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,,,, : : (010 ) 84043279 13801081108 : (010 ) 64033424 E - mail: dd@ hep.com.cn : 55 : 100009

21, 21,,,,,, 8 EWB EDA, (CIP).,.:,2003.2 ISBN 7-04 - 011860-2......... - - - -. TM CIP (2003)000543 010-64054588 55 800-810 - 0598 100009 010-64014048 http:www.hep.edu.cn http:www.hep.com.cn 7871092 1 16 16 390 000 18.70,

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1 1 1.1 1 1.1.1 1 1.1.2 2 1.1.3 4 1.1.4 6 1.2 8 1.2.1 8 1.2.2 10 1.3 13 1.3.1 ( KCL) 14 1.3.2 ( KVL) 14 1.3.3 16 1.4 17 1.4.1 17 1.4.2 19 1.4.3 20 1.5 24 1.5.1 24 1.5.2 25 27 1. 27 2. 29 2 32 2.1 32 2.2 33 2.2.1 33 2.2.2 35 2.3 RC 35 2.3.1 35 2.3.2 RC 37 2.4 41 2.4.1 41 2.4.2 42 2.5 R L 43 2.6 45 2.6.1 45 2.6.2 46 49 1. 49 2. 50 3 53 3.1 53 3.1.1 53 3.1.2 55 3.2 58 3.2.1 58 3.2.2 61 3.2.3 64 3.2.4 66 3.2.5 68 3.3 69 3.3.1 RC 69 3.3.2 LC 72 3.4 75 3.4.1 75 3.4.2 76 3.5 78 3.5.1 78 3.5.2 ( Y )80 3.5.3 () 83 3.5.4 85 3.5.5 85

88 1. 88 2. 89 4 93 4.1 PN 93 4.1.1 PN 93 4.1.2 94 4.1.3 95 4.2 98 4.2.1 98 4.2.2 99 4.2.3 100 4.3 100 4.3.1 101 4.3.2 103 4.4 106 108 1. 108 2. 110 5 112 5.1 112 5.1.1 112 5.1.2 113 5.1.3 118 5.2 119 5.2.1 119 5.2.2 122 5.3 124 5.3.1 124 5.3.2 125 5.3.3 126 5.4 134 5.4.1 134 5.4.2 134 5.5 137 5.6 140 5.6.1 141 5.6.2 143 5.7 144 5.7.1 145 5.7.2 146 5.7.3-147 5.8 149 5.8.1 149 5.8.2 151 5.8.3 155 5.9 157 5.9.1 157 5.9.2 159 160 1. 160 2. 164 6 166 6.1 166 6.1.1 166 6.1.2 167 6.1.3 169 6.2 171 6.2.1 171 6.2.2 173 6.2.3 176 6.3 177 6.3.1 178 6.3.2 179 6.3.3 180 6.3.4 181 6.3.5 182 6.4 185 6.4.1 185 6.4.2 187 6.5 189 6.5.1 189 6.5.2 190 6.6 191

6.6.1 191 6.6.2 193 6.6.3 193 194 1. 194 2. 196 7 199 7.1 199 7.1.1 199 7.1.2 199 7.1.3 200 7.1.4 201 7.2 202 7.2.1 202 7.2.2 202 7.2.3 203 7.3 203 208 1. 208 2. 208 8 210 8.1 210 8.1.1 210 8.1.2 211 8.2 213 8.2.1 213 8.2.2 215 8.3 216 8.3.1 216 8.3.2 218 8.3.3 219 8.4 220 8.5 221 8.5.1 221 8.5.2 222 8.6 223 8.7 () 224 8.7.1 224 8.7.2 () 225 226 1. 226 2. 227 229 1 229 2 231 3 232 4 235 5 237 238 246

1, 1.1 1.1.1 1.,,,, 1-1,,,, ;,, ;,,,, : 1-1 (, ) ; (, ),,, 2.,,,,,,,, 1

( ) U S I S R C L 1-3, 1-2 R L, U S ( ) R 0,, 1-2 1-3 1.1.2 :, (+ ) (- ) ( ), (- ) (+ ) ( ) 1-4,, 1-5 + -,,,,,,,,, 1-5 I 3 U 3 I ba U ab 1-4 1-5 2

,, 1-6 (a),,, 1-6 (a), R U = RI (1-1), 1-6( b), R U = - RI (1-2) 1-6 ()(A), (V) 1-1 1-7, R 1-7 1-1 : 1-1( a) R = U I = 6 3 = 2 1-1( b) R = - 1-1(c) R = - U I = - 6-3 = 2 U I = - - 6 3 = 2 1-1( d) R = U I = - 6-3 = 2 :,,,, P = UI ( V)(A), ( W) ( ) ( ),, ( ), : (1 ) (2 ) P = UI (1-3) P = - UI (1-4), I U, P > 0,, ;, P < 0,, 3

1-2 1-8, : U S1 = 15 V, U S2 = 5 V, R = 5, I :, I = U S1 - U S2 R = 15-5 A = 2 A 5,, U S1 P S1 = - U S1 I = - 152W = - 30 W ( ) U S2 P S2 = U S2 I = 52W = 10 W( ) R P R = I 2 R = 2 2 5W = 20 W ( ),, 30 W = (10 + 20) W,,,, P = 0 1-3 1-9, : U 1 = 20 V, I 1 = 2 A, U 2 = 10 V, I 2 = - 1 A, U 3 = - 10 V, I 3 = - 3 A,, :, 1 P1 = - U1 I1 = - 202 W = - 40 W 2 P 2 = U 2 I 2 = 10( - 1) W = - 10 W 3 P 3 = - U 3 I 1 = - ( - 10 )2 W = 20 W 4 P 4 = - U 2 I 3 = - 10( - 3) W = 30 W 1-8 1-2 1-9 1-3 1 2, 3 4 P = 0,,, ; 1.1.3, 1-10, : 1. 1-10( a),,, I = E R 0 + R L = U S R 0 + R L (1-5), R L, R 0, R 0 4 U = E - R 0 I = U S - R 0 I (1-6)

1-10 P RL = P E - P R 0 = EI - R 0 I 2 = UI (1-7) EI ; UI ; R 0 I 2 U N I N P N,,,, 1 W 400, 400, 1 W, P = RI 2, 2., 0.05 A0.05 A, 1-10( b),,,,,, U O 3., E( U S ) UO = E = U S (1-8) 1-10(c),,,,,,, I S,, I S = E R 0 = U S R 0 (1-9) P E = EI S = R 0 I 2 S,,, 5

, ( F U),,,, ( ),,, 1-4, 400 W, 110 V, R 0 1.38, 50 10, E : I N E R L I N = P N U N = 400 110 A = 3.64 A E = U N + R 0 I N = ( 110 + 1.383.64) V = 115 V = 50, I I = E R 0 + R L = 115 1.38 + 50 A = 2.24 A < I N, P RL = UI = R L I 2 = 502.24 2 W = 250.88 W < P N, R L = 10, I I = E R 0 + R L = 115 1.38 + 10 A = 10.11 A > I N, P R L = UI = R L I 2 = 1010.11 2 W = 1 022.12 W > P N, (), I S I S = E R 0 = 115 1.38 A83.33 A23 I N, 1.1.4,,,,,,, 1-11( a) e, U e = 0 V, U a = U ae = 10 V, U d = U de = - 5 V 6 Ub = U bd + Ude = (5 + 6) I + Ud = ( 5 + 6 ) ( 10 + 5) (4 + 5 + 6 ) + ( - 5 ) V = 6 V U c = U cd + U de = 6 I + U d = [6 + ( - 5 ) ] V = 1 V 1-11

,,,,,, 1-11( a), d, U d = 0 V, U a = 15 V, U b = 11 V, U c = 6 V, U e = 5 V,, U ab = U a - U b,,,, 1-11 ( b)1-11( a),,, 1-12 :, 1-5 1-13, B UAB :,, U A - U B R1 = U B - U C R2 : + 12 - U B 5 = U B - ( - 6 ) 4 U B = 2 V, U AB = U A - U B = ( 12-2) V = 10 V 1-6 1-14, S A U A : S, : U A = - 4 V S, U B - 12 - U A ( 6 + 4 ) = U A - 12, 20 = 0, 4 k 20 k : U A = 2 V U A 4 = 12 - U A 20, 1-12 1-13 1-5 1-14 1-6 7

1.2,, 1.2.1, 1., U = f ( I) 1-15( a) ( b) 1-16 (a) ( b) 1-15 1-16 U S R L, US,, ;, I S R L, I S,, ;, 2.,, () ( ), 1-17 ( a) ( b) 1-18 ( a) ( b) U = U S - R 0 I ( 1-10) U ; U S ; I ; R 0, U S, R 0 8 = 0

1-17 1-18 I = I S - U R 0 ( 1-11) I ; I S ; U ; R 0, I S, R 0 3. =,,, ( ) ( ),, (1-19 ) I S = U S R 0 U S = R 0 I S ( 1-12), I S U S +, R 0,, R 0 1-19 : ;,, 1-7, 1-20( a) 1 I 9

1-20 1-7 : ( a) 2 A 2 (b )4 V 2, 1.2.2 I = 10-4 3 + 1 + 2 A = 1 A R L C,, 1-21 (a) ( b ) (c), 1-21 1.,, 1-21( a),, 1-22 a, 1-22 b,, 1-22 a b, u i 1-21( a), 10

u = Ri ( 1-13) u, ( V) ; i, ( A) ; R, (), ( k)( M),1 k= 10 3, 1 M= 10 6, p = ui = Ri 2 t 1 t 2, ( J) = u2 R ( 1-14) W = t 2 R i 2 d t ( 1-15) t 1,, 2.,,,, 1-21( b) i, N = N i, L = i ( 1-16) L, ( H), ( mh), 1 mh = 10-3 HL,, L, i, e L, u i e L u 1-21 ( b), e L = - d d t = - L d i d t u = - e L = L d i d t ( 1-17), d id t,,,,,, i, W L = 1 2 Li2 ( 1-18),, 11

3. 1-21(c), q u, C = q u ( 1-19) C, ( F ), (F ) 1 F = 10-6 F C, C,, u,, iu i 1-21 (c), i = d q d t = C d u d t ( 1-20), i d ud t,,, u, W C = 1 2 Cu2 ( 1-21),, 4.,,, ( RS) ( RX) ( RT ) ( RJ ) ( RY), RJ - 2, 820, 5% 2 W,,,,, LG 4, 820 H, 150 ma, ( CZ CJ ) ( CY)( CC CT )(CL) ( CI )( CD) CJ10, 0.15 F400 V,,, 12

,,,,, RLC 1-23 ( a), 1-23 ( b) 1-23,, 1-1,, 1-1 R = R 1 + R 2 L = L 1 + L 2 C = C 1 C 2 C 1 + C 2 R = R 1 R 2 R 1 + R 2 L = L 1 L 2 L 1 + L 2 C = C 1 + C 2 : 1.3 ( KCL), ; ( KVL),,,,, 1-24, : 3 3 1-24 a b c d :, 1-24 6, 1-24 : 13

: 1-24, 1.3.1 ( KCL) 1., 1-24, a I in = I out I 4 = I 1 + I 6 I4 - I1 - I6 = 0 I = 0 ( 1-22),, 2., () 1-25( a) KCL I a + I b + I c = 0 1-25( b), I E = I B + I C 1.3.2 ( KVL) 1. 1-25 KCL,, U = U 1-24, 1 ( abda), a b R 1 I 1, b d R 3 I 3, d a U S1, U S1 + R 3 I 3 = R 1 I 1 U S1 + R 3 I 3 - R 1 I 1 = 0 U = 0 ( 1-23),,, 2., 1-26, U AB,,, K VL 14

U = - U 1 - U S + U AB = 0 U A B = U 1 + U S = RI + U S A B A B 1-8 1-27 : 1-27(a),, US I 1 = 10 5 A = 2 A = 10 V 1-26 KVL 1-27 1-8 KCL a I 2 = I 1 - I S = (2-5) A = - 3A P R = RI 2 1 = 52 2 W = 20 W P u s = - U S I 2 = - 10( - 3 ) W = 30 W( ) P I s = - U S I S = - 105W = - 50 W( ) 1-27( b),, I S = 5 A U 1 = 55 V = 25 V KVL U 2 = U 1 + U S = ( 25 + 10 ) V = 35 V P R = RI 2 S = 55 2 W = 125 W P us = U S I S = 105 W = 50 W( ) P I S = - U 2 I S = - 355 W = - 175 W( ) 1-9 1-28, R 1 = 3, R 2 = 7, U S = 20 V, I U1 U2 : U 1 = R 1 I; U 2 = R 2 I KVL U S = R 1 I + R 2 I I = U S R 1 + R 2 1-28 1-9 15

U 1 = U 2 = R 1 R 1 + R 2 U S R 2 R1 + R2 I = 2 A, U 1 = 6 V, U 2 = 14 V U S ( 1-24),, 1-10 1-29 R 1 = 2, R 2 = 3, I S = 10 A, U I1 I2 : I 1 = U R 1, I 2 = U R 2 KCL a IS = I1 + I2 I S = U R 1 + U R 2 = R 1 + R 2 R 1 R 2 U 1-29 1-10 U = R 1 R 2 R1 + R2 I S = ( R 1 R 2 ) I S = RI S I 1 = I 2 = R 2 R 1 + R 2 I S R 1 R 1 + R 2 I S U = 12 V, I 1 = 6 A, I 2 = 4 A,, 1.3.3 ( 1-25), KCL KVL,, : 1. b, b 2. KCL n, ( n - 1) n ( n - 1 ), 3. KVL m, m = [ b - ( n - 1) ] 4., 1-11 1-30 : 1-30, 3 2 2 3, 3, 16 a I 1 + I 2 - I 3 = 0 1 R 1 I 1 + R 3 I 3 - U S1 = 0

1-30 1-11 2 - R2 I2 - R3 I3 + US2 = 0, I 1 = 4 A, I 2 = - 1 A, I 3 = 3 A 1-12 1-31 1-31 1-12 : 1-31, I 1 = I S = 5 A, I 2 I 3, 1, 2 a I 2 - I 3 = I S 1 - R 2 I 2 - R 3 I 3 = U S, I 2 = 2 A, I 3 = - 3 A,, 1.4,, 1.4.1,, 17

, 1-32, a b U ab, I 1 = U S1 - U ab R 1, ( U S1 = R 1 I 1 + U ab ) I 2 = U S2 + U ab R 2, ( U S2 + U ab = R 2 I 2 ) I 3 = U ab R 3 a, I 1 = I 2 + I 3 1-32 U S1 - U ab = U S2 + U ab R 1 R 2 + U ab R 3 U ab = US1 R 1 - US2 R 2 1 + 1 + 1 = R 1 R 2 R 3 U S R 1 R ( 1-26) ( ), ;, 1-13 1-32 US1 = 54 V, US2 = 72 V, R 1 = 3, R 2 = 6, R 3 = 2 : U ab U ab = U S1 R 1 - U S2 R 2 1 + 1 + 1 = R 1 R 2 R 3 Uab, I 1 = U S1 - U ab = 54-6 A = 16 A R 1 3 I 2 = U S2 + U ab R2 = 72 + 6 6 A = 13 A 54 3-72 6 1 3 + 1 6 + 1 2 V = 6 V I 3 = U ab R 3 = 6 2 A = 3 A 1-14 1-33 U ab : 1-33, 1-33 1-14 18

,, 1-33 U ab U ab = U S R 1 - I S 1 + 1 = R 1 R 3 24 3-2 1 3 + 1 6 V = 12 V 1.4.2, :, () () () :, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),,, 1-33 U ab, U ab = US R 1 - IS 1 + 1 = R 1 R 3 R 3 R 1 + R 3 U S - R 1 R 3 I R 1 + R S = U ab + U ab 3 U ab = R 3 U R 1 + R S, U ab = - 3 R 1 R 3 R 1 + R 3 I S U S I S, U ab 1-15 1-34 (a), U S = 9 V, I S = 6 A, R 1 = 6, R 2 = 4, R 3 = 3 1-34 1-15 :, () 1-34 ( b ) (c),, ( U S = 0), ( I S = 0 ) () ( b)i S 19

(c)us I 1 = I 2 = I S = 6 A R 3 R 1 + R 3 I S = 3 6 + 3 6 A = 2 A I 3 = I S - I 1 = ( 6-2 ) A = 4 A I 2 = 0 U S I 1 = I 3 = = 9 R 1 + R 2 6 + 3 A = 1 A ( ) ( ),,, ( ) I 3 I 1 I 2 = I 1 + I 1 = ( 2 + 1 ) A = 3 A = I 2 + I 2 = ( 6 + 0 ) A = 6 A = - I 3 + I 3 = ( - 4 + 1) A = - 3 A,,,,,,,, 1.4.3,,,,,,, 1-35, 1-35 20

; 1. : ( 1-36 ( a) ) R 0 U O ( 1-36 ( b ) ), U O ( 1-36 (c) ), R 0 ( 1-36 ( d) ), ( U S = 0), ( I S = 0 ) 1-36 1-36( b)u O R 0 1-36, 1-16 1-37( a) I : U O (a)a b, ( b) U O ( b) c, U O = U ab = U a - U b = R 0 R 2 R 1 + R 2 U S - R 3 I S = 6 18-22 V = 8 V 3 + 6 ( b)u S I S, (c) R 0,, a b R 0 = ( R 1 R 2 ) + R 3 = 36 3 + 6 + 2 = 4 21

I ( d), a b, I = U O R 0 + R = 8 4 + 4 A = 1 A 1-37 1-16,,, : ( U O ) ( R 0 ),,,,,,, U O R 0 : (1 ) 1-38 1-38 (a) U O, 1-38 ( b) I S, R0 R 0 = U O I S ( 1-27) (2 ), U O, RL, 1-38(c)RL 22 R 0 = U O - U U R L = U, U O U - 1 R L ( 1-28)

1-38 U O R 0 1-17 U O = 0.5 V, R L = 6 k, U = 0.3 V, : R 0 = 4 k 2. U O U - 1 R L = 0.5 0.3-1 6 k= 4 k : ( 1-39 ( a) ), I S R 0 ( 1-39 ( b) ) I S ( 1-39( c) ), R 0 ( 1-39 ( d) ),, 1-39 1-39 I S R 0,,, 23

1.5,,,,, 1.5.1,, 1-40 1-40 (),, (),, ( I 1 = 0 ) ; ( U 1 = 0),, ( R 0 ( R 0 U 1 =, ) = 0, ) 1. ( VCVS), 1-40 ( a), U 2 = U 1, 2. ( CCVS ), 1-40 ( b ), U 2 = ri 1, r, (), I 1 3. ( VCCS ), 1-40 ( c), I 2 = gu 1, g, ( S ), U 1, I 1 4. ( CCCS ), 1-40 ( d ), I 2 = I 1, 24, rg,

1.5.2,,,,,, 1-18 1-41, R 1 = 6, R 2 = 40, R 3 = 4, U S = 6 V, I 1 : 1-41,,,, a KCL, I 1 = I 2 + I 3 KVL R 1 I 1 + R 2 I 2 = U S I 1 I 3 = 0.9 I 1, I 1 = 0.6 A 1-19 1-42 U 2 : U 2 = 8 2 + 1 6 U 2 1 2 + 1 3 U 2 = 6 V 1-41 1-18 1-42 1-19 1-20 1-43( a) I 1 : ( a) ( b) ( c) 2 I 1, 12 V, KVL (1 + 3) I 1 + 2 I 1 = 12 V I 1 = 2 A 6 A, KVL 2 I 1 + 3 ( I 1-6) + 1 I 1 = 0 I 1 = 3 A I 1 = I 1 - I 1 = ( 2-3 ) A = - 1 A 25

1-43 1-20,,,, 1-43 (c) 1-21, 1-41 I 2 : UO 1-44( a) I 1 = 0.9 I 1, I 1 = 0KVL IS 1-44( b) U O = U S = 6 V a KCL R 0 I S I 1 = U S R 1 = 6 6 A = 1 A = I 1-0.9 I 1 = 0.1 I 1 = 0.1 A 1-44 1-21 26

R 0 = U O = 6 = 60 I S 0.1 I 2 1-44(c), I 2 = U O R 0 + R 2 = 6 60 + 40 A = 0.06 A,,,, 1-41, R 1 I 1 1. 1-1 ( 1)? ( 2)? ( 3)?? (4 ), P > 0,?? ( 5),? ( 6) 5 k 0.5W,? ( 7) 100 A, 60 A, 40 A? (8 ) 110 V 8 W, 380 V,?? ( 9) U ab a b? 1-2 1-2, I = - 2 A, 1-2 1-3 ( 1),,? ( 2),,? ( 3),?? (4 ) R 0,? R 0,?,? (5 ),?,? 27

( 6), L?, C? ( 7) i = I m sin t, u ( 8),? 1-4,,? 1-4? 1-5 ( 1)?? ( 2)?? 1-6 1-6 A B A B,? 1-7 1-7 I U AB? 1-4 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-8, U 1 = 10 V, U S1 = 4 V, U S2 = 2 V, R 1 = 4, R 2 = 2, R 3 = 5, U 2? 1-9 1-9 A? 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-10,A U A 1-11 1-11, 15 30 V,, R U B 1-10 1-11 28

1-12 (1),? (2) U O I S, R 0 1-13 1-13, 0.6 A, 6 V;, 6.4 V, U S R 0 R L? 1-14 1-14,R L = 5, I L = 1 A, R L 15, I L =? 1-13 1-14 2. 1-15 1-15 2 I 1-16 1-16 6 I 3 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-16 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-16 1-20 1-20 I 1-18 1-20 1-21 1-21 ( ), 1-22 1-22 R 1 I 29

1-21 1-22 1-23 1-15 2 I 1-24 1-16 I 3 1-25 1-21 1 1-26 1-21 4 1-27 1-27, 1-27 1-28 1-28 1-28 1-29 1-29 I I S 1-30 1-30 I 1-31 1-31 I 1-32 1-32, U S1 = 4 V, R 1 = 3, R 2 = R 3 = 2,I 2 = 0, U S2 =? 1-33 1-33 U 1 U 2 1-34 1-34 I 1-35 1-35 1-36 1-36 1-37 1-37 U 2 30

1-29 1-30 1-31 1-32 1-33 1-34 1-35 1-36 1-37 31

2 RC R L, RC,, RCR L 2.1 1.,,, ( L C),,,,, 0t < u ( t) i( t) 2.,,,, p = d w d t =, i L 1 2 Cu2 C 1 2 Li2 L, u C,, ic,,, = C d uc d t, ul ) 3. = L d il d t, (,,,, RC 32

,,,,,, 2.2 2.2.1, u C i L, t = 0, t = 0 -, t = 0 + t = 0 - t = 0 +,, u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ) i L (0 + ) = i L (0 - ) (2-1), t = 0 + u C i L u C (0 - )i L ( 0 - ) (i C u L u R i R ) (, ) u C ( 0 + ) i L (0 + ), : 1. 0 + 0 +,, uc ( 0 + )uc ( 0 + ) = 0, 0 +,, i L ( 0 + ) i L ( 0 + ) = 0, 2., 0 + 2-1 2-1( a) S, S : t = 0 -, 2-1 ( b) t = 0 -,,,, t = 0 + i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 1 2 I S = 5 ma u C ( 0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = i L ( 0 - ) R 3 = 52 V = 10 V, 2-1( c) i R (0 + ) = 0, u R 1 ( 0 + ) = 0 i C ( 0 + ) = - u C ( 0 + ) R2 = - 10 1 ma = - 10 ma i S ( 0 + ) = I S - i R - i C - i L = [ 10-0 - ( - 10 ) - 5 ] ma = 15 ma 33

2-1 2-1 u L (0 + ) = - i L (0 + ) R 3 = - 52 V = - 10 V, t = 0 +, t = 0 - i L u C,, t = 0 -,, t = 0 + 2-2 2-2( a) S 2-2 2-2 : t = 0 -, 2-2 (a)s u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ) = 0, i L (0 + ) = i L (0 - ) = 0 2-2 ( b)t = 0 +,,,, i R (0 + ) = i C (0 + ) = 34 U S R 1 + R 2 = 12 2 + 4 A = 2A

u L (0 + ) = R 2 i C ( 0 + ) = 42 V = 8 V 2.2.2,, (),, 2-3 2-3( a), 2-3 2-3 : 2-3( b) t,,,, i C () = 0 u L ( ) = 0 i R () = i L () = u C () = R 3 U S R 1 + R 3 = 12 2 + 4 A = 2 A i L () = 42 V = 8 V 2.3 RC 2.3.1 2-4 RC t = 0 S, Ri + uc = US i = C d u C d t, RC d uc d t + uc = US, 2-4 RC, u C u C, u C ( t) = u C + u C u C,, 35

,, u C u C = u C ( t) t = u C () RC d u C d t + u C = 0 Ae pt, A, p, p = - RCp + 1 = 0 1 RC = - 1 = RC,, RC u C = Ae - t u C,, u C,, u C ( t) = u C () + Ae - A S t = 0 + )u C (0 + ), t = 0 + u C (0 + ) = u C () + A A = uc (0 + ) - uc () t (2-2), ( A (2-2), RC, u C u C ( t) = u C ( ) + [ u C ( 0 + ) - u C () ]e - t (2-3),, ( 2-3 ),, f ( t), f( t) = f( ) + [ f (0 + ) - f () ]e - t (2-4), RC, : 1. u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ), u C ( 0 - ), u C (0 - ) u C ( 0 - ), 0 + 2. u C (), 3. = RC, R R (), C ( F ), ( s), RC 36

,,,, t,, t 3 5 : u C ( ) = u C () + [ u C ( 0 + ) - u C () ]e - 1 = u C () - 0.368[ u C ( ) - u C (0 + ) ] uc ( 3 ) = uc () - 0.05 [ uc () - uc ( 0 + ) ] u C ( 5 ) = u C () - 0.007[ u C () - u C (0 + ) ] (2-5) u C ( 0 + ) = 0,, t = ( 35), u C 5 % 0.7%, ( 35 ), 2-5 uc ( ) = U S, u C (0 + ) = 0, u C ( t),, C,, R,, 2-5 u ( t), RC R C R C, RC 2.3.2 RC RC, ( ),, ( ),,, 1. RC 2-6( a), t = 0 S U S, C u, 2-6 ( b)c, u C ( 0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = 0,, i( ) = 0, uc () = US = RC, U S u C ( t) = u C ( ) ( 1 - e - t ) = U S (1 - e - t R C ) (2-6),,, U S, i u C, u R i i( t) = C d u C d t u R ( t) = R i = U S e - = u C () R t RC e - t RC = U S R e - t R C (2-7), S C, U S, U S R, 37

u C i u R 2-6 ( c),,, 2-6 RC 2. RC 2-7 (a) t < 0,, u C ( 0 - ) = U S t = 0 S RC, C R, u C ( ) = 0 u C i u R u C ( t) = u C (0 + )e - t = U S e - 1 RC i( t) = C d u C d t = - u C ( 0 + ) R u R ( t) = Ri = - U S e - t R C e - t = - 2-7 ( b) U S R e - t RC (2-8) 2-7 RC 3. RC 2-8 (a) RC, u C (0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = - U S1, u C () = U S2,= RC, u C ( t) = U S2 + ( - U S1 - U S2 )e - t RC = U S2 - ( U S1 + U S2 )e - t RC u C ( t) = - U S1 e - t R C + U S2 ( 1 - e - t RC ) (2-9),, 38

2-8 RC, i u R u C 2-8( b) 2-4 2-9( a), t = 0 S,, : u C ( t) u C ( 0 + )2-9 ( b) u C (0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = U S = 12 V u C ( )2-9(c) u C () = R 2 R 1 + R 2 U S = 6 3 + 6 12 V = 8 V R, 2-9 ( d) R = R 1 R 2 + R 3 = 36 + 2 k= 4 k 3 + 6 = RC = 410 3 510-6 s = 210-2 s 2-9 2-4 39

uc ( t) = uc () + [ uc (0 + ) - uc () ]e - t = ( 8 + 4e - 50 t ) V i C ( t) i C ( t), i C ( t) = C d u C d t i1 ( t) i2 ( t) i C ( t) = C d u C d t = u C () - u C ( 0 + ) e - R t = 8-12 i 1 ( t) i 2 ( t), i C ( t)u C ( t) i 2 ( t) = i C R 3 R 2 + u C i 1 ( t) = i 2 + i C = = - e - 50 t 4 3 + 1 3 e - 50 t 2 + 8 + 4e - 50 t 6 4 ma = - e - 5 0 t ma = uc ( t) ic ( t) i1 ( t)i2 ( t) 2-10 e - 50 t = - e - 5 0 t ma 4 3 + 1 3 e - 5 0 t 4 3-2 3 e - 50 t ma ma 2-10 2-4 2-5 2-11 (a), S 3, t = 0, 1,, 2 u C ( t),, S 2 0 V ( EWB ) : S 1 u C1 u C1 (0 + ) = u C1 (0 - ) = 0 u C1 () = U S1 = 10 V 1 = ( R 1 + R 3 ) C = (0.5 + 0.5) 10 3 0.110-6 s = 0.1 ms u C1 ( t) = u C1 () + [ u C1 ( 0 + ) - u C 1 () ]e - t 1 = 10( 1 - e - t 0.1 ) V( t ms ) 1, S 2, u C 2 u C2 ( 1 + ) = u C2 ( 1 - ) = 10( 1 - e - 1 ) = 6.32 V u C2 () = - 5 V 2 = ( R 2 + R 3 ) C = (1 + 0.5) 10 3 0.110-6 s = 0.15 ms u C2 ( t) = u C 2 () + [ u C2 ( 1 + ) - u C 2 () ]e -, 0t < 40 t - 1 2 = ( - 5 + 11.32e - t - 0.1 0.15 ) V

U C ( t) = 0 V, 10( 1 - e - t 0.1 ) V ( 0t < 0.1 ms) ( - 5 + 11.32e - t = 0.1-0.15 ln u C ( t)2-11 (b ) t - 0.1 0.15-5 + 11.32e - t - 0.1 0.15 = 0 5 11.32 ) V ( t0.1 ms) ms = 0.22 ms 2-11 2-5 u C 2.4 RC ( ) 2.4.1 RC 2-12( a) u i 50% t W T, t W ( ), T u i 2-12 ( b ) 0t < t W RC, t W, u o 2-12( b) u o = Ue - t 0t < t W U,,,, U, T > tt W, u i,, U, u o = - Ue - t - t W T > tt W t W,, u o 2-12 RC - U, 2-12 ( b) 41

t W, u i = u C + u o u C u o = Ri = RC d u C d t RC d u i d t ( 2-10), u o u i,,,, (),,, RC : t W ; u o, t W RC t W,,, C,, 2.4.2 RC 2-13(a), t W, RC, u o, 2-13 ( b) t t W, ( t W ), u C = u o u C, ( t = t W u C )u C = T 2 ), u o (, t W,, uo, u o = u C u R u i = u R + u o u R = Ri i = ur R ui R u o = u C = 1 C id t1 RC u i d t ( 2-11) 2-13 RC, uo ui RC,, RC : t W ; u o, 42

2.5 RL R L RC 2-14( a)r L t = 0 S, S i R + i L = I S i R = u L R, u L i L L d i L R d t = L d i L d t + i L = I S R L il ( t) = il ( ) + [ il (0 + ) - il () ]e - t ( 2-12) i L (), ; i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ), i L (0 - ), i L ( 0 - ) ; = L R, R, ( ) R (), L (H), ( s), R L f ( t), f( t) = f( ) + [ f (0 + ) - f () ]e - t 2-14 (a),, i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 0; S,,, i L () = I S ; = L ( ) R i L ( t) = I S (1 - e - R L t ) u L ( t) = L d i L d t = RI S e - R ( 2-13) L t 2-14 R L i L u L 43

i L u L 2-14 ( b ) S, L, L RI S, u L = 0 2-6 2-15 (a),, t = 0, S t0 i L i 1 i 2, ) : i L : : : i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = U S1 R 1 = 12 6 A = 2 A i L () = U S1 R 1 = + U S2 R 2 = 12 6 + 9 3 L R 1 R 2 = 1 2 s A = 5 A i L ( t) = i L ( ) + [ i L ( 0 + ) - i L () ]e - = (5-3e - 2 t ) A t i 1 i 2 u L ( u L ( t) = L d i L d t = [ i L () - i L (0 + ) ] Re - t = (5-2)2e - 2 t V = 6e - 2 t V i 1 ( t) = U S1 i 2 ( t) = U S2 R 1 - u L - u L i L i 1 i 2 2-15 ( b) R 2 = 12-6e - 2 t 6 = 9-6e - 2 t 3 2-15 2-6 A = ( 2 - e - 2 t ) A A = (3-2e - 2 t ) A 2-7 2-16, US = 10 V, L = 1 mh, R = 10, R V = 1.5 k, t = 0 S, S : R L i( 0 - ) = U S R = 10 10 A = 1 A i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 1 A, 44 u ab (0 + ) = - R V i( 0 + ) = - 11.510 3 V = - 1.510 3 V = - 1.5 kv 2-16 2-7

= L R + R V = 10-3 ( 10 + 1.510 3 ) s = 0.6610-6,, 1 500 V, (),,,,,, s 2.6,,,,, ( ),,, 2.6.1 f ( t), t > 0,t < 0 f ( t) = 0,s =+ j,f( t) F( s) = L [ f ( t) ] = f( t)e - st d t (2-14) 0 f( t), F( s) f( t) ( f( t) ),,,,,, f( t) = L - 1 [ F( s) ] (2-15), 2-1,,,,F( s)2-1 F( s), 2-1 f ( t) F( s) f( t) F( s) A A s ( 1 - t)e - t s ( s + ) 2 t 1 1 - s 2 (e t - e - t ) - 1 ( s + ) ( s + ) e t 1 s 1 - ( e - t - e - t ) s ( s + ) ( s + ) te - t 1 ( s + ) 2 sin( t + ) ssin + cos s 2 + 2 t n n! cos (t + ) scos - sin s n + 1 s 2 + 2 45

f ( t) F( s) f( t) F( s) 1 ( 1 - e - t ) 1 s( s + ) e - t sin t ( s + ) 2 + 2 sin t cos t e - t cos t s 2 + 2 s 1 s 2 + 2 e - t sin t s + ( s + ) 2 + 2 1 ( s + ) 2 + 2 2.6.2,,,, 1., 2-17( a) u ( t) = R i( t),, U ( s) = RI( s) (2-16) 2-17( b) 2-17, 2-18( a) u( t) = L d i( t) d t,, U ( s) = sl I( s) - Li(0 ) (2-17) 2-18( b)i(0 ), sl, Li(0 ), 2-18, 2-19( a) u ( t) = C 1 i( t) d t + u (0 ),, 0 U( s) = 1 u(0 ) I( s) + sc s 2-19( b)u(0 ), 46 (2-18) 1 u(0 ), sc s

2-19, 2., 3. RLC I( s) = 0 U( s) = 0 2-20 (a) RLC 2-20( b), U ( s) = 0, - U ( s) + RI( s) + sli( s) - Li L (0) + 1 sc I ( s) + u C ( 0) s R + sl + 1 sc I ( s) = U ( s) + Li L (0 ) - Z( s) I( s) = U ( s) + Li L ( 0) - u C (0 ) s u C (0) s = 0 (2-19) 2-20 RLC Z ( s) = R + sl + 1 sc RLC,, i L (0) = 0, u C (0) = 0, Z( s) I( s) = U ( s) (2-20) 2-8 2-14 R L,t = 0 S,i L : 2-21, i L (0 ) = 0, I L ( s) I L ( s) = R sl + R I S ( s) =, R L s + R L I S s = s R L I S s + R L i L ( t) = R L I S L R 1 - e - R L t = I S 1 - e - R L t, (2-13) 2-21 2-8 47

2-9 2-22(a) C RL, u C (0) 2-22 2-9 : 2-22 (b),, Li L (0 ) = 0 I( s) u C (0 ) u C (0) s L I( s) = R + sl + 1 = s 2 + R sc L s + 1 LC = u C (0) L 1 ( s - p 1 ) ( s - p 2 ) = u C (0 ) L ( p 1 - p 2 ) 1 s - p 1-1 s - p 2 p 1 p 2 s 2 + R L s + 1 LC = 0, p 1 = - R 2 L + R 2 L 2-1 LC = - + 2-2 0 = R 2 L, 0 = 1 LC p 2 = - R 2 L - R 2 L i( t) = 2-1 LC = - - u C (0) L ( p 1 - p 2 ) (ep 1 t - e p 2 t ) 2-2 0, 1. > 0 : R > 2 LC p 1 p 2, ( p 1 - p 2 ) = 2 2-2 0,, e p 1 t,,e p 2 t p 1 < p 2, e p 1 t, e p 2 t,, 2-23 :,,,,, t m = ln( p 2p 1 ) p 1 - p 2 2. < 0 : R < 2 LC, p 1 p 2, p 1 = - + p 2 = - - 2-2 0 = - + j n 2-2 0 = - - j n, n = 48 2 0-2, p 1 - p 2 = 2j n,

i( t) = u C (0 ) [e ( - + j) t n L2j n - e ( - - j n ) t ] = u C (0 ) n L e - t sin n t,, n ;,,,, 2-24 :,, 2-23 2-24 3. = 0 : R = 2 LC, p 1 = p 2 =,, n = 0, i( t) = u C ( 0) n L e - t sin n t 0 n = u C (0) te - t sin n t L n t n t0 = u C ( 0) L,,,, te - t 2-23, 0,R2 LC,, = 0,R = 0, n = 0, i( t) = u C ( 0) sin 0 t 0 L,,,, 0, :,,,,,, = 0, R = 0, R = 0,, R0,, R,,, R,, ;R, 1. 2-1 (1 ),,? ( L C),,? (2 )?? 49

2-2 ( 1)??? ( 2)??? ( 3) u C (0 + ) i L (0 + ), 0 +,? 2-3 ( 1)?? ( 2)? ( 3),,,?,,?? ( 4)?,? (5) RC,,? ( 6) 100 F, R1 000,, ; ; ; ( ) 2-4, RC, RC, 2-5 ( 1) R L,,? ( 2) 2-5(a), R = 2, R V = 2.5 k, U S = 4 V S ( 3) 2-5( b), R L,D,? 2-5 2. 2-6 2-6 (a) ( b), 2-7 2-7, 2-8 2-8 S ; 50? S

2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-9, E = 20 V, R = 5 k, C = 100 F, : (1 ) ; ( 2) S i u C u R, ; ( 3) 2-10 2-10, E = 40 V, R 1 = R 2 = 2 k, C 1 = C 2 = 10 F, S u C ( t) 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-11, t = 0 S, S u C ( t) 2-12 2-12, t = 0 S, S u C ( t) 2-11 2-12 51

2-13 2-13, R 1 = 3 k, R 2 = 6 k, I S = 3 ma, C = 5 F,t = 0 S, S u C ( t) 2-14 2-14, U S = 20 V, C = 4 F, R = 50 kt = 0 S 1, t = 0.1 s S 2,S 2 u R ( t) 2-13 2-14 2-15 EDA,2-15 RC 2-16 EDA,2-16 RC 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-17,t = 0 S, S i L ( t) u L ( t) 2-18 2-18, t = 0 S, S, ( L = 2 H, C = 0.125 F ) 2-17 2-18 2-19, (1) sin( t + ) ( 2) (1 - t)e - t (3 ) 2 te - t (4 ) 3e 2 t + 4e 3 t 2-20, (1) 6 s + 5 ( 2) s + 3 s 2 + 2 s + 1 (3 ) 5 s s 2 + 4 2-21 2-18 (4 ) 1 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 2-22 2-22(a), R = 100, L = 1 H, C = 4 F, i(0 ) = 0, u C (0 ) = 10 V, i, 52

3 (), ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3.1 3.1.1 1.,, e = E m sin( t + e ) u = U m sin(t + u ) i = I m sin(t + i ) u, 3-1 0t 1 ), t 1 t 2 (3-1) (, u,,, 2. ( 3-1 ), E m U m I m ; ; e u i,,, (1 ),, 3-1 53

m, E m I m U m,, eu i : i R T I R T, I RI 2 T = T Ri 2 d t 0 I = (3-1) (3-2) 1 T T 0 i 2 d t (3-2) I = I m 2 U = U m 2 (3-3) E = Em 2, 2, 220 V, 311V (2 ) f ( T ), ( Hz), ( s) 50 Hz 60 Hz,,,,, t ( 3-2 ), t = 2 = 2 = 2f (3-4) T ( rad s ), (, ) (3 ) (t + ), 3-2 t = 0, u 0 = U m sin u,, 3-2, u = 0,, 54

,,, u = U m sin(t + u ) i = I m sin(t + i ), = ( t + u ) - (t + i ) = u - i (3-5) = u - i > 0( 180 ) u > i, u i, u, i, 3-3( a) () = u - i = 0 u = i,,,,,, 3-3 ( b) = u - i =, 3-3 (c) 3-3,,,, ;,,, 3.1.2,, () 1., u = U m sin ( t + u ) 3-4(a) 55

U m,, t + u,, U m 3-4,, ( ),,,, u1 = U m1 sin(t + 1 ) u2 = Um2 sin (t + 2 ) 3-5 (a), U 1 U 1 U 2 = U m1 2 U 2 = U m2 2 u = u 1 + u 2, 3-5 3-5 ( b), U = U 1 + U 2 (3-6),, 2, t, : 2. 56 u = 2 Usin ( t + ),

,, 3-4 (a), U m = U m e j( t + u ) j( U m e t + u ) : = U m cos(t + u ) + j U m sin(t + u ) (3-7) j( u = U m sin ( t + u ) = Im[ U m e t + u ) ] (3-8), t, U = Ue j u = U u I = Ie j i = I i E = Ee j e (3-9) = E e,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 2 t 3-1 i1 = 8 2sin(t + 60 ) A, i2 = 6 2 sin(t - 30 ) A, : i = i1 + i2 :, I = I 1 + I 2 = 8 1 2 + j 3 2 : i = 10 I 1 = 8 60 = 8cos 60+ j8sin 60= 8 1 2 + j 3 2 I 2 = 6-30 = 6 [cos( - 30 ) + jsin( - 30 ) ] = 6 + 6 2 sin(t + 23.1 ) A 3 2 - j 1 2 3-6 I = I 2 1 + I 2 2 = 10 A = arctan Im( I) 3.928 = arctan = 23.1 Re( I ) 9.196 I = 10 23.1 A i = 10 2sin(t + 23.1 ) A 3 2 - j 1 2 = (9.196 + j3.928 ) A = 10 23.1 A, ( ),, 3-6 3-1 57

3.2 3.2.1 R L C,,,, 1. 3-7 i = I m sin t u = ir = I m Rsin t = U m sin t ( 3-10),, 3-8 3-7 3-8 (3-10 ) U m = I m R U = IR : p = ui = U m I m sin 2 t U = IR ( 3-11) 3-8,,,, ( W )( kw) P = 1 T T pd t = 1 0 T T 0 P = UI = RI 2 = U2 R 2 UIsin 2 td t = UI, 2. 58 3-9, i = I m sin t ( 3-12) u = L d i d t = L I m cos t = U m sin(t + 90 ) ( 3-13)

, 90, 3-10 3-9 3-10 (3-13 ), U m = L I m L = U m I m = U I = X L, (), : U = I( j XL ) ( 3-14) j X L X L = U = U 90 I I 0 = U I 90, j 90, 90 = L = 2f L, f 3-11,,,, ( f = 0 ),,, p = ui = U m I m sin tcos t = UIsin2t, 2, 3-10 p > 0, p < 0,,, Q L P = 1 T T pd t = 0 0 3-11,,, QL = UI = XL I 2 = U2 X L ( 3-15), ( var)( kvar) 3. 3-12, C u = U m sin t 59

: i = C d u d t = CU m cos t = I m sin(t + 90 ) (3-16 ), 90, 3-13 (3-16 )I m 1 C = U m I m - j X C = CU m 3-12 = U I = X C, (), U = I ( - j X C ) ( 3-17) = U = U I I - 90, X C = 1 C = 1 f 3-14 2fC,,,,,, 3-13 3-14 p = ui = U m 2, 3-13 I m sin tcos t = UIsin2t, p > 0, p < 0,, P = 1 T T pd t = 0 0 -, ( var )( kvar) Q C = UI = X C I 2 = U2 X C = CU 2 ( 3-18) 3-2 LC 220 V, L = 2 HC = 4.75 F : ; I L I C I; ; Q L Q C 60 : X L = 2f L = 2 502 = 628

X C = 1 2fC = 1 2 4.7510-6 = 670 I L = U X L = 0.350 A I C = U X C = 0.328 A I C U, 3-15 I L I C, I = I L - = 0.022 A 3-15 3-2, L, C ( ), L, C, : Q L = X L I 2 L = UI L = 77 var Q C = I 2 C X C = UI C = 72.25 var Q = Q L - Q C = 4.75 var, L C, L C 3.2.2 1. RLC, R LC, 3-16 KVL : u = u R + u L + u C : U = U R + U L + U C U = U R + U L + U C = R I + (j X L ) I + ( - j X C ) I = [ R + j( X L - X C ) ] I = Z I ( 3-19) Z = R + j( X L - X C ) X L - X C = X ( )Z : Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 ( 3-20) 3-16 RLC 61

Z = U I = U I = Z ( 3-21) Z, u - i = = arctan X L - X C R U L X L > X C > 0 U I,, X L < X C < 0 U I,, XL = XC = 0 U I,, ( ), 3-17, X L > U C, U I, > X C, ( 3-22) U = U 2 R + ( U L - U C ) 2 ( 3-23),,, P = RI 2 = U R I = UIcos ( 3-24) Q = ( XL - XC ) I 2 = ( U L - UC ) I = UIsin ( 3-25), R, 3-17 L C ( ) S S = UI ( 3-26), ( VA) ( kva) kva, (3-24 ) (3-25 ) (3-26 ) P = Scos Q = Ssin S = P 2 + Q 2 ( 3-27) 3-17 (3-23 ), U R U L - U C U,, (3-23 )I (3-20 ), R X L - X C Z, ( 3-23 ) I (3-27 ),,, 3-18 cos = P S (3-28 ),, 3.2.4, 3-18,,, 62

2. 3-19 Z i = R i + j X i,, ( ),, 3-19, K VL U = U 1 + U 2 = Z 1 I + Z 2 I = ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) I = Z I U = U i ( ) ( 3-29) Z = Z i () ( 3-30) : Z = Ri + jxi = (Ri ) 2 + (Xi ) 2 Z = (R i ) 2 + (X i ) 2 ( 3-31) Xi : U U i = arctan X i R i ( 3-32) Z Z i, 3-19 3-3 3-16 R LC, : u = 220 2 sin( 314 t + 30 ) V, R = 30, L = 254 mh, C = 80 F: ; I i ; ; U R U L U C : X L u R u L u C ; P Q = L = 31425410-3 = 80 X C = 1 C = 1 3148010-6 = 40 Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 = 50 U = 220 30 V Z = R + j ( X L - X C ) = (30 + j40) = 50 53.1 I = U Z = 220 30 50 53.1 A = 4.4-23.1 A I = 4.4 A 3-20 3-3 i = 4.4 3-21 2 sin (314 t - 23.1 ) A U R = RI = 132 V U L = X L I = 352 V U C = X C I = 176 V u R = 132 2sin(314 t - 23.1 ) V u L = 352 2 sin (314 t + 66.9 ) V u C = 176 2 sin (314 t - 113.1 ) V P = RI 2 = 583 W Q = Q L - Q C = V L I - V C I = 774 var 3-21 3-3 63

3-4 3-19, 3-22, Z 1 Z 2 : Z 1 = U 1 = Z 1 1 1 > 0 U 1 I, Z 1 I U U 1 U 2, U 2, U 2 I, Z 2 U I, (, Z1, Z2,, U I ) 3-22 3-4 3.2.3 1. 3-23 KCL: I = I 1 + I 2 = U + U = Z 1 Z 2 1 + 1 U = 1 Z 1 Z 2 Z U : I I i 1 Z 1 Z i 2. I = I i () ( 3-33) 1 Z = 1 Z i () ( 3-34), RL RC, 3-24, ; ( ),, 3-23 3-24 3-5 3-25 I 1 = 10 A, I 2 = 10 2 A, U = 200 V, R 1 = 5, R 2 = X L, I X C X L R 2 : U1 U2, R2 = XL, I2 U2 45, U 2 64

, 3-26 3-25 3-5 3-26 3-5 I = 10 A, U2, U 1 = RI = 50 V U 2, U 2 = U - U 1 = 150 V () : X C = U 2 I 1 = 15 C R 2 2 + x 2 L = 2 R 2 = U 2 = 15 = 7.5 2 I 2 2 R 2 = X L = 7.5 3-6 3-27, U = 100 V, f = 50 Hz I 1 = I 2 = I 3, P = 866 W, RL : I1 = I2 = I3, I 1 = I2 + I 3, I1, I2, I3, I3 U90 U, 3-28 U R I 2, U L I 2 90 3-27 3-6 3-28 3-6 U R = Ucos 30= 86.6 V R = U2 R P = 8.66 I 2 = I 3 = P R = 10 A 65

x C = U I 3 = 10 x L = U I2 2 - R 2 = 5 L = X L = X L 2f = 0.016 H C = 1 X C = 1 2f X C = 3.8 F 3-7 3-24, R 1 = 6 R 2 = 8 X L = 8 X C = 6, U = 220 0 V : I 1 I 2 I; PQS cos : I 1 = I 2 = U = 220 0 R 1 + j x L 10 53.1 A = 22-53.1 A U = R 2 - j x C 220 0 10-36.9 A = 22 36.9 A I = I1 + I2 = (22-53.1 + 22 36.9 ) A = 22 (1.4 - j0.2) A = 22 2-8.1 A P = R 1 I 2 1 + R 2 I 2 2 = 6.776 kw Q = X L I 2 1 - X C I 2 2 = 0.968 kvar S = UI = 6.844 kva cos = P S = 0.99 3.2.4 1. cos = P S, cos,, cos = 0.5( ), 50%,, P = ri 2 = r 2. 2 P r cos, Vcos,, ;,, 3-29 ( a) ( b), 1, C I U C,,, ( b), ( U ) I 1 cos 1 = Icos ( U ), C, P, 66

3-29 Q, C, I C, I, C I C, I U,,, ( I U ), 0.9,,, 3-29 ( b ) IC = I1 sin 1 - Isin = = P U (tan 1 - tan ) P sin 1 - Ucos 1 P sin Ucos I C = U X C = CU C = P ( tan U 2 1 - tan ) ( 3-35) cos 1 cos 3-8 1 000 220 V 40 W,, 8 W cos = 0.5, cos = 0.95, 0.1 W,?? : cos = 0.5 I = cos = 0.95 I = I - I= 245.0 A S = UI - UI= UI54 kva P ( 40 + 8) 1 000 = Ucos 2200.5 A = 436.4 A P 401 000 I= = A = 191.4 A ( ) Ucos 2200.95 67

3.2.5,, Z3 3-9 3-30, U 1 = 230 0 V U 2 = 227 0 V Z 1 = Z 2 = 0.1 + j0.5, = (5 + j5) I3 3-30 3-9 :,,,,, U ab = U 1 + U 2 Z 1 Z 2 1 + 1 + 1 = Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 U 1 + U 2 Z 1 2 + 1 = Z 1 Z 3 Z 3 ( U 2 Z 3 + Z 1 + U 2 ) 1 I 3 = U ab = U 1 + U 2 = 31.3-46.1 A Z 3 2 Z 3 + Z 1 3-10 3-31, U S = 2 0 V, I s = 2 90 ma, = 1 000 rad s, R 1 = R 2 = 1 k, L = 1 H, C = 1 F, U C 3-31 3-10 68 : (, ) C U ab 3-32 (a) U ab = - U S + R 2 I s

= ( - 2 0 + = 2 135 V 3-32( b) Z 0 = R 2 = 1 k 3-35(c) 2 90 1) V U C = Z 0 - j X C U ab - j X C X C = 1 C = 1 k U C = - j 1 - j 2 135 V = 2 90 V 3-32 3-10 3.3,,,,,, 3-33, H (j) U 2 U 1 H(j) = 3.3.1 RC 1. 3-34 RC, U 2 U1 ( 3-36) 69

3-33 3-34 RC H(j) = U 2 = U 1 A() = = R = 1 R - j C jrc 1 + jrc RC 1 + (RC) arctan 1 2 RC = A () () () = arctan RC 1 + (RC) 2 ( 3-37) 1 RC 3-35,,, A() = 1 ( ) = 0 = U 2 1, A() = 0.707 () = RC 4 = 0.707 U 1,, f L = 1 2RC (3-39 ), 2., ) 3-36 ( 3. f H = 1 2RC ( 3-40), f f = f H - f L, 3-37 (a), ( b) 70 ( 3-38) 3-35 3-36 RC

Z 1 = R - j H(j) = = U 2 = U 1 Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2 = 1 3 + j RC - 3-37 1 C = 1 + jrc jc 1 RC 1 + jrc jc = R 1 + jrc A( ) = + Z 2 = R 1 + jrc 1 3 2 + RC - 1 RC 1 3 2 + RC - 1 R - j C 1 R - j C 2 = R 1 + jrc arctan 1 - (RC)2 3RC 1 RC ( 3-41) 2 ( 3-42) () = arctan 1 - (RC)2 3RC 3-38, ( 3-40 ) ( 3-41 ) ( 3-43), = 0 = 1 RC A () = 1 3 (3-44 ) () = 0 U 2 U 1 (3-45 ) f = f 0 = A ( ) = 1 3 2 + RC - 1 2RC 1 RC 2 = 1 3 2 (3-46 ) 3-38 71

f L = 0.303 f 0 f H = 3.303 f 0 f = f H - f L = 3 f 0 ( 3-47) f f 0 =,, RC f = 1 2RC ( ) 3.3.2 LC,, cos = 1, 1. LC 3-39, X L Z = R, U I, cos= 1, = X C, f 0 X L = X C 2f 0 L = : f 0 = 1 2f 0 1 2 LC C (3-48 ), LC (3-46 )( 3-46) (1 ) 3-39 RLC Z 0 = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 = R,, I0 = 3-40 ( X L, X C U = U, R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 R ) U L = - U C, 3-41 3-40 3-41 72

X L = X C R, U L = U C U,, U L U C U, Q, (2 ) Q = U L U = U C U = 0 L R = 1 0 RC ( 3-49), R, I 0 = U, If R, 3-42,, (,?),,, 0.707 I 0 ) : f H f L f ( f = f H - f L = f 0 Q ( 3-50) (3-48 )Q, Q Q, ( ), 3-43, L 2, f = f 0 2. C, C C,, LC, 3-44 3-42 3-43 3-44 (1 ) KCL: I = I 1 + I 2 = U R + jl + U 1 - j C = U R 2 R - j + 2 L 2 R 2 L + 2 L 2 - C 73

, I U,, R 2 L - C = 0 ( 3-51) + 2 L 2 0 = 1 LC - R 2 f L 2 0 = 1 1 2LC - R 2 ( 3-52) L 2, R, R 0 L, R2, L 2 0 1 LC f 0 1 2 LC () (2 ) Z 0 = R2 + 2 L 2 R ( 3-53) (3-51 ) R 2 + 2 L 2 = L C : Z 0 = L RC 3-45, U = Z 0 3-45 3-46, I 1 I 1 - I 2,, ( 3-54) I, I 1 = - I 2, R 0 L, 3-45 3-46 ( ), ( ), ( R 0 L ) Q = I 2 I = I 1 I I 1 I 0 L R 1 0 RC, R, Q, 74 ( 3-55)

3.4,,,,,,,, 3.4.1,,, T f ( t),, A 0 f ( t) = A 0 + A km sin( kt + k ) ( 3-56) k = 1, A 1 m sin(t + 1 ) = 2 T, ( ),,, A km,, A 0 A km k,, (3-56 ) B km C km = A km cos k = A km sin k f ( t) = A 0 + ( B km sin kt + C km cos kt) ( 3-57) k = 1 A km = B 2 km + C 2 km k = arctan C km B km A 0 B km C km A 0 = 1 T f ( t) d t 0 T B km C km = 2 T T f ( t) sin ktd t 0 = 2 T T f ( t) cos k td t 0 3-11 ( 3-47 ) : u ( t) = U m t( 0, T2) - U m t( T2, T ) 75 ( 3-58)

A 0 Bkm = 1 T T 0 = 2 T T 0 : B 2 m = B 4 m = B 6 m = = 0 T 2 u ( t) d t = 1 T 0 U m d t - T T2 u( t) sin ktd t = 2 T T2 0 = 2 k U m ( - cos k+ 1 ) = 4 k U m B 1 m = 4 U m B 3 m = 4 3 U m B 5m = 4 5 U m C km = 2 T T u( t)cos k 0 td t = 2 T T2 0 U m d t = 0 Um sin ktd t - 2 T T2 ( k ) 0 ( k ) U m cos ktd t - 2 T T 2 Um sin ktd t U m cos ktd t = 0 u( t) = 4 U m sin t + 1 3 sin 3t + 1 5 sin 5t +, 3-48 1 u ( t) = U m 2-1 sin t - 1 2 sin 2t - 1 sin 3t - 3 3-47 3-48 3.4.2,, 76 (1 ), (2 ) I 0 = 1 T T i( t) d t 0 U 0 = 1 T T u ( t) d t 0 (3-59) 3.1 (3-2), i( t)u ( t) ( 3-2 ),

I = I 2 0 + I 2 1 + I 2 2 + U = U 2 0 + U 2 1 + U 2 2 + ( 3-60) I 1 = I 1m (3 ) P = 1 T T pd t = 1 0 T T 0 2, I 2 = I 2m 2, U 1 = U 1 m i( t), P = P 0 + P k = U 0 I 0 + k = 1 k = 1 U m 2, U 2 = U 2 m 2 u ( t ) i ( t) d t, u ( t) U k I k cos k ( 3-61) 3-12 3-49( a), u ( t) = 1 U m 1-2 3 cos 2t - 2 2 cos 4t - cos 6t - 15 35 = 310 V, = 314 rad s3-49( b), L = 5 H, C = 32 F, R = 2 k, u R ( t)u R : U 0 = 2 U m = 197 V U 2 = 4 3 2 U m - 90 V = 132 2-90 V, U 4 = 26 2-90 V 3-49 3-12 U 0 3-49(c), L, C, U R 0 = = 197 V ur 2 U R 2 = = 2.24sin( 2t + 91.5 ) V R 1 j2c j2l + R 1 U 2 = 2.24 2 j2c 91.5 V 77

U R 4 = R 1 j4c j4l + R 1 U 4 = 0.11 2 j4c 90.9V u R 4 = 0.11sin( 4t + 90.9 ) V ur ( t) = ur 0 + ur 2 + ur 4 + = 197 + 2.24sin( 2t + 91.5 ) + 0.11sin( 4t + 90.9 ) + V : U R = U 2 R 0 + U 2 R 2 + U 2 R 4 + = 197 2 + 2.24 2 2 + 0.11 2 2 + V197 V 3.5,,,,, 3.5.1 1., 3-50 U 1 - U 2 V 1 - V 2 W 1 - W 2 ( - ),,, ( ) ( ) () 120 3-50U ( ),, e1 e 2 e 3 = E m sin t = E m sin(t - 120 ) = E m sin(t - 240 ) = E m sin(t + 120 ) ( 3-62) 3-50 78

3-51 : e 1 + e 2 + e 3 = 0 ( 3-63) ( a, b, c ) UV WU, ( 3-50,, UWV), E 1 = E 0 = E E 2 = E - 120 = E - 1 2 - j 3 2 ( 3-64) : 3-52 E 3 = E + 120 = E - 1 2 + j 3 2 E1 + E2 + E3 = 0 ( 3-65) 3-51 3-52 2. ( ) :, U 2 V 2 W 2 : ; ;, U 1 V 1 W 1 N, 3-53 ( ), ; L 1 L 2 L 3,, U1 U2 U3,, Up ; U 12 U 23 U 31,, U l 3-53 79

, U 1 2 = U 1 - U 2 U 2 3 = U 2 - U 3 U3 1 = U3 - U1 ( 3-66),, 3-54 3-53 3-54,, 30, U l = 3 U p ( 3-67), 220 V, 380 V ; 220 V, 127 V 3.5.2 (Y),,, Y 3-55, Z 1 Z 2 Z 3,,,, 80 KCL, I 1 = U 1 Z 1 I 2 = U 2 Z 2 I 3 = U 3 Z 3 ( 3-68) I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 ( 3-69)

3-55 1. Y,,, ( ) U 1, I1 = U1 Z 1, Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = Z ( 3-70) = U 0 p Z = Up Z (0- ) = Ip (0- ) I 2 = U 2 = U p 120 Z 2 Z = I p ( - 120- ) I 3 = U 3 = U p 120 Z 3 Z = I p (120- ) > 0, 3-56 I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0,, N N, 2. Y,, (3-68 ),, I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 0, 3-56, 3-13 3-57, U l = 380 V,, R 1 = 11, R 2 = R 3 = 22 ;, ;, L 1 :,, U p = U l 3 = 220 V, I 1 = U p R 1 = 81

3-57 3-13 20 A, I 2 = I 3 = U p R 2 = 10 A U1, 3-58 (a) I N = I 1-2 I 2 cos60= 10 A 3-58 3-13, N N, 3-58 ( b), U NN, U 1 U 2 U 3 U NN = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 R 1 3-58(c), 82 R 2 R 3 1 + 1 + 1 = R 1 R 2 R 3 220 0 + 220-120 + 220 120 11 22 22 1 11 + 1 22 + 1 22 = ( 110 0+ 55-120+ 55 120 ) V U NN KVL, = 55 0 V U 1 = U 1 - U N N U 2 = U 2 - U NN U 3 = U 3 - U NN, Y U NN,

U 1 = U 1 - U NN = 165 V I 1 U 2 = U 3 = U 2 2 + U 2 NN - 2 U2 UNN cos120= 252 V = U 1 = 15 A, I R 2 = I 3 = U 2 = 11.4 A, 1 R 2,,,,, L 1,, U 1 = 0, 3-59, L 2 L 3, U 2 = U 3 = 380 V,,,, 3-59 3-13 (3 ),, 3.5.3 ( ) 3-60,,,,, U p = U l ( 3-71) I 12 I 23 I 3 1 () I1 I 2 I 3 (), KCL I 1 = I 12 - I 31 I 2 = I 23 - I 12 I 3 = I 31 - I 23 ( 3-72) (, Y, I p = I l ) 1., Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = Z, I p = I 12 = I 2 3 = I 31 = U p Z = U l Z 3-60 ( 3-73), 120 I 1 2, 3-61 ( 3-70 ),,, 30, I l = 3 I p ( 3-74) Y,,, ( 3-67 ) 83

3-61 (3-74 ) 2.,,, ( 3-74),, (3-72 ),??, Y 380 V 220 V, : Y 380 V, 220 V 220 V Z Y 3-14 3-62( a), 380 V, Y = 22-30 ; Z = 38 60, : Y ; ; I 1 I 2 I 3 3-62 3-14 : U 1 = U 2 = U 3 = U l 3 = 220 V 84

I 12 = I 23 = I 3 1 = U l Z = 10 A U 12 = 380 0 V, 3-62( b) (, ) Y 30, I 1Y = U 1 = 220-30 Z Y 22-30 A = 10 A I 12 = U 1 2 = 380 0 Z 38 60 = 10-60 A, I 1 I 12 30, I 1 = 10 3-90 A I 1 = I 2 1 Y + I 2 1= 20 A, I 1 = 20-60 A : 3.5.4 1. P 1, I2 = 20-180 A, I3 = 20 60 A = UIcos = U p I p cos,,, P = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 = U 1 p I 1 p cos 1 + U 2p I 2 p cos 2 + U 3p I 3 p cos 3 ( 3-75) P = 3 P 1 = 3 U p I p cos ( 3-76) U p I p,, Y,, Y,, 3 U p I p = 3 U l I l ( ), ( 3-75) P = 3 U l I l cos ( 3-77), Y, U l Y P Y 2. P (),, P = 3 P Y ( 3-78) Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ( 3-79) Q = 3 U l I l sin ( 3-80) S = P 2 + Q 2 ( ) 3.5.5 3 U l I l ( 3-81),, 1. (1 ) 85

710 ma, 5 ma, 30 ma, 36 V, 30 ma, 36 V,, (2 ) 3-63, ( a),, ( b),,,,, (c),, 2. 3-63 (1 ),, (2 ) 36 V, 24 V 12 V (3 ),,,, 3-64,,, ( 1 k), R(4 ),,,, 3-65 86 3-64

3-65, ( PE ), (),,, 3-65 ( b),,, 3-65 ( b ),,,, 3-66, I e = R 0 U p + R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 = R 0 = 4, U e = R 0 U p R 0 = U p + R 0 2, U p I e = = U p R 0 + R 0 2 R 0 3-66 220 V, I e = 27.5 A, U e = 110 V, (4 ),,,, ;,,, ; 3. (1 ), ;, ( ),,, 87

(2 ), ; ;,,, I a, I R N I a > I R N I L I L,, 4.,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1. 3-1 u = 220 2sin( 314 t - 60 ) V, 3-2? 3-3? U = 220 45 V,j U 3-4 i = 10 30 A U = 220sin (t + 60 ) V I = 10e j30 A I = 10sin( 314 t + 45 ) A 3-5 3-2? X L = X C,?? 3-6 RLC 3-7, 88 ( 1) u L = Li i = U X L U I = j X L ( 2) I = - j U L u = L d i p = I2 X d t U = X I L L

I = CU U I = - j X C i C = C d u d t I = jc U u C = i C I U = - jc 3-8 3-43, L 2 C?? Q C = CU 2 3-9 3-44 R, Z 0 I 1 I 2 U 3-10,? 3-11 3-50 U, 3-12,,,,?,? 3-13, Y, U l, P = 3 P Y,,?? 3-14 Y 2. 3-15 ( = 314 rad s) (1) U = 100 0 V I = 2 53 A (2) U = 120-6 V I = 3 3 A (3) U = (60 + j80) V I = (3 - j) A 3-16, U = 100 V, I = 5 A, P = 200 W, f = 50 Hz,? 3-17 3-17, R = 30, C = 25 F,i s = 10sin( 1 000 t - 30 ) A, : (1) U R U C U U R U C U ; (2) ; (3) 3-18 R LC, 10 V,4 A, U R = 8 V, U L = 12 V,= 10 rad s, RC 3-19 3-19, U s = 100 0 V, UL = 50 60 V, Z 3-20 3-20 A 0 V 0 3-17 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-21, 50 Hz, U AC = U CD = U AD = 220 V, I = 1 A, RLC 89

3-22 3-22, U = 220 V, R 1 = 10, X L = 10 3, R 2 = 20, 3-21 3-22 3-23 3-23, I = 18 45 A, U AB 3-24 3-24, Z 1 Z 2, Z L, I,Z 1 Z 2? 3-23 3-24 3-25 3-25, u = 220 2sin314 t V, R - L 40 W, cos 1 = 0.5,, C = 5.1 F,??? 3-26 3-26,, f = 50 Hz, U s = 10 0 V, I s = 0.1 0 A, I L, U L 3-25 3-26 3-27 3-27, I s = 30 30 A, I 3-28 3-28 H (j) 90

3-27 3-28 3-29 2 000 pf 10 0.2 mh, (1), ; (2),, (1) 3-30 3-30, C L 1 = 0.3 mh, C 720 pf, C 1,, C 1 = 20 pf, 3-31 3-31, U m = 10 V, 3-30 3-31 3-32 u( t) = 2 U m 1-2 3 cos 2t - 2 cos 4 15 t - 2 35 cos 6t -, U m = 220 2 V, = 314 rad s, L = 1 H, C = 100 F, R = 1 000 (1 ) R ; (2 ) R 3-33 3-33, U l = 380 V, 10 : (1) ; (2) U = 220 0 V, ; (3) 3-32 3-33 3-34 380 V220 V,,220 V 91

,2 000 W, 0.91 (1) ; (2) 1 2, 3 4,,,? 3-35 3-35, Z = (12 + j16), 32.9 A, 3-35 3-36 3-35, 220 V,17.3 A,4.5 kw, : (1) R X L ; (2) UV P; (3) U,P 3-37, U l = 380 V, P = 11.43 kw,0.87 C = 20 F, ( f = 50 Hz) 3-38 3-38, R, X L X C 3-38 92

4,,,,, 4.1 PN 4.1.1 PN, ( ) () (),, N, P (), ( ),, P N, PN PN : PN, P N, PN, P N, 4-1 (a) ; PN, N P, PN,, (), 4-1( b) 4-1 PN 93

4.1.2 1. PN P, N PN,,, ;,, ;, 4-2 4-2 ( a) 4-2, ( ) 4-2 ( b),,,,, ( ) 4-2( c),,,, 4-2 ( d),,, 2. I = f( U), 4-3 PN,, 4-3, : (1 ), PN,,, ( U T ) 4-3 0.5 V, 0.2 V,,,,,, 0.60.7 V, 0.20.3 V,,, 4-3,,,, 1, 2 mv 94

(2 ),,,,,,,, 0.1 A,,,, 10, (3 ) ( ), 3.,,,,,,, : (1 ) I D M I DM,,, PN (2 ) U R M U RM,, (3 ) I R M I RM U RM, I RM I RM,,, (4 ) f M, PN, f M 4.1.3,,,, 1.,, 0, ;,, 0,, 4-4,,, 95

2., (1 ) : 4-1 4-5 (a) u i > U S,, u o = U m sint, U m 4-4 4-5 4-1 : u i > U S, D, D,, u o = U S u i U S,,, R, 0u o = u i, u o U S, 4-5 ( b),, :, u o u i, u o (2 ), ( ) ( ), 0 1 1, 0,, : 4-2 4-6 D 1 D 2 R V CC A B, F V CC = 5 V, AB 4-1 V A V V B V V F V 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 3 3 4-2 A B F 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 4-6 96

( 1)3 V, ( 0) 0 V, D 1 D 2 : AB 0, V A = V B = 0 V, D 1 D 2, F V F = 0 V, F 0 A 0, B 1, V A = 0 V, V B = 3 V, D 1 D 2, D1, V F = 0 V, D2, F 0 A 1, B 0, V A = 3 V, V B = 0 V, D 1 D 2, F 0 AB 1, V A = V B = 3 V, D 1 D 2, F V F = 3 V, F 1, 1, 1, 0, (And),, AB F, : F = AB F = AB F A B : AB 1, F 1; AB 0, F 0, 0 0, 1 1 4-1 4-6, 0 1, ( ) 4-2, 4-7 AB, F AB ( 1) 3 V, ( 0)0 V, D 1 D 2 ( ), AB ( 1) ( 1) AB ( 0), ( 0), ( Or) 4-7 4-3 V A V V B V V F V 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 4-4 A B F 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 +, ABF, : F = A + B 97

F A B : AB 1, F 1;, AB 0, F 0, 1 1,0 0 4-3 4-7 4-4 4.2,,, 4.2.1, 4-8 ( a) ; ( b) (c), PN,,,, U Z ( ), I Z ( ), ab, I Z, U Z,, 4-8,,, PN,,, : 1. U Z U Z,,,, 2CW14 6.07.5 V 2. r Z, 98

, r Z r Z, = U Z I Z (4-1) 3. I Z, IIZ, 4. I Zmax, I > I Zmax 5. P ZM P ZM = U Z I Z max 6. U 1,,, U Z 4 V, 6 V, U Z 46 V,,,, 4-8 ( a), U i R L,,, ( 4.4 ) 4.2.2,, PN,,,,, 4-9 (a), 4-9 ( b) : 1. 1 A 2., 3. (0.9m),, 0.5 AW 4. ( ) 5., 63%, 10-7 s 4-9 99

,, 4.2.3, LED ( Light Emit ting Diode), PN PN,,,,,,, (GaAsP ), ( GaP ), (GaN ), ( SiC), (GaAs) 4-10,, 0.91.1 V, 1.52.5 V, 4-10 515 ma, 10 V 4.3, 4-11, 4-11,,, ( 10% ),, 100

4.3.1,,,, 1. 4-12 (a), ( Tr) u 2 = 2 U 2 sint, D, u 2 u 2, a b, D, u O = u 2, i D = i O = u O R L, a b, D, : i D = i O = 0, u O = R L i O = 0, u D = u 2, u D i D u O i O, 4-12 (b ),, U O = 2 1 2 U 2 sin tdt = 2 0 U 2 = 0.45 U 2 (4-2) I O = 0.45 U 2 R L (4-3), ID = IO (4-4) 4-12 ( b ) u 2, D u 2, 4-12 U DR M = 2 U 2 (4-5) 2. 4-13 (a), Tr, u 1 u 2 = 2 U 2 sin t, R L, D 1 D 4, 4-13 ( b) u 2 (a, b )4-13 (a)r L u O 4-14 i O u O, 101

4-13 U O = 1 2 U 2 sin tdt = 2 2 0 U 2 = 0.9 U 2 (4-6) IO = 0.9 U2 R L (4-7), D 1 D 3 D 2 D 4, I D = 1 2 I O = 0.45 U 2 R L (4-8) 4-13 ( a) u 2, D 2 D 4 D 2 D 4 u 2,, D 1 D 3, u 2 D 1 D 3 U DR M = 2 U 2 (4-9) 4-14,,,,,, 4-5 102

4-5 0.45 U 2 I O 2 U 2 0.9 U 2 1 2 I O 2 2 U 2 0.9 U 2 1 2 I O 2 U 2 1.17 U 2 1 3 I O 3 2 U 2 2.34 U 2 1 3 I O 3 2 U 2 4.3.2,,,,,, 1., C, 4-15 (a) 4-15( b) C, u 2 > 0, D, R L, C, ( ),, u O u 2 ; u C = 2 U 2, u 2 u 2 < u C, D, C R L, 103

4-15,, u O u C, ab u 2, u 2 > u C C u O = u 2 u 2 < u C, D, C,, 4-14 u O,,, C, R L = () U O = 2 U 2 = 1.4 U 2, R L, C R L, U O, R L,,,, U O U O = U 2 ( ) ( 4-10) = 1.2 U 2 ( ) (4-10 ),, R L (1015) 1 C, R L C(35) T 2 ( 4-11) T, ( 180 ),,,,,,,, 2 U2, u2, 2 2 U2,,, 2 U 2, 4-3, 4-16 f = 50 Hz, R L = 120, U O = 30 V, : 104

4-16 4-3 U O I D = 1 2 I O = 1 2 = 1.2 U 2, U 2 U O RL = 1 2 30 A = 125 ma 120 = U O 1.2 = 30 1.2 V = 25 V U D RM = 2 U 2 = 225 V = 35 V I DM I D, U RM U DR M 4 3 3.1, 2CP1 C R L C = 5 T 2, T = 1 f = 1 50 = 0.02 s, C = 1 5 T R L 2 = 1.02 50 F = 417 F 120 2 C = 470 F, 50 V 2. R L L, 4-17, L, ( ), U O = 0.9 U 2 ( 4-12) 4-17, ( L ),,,, 3. C L LC 4-18 ( a) 105

R L, LC C 1, 4-18( b) LC 4-18,, R L RC, 4-18 (c)r C 2, 4.4,, 4-19, U I, R D Z R L, 4-19, U I, 106

U O U O U O, I Z, R, U I, U O, U I, U O, I Z, R, U O, U O,,, R, UO UO,, R, U O,, U Z = U O I Z max = (1.53) I O max ( 4-13) U I = (23) U O 4-4, 4-19 R L 3 k, UI = 45 V UO = 15 V, DZ : U O = 15 V, (4-13 ) U Z = U O = 15 V U O = 15 V R L = 3 k, I O max = U O RL = 15 3 ma = 5 ma (4-13 ) I Z max = 3 I O max = 15 ma, 2CW20, U Z = ( 13.517 ) V, I Z = 5 ma, I Z max = 15 ma 4-5 4-20, U Z = 12 V, I Z max = 18 ma, I Z = 5 ma, R L = 2 k, 20%,, U I R : V o U Z, U I, R U Z,, I Z max I Z, U Z U L, U I 20%, 1.2 U I, I Z = I Z max = 18 ma I = I Z max + I L = 18 + U Z R L = 18 + 12 2 ma = 24 ma KVL 1.2 U I = RI + U O = R2410-3 + 12 4-20 4-5 107

U I 20%, 0.8 U I, I Z = 5 ma, I = I Z + I L = 5 + U Z = 5 + 12 R L 2 ma = 11 ma KVL 0.8 U I = RI + U O = R1110-3 + 12 UI = 26 V, R = 800 1. 4-1 ( 1) P? N? ( 2) PN?? ( 3)? ( 4),? ( 5) 1.5 V,? 4-2 4-2, D D 1 D 2,, AO U AO 4-2 4-3 4-3, E = 6 V, u i = 12sin t V,, u O 4-3 4-4 4-4 U s 3 V,? U s 0 V, 108

? (, 0.7 V ) 4-5 4-5?? ( D ) 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-6, u i, u O 4-6 4-7 ( 1),? ( 2)? ( 3),? 4-8 4-8, U Z = 6 V, u i = 12sin t V,, u O 4-9 4-9, U i = 30 V, R = 1 k, R L = 2 k, U Z = 10 V, : I Z max = 20 ma, I Z min = 5 ma, U i 10%,? U i 30%,? 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-10, D Z1 8 V,D Z2 10 V, 0.7 V, u O 4-11 2CW15, 8 V 5.5 V, 0.7 V,,, 109

4-10 4-12 (1),,? (2),,,,? (3),,, : R L,? (4)?? 4-13 4-13 u O1 u O2,u O1 u O2 ( u 21 = 2 U 2 sin t ; u 22 = 2 U 2 sin( t - ) ) 4-14 4-14 U 2 = 20 V R L U O,,?? (1) U O = 28 V; (2) U O = 24 V; (3) U O = 18 V ; (4) U O = 9 V ; 4-13 4-14 2. 4-15 4-15 EWB, 4-16 4-16 110 u 2a = - u 2b = 2 U 2 sin t, ; ( 1) u 2a u 2b i D1 i D2 i L u L u D ; ( 2) U 2 ( ),U L I L ( ) ; (3 ) I D, U RM ; (4 ) U L = 30 V, I L = 80 ma, U 2a U 2b,

4-15 4-16 4-17 U 1 = 220 V,50 Hz, R L = 50, 24 V,(1) ; (2 ) () ; 4-18, 4-18 R L 1 k, U i = 25 V U O = 10 V, D Z 4-18 111

5, 5.1 PN,, 5.1.1 1., ; ; ; NPN PNP NPN PNP,,, ( E) ( B) ( C), PN, PN 5-1,, T,, :, ;, 5-1 112

2. NPN,,, 5-2, U BB, R B B E ( ), U BB U CC, R C CE ( ), U CC, E, R B, I B, I C I E, 5-1 5-1 5-2 I B / A 0 20 40 60 80 100 I C / ma 0.005 0.99 2.08 3.17 4.26 5.40 I E / ma 0.005 1.01 2.12 3.23 4.34 5.50 : I B (1 ) I E = I B + I C, (2 ) IE IC, IB, IC = I C IB = 2.08 0.04 = 52, = I C IB I B I C, = I C IB = I C4 - I C 3 IB4 - IB3 = = 3.17 0.06 = 52.8 3.17-2.08 0.06-0.04 = 1.09 = 54.5 0.02,,,, 5.1.2,,, 1. U CE, I B U BE 113

I B = f ( U BE ) U = CE (5-1) 5-3 N PN,, : ( 1), U BE, I B U BE, I B U BE, U T ( ) 0.5 V, U BE = 0.60.7 V ; U T 0.2 V, 0.20.3 VPNP, UBE - 0.6-0.7 V - 0.2-0.3 V (2 ), UCE > 1 V, UCE = 1 V, UCE > 1 V, I B, U CE 1 V ( ), U CE 1 V 2. I B, I C U CE, 5-3 5-4 I C = f ( U CE ) IB = (5-2) 5-4 N PN, I B (1 ) I B,,, = 0,, U BE 0, V C > V E V B I C 0( I CEO, ),, (2 ) U C E < U BE,, V B > V C > V E I B, I C, U CE = U BE, U CE S, I CS = U CC - U CE S = U C C - 0.7 U C C (5-3) R C R C R C I BS = I CS 114 (5-4)

I B I BS, I B < I BS,, U CE 0.3 V, 0.1 V, U CE 0, (3 ),, V C > V B > V E I C I B,I C = I B,, I C I C I B, U C E, 5-1 T 1 V x = + 10 V, V y = 0 V, V z = + 0.7 V, 5-5 ( a), T 2 V x = + 0 V, V y = - 0.3 V, V z = - 5 V, 5-5 ( b), T 1 T 2, x y z? 5-5 5-1 : NPN V C > V B > V E, PNP V C < V B < V E,,,,, ( a), z y 0.7 V,, V x > V z > V y, x, y, z, V C > V B > V E, NPN ( b), x y 0.3 V,, V z < V y < V x, z, x, y, V C < V B < V E, PNP 5-2 5-6,, = 30, 5-6 5-2 115

: + 6 V,,, I B = 6-0.7 5 : I CS = U CC - U CE S R C = ma = 5.3 ma = 1.06 ma 5 10-0.7 ma = 9.3 ma 1 I B I BS > I BS, = I CS = 0.31 ma - 2 V,,, + 2 V,,, I B = 2-0.7 5 : I CS = U CC - U CE R C = ma = 1.3 ma = 0.26 ma 5 10-0.7 ma = 9.3 ma 1 I B I BS < I BS, 3. = I CS = 0.31 ma,, : (1 ) :, : = I C - I CEO I B I C I B (5-5) U CE,, = I C I B U CE = (5-6),,, =,, 20200,,, 40100 (2 ) I CBO : 116

I CBO,, 5-7 I CB O, I CBO I CB O,,, I CBO, I CBO, I CBO, 5-7 I CBO 5-8 I CEO I CEO : I CEO,,, I CEO 5-8 : I CE O = (1 + ) I CBO, I CE O, (3 ) : P CM I C U CE,,, 100150, 70100,,,, P CM, P CM P CM = U C E I C, 5-9 P C < P C M, U ( BR) CEO U ( BR) C EO, I C U CC I CM < U ( BR ) CE O,,,,, I CM 2/ 3 I C I C M PCM U( BR ) CE O ICM 5-9, 3DG4 : P CM = 300 mw, I CM = 30 ma, U ( BR ) CE O = 30 V, 117

5-9 3DG4 5-10 (4 ), f : 5-10,, 0,, 0 0.707 f,, f f, : 1 f T f T (5 ),, I CBO : I CBO, PN,,, 10, I CBO :,, : 25, 1, 0.5% 1% U BE :, 1, U BE, I C EO, I C 22.5 mv = (1 + ) I CBO, I C = I B + ( 1 + ) I CBO, I C 5.1.3 5-11 T, 118

AF A 1, V A = 3 V, T, V F 0 V, F 0; A 0, T, V F U CC, F 1, U BB,, ( Not ) -, A F, F = A 5-11 F A : A 0, F 1;, A 1, F 0, 0 1, 1 0 5.2, ( 10 9 10 15, 10 2 10 4 ),,,, ; ; ( ), P N, P N, P N P N (), 5.2.1 ( M) (O) ( S ), MOS( Metal Oxide Semiconductor) N 1. N MOS (1 ) 5-12( a)n MOS P, N, N +, N +, S D, b, b 119

S N + P ( SiO 2 ),, G, 5-12( b) N MOS P MOS N, P + S D, 5-12(c), b N P 5-12 MOS (2 ) 5-13 U GS D S U DS 0, I D = 0, PN, = 0, U GS, P, N +, I D U GS U GS ( th ) = U T U DS, U GS,,,, I D, (3 ) U GS, I D U DS, I D = f ( U DS ) U GS = ( 5-7 ),, 5-13 U GS : 5-14 (a) U GS > U T U DS U GD = U GS - U DS > U T : U GS, I D U DS,, U GS,, U GS, (, ) : 5-14 (a) U GS U GS, U DS, I D > U T, U DS,,, U DS, U GS, I D,, g m U GS I D g m g m = I D U GS U DS = (5-8) 120

I D () : U GS U T = 0,, :, 5-14( a), U DS, PN, I D, 5-14 N MOS (4 ) UDS, ID UGS, UGS ID U DS I D, 5-14 ( b)i D I D = f( U GS ) U DS = (5-9), U DS I D = I DSS 1 - U GS UGS ( t h) 2 ( 5-10), I DSS U GS = 2 U GS ( th ) I D ; U GS ( th ), -, - 2. N MOS N MOS,, SiO 2 U GS = 0,, U DS, 5-15 U GS,,, I D U GS,,, I D,, U GS UGS ( off) = U P,, ID 0, U P U GS > U P, U DS I D, MOS, 5-15 ( b) (c), MOS U GS I D,, 121

5-15 N,, U GS > U T U GS < U T,, 5.2.2 1. (1 ) ( ), ( ), (2 ) U GS I D, I B I C, (3 ),,,, (4 ) g m,, ( 5),, D S C E,, (6 ),, MOS,, 122

,, U ( BR) GS MOS, MOS, 2. (1 ) MOS U P [ U GS ( off) ], MOS U T [ U GS ( th ) ] I DSS, R GS (2 ) g m : U DS =, u gs i D, g m = d i D d u GS U DS = ( 5-11), ( S )ms : C g s C gd 13 pf, Cds 0.11 pf (3 ) I DM : P DM : U ( BR ) DS : U DS I D U DS U ( BR ) GS : MOS 3. 5-2 6, 5-2 U DS U GS N + - P - + 123

U DS U GS N + + P - - N + -, + P - +, - 5.3,,, 5.3.1 5-16( a), u I (, 20 Hz20 khz)r L (, ), u O : 1. U C C,, 124

5-16, U CC 2. T, i c = i b, 3. R C,, R C 4. R B I B, R B, R B 5. C 1 C 2,,, C 1 C 2 5.3.2 u I u I,, I B I C U CE Q, I B Q I C Q I CE Q, 1. C 1 C 2, 5-16 ( b), I B = U CC - U BE R B I C = I B U C C R B ( 5-12) UCE = UCC - RC IC (5-12 ) U BE 0.60.7 V ( U BE 0.20.3 V ) U CC, U BE 125

2. Q (1 ) I BQ U BEQ 5-16( b), U CC = R B I B + U BE ( 5-13) UBE IB, I B = f ( U BE ) U = CE ( 5-14) U BE - I B ( 5-13 ), Q, 5-17( a), Q I BQ - U BE Q (2 ) I C Q U CE Q 5-16( b),, U C C = R C I C + U CE ( 5-15) I C = f ( U CE ) IB = ( 5-16),, (5-15 ), tan = - 1/ R C, U CC, U CC / R C 5-17 ( b),, I B Q, I B = I BQ Q5-17 ( b ), Q I C Q - U CE Q 5-17, I BQ, Q ; I BQ, Q, U CC R C, I B, R B, IB, 5-17 5.3.3, u I 126,

, u O,, 1. 5-18( a), I B I C U CE (), ib ic uce ( I b I c U c e ), i B i C u CE, u i, C 1 -, ib, ib = IB + ib, i C = I C + i c = ( I B + i b ) R C R C i C, i C - u CE = U CC - R C i C = U C C - R C ( I C + i c ) = U CE - R C i c, R C i C C 2 U CE, u ce = - R C i c, uo = uc e = - RC ic uo, u i i b i c, u o, u i 5-18 ( b )( f), : (1),, ib ic uce, (2 ) u o u i, u o u i (3) i b i c u i, u o 5-18 u i, 2. (1 ), ( ), ( ) Q 2 5-19( a), Q Q 1,, r be = U BE I B = u be ( 5-17) U = CE i b 127

(5-17 )r be 5-20 ( a), 5-20( b), r be r be = 300 + (1 + ) 26( mv) I EQ ( ma) r be ( 5-18) 5-19 r be r ce 5-19( b), Q Q 1 Q 2,, I C I B, U CE, I B, r ce, I C = I B i c = i b ( 5-19), U CE I C r c e = U CE I C I B = = u ce i c ( 5-20) r c e i b, r ce, 5-20( b) 5-20 (2 ) 128

5-21( a) 5-16 (a) C 1 C 2,, U CC 5-21 ( a), 5-21 ( b) 5-21 3. (1 ) A u, 5-21 ( b) 5-21( b) A u U o = - ( R C R L ) I b U i = I b r be = U o = - ( R C R L ) I b = - R L ( 5-21) U i rbe I b r be, R L = R C R L ; A u,, ( R L ), ( A u0 ), (5-21 )( 5-22), : R L R L R L A u 0 = - R C r be ( 5-22),, U o U s, ( A u s ), A u s = U o = U o U i r i = A u U s U i U s RS + ri - R L RS + rbe ( 5-23) (5-23 )r i = R B r be r be ( R B r be ) R S,, R S 129

(2 ) r i ( ), ( ), ( ),, 5-22 (a) ( b) 5-22 r i ( ), ( ), r i r i = U i I i ( 5-24) 5-16(a) 5-23 Ii = Ui R B ri = U i = RB rbe rbe ( 5-25) r be I i + Ui :, r i, R S r i, r i U i ( 5-23 ), r i, U s U i,,, r i RL, ri,, (3 ) r o ( ), 130

r o, r o,, : 5-23 5-24,, U o, I o, r o = U o I o U = 0 s ( 5-26) 5-16 (a) 5-24, U S = 0, I b = 0, I b = 0, U o, I o R C, r o = U o I o U S = 0, R L = = R C ( 5-27) : ( ) U o, Uo, U o = R L U r o + R o r o = L U o - 1 R U L ( 5-28) o :,, r o,, A us,, r o,,, r o 5-3 5-16 (a), UC C = 12 V, RB = 300 k, RC = 4 k, RL = 4 k, R S = 100, = 40 : ; ; : 5-16 ( b) I B U CC R B = 12 300 I C ma = 40 A = I B = 4040 A = 1.6 ma U CE = U CC - R C I C = (12-41.6) V = 5.6 V 5-21 ( a), 5-21 ( b ) 131

, rbe = 300 + ( 1 + ) 26 = 300 + 41 26 I E 1.6 U o = - ( R C R L ) I b U i = r be I b A u = 0.966 k = U o = - ( R C R L ) I b = - 40 2 = - 82.8 U i r be I b 0.966 (5-25 )( 5-27) r i = U i I i 4. = R B r be 0.966 k, r o = R C = 4 k,,, (1 ), 5-25 Q,, ui, i c u o ( u i ), 5-25, ui, R B 5-16, I B Q,, 5-25 Q,, u i, i c u o, 5-25, u i, R B 5-16, I B Q, 5-25,, Q, i c u o, Q, u i, (2 ) ( C 1 C 2 132 PN ),