1 2 n 0, i V i = ( v i1, v i2,, v in ), i = 1, 2,, n ( 5 ) P ( 3-4), 85%, P ( 6 ) ( 3-3) P ( 7 ) y 1, y 2, m ( y 1j, y 2 j ), j = 1, 2,, m y 1 y 2,, 3. 4,,, [ 10 ],

92,,,,, 3. 4. 1,,,, 8 3-1, TSP NO x SO 2 CO, 3-1 3-1

3 93 3-1 mg m - 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TSP 2. 0 1. 79 1. 08 1. 32 1. 54 0. 87 0. 75 0. 93 1. 38 1. 39 1. 04 0. 92 1. 12 0. 75 1. 0 0. 96 NO x 0. 41 0. 39 0. 40 0. 37 0. 29 0. 30 0. 26 0. 21 CO 11. 6 8. 21 7. 89 8. 2 6. 5 6. 8 5. 8 5. 6 SO 2 0. 67 0. 64 0. 65 0. 58 0. 56 0. 57 0. 60 0. 51 3. 4. 2 MATLAB, A: 1. 55 1. 09-0. 46 0. 065 0. 54-0. 92-1. 18-0. 78 1. 38 1. 42-0. 13-0. 67 0. 22-1. 4-0. 3-0. 49 A = 1. 08 0. 81 0. 95 0. 54-0. 54-0. 4-0. 94-1. 62 2. 1 0. 33 0. 16 0. 32 0. 56-0. 4 0. 92-1. 03 0. 34 0. 19 0. 23-0. 1-0. 19-0. 14 0-0. 42, MATLAB C C y x MATLAB : C = 0. 9920 0. 8352 0. 6575 0. 5693 0. 1392 0. 8352 0. 9607 0. 5247 0. 5760 0. 1623 0. 6575 0. 5247 0. 9963 0. 5094 0. 2176 0. 5693 0. 5760 0. 5094 0. 8475 0. 1710 0. 1392 0. 1623 0. 2176 0. 1710 0. 0637

94 x = 0. 1829-0. 6894 0. 3639-0. 2461 0. 5462-0. 1581 0. 6447 0. 1786-0. 5083 0. 5187-0. 2004 0. 1490 0. 2189 0. 8142 0. 4762-0. 0859-0. 1385-0. 8844-0. 0136 0. 4371 0. 9455 0. 2602-0. 0745 0. 1339 0. 1217 y = 0. 0018 0 0 0 0 0 0. 1307 0 0 0 0 0 0. 3853 0 0 0 0 0 0. 4973 0 0 0 0 0 2. 8452 a ( 3-4), 1 5 i = 1 2. 8452 2. 8452 + 0. 4973 + 0. 3853 + 0. 1307 + 0. 0018 2 i = 5 i = 1 = 0. 7370 0. 4973 2. 8452 + 0. 4973 + 0. 3853 + 0. 1307 + 0. 0018 i = = 0. 1288 a = 1 + 2 5 i = 1 = 0. 7370 + 0. 1288 = 0. 8658 i 86. 58%,,, : 3 0. 0998, 4 0. 03385, 5 0. 000466 y 1 y 2 ( 3-3), 3-2

3 95 3-2 ( y 11 y 21 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 y 11 7. 155 5. 502 4. 848 5. 029 4. 599 4. 05 3. 66 3. 616 y 21-0. 927-0. 855-0. 489-0. 525-0. 726-0. 407-0. 480-0. 553 8 y 1 y 2, 3-2 3-2 3. 4. 3, 3-2, 6 7 8, 3 4, 2 5, 1, 4 3 #,, ;, 3 # 17 m,,,

96,,, [ 10 ] Q C( x, y, z, H) = exp - 2 u x y z exp - 1 2 1 2 y 2 + ( z + H) 2 2 y 2 z y 2 + ( z - H) 2 2 y 2 z + ( 3-8) : C( x, y, z, H) x y z ; H ; Q, ; x x ( ) ; u x x z = 0,, : Q C( x, y, 0, H) = exp - - H2 u x x z 2 2 y 2 2 z y 2 ( 3-9) ( 3-8) x u x = 3 m s - 1, y z y z Passquild [ 10 ] 3-3 3-3 X/ m Y/ m y / m z /m S( ) / m C( ) /10-6 X 1 1 0. 5 99. 1 61. 4 1. 12 50 X 2 2. 5-0. 8 474 316 6. 89 2. 1 X 3 4 1 335 219 4. 12 4. 33 X 4 2. 3 3. 3 603 409 4. 02 4. 3

3 97 X/ m Y/ m y / m z /m S( ) / m 3-3 C( ) /10-6 X 5 2. 0 5. 6 269 167 6. 0 2. 05 X 6 4. 2 6 603 409 7. 32 1. 29 X 7 5. 7 4. 3 603 409 7. 12 1. 28 X 8 6. 9-1. 6 603 409 7. 08 1. 28, [ 14 ], 3-4, X 1 X 8 8 3-4 X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7 X 8 X 1 1 0. 52 0. 55 0. 54 0. 52 0. 51 0. 51 0. 51 X 2 1 0. 76 0. 77 0. 99 0. 84 0. 83 0. 83 X 3 1 0. 99 0. 76 0. 69 0. 68 0. 68 X 4 1 0. 76 0. 69 0. 69 0. 69 X 5 1 0. 85 0. 85 0. 85 X 6 1 0. 997 1. 0 X 7 1 1. 0 X 8 1 r = 0. 8,, 0. 8, 2, 5 = 0. 99, 2, 6 = 0. 84, 2, 7 = 0. 83, 2, 8 = 0. 83, 3, 4 = 0. 99, 5, 6 = 0. 85, 5, 7 = 0. 85, 5, 8 = 0. 85, 7, 8 = 1, 6, 7 = 0. 997 : { X 1 } { X 2, X 5, X 6, X 7, X 8 } { X 3, X 4 }

98, r = 0. 86, : { X 1 } { X 6, X 7, X 8 } {X 3, X 4 } { X 2, X 5 },,,,,,, 3. 4. 4 6 7 8, 7 ; 3 4 4, 2 5 2 8 3,,, 5,,,,, 8,,,, MATLAB,

4 99 4,,, 30,????,,,,, 4. 1 4. 1. 1 112 04, 25 38 31, 9 km, 45 km, 5 km 2, 1806 4-1

100 4-1 4. 1. 2 310 m, 19. 3-7. 4, 5. 8, 7 41. 5, 28. 5 0 35 20 d

4 101, 2. 8 m s - 1 79%, 14 d a - 1, 1 800 h a - 1 1 436 mm a - 1, 81 d, ph 4. 2 6 d a - 1, 13 d a - 1, 200 mm 4. 1. 3 1967, 1 500 t d - 1, 3. 9 10 5 t a - 1, 4 600, 30, 9. 042 10 6 t, 7. 627 10 5 t, 0. 48 km 2, 5 10 6 m 3,, 1 400 m 3 d - 1, 24 4 000 t,,,,, 21 m 1984 3 7,, 1988 5,, 90%,,,,, 45

102 20 80,,, 20 80,, 20 80, 2. 904 10 6, 4 500 t d - 1 1986, 1. 31 10 6, 7 000 m 3 d - 1,, 1995,,,, 20 km, 4. 2 4. 2. 1,,,, Cu Ag W Sn Mo Fe, U Ra, SiO 2 5% 10%

4 103 4. 2. 2,,, 4-1 4. 2. 3, 4-2, Si Mg Pb Fe Zn Ca, Al, As Cu Ti Sn W Bi,,, 4-3 4-1 w/% 15. 50 33. 0 4. 40 12. 0 18. 00 3. 0 5. 00 1. 0 0. 65 0. 8 1. 00 2. 0 0. 15 1. 0 1. 00 1. 5

104 4-2 * w/% Be As Te Au P Hg Si Sb # 0. 56 # 0. 22 # # 11. 57 0. 03 Pb Sn W Ga Bi Ni Fe Al 3. 51 0. 12 0. 03 # 0. 034 # 13. 23 1. 68 Cu Cd Ag Mg Zn Ti Zr Co 0. 23 0. 02 49. 34 6. 70 7. 94 0. 01 # # Ge Pt Ta Mo Cr In Ca S # # # # # # 11. 32 19. 60 * # 4-3 w/% S Pb Zn X * 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7 X 8 X 9 Pb 2. 92 0. 61 0. 61 0. 73 68. 22 70. 91 72. 83 1. 25 1. 12 1. 17 Zn 4. 28 1. 26 1. 33 1. 21 2. 66 2. 56 2. 89 43. 80 44. 20 44. 60 S 11. 75 35. 85 35. 50 35. 04 18. 40 17. 10 16. 75 Cu 0. 09 0. 24 0. 29 0. 22 0. 57 0. 59 0. 65 Ag # 66 723 752 647 PbO 0. 19 ZnO 0. 21 Fe 11. 00 16. 6 16. 85 16. 6 MgO 7. 44 0. 09 0. 10 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 0. 12 As 0. 50 0. 31 0. 75 0. 78 0. 21 0. 16 0. 20 Bi 0. 41 F 0. 27 0. 22 0. 24 0. 06 0. 10 0. 05 H 2 O 16. 50 Al 2 O 3 0. 46 0. 18 0. 21 SiO 2 1. 09 1. 27 1. 04 * X, # Ag g t - 1

4 105 4. 2. 4 FeS 2,, 0. 04 0. 2 mm,,,,,,,,, FeS 2, 350,,, -,,, -,,,,,, - - -, :,

106,,,, 4-4 4-4,, 4-4 w/% ZnS ZnO Zn 5. 529 0. 22 0. 012 5. 761 95. 97 3. 82 0. 21 100. 00, 4-5 4-6 4-5 w/% Zn S Fe 47. 23 34. 64 17. 56 0. 57 4-6 5 w/% Zn S Fe A 49. 26 35. 49 15. 25 B 46. 38 35. 78 17. 84 C 47. 47 33. 98 18. 55 D 49. 34 33. 20 17. 46 E 48. 78 34. 55 16. 67 48. 25 34. 60 17. 15

4 107 Cu Pb Mn Si,,,, Zn S Fe :, 47. 23%, 17. 56%, 34. 64%,,, 96 4,,,,,,,, 5 0. 5 m,, 2 m,, 4-7, 8. 45% 2. 84%,

108 4-7 w/% PbS PbO Pb 2. 75 0. 262 0. 088 3. 1 88. 71 8. 45 2. 84 100. 00,,,,, -, CuS 2,, 90%,,, 4-8 4-8 w/% Cu 0. 36 0. 08 0. 44 81. 82 18. 18 100. 0,,,, 0. 01 0. 037 m,,

4 109, 82. 55%,,,, 0. 074 0. 005 mm,, 4. 3,,,, 4. 3. 1 :,,,,,, ( ) 4-2 4-4, : Py ; S (,, S ) ; Sp (,,,

110 ) ; Gl ; Q 4-2, Py ; Gl ; Q 4-3, Py ; Cp ; Q

4 111 4-4, Sp ; S ; Q 4. 3. 2,,, ( 0. 01 mm ),,, 4-9, 4-10

112 4-9 w/% Pb Zn As S Cu Cd Sn 0. 37 0. 62 0. 50 15. 78 0. 08 0. 02 0. 11 SiO 2 MgO Al 2 O 3 CaO Ag TFe 12. 62 7. 69 2. 58 15. 69 23. 12 g t - 1 20. 07 4-10 w/% 1. 1 1. 5 0. 4 10 33 7 0. 2 43 1. 0 2 0. 1 0. 7 4. 3. 3 83 %,,,, 46%,, 51 %,, 33%,

4 113, 42%,,,, 4. 4 4. 4. 1, 3 5, 28 2, 100 cm, 10 ( 25. 4 mm ) 20,, 100 : 5, 6, ph Pb Zn Cd As U COD BOD 12, GB7475 87 4. 4. 2 100 : 0. 1000 g, 5 ml HNO 3 10 ml HF 12 ml HClO 4,,, 10 ml 1 + 1 HCl, 50 ml : Baird

114 PS - 6 ( ICP - AES) : : 40. 68MHz, 1 100W : 10 L min - 1, : 0. 3 L min - 1, : 0. 4 L min - 1 : 5 s, : 3 : GSS 1 GSS 5 : HNO 3 - HClO 4 - HF, ( ICP - AES) ( European Community Bureau of Referece), ( Acid extractable ) ( Oxidizable) ( Reducible) ( Residual) 4 [ 11 14 ] :, 1. 0000 g, 40 ml 0. 1 mo1 L - 1 CH 3 COOH 20 16 h ;, 40 ml 0. 5 mol L - 1 0. 05 mo1 L - 1 HNO 3 20 16 h, ;,, H 2 O 2 ( ph 2 3 ) 10 ml 20 1 h, 85 ( 1 h), 10 ml H 2 O 2, 85 1 h, 50 ml ph 2 1 mol L - 1 16 h 3 ICP - AES 4. 5,, [ 1 2],

4 115,,,, 24 4 000 m 3,,,, 9 500 m 3 d - 1, 15 000 m 3 d - 1, 6, 0. 34 m s - 1, 1. 05 m 3 s - 1 5, A + 405 m, 500 m, B C D 1 000 m 2 000 m 3 000 m, E, 5 000 m, + 375 m 5 km, 4-11 4-11 / km / m s - 1 / m 3 s - 1 / m A 0. 50 0. 32 1. 01 0. 60 B 1 0. 33 1. 02 0. 80 C 2 0. 34 1. 06 1. 10 D 3 0. 34 1. 05 1. 12 E 5 0. 35 1. 10 1. 30

116 4. 6,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, Cu Zn Hg Mn Pb Cd,,,, 5 : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3) ; ( 4 ) ; ( 5 ),,,,,,, 4

4 117,,, 2 3, 90 100 cm,,,,,?

118 5 5. 1,,,,,,,,,,,,

5 119 5. 2 5. 2. 1, 5-1,,,, ( ) ( ), : Q = Q x + Q y = Q xi 4 i = 1 4 + Q yi i = 1 = Q x1 + Q x2 + Q x3 + Q x4 + Q y1 + Q y2 + Q y3 + Q y4 ( 5-1) ( 5-1),,,,,,,

120 5-1 5. 2. 2,,,,, 5-2 5-4 :

5 121 5-2 T 0 = M 1 + M 2 + M 3, FAULTTREE, 11 : K 1 = { X 0, X 1 } ; K 2 = { X 12, X 14 } ; K 3 = { X 1 0, X 11 } ; K 4 = { X 3, X 2 } ; K 5 = { X 9 } ; K 6 = { X 5, X 2 } ; K 7 = { X 7 } ; K 8 = { X 8 } ; K 9 = {X 13, X 14 }; K 10 = { X 4, X 2 } ; K 11 = { X 6, X 2 }

122 5-3 1 18 : P 1 = { X 0, X 14, X 10, X 9, X 3, X 5, X 7, X 8, X 6, X 4 }; P 2 = { X 0, X 12, X 11, X 14, X 3, X 9, X 5, X 7, X 1 3, X 8, X 6, X 4 } ; P 3 = { X 0, X 12, X 10, X 15, X 9, X 3, X 5, X 7, X 1 3, X 8, X 6, X 4 } ; P 4 = { X 1, X 14, X 10, X 9, X 3, X 5, X 7, X 8, X 6, X 4 }; P 5 = { X 1, X 0, X 14, X 11, X 9, X 3, X 5, X 7, X 8, X 6, X 4 } ; P 6 = { X 1, X 12, X 11, X 14, X 9, X 3, X 5, X 7, X 1 3, X 8, X 6, X 4 } ; P 7 = {X 1, X 0, X 12, X 11, X 15, X 9, X 3, X 5, X 7, X 13, X 8, X 6, X 4 }; P 8 = { X 0, X 12, X 10, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 13, X 8 } ;

5 123 5-4 2 P 9 = { X 1, X 14, X 11, X 15, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 8 } ; P 10 = { X 1, X 1 4, X 10, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 8 } ; P 11 = { X 0, X 1 4, X 11, X 15, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 8 } ; P 12 = { X 1, X 0, X 14, X 11, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 8 } ; P 13 = { X 0, X 1 4, X 10, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 8 } ; P 14 = { X 1, X 1 2, X 11, X 15, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 13, X 8 } ; P 15 = { X 1, X 1 2, X 11, X 14, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 13, X 8 } ; P 16 = { X 0, X 1 2, X 11, X 15, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 13, X 8 } ; P 17 = { X 0, X 1 2, X 11, X 14, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 13, X 8 } ; P 18 = { X 1, X 0, X 12, X 11, X 9, X 2, X 7, X 13, X 8 }, I ( i ) = 1 xi p j 2 n j - 1, FAULTTREE, :

124 I ( 0 ) = 0. 045 4; I ( 1 ) = 0. 045 4; I ( 2 ) = 0. 181 8; I ( 3 ) = 0. 045 4; I ( 4 ) = 0. 045 4; I ( 5 ) = 0. 045 4; I ( 6 ) = 0. 045 4; I ( 7 ) = 0. 090 9; I ( 8 ) = 0. 090 9; I ( 9 ) = 0. 090 9; I ( 1 0) = 0. 045 4; I ( 11 ) = 0. 045 4 ; I ( 12 ) = 0. 045 4; I ( 13) = 0. 045 4; I ( 14 ) = 0. 090 9 : I ( 2 ) > I ( 9) = I ( 1 4) = I ( 7 ) = I ( 8) > I ( 11) = I ( 0 ) = I ( 3 ) = I ( 12) = I ( 5) = I ( 1 ) = I ( 10 ) = I ( 13) = I ( 6) = I ( 4 ) FAULTTREE, X 2 ( ), X 7 ( ) X 8 ( ) X 9 ( ) X 14 ( ),,,, 95%,, X 7 X 8,,,,,,,,,,,

5 125,,,, 5. 3,,,,,,,,, [ 30 ],,, 5. 3. 1,,,

126, ;,, ;, :,, ; ( 2 4, 1 2,, 5 6. 5),, [ 47 ] 1. ( FeS 2 ) ( ), Fe 2 + S 2-2, Fe 46. 55%, S 55. 45% Co Ni As Sb Cu Au Ag, Co Ni, Cu Au Ag (, ), ;,, 6 6. 5,, 4. 9 5. 2 g cm - 3, 0. 002 3 1. 5 cm 2. ( FeS 2 ), 8%,,,,,

5 127 3. ( FeS 2 ), As Sb Tl As Tl, ( Tl 0. 4% ),,, 5 6, 4. 6 4. 9 g cm - 3,, 1. 40 300 cm 4. ( Fe 1 - x S), FeS, Fe 1 - x S, x 0. 1 0. 2 Fe n S n + 1, Fe 3 + 39% 40 %, FeS 36. 4% ; Ni Co, Cu Fe, Ni 1 %, Ni, Co,,, 4, ; 4. 58 4. 70 g cm - 3, Fe 3 + ;, 0. 005 0. 01 cm 5. ( Cu 2 S) Cu 79. 86%, S 20. 04% Ag, Au Co Ni ;,,,, 2. 5 3, 5. 5 5. 8 g

128 cm - 3, 6. ( PbS) Pb 86. 6%, S 13. 4% Ag, Cu Zn Se In, Se S ; ;, ;,,, 2. 5, 7. 4 7. 6 g cm - 3 7. ( ZnS) Zn 67. 1%, S 32. 9% Fe Mn Cd In Tl Ga Ge,,,,, 4 5. 5, 4. 1 5. 9 g cm - 3 8. ( CuFeS 2 ) Cu 34. 56%, Fe 30. 52 %, S 34. 92 % Ag Au Mn As Se,,,,, 5. 5 4,, 4. 1 4. 3 g cm - 3 9. ( Cu 5 FeS 4 ) Cu 63. 33%, Fe 11. 12%, S 25. 55%,,,,,,, 3, 4. 9 5. 3 g cm - 3

5 129 10. ( Fe[ AsS] ) Fe 34. 30%, As 46. 01 %, S 19. 69% Co, 3%, Co 12%,,,,, ;,, 5. 5 6, 6. 2 g cm - 3 5. 3. 2,,,,,, [ 29 32 ] 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, H 2 O = H + + ( OH ) -,,,,

130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2., ( Fe S ),,,, Fe 2 + Fe 3 +, S 2 - [ S 2 ] 2 - S 6 +,,,, [ 30 ] ( 2002) 5 5, 5

5 131 ( 1 3) ph 5 3 1,, 5-1 5-1 ph ph = 5 ph = 3 ph = 1 48 h 48 h 48 h 48 h 48 h 24 h 48 h 24 h 5 h 5 h 3 h 3 h,, 5 h 1 h 1 h,, 5-1 :, ph, ph,,,,,, H 2 SO 4, Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 CuSO 4

132,,, : 2 FeS 2 + 7O 2 + 2H 2 O 2FeSO 4 + 2 H 2 SO 4 ( 5-2), : 12FeSO 4 + 3O 2 + 6H 2 O 4 Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 4Fe( OH) 3 ( 5-3) 4 FeSO 4 + O 2 + 2 H 2 SO 4 2Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 2 H 2 O ( 5-4),, : Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 6H 2 O 2Fe( OH) 3 + 3H 2 SO 4 ( 5-5) ( ),,,, [ CuS] [ CuFeS 2 ], ( ),, [ Cu 2 S] [ Cu 5 FeS 4 ], [ CuS] [ CuFeS 2 ] ( 5-6 ) ( 5-7) : CuS + 2O 2 CuSO 4 ( 5-6) CuFeS 2 + 4O 2 CuSO 4 + FeSO 4 ( 5-7), ( 5-7) [ Cu 2 S], : 2 Cu 2 S + 5O 2 + 2 H 2 O 2 CuSO 4 + 2 Cu( OH) 2 ( 5-8) 4 Cu 2 S + O 2 4CuS + 2 Cu 2 O ( 5-9)

5 133 Cu 2 S + 2O 2 CuSO 4 + Cu ( 5-10) 4 Cu 2 S + 9O 2 4 CuSO 4 + 2Cu 2 O ( 5-11),,, CuSO 4 ;, Cu ( OH ) 2 CuS Cu Cu 2 O,,, : CuO + H 2 SO 4 CuSO 4 + H 2 O ( 5-12) Cu 2 O + H 2 SO 4 CuSO 4 + Cu + H 2 O ( 5-13) 2 Cu + 2H 2 SO 4 + O 2 2CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O ( 5-14) [ Cu 5 FeS 4 ], : 2 Cu 5 FeS 4 + 17O 2 6CuSO 4 + 2FeSO 4 + 2Cu 2 O ( 5-15), Cu 2 O,,, ( 5-16 ) ( 5-17 ) Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 : CuS + Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 CuSO 4 + 2FeSO 4 + S 0 ( 5-16) CuFeS 2 + 2Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 CuSO 4 + 5FeSO 4 + 2 S 0 ( 5-17),,, : CuFeS 2 + 2Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 2H 2 O + 3O 2 CuSO 4 + 5FeSO 4 +2H 2 SO 4 ( 5-18) ( 5-19) ( 5-20) : Cu 2 S + Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 CuS + CuSO 4 + 2FeSO 4 ( 5-19) CuS + Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 CuSO 4 + 2FeSO 4 + S 0 ( 5-20) ( 5-20) ( 5-16 ),

134, ( 5-20 ) ( 5-16), Cu 2 S Cu CuS CuS,, ( 5-21) : Cu 5 FeS 4 + 6Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 5CuSO 4 + 13FeSO 4 + 4S 0 ( 5-21),, ph Eh,, [ 38, 44] 5. 4 4-10, 33% 1. 5%,,,,,, 5. 4. 1,, ( 1 ) 4 FeS 2 + 11O 2 2 Fe 2 O 3 + 8 SO 2 ( 5-22) FeS 2 + 3O 2 FeSO 4 + SO 2 ( 5-23) FeS 2 + 2O 2 FeSO 4 + S 0 ( 5-24)

5 135 12FeS 2 + 10O 2 5FeSO 4 + Fe 7 S 8 + 11 S 0 ( 5-25) 2 FeS 2 + 7O 2 + 2H 2 O 2FeSO 4 + 2 H 2 SO 4 ( 5-26) 4 FeS 2 + 15O 2 + 14H 2 O 4Fe( OH) 3 + 8H 2 SO 4 ( 5-27) 4 FeS 2 + 15O 2 + 8 H 2 O 2Fe 2 O 3 + 8H 2 SO 4 ( 5-28) ( 5-22) ( 5-28), : 12FeSO 4 + 6H 2 O + 3O 2 4 Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 4Fe( OH) 3 ( 5-29) 4 FeSO 4 + O 2 + 2 H 2 SO 4 2Fe( SO 4 ) 3 + 2H 2 O ( 5-30) FeSO 4 + 7H 2 O FeSO 4 7H 2 O ( 5-31) FeSO 4 + H 2 O FeSO 4 H 2 O ( 5-32) 2 FeSO 4 + O 2 + SO 2 Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 ( 5-33) Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + FeS 2 3FeSO 4 + 2S 0 ( 5-34) Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + FeS 2 + 2H 2 O + 3O 2 3FeSO 4 + 2 H 2 SO 4 ( 5-35) Fe 2 O 3 + 3H 2 SO 4 Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 3H 2 O ( 5-36) SO 2 + H 2 O H 2 SO 3 ( 5-37) 2 SO 2 + O 2 + 2H 2 O 2H 2 SO 4 ( 5-38) ( 2 ) 4 FeS + 7O 2 2 Fe 2 O 3 + 4SO 2 ( 5-39) FeS + 2O 2 FeSO 4 ( 5-40) FeS + H 2 O + 2O 2 FeSO 4 H 2 O ( 5-41) FeS + 7H 2 O + 2O 2 FeSO 4 7 H 2 O ( 5-42) ( 5-39 ) ( 5-42 ) ( 5-29) ( 5-38), : FeS + H 2 SO 4 FeSO 4 + H 2 S ( 5-43) FeS + Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 3FeSO 4 + S 0 ( 5-44) 2 H 2 S + O 2 2S 0 + 2H 2 O ( 5-45) ( 3 ) 4 Fe 7 S 8 + 53 O 2 14Fe 2 O 3 + 32SO 2 ( 5-46)

136 Fe 7 S 8 + 15O 2 7FeSO 4 + SO 2 ( 5-47) 2 Fe 7 S 8 + 31 O 2 + 2H 2 O 14FeSO 4 + 2H 2 SO 4 ( 5-48) ( 5-46 ) ( 5-48 ) ( 5-29) ( 5-38), : Fe 7 S 8 + 7H 2 SO 4 7FeSO 4 + 7H 2 S + S 0 ( 5-49) Fe 7 S 8 + 7Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 21FeSO 4 + 8S 0 ( 5-50), : Fe 1 - x S + ( 2 - x/2) O 2 + xh 2 O ( 1 - x) Fe 2 + + SO 2-4 + xh + ( 5-51) FeS 2 + 2 /7 O 2 + H 2 O Fe 2 + + 2 SO 2-4 + 2H + ( 5-52) CuFeS 2 + 4O 2 Cu 2 + + Fe 2 + + 2SO 2-4 ( 5-53) ZnS + 2O 2 Zn 2 + + SO 2-4 ( 5-54) PbS + 2O 2 PbSO 4 ( 5-55) CuFeS 2 + 4O 2 Fe 2 + + Cu 2 + + 2 SO 2-4 ( 5-56) CaCO 3 + H + Ca 2 + + HCO - 3 ( 6 ph 9) ( 5-57) CaCO 3 + 2H + Ca 2 + + CO 2 + H 2 O( ph 6) ( 5-58) MgCa( CO 3 ) 2 + 2H + Mg 2 + + Ca 2 + + 2HCO - 3 ( 6 ph 9) ( 5-59) MgCa( CO 3 ) 2 + 4H + Mg 2 + + Ca 2 + + 2CO 2 + 2 H 2 O ( ph 6) K( Mg, Fe) 3 AlSi 3 O 10 ( OH) 2 + 7 H + ( 5-60) K + + 3( Mg, Fe 2 + ) + Al( OH) 3 + 2 SiO 2 + 3H 2 O ( 5-61) Na 0. 7 Ca 0. 3 Al 1. 3 Si 2. 7 O 8 + 1. 3 H + + 1. 3H 2 O 0. 3 Ca 2 + + 0. 7Na 2 + + 1. 3Al( OH) 3 + 2. 7SiO 2 ( 5-62) ( 5-51) ( 5-52 ) ( 5-53) Fe 2 + Fe 3 + :

5 137 2 Fe 2 + + 1 /2O 2 + 2H + 2Fe 3 + + H 2 O ( 5-63) Fe 3 + ph,, : Fe 3 + + 3H 2 O Fe( OH) 3 + 3H + ( 5-64), : 4 Fe 1 - x S + ( 2-2x) O 2 + ( 8-8 x) H + ( 4-4x) Fe 2 + + 4S + ( 4-4x) H 2 O ( 5-65), ( 5-65 ) ( 5-66 ) ( 5-67), ( 5-68) FeS 2 + 14Fe 3 + + 8H 2 O 15Fe 2 + + 2SO 2-4 + 16H + ( 5-66) Fe 1 - x S + ( 8-2 x) Fe 3 + + 4 H 2 O ( 9-3x) Fe 2 + + 4SO 2-4 + H + ( 5-67) PbS + 2Fe 3 + + 3 SO 2-4 + 3 /2 O 2 + H 2 O PbSO 4 + 2Fe 2 + + 3SO 2-4 + 2H + ( 5-68) Fe 1 - x S ( s) + ( 2-2x) Fe 3 + ( 5-3x) Fe 2 + + 4S ( s ) ( 5-69) ( FeS 2 ), : 2 Fe 1 - x S + ( 1 /2 - x) O 2 + ( 2-4x) H + ( 1-2x) Fe 2 + + FeS 2 + ( 1-2x) H 2 O ( 5-70),,, : FeS 2 + 5. 75O 2 + 5. 5H 2 O + 4CaCO 3 Fe( OH) 3 + 4HCO - 3 + 2SO 2-4 + Ca 2 + ( 5-71) Fe 1 - x S + ( 9-3x) /4 O 2 + ( 5-3x) /2H 2 O + 2xCaCO 3

138 ( 1 - x) Fe( OH) 3 + 2( 1 - x) H + + SO 2-4 + 2xCa 2 + + HCO - 3 ( 5-72) ( ),, ph Eh,,,, 5. 4. 2, H + Fe x + SO 2-4,, O 2 ph H + Fe x + SO 2-4, - / [ 8, 30, 60 67 ], / 5-2

5 139 5-2 Fe Fe 3 + + 3H 2 O 3H + + Fe( OH) 3 3Fe 3 + + K + + 2SO 2 4 - + 6H 2 O 6H + + KFe 3 ( SO 4 ) 2 ( OH) 6 Co Zn Zn 2 + + HCO3 - H + + ZnCO 3 Cr Cr( OH) 3 Pb P b 2 + + HCO3 - H + + PbCO 3 Cd Cu Ni Cu 2 + + H 2 O 2 H + + CuO Cu 2 + + MS * M 2 + + CuS Al Al 3 + + 3H 2 O 3H + + Al( OH) 3 3Al 3 + + K + + 2SO 2 4 - + 6H 2 O 6H + + KAl 3 ( OH) 6 ( SO 4 ) 2 Mn Ca Ca 2 + + SO 2 4 - + 2H 2 O CaSO 4 2 H 2 O K, K + + 3Fe 3 + + 2SO 2-4 + 6H 2 O 6H + + KFe 3 ( SO 4 ) 2 ( OH) 6 * MS 5. 5,,,,

140,, [ 30 ], [ 10 6, 107 ] [ 27] : 1988, 108, 21,, [ 32], ( Pb Zn Cu Ni) 14 a, ph ( 1 ) Fe Zn Mn Cu Pb Cd ph ph < 4, Fe Zn Mn, ; Cu Pb Cd ; ph > 10, Fe Zn Mn ; Cu Pb Cd ( 2 ) ph, Cu Pb Zn Cd, Fe Mn,

5 141 5. 5. 1 1. 30 cm,, 2 mm, ph 7. 2, 5-3 5-3 w/% Pb Zn As S Cu Cd Ag 0. 37 0. 62 0. 5 15. 78 0. 081 0. 017 23. 12 g t - 1 2. HNO 3 NaOH, ph 2. 3 4. 1 5. 6 7. 2 8. 6, 5 3. ph ph ( ), THZ - 82 A, 5. 5. 1. 1 : ( 1 ) 12 B - 1 B - 2 B - 3 B - 4 B - 5 B - 6 B - 7 B - 8 B - 9 B - 10 B - 11 B - 12, B - 9 B - 10 B - 11 B - 12 ; ; ( 2 ) 12 250 g 2 000 ml ( 3 ) ( B - 1) ( B - 6) 1 000 ml ph,

142 5 d 10 ml ph, ; ( 4 ), 2 h, 50 d; ( 5 ) ( B - 8 ) ( B - 12 ) ph 4. 1, ( B - 8 ) ( B - 9) 3 30 40, 10 d, 5. 5. 1. 2 1. 35 mm 450 mm 5-5 5-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 35 mm ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10

5 143 2. ( 1 ),, ; ( 2),, ; ( 3 ) 500 g ; ( 4 ) 500 ml,, ; ; ( 5 ) 1 000 ml ( 6 ),,, 5 cm,, 500 ml d - 1 ; ( 7) 24 h ph, 50 d 5. 5. 2 1. ph MIR( ), ( B - 1) ( B - 6) ph, 50 d, Pb 2 + Zn 2 + Cu 2 + Cd 2 + ( 5-6) ( 5-9),, ph Pb 2 + Zn 2 + Cu 2 + Cd 2 + ph 7, ph ; ph 7, ph Zn 2 +, 50 d, Pb 2 + Cu 2 + Cd 2 +

144 5-6 ph Cu 5-7 ph Pb Zn 2 +,, Zn 2 +,, 30 d, Zn 2 +, 5-9,,,

5 145,,,,, 5-8 ph Cd 5-9 ph Zn

146 5-10 2. 5-10, ph 4. 1, 30 d, 50 d, 0. 5 1. 5 ds m - 1 3. MIR B - 8 B - 9 ph 4. 1, 30 40, 10 d, 5-11,,,,,, 35, 4. MIR B - 9 B - 10 B - 11 B - 12, - 200-140 200-120 140 120 4

5 147 5-11, ph 4. 1, 5-12 5-12 Pb Z n 5-12,,,

148, 5-12 5-3,,, 5. 5. 3 1. ph MIR 50 d ph 4. 1 ph 10 d 7 8. 2, 10 15 d 7. 9, 7. 7 7. 9 ph 7. 2 ph 6 d 7 7. 7, 7. 6 7. 7 ( 5-13) 5-13 ph 2. ph, ( 5-14) 1. 45 4. 22 ds m - 1, 2. 13 ds m - 1

5 149 5-14 ph - 5-15, 5-15, ph,,, 5-15 ph

150 3. ph MIR 50 d, Zn Pb Cd Cu ph 2. 3 ph 4. 1 ph 5. 6 ph 7. 2, Cu, 500 ml, 24 h, ph ( 5-4) Cu 55. 2%, Pb Zn Cd,, Cu Pb Zn Cd 5-4 ph mg ph 2. 3 ph 4. 1 ph 5. 6 ph 7. 2 / % Pb 9. 41 7. 53 5. 24 3. 82 2. 47 38. 3 Zn 410. 2 342. 5 282. 3 235. 5 75. 68 23. 8 Cu 1. 70 1. 05 0. 76 0. 42 0. 543 55. 2 Cd 0. 45 0. 36 0. 31 0. 29 0. 071 20. 1,, Pb Cd Cu ( 5-16 5-17 5-19 ) Zn, ph,, ( 5-18 )

5 151 5-16 ph Pb 5-17 ph Cu

152 5-18 ph Zn 5-19 ph Cd

5 153 5. 5. 4,, ph,,,, ph 4. 1, 30 d, 50 d, 0. 5 1. 5 ds m - 1,,,,, ph 2. 3 8. 6 50 d, ( Pb Zn Cu Cd) Cu Pb Zn Cd,, Pb Cd Cu Zn, ph,,,, ( ) 1 2, :,,,,,

154 6 AMD,, 6. 1 ( AMD) 6. 1. 1, AMD( Acid Mine Drainage) AMD, AMD AMD,, ( AMD),

6 AMD 155,, [ 9 9] :,,,, ( ), [ 86 97 ] AMD ( AMD),, AMD,, AMD AMD : 1, AMD ; 2, AMD, ; 3, AMD ; 4, AMD ; 5, AMD AMD,, AMD AMD,,, AMD 6. 1. 2,,,

156 ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,, AMD AMD AMD, AMD,,,,,,, Euler, AMD, Darcy( ), v J, :

6 AMD 157 v = KJ = - K H L : v ; K, ; J ; H ; L ( 6-1) AMD K K, AMD ( ) K : K = k g : AMD ; g ; ; k, ( 6-2) Darcy, Darcy Reynolds, Reynolds : Re = vd ( 6-3) : v AMD ; d ; AMD Reynolds 1 10, Darcy AMD, Reynolds, Darcy

158 AMD, AMD, AMD, AMD,, AMD 6. 2 6. 2. 1 AMD AMD, Darcy Darcy : v = KJ = - K dh dl ( 6-4) 6-1,, v x v y v z, v x = - K H x ; v y = - K H y ; v z = - K H z AMD, x y z,, t, AMD :

6 AMD 159 6-1 AMD Q x t + Q y t + Q z t : Q AMD t, AMD : Q x + Q x x x t + Q x + Q x x x t + Q x + Q x x t AMD : t - Q x x x + Q y y y + Q z z z t ( 6-5) AMD t, AMD,, : H s t x y z t ( 6-6) s, 1 1, 1 H ( 6-5) ( 6-6), - Q x x x + Q y y y + Q z z z H t = s t x y z t

160, AMD, AMD AMD,, : - Q x x x + Q y y y + Q z z z t = 0 Darcy, Q x = - K H t y z; Q y = - K H t x z; Q z = - K H t x y 2 H x 2 + 2 H y 2 + 2 H z 2 = 0 ( 6-7) AMD, Darcy AMD 6. 2. 2 AMD AMD ( M) c,, V x V y V z v x v y v z : V x = v x n = - K n H x, V y = v y n = - K n AMD H y, V z = v z n = - K n n, : dt, 1. M x M y M z x y z, H z

6 AMD 161, M x, M y = - = [ cv x ( x, y, z) - cv x ( x + x, y, z) ] dydzdt = [ cv x( x, y, z) - cv x ( x + x, y, z) ] dxdydzdt dx = - x ( cv x ) dxdydzdt y ( cv y) dxdydzdt, M z = - z ( cv z) dxdydzdt dt - 2. x ( cv x ) + y ( cv y) + z ( cv z) dxdydzdt AMD,,,, M x M y M z dt x y z,, J x M x = [ J x ( x, y, z) - J x ( x + x, y, z) ] dydzdt = [ J x( x, y, z) - J x ( x + x, y, z) ] dxdydzdt dx = - J x x dxdydzdt x, M y = - J y dxdydzdt, M z = - J z dxdydzdt, dt y z, - J x x + J y y + J z z dxdydzdt ( 6-8)

162 3. AMD,,,,,,, AMD c b c s, c b c s,, Fick :, S dn B dt, S dc B dx dn B dt = - DS dc B dx, : dn( M) dt = - DS c( M) = DS ( c b - c s ),,, c s 0,, - dn( M) dt - dn( M) dt = c b dn( M) dt = DS c b ( 6-9), c; V, c =,, n( M) V, ( 6-9)

6 AMD 163 V, - dc dt = DS V c = K 1 c K 1 U, U = dc dt = - K 1 c ( 6-10),, c, dt t c( x, y, z, t) c( x, y, z, t + t) c t dxdydzdt,, c t = - x ( cv x) + y ( cv y) + z ( cv z) + J x x + J y y + J z z Fick + I ( 6-11) J = - Dgradc ( 6-12) D,,, AMD cm 2 s - 1 ( 6-12) ( 6-11) : c t = x D c x + y D c y + z D c z - x ( V xc) + y ( V y c) + z ( V zc) + I ( 6-13) I,,

164 I = - U, U ( 6-13), : c t = x D c x + y D c y + z D c z - x ( V xc) + y ( V y c) + z ( V zc) ( 6-14), AMD AMD : 2 H x 2 V x + 2 H y 2 = v x n = K n + 2 H z 2 = 0 H x, V y = v y n = K n H y, V z = v z n = K n c t = x D c x + y D c y + z D c z - U = - dc dt - dc dt = K 1c x ( V xc) + y ( V yc) + z ( V zc) H z ( 6-15) 6. 3 6. 3. 1 ( 6-14 ) c t = x D c x + y D c y + z D c z -

6 AMD 165 x ( V xc) + y ( V y c) + z ( V zc) - U, c AMD, ( 6-14) : c t = x D c x - x ( V xc) - U ( 6-16),, AMD c 0 x = 0, AMD, 0 x < : c t = x D c x - x ( V xc) c( x, 0) = 0 0 x < c( 0, t) = c 0 c(, t) = 0 t > 0 ( 6-17) t, S c + V d c dx = D d 2 dx 2 c( 0, S) = c 0 S c(, S) = 0 c, c( x, s) = c 0 s exp V xx 2D - xd V 2 x 4D + s, : c( x, t) = c 0 2 erfc x - V xt 2 Dt + c 0 2 exp V xx D erfc x + V xt 2 Dt ( 6-18)

166 [ 93],,, c t = - U ( 6-19) 1 500 cm, AMD 30 d, AMD 5 cm h - 1 ( 6-18), 6-2 6-2,,,, 6-2

6 AMD 167 6. 3. 2 ( 6-10), U = - dc dt dt = - dc U t = 0, c = c 0, c, t = t dt = c - 0 c 0 dc U U = K 1 c, t = c c 0 - x c = c 0 e - K 1 t = c 0 e - K 1 v dc = 1 ln c ( 6-20) K 1 c 0 K 1 c 0 ( 6-21) ( 6-21) t, c 0 v, x v AMD AMD,, AMD,,,,, AMD :

168 c 1 = c p 1 - e - K 1 x - v b t v = c p 1 - : c 1 AMD ; e - K 1 t 1 - c p ; v AMD ; v b ; 1 v b v ( 6-22) ( 6-22 ) AMD Q,, c 1 = dw dv W Q = dv dt, W 0 c 1 = dw dv = dw Qdt = W 0 d W W 0 Qdt = W 0 Q d W W 0 W r dt ( 6-23) ( R ),,, K 2 R = dw r dt = - K 2 W r ( 6-24) t = 0 W 0 t W r, ( 6-24),

6 AMD 169 W r W 0 = e - K 2 t ( 6-23), : W = W 0 - W r W 0 W 0 = 1 - e - K 2 t,, ( 6-23) c 2 = W 0 K 2 Q e - K 2 t ( 6-25) W 0 K 2 Q = c p,, K 2 AMD AMD AMD, ( 6-25) : c 2 = c p e - K 2 t,, : 2 H x 2 = 0 v = - K n H x c 1 = c p 1 - e - K 1 t 1 - v b v ( 6-26) c 2 v b = c p e - K 2 t = av + b, n K, v b, a b, v, c 1 AMD, c 2 AMD,

170,,, AMD, : c 1 c 2 = c p 1 - e - K 1 t 1 - v b v ( 6-27) = c p e - K 2 t ( 6-28) 6. 4,, AMD, : 2 H x 2 V x + 2 H y 2 = v x n = K n + 2 H z 2 = 0 H x, V y = v y n = K n H y, V z = v z n = K n c t = x D c x + y D c y + z D c z - U = - dc dt - dc dt = K 1c x ( V xc) + y ( V yc) + z ( V zc) - U AMD, AMD 5, 5,, H z

6 AMD 171,,,,

172 7,,,,,,,, 7. 1 7. 1. 1 4,, Pb 13 ( Ca), 7-1,,,, 7-2 7-6

7 173 7-1 / mg kg - 1 Hg Zn Pb Cd Mg Al Sc 1 5. 900 2 147. 4 414. 9 0. 30 3 783. 7 49 761 12. 40 2 0. 161 3 267 363. 2 12. 75 3 875 54 123 13. 23 3 0. 199 2 339 496. 8 6. 00 2 598. 8 62 451 12. 00 4 0. 148 8 784 7 932 19. 50 5 421. 3 12 540 23. 10 5 0. 196 5 152 1 625 19. 50 1 542 24 151 16. 50 6 0. 123 2 704 224. 8 2. 75 896 12 401 12. 86 7 0. 097 1 521 568. 4 5. 25 1 254 44 211 7. 10 8 0. 097 96. 0 234. 9 13. 25 4 412 48 571 3. 56 9 0. 085 152. 3 220. 0 8. 00 3 214 28 570 8. 23 10 0. 116 888 81. 6 0. 50 1 254 19 851 10. 20 11 0. 011 78. 4 167. 5 1. 00 1 563 34 111 2. 30 12 0. 016 59. 7 46. 9 0. 60 3 241 44 751 5. 60 13 0. 012 198. 2 110. 4 0. 89 1 524 35 840 8. 94 14 0. 021 215. 6 104. 5 2. 30 2 542 45 240 10. 21 15 0. 014 498. 3 85. 0 0. 45 2 654 44 571 9. 67 16 0. 214 1 123 46. 8 6. 30 4 110 44 451 10. 78 17 0. 098 768. 1 71. 5 7. 50 2 154. 9 24 251 9. 80 18 0. 095 165 46. 1 1. 60 2 111. 4 33 541 8. 54 19 0. 100 234. 1 48. 2 4. 60 4 312 22 411 9. 60 20 0. 104 134. 8 78. 9 5. 40 2 154 18 547 5. 60 21 0. 041 214 16. 8 1. 60 3 152. 5 10 011 7. 89 22 0. 045 52. 1 19. 1 8. 91 2 145. 2 22 510 3. 41 23 0. 011 9 895. 5 8 234. 1 7. 01 2 978 36 780. 1 24. 30 24 0. 021 8 976. 2 9 726. 4 2. 10 2 657. 6 29 640 23. 00 25 0. 075 9 251 5 893. 8 4. 12 3 100. 0 31 780. 1 23. 90 26 0. 120 1 100. 9 1 861. 7 11. 00 1 534 33 560. 8 10. 10 27 0. 120 9 963. 5 3 241. 2 0. 70 1 250 43 150. 1 24. 60 28 0. 086 8 564 5 892. 9 5. 04 2 143. 5 35 120 22. 89 29 89 81. 6 0. 53 30 103 81. 6 0. 47

174 7-1 / mg kg - 1 As Ni Fe Cr Ca Cu Ag 1 119. 60 6. 30 27 664 5. 3 75 203 164. 3 10. 4 2 85. 11 4. 90 28 441 13. 4 89 431 357. 5 11. 4 3 89. 76 11. 60 31 455 17. 1 99 847 351. 5 13. 2 4 1 083. 30 14. 20 45 112 16. 4 92 130 694 8. 0 5 207. 40 3. 10 15 642 11. 9 69 894 417. 9 6. 1 6 86. 63 2. 10 31 564 21. 4 77 738 344. 2 7. 9 7 108. 90 7. 60 19 543 5. 6 53 461 369. 6 16. 8 8 94. 40 7. 80 21 443 8. 4 99 942 339. 4 21. 6 9 47. 96 1. 90 19 561 16. 4 69 834 337. 0 85. 1 10 80. 47 1. 80 20 391 17. 1 79 112 327. 3 16. 4 11 66. 54 6. 20 36 151 21. 6 81 222 330. 9 8. 7 12 42. 50 2. 30 21 356 1. 6 71 425 410. 1 13. 2 13 24 10. 20 33 211 2. 1 69 213 402. 4 14. 5 14 18. 90 0. 80 42 153 1. 0 89 654 345. 6 11. 0 15 21. 50 7. 50 56 214 1. 3 59 641 362. 1 16. 5 16 56. 10 4. 60 63 251 2. 3 69 781 561. 0 23. 1 17 71. 50 5. 80 15 243 6. 1 79 654 318. 9 41. 1 18 82. 60 9. 01 24 513 5. 6 79 142 321. 4 16. 5 19 114. 10 3. 20 51 426 4. 3 96 841 322. 1 11. 2 20 43. 10 1. 60 73 259 2. 6 81 024 318. 1 13. 5 21 39. 80 5. 36 18 597 8. 9 74 251 343. 5 5. 0 22 38. 40 4. 21 42 517 14. 2 59 741 351. 2 7. 9 23 59. 30 6. 20 65 411 5. 0 85 064 341. 0 11. 4 24 46. 10 11. 40 45 120 4. 5 78 852 321 16. 7 25 167. 10 3. 40 12 438 7. 3 89 000 351 15. 3 26 44. 10 5. 60 22 164 11. 2 98 132 356. 4 21. 1 27 37. 20 4. 10 9 612 1. 2 31 785 377. 9 18. 9 28 46. 90 1. 00 8 974 0. 9 99 162 316. 9 9. 1 29 66. 53 5. 30 2. 1 30 66. 55 5. 30 2. 1

7 175 7-2 ( 1) mg kg - 1 Hg 5. 9 0 5. 9 0 0 Zn 2 147. 4 671. 6 853. 0 92. 8 530 Pb 414. 9 0 382. 7 0 32. 2 Cd 3. 6 1. 6 2. 0 0 0 Mg 3 783. 7 386. 1 111. 4 27. 7 3 258. 5 Al 49 761 2. 2 1 193. 4 598. 0 47 967. 4 As 119. 6 0 46. 9 1. 9 70. 8 Ni 6. 3 1. 0 3. 2 2. 1 0 Fe 27 664 67. 1 5 714. 2 2 085. 2 19 797. 5 Cr 5. 3 0. 3 0. 2 4. 5 0. 3 Ca 75 203 56 044 4 360. 2 133. 9 14 664. 9 Cu 164. 3 7. 5 42. 5 78. 8 35. 5 Ag 10. 4 7. 8 0 0 2. 6 7-3 ( 2) mg kg - 1 Hg 0. 16 0 0. 16 0 0 Zn 3 267 980. 10 1 306. 80 130. 70 849. 40 Pb 363. 20 7. 26 290. 40 6. 54 59 Cd 12. 75 4. 10 7. 65 1. 00 0 Mg 3 875 465 116. 30 61. 30 3 232. 40 Al 54 123 13. 40 2 345. 50 758. 20 51 006 As 85. 11 3. 20 21. 50 0 60. 40 Ni 4. 90 0. 89 3. 10 0 0. 91 Fe 28 441 112 8 795. 30 1 952. 60 17 581. 10 Cr 13. 40 1. 60 0. 96 9. 75 1. 10 Ca 89 431 60 112 4 985. 10 215. 30 24 118. 60 Cu 357. 50 2. 30 138. 20 212. 50 4. 50 Ag 11. 40 6. 90 1. 10 0 3. 40

176 7-4 ( 3) mg kg - 1 Hg 0. 20 0 0. 16 0 0. 04 Zn 2 339 756. 40 1 104. 80 35. 20 0 Pb 496. 80 11. 40 330. 10 12. 36 442. 60 Cd 6. 00 1. 10 4. 22 0 0. 68 Mg 2 598. 80 215 91. 80 14. 10 2 277. 90 Al 62 451 42. 10 3 841. 30 832. 10 57 735. 50 As 89. 76 1. 20 21. 50 2. 60 64. 46 Ni 11. 60 3. 11 7. 50 0 1. 00 Fe 31 455 213 9 145. 70 2 011. 40 20 084. 90 Cr 17. 10 1. 60 0 8. 43 7. 07 Ca 99 847 69 142 3 658. 40 154. 10 26 892. 50 Cu 351. 50 1. 70 130. 10 210. 40 9. 30 Ag 13. 20 5. 90 1. 40 0 5. 90 7-5 ( 4) mg kg - 1 Hg 0. 15 0 0. 10 0 0. 05 Zn 8 784 1 052. 10 1 605. 90 89. 30 6 036. 70 Pb 7 932 15. 60 497. 50 0 7 418. 90 Cd 19. 50 6. 40 11. 00 0 2. 10 Mg 5 421. 30 614. 10 87. 10 78. 40 4 641. 70 Al 12 540 0 4 729. 10 911. 40 6 899. 50 As 1 083. 30 12. 40 115. 80 56. 10 899 Ni 14. 20 0 9. 00 1. 50 3. 70 Fe 45 112 214 6 784. 10 3 124. 10 14 989. 80 Cr 16. 40 0 2. 10 8. 14 6. 16 Ca 92 130 71 451 3 548. 70 558. 90 16 571. 40 Cu 694 0 178. 40 246. 10 269. 50 Ag 8. 01 5. 40 0 0 2. 61

7 177 7-6 ( 5) mg kg - 1 Hg 0. 2 0 0. 2 0 0 Zn 5 152 110. 8 1 874. 1 54. 4 3 112. 7 Pb 1 625 0 1 014. 5 21. 21 589. 29 Cd 19. 5 3. 8 8. 42 0 7. 28 Mg 1 542 514 84. 1 12. 4 931. 5 Al 24 151 54. 1 3 142. 1 877. 1 20 077. 7 As 207. 4 0 104. 7 15. 1 87. 6 Ni 3. 1 0 3. 1 0 0 Fe 15 642 698 9 895. 1 558. 1 4 490. 8 Cr 11. 9 1. 9 0 6. 14 3. 86 Ca 69 894 54 114 1 145. 7 115. 2 14 519. 1 Cu 417. 9 0 189. 7 215. 7 12. 5 Ag 6. 1 6. 1 0 0 0 7. 1. 2 7. 1. 2. 1, Zn Pb Cd As Cu 5 MATLAB 7-7, Cu 4 25%, 55. 1% 171. 1%, 43 511, Pb ( 171. 1 % ), Zn ( 129. 2% ) Cd( 95. 1% ) Zn Pb Cd As Cu, MATLAB

178 7-8 7-7 ( n = 28) Zn Pb Cd As Cu mg kg - 1 52. 1 9 963. 5 19. 1 9 726. 4 0. 6 19. 5 18. 9 1 083. 3 164. 3 561 2 805. 10 1 709. 10 5. 68 108 362. 60 3 625. 1 2 923. 2 5. 4 195. 9 88. 6 /% 129. 2 171. 1 95. 1 55. 1 24. 4 7-8 * ( n = 28) Zn Pb Cd As Cu Hg Cr Fe Ni Ag Zn 1 0. 90 0. 20 0. 36 0. 22-0. 03-0. 11-0. 10 0. 17-0. 19 Pb 1 0. 21 0. 42 0. 25-0. 09-0. 10 0. 09 0. 30-0. 14 Cd 1 0. 58 0. 50-0. 17 0. 32-0. 02 0. 18 0. 06 As 1 0. 70 0. 03 0. 58 0. 07 0. 47-0. 15 Cu 1-0. 42 0. 50 0. 21 0. 33-0. 07 Hg 1-0. 66-0. 06 0. 05-0. 08 Cr 1-0. 02 0. 18 0. 06 Fe 1 0. 14-0. 18 Ni 1-0. 13 Ag 1 * p < 0. 01 Zn Pb Cd As Cu 7-1 7-2 7-8 7-1 7-2, Pb Zn, As Cu Cd,

7 179 7-1 Zn Pb 7-2 Cd As Cu 7. 1. 2. 2,

180,,,,, 7-2 7-6,, 7-9 7-9 / % Hg 0 0 100 2. 57 0 0 0 0 Zn 16. 81 371. 67 31. 74 402. 85 1. 89 37. 02 49. 55 2 498. 10 Pb 0. 30 7. 01 16. 44 112. 20 0. 39 9. 00 82. 86 320. 14 Cd 27. 71 7. 01 54. 26 112. 20 1. 63 8. 99 16. 40 3 201 Mg 12. 71 149. 90 2. 84 14. 54 1. 42 33. 28 83. 03 1 372 Al 0. 06 24. 40 7. 50 1 360 1. 96 124 90. 50 22 014 As 1. 00 5. 20 19. 60 45. 20 4. 80 23. 60 74. 60 370. 40 Ni 12. 40 1. 27 64. 60 2. 85 9 1. 00 14 1. 51 Fe 1. 00 252. 60 31. 40 1 748 7. 60 913. 50 60 6 426. 70 Cr 8. 40 0. 86 8. 10 0. 90 57. 80 2. 10 26. 70 3. 01 Ca 72. 90 7 776. 60 4. 10 1 458 0. 30 184. 80 22. 70 5 759 Cu 0. 60 3. 10 34. 20 57. 80 48. 60 65. 20 16. 60 114. 30 Ag 65. 30 0. 97 5. 10 0. 69 0 0 29. 60 2. 10

7 181 7-3 7-3,, 7-3, Hg, 100% Pb, 80%,, 0. 3% Zn ( 1. 89% ), Al Mg, 80% 90 %,, Mg 12% 14%, Cd Fe Cu Ni, 30% Cu, 40% ( ),,