,,,, : : (010 ) 84043279 13801081108 : (010 ) 64033424 E - mail: dd@ hep.com.cn : 55 : 100009
21, 21,,,,,, 8 EWB EDA, (CIP).,.:,2003.2 ISBN 7-04 - 011860-2......... - - - -. TM CIP (2003)000543 010-64054588 55 800-810 - 0598 100009 010-64014048 http:www.hep.edu.cn http:www.hep.com.cn 7871092 1 16 16 390 000 18.70,
21,, 21, 21,,, ;, ; ; 110130 :, ; ; ; ; ; ; EDA PLC isp DesignExpert isplsi,,,,,,, EDA,,,,,,, 1 2 4 5 8, 3 6 15, 9 10 11 12 13 14, 16, 7 1,,,,,,,
,,,,,,, 2002 10
1 1 1.1 1 1.1.1 1 1.1.2 2 1.1.3 4 1.1.4 6 1.2 8 1.2.1 8 1.2.2 10 1.3 13 1.3.1 ( KCL) 14 1.3.2 ( KVL) 14 1.3.3 16 1.4 17 1.4.1 17 1.4.2 19 1.4.3 20 1.5 24 1.5.1 24 1.5.2 25 27 1. 27 2. 29 2 32 2.1 32 2.2 33 2.2.1 33 2.2.2 35 2.3 RC 35 2.3.1 35 2.3.2 RC 37 2.4 41 2.4.1 41 2.4.2 42 2.5 R L 43 2.6 45 2.6.1 45 2.6.2 46 49 1. 49 2. 50 3 53 3.1 53 3.1.1 53 3.1.2 55 3.2 58 3.2.1 58 3.2.2 61 3.2.3 64 3.2.4 66 3.2.5 68 3.3 69 3.3.1 RC 69 3.3.2 LC 72 3.4 75 3.4.1 75 3.4.2 76 3.5 78 3.5.1 78 3.5.2 ( Y )80 3.5.3 () 83 3.5.4 85 3.5.5 85
88 1. 88 2. 89 4 93 4.1 PN 93 4.1.1 PN 93 4.1.2 94 4.1.3 95 4.2 98 4.2.1 98 4.2.2 99 4.2.3 100 4.3 100 4.3.1 101 4.3.2 103 4.4 106 108 1. 108 2. 110 5 112 5.1 112 5.1.1 112 5.1.2 113 5.1.3 118 5.2 119 5.2.1 119 5.2.2 122 5.3 124 5.3.1 124 5.3.2 125 5.3.3 126 5.4 134 5.4.1 134 5.4.2 134 5.5 137 5.6 140 5.6.1 141 5.6.2 143 5.7 144 5.7.1 145 5.7.2 146 5.7.3-147 5.8 149 5.8.1 149 5.8.2 151 5.8.3 155 5.9 157 5.9.1 157 5.9.2 159 160 1. 160 2. 164 6 166 6.1 166 6.1.1 166 6.1.2 167 6.1.3 169 6.2 171 6.2.1 171 6.2.2 173 6.2.3 176 6.3 177 6.3.1 178 6.3.2 179 6.3.3 180 6.3.4 181 6.3.5 182 6.4 185 6.4.1 185 6.4.2 187 6.5 189 6.5.1 189 6.5.2 190 6.6 191
6.6.1 191 6.6.2 193 6.6.3 193 194 1. 194 2. 196 7 199 7.1 199 7.1.1 199 7.1.2 199 7.1.3 200 7.1.4 201 7.2 202 7.2.1 202 7.2.2 202 7.2.3 203 7.3 203 208 1. 208 2. 208 8 210 8.1 210 8.1.1 210 8.1.2 211 8.2 213 8.2.1 213 8.2.2 215 8.3 216 8.3.1 216 8.3.2 218 8.3.3 219 8.4 220 8.5 221 8.5.1 221 8.5.2 222 8.6 223 8.7 () 224 8.7.1 224 8.7.2 () 225 226 1. 226 2. 227 229 1 229 2 231 3 232 4 235 5 237 238 246
1, 1.1 1.1.1 1.,,,, 1-1,,,, ;,, ;,,,, : 1-1 (, ) ; (, ),,, 2.,,,,,,,, 1
( ) U S I S R C L 1-3, 1-2 R L, U S ( ) R 0,, 1-2 1-3 1.1.2 :, (+ ) (- ) ( ), (- ) (+ ) ( ) 1-4,, 1-5 + -,,,,,,,,, 1-5 I 3 U 3 I ba U ab 1-4 1-5 2
,, 1-6 (a),,, 1-6 (a), R U = RI (1-1), 1-6( b), R U = - RI (1-2) 1-6 ()(A), (V) 1-1 1-7, R 1-7 1-1 : 1-1( a) R = U I = 6 3 = 2 1-1( b) R = - 1-1(c) R = - U I = - 6-3 = 2 U I = - - 6 3 = 2 1-1( d) R = U I = - 6-3 = 2 :,,,, P = UI ( V)(A), ( W) ( ) ( ),, ( ), : (1 ) (2 ) P = UI (1-3) P = - UI (1-4), I U, P > 0,, ;, P < 0,, 3
1-2 1-8, : U S1 = 15 V, U S2 = 5 V, R = 5, I :, I = U S1 - U S2 R = 15-5 A = 2 A 5,, U S1 P S1 = - U S1 I = - 152W = - 30 W ( ) U S2 P S2 = U S2 I = 52W = 10 W( ) R P R = I 2 R = 2 2 5W = 20 W ( ),, 30 W = (10 + 20) W,,,, P = 0 1-3 1-9, : U 1 = 20 V, I 1 = 2 A, U 2 = 10 V, I 2 = - 1 A, U 3 = - 10 V, I 3 = - 3 A,, :, 1 P1 = - U1 I1 = - 202 W = - 40 W 2 P 2 = U 2 I 2 = 10( - 1) W = - 10 W 3 P 3 = - U 3 I 1 = - ( - 10 )2 W = 20 W 4 P 4 = - U 2 I 3 = - 10( - 3) W = 30 W 1-8 1-2 1-9 1-3 1 2, 3 4 P = 0,,, ; 1.1.3, 1-10, : 1. 1-10( a),,, I = E R 0 + R L = U S R 0 + R L (1-5), R L, R 0, R 0 4 U = E - R 0 I = U S - R 0 I (1-6)
1-10 P RL = P E - P R 0 = EI - R 0 I 2 = UI (1-7) EI ; UI ; R 0 I 2 U N I N P N,,,, 1 W 400, 400, 1 W, P = RI 2, 2., 0.05 A0.05 A, 1-10( b),,,,,, U O 3., E( U S ) UO = E = U S (1-8) 1-10(c),,,,,,, I S,, I S = E R 0 = U S R 0 (1-9) P E = EI S = R 0 I 2 S,,, 5
, ( F U),,,, ( ),,, 1-4, 400 W, 110 V, R 0 1.38, 50 10, E : I N E R L I N = P N U N = 400 110 A = 3.64 A E = U N + R 0 I N = ( 110 + 1.383.64) V = 115 V = 50, I I = E R 0 + R L = 115 1.38 + 50 A = 2.24 A < I N, P RL = UI = R L I 2 = 502.24 2 W = 250.88 W < P N, R L = 10, I I = E R 0 + R L = 115 1.38 + 10 A = 10.11 A > I N, P R L = UI = R L I 2 = 1010.11 2 W = 1 022.12 W > P N, (), I S I S = E R 0 = 115 1.38 A83.33 A23 I N, 1.1.4,,,,,,, 1-11( a) e, U e = 0 V, U a = U ae = 10 V, U d = U de = - 5 V 6 Ub = U bd + Ude = (5 + 6) I + Ud = ( 5 + 6 ) ( 10 + 5) (4 + 5 + 6 ) + ( - 5 ) V = 6 V U c = U cd + U de = 6 I + U d = [6 + ( - 5 ) ] V = 1 V 1-11
,,,,,, 1-11( a), d, U d = 0 V, U a = 15 V, U b = 11 V, U c = 6 V, U e = 5 V,, U ab = U a - U b,,,, 1-11 ( b)1-11( a),,, 1-12 :, 1-5 1-13, B UAB :,, U A - U B R1 = U B - U C R2 : + 12 - U B 5 = U B - ( - 6 ) 4 U B = 2 V, U AB = U A - U B = ( 12-2) V = 10 V 1-6 1-14, S A U A : S, : U A = - 4 V S, U B - 12 - U A ( 6 + 4 ) = U A - 12, 20 = 0, 4 k 20 k : U A = 2 V U A 4 = 12 - U A 20, 1-12 1-13 1-5 1-14 1-6 7
1.2,, 1.2.1, 1., U = f ( I) 1-15( a) ( b) 1-16 (a) ( b) 1-15 1-16 U S R L, US,, ;, I S R L, I S,, ;, 2.,, () ( ), 1-17 ( a) ( b) 1-18 ( a) ( b) U = U S - R 0 I ( 1-10) U ; U S ; I ; R 0, U S, R 0 8 = 0
1-17 1-18 I = I S - U R 0 ( 1-11) I ; I S ; U ; R 0, I S, R 0 3. =,,, ( ) ( ),, (1-19 ) I S = U S R 0 U S = R 0 I S ( 1-12), I S U S +, R 0,, R 0 1-19 : ;,, 1-7, 1-20( a) 1 I 9
1-20 1-7 : ( a) 2 A 2 (b )4 V 2, 1.2.2 I = 10-4 3 + 1 + 2 A = 1 A R L C,, 1-21 (a) ( b ) (c), 1-21 1.,, 1-21( a),, 1-22 a, 1-22 b,, 1-22 a b, u i 1-21( a), 10
u = Ri ( 1-13) u, ( V) ; i, ( A) ; R, (), ( k)( M),1 k= 10 3, 1 M= 10 6, p = ui = Ri 2 t 1 t 2, ( J) = u2 R ( 1-14) W = t 2 R i 2 d t ( 1-15) t 1,, 2.,,,, 1-21( b) i, N = N i, L = i ( 1-16) L, ( H), ( mh), 1 mh = 10-3 HL,, L, i, e L, u i e L u 1-21 ( b), e L = - d d t = - L d i d t u = - e L = L d i d t ( 1-17), d id t,,,,,, i, W L = 1 2 Li2 ( 1-18),, 11
3. 1-21(c), q u, C = q u ( 1-19) C, ( F ), (F ) 1 F = 10-6 F C, C,, u,, iu i 1-21 (c), i = d q d t = C d u d t ( 1-20), i d ud t,,, u, W C = 1 2 Cu2 ( 1-21),, 4.,,, ( RS) ( RX) ( RT ) ( RJ ) ( RY), RJ - 2, 820, 5% 2 W,,,,, LG 4, 820 H, 150 ma, ( CZ CJ ) ( CY)( CC CT )(CL) ( CI )( CD) CJ10, 0.15 F400 V,,, 12
,,,,, RLC 1-23 ( a), 1-23 ( b) 1-23,, 1-1,, 1-1 R = R 1 + R 2 L = L 1 + L 2 C = C 1 C 2 C 1 + C 2 R = R 1 R 2 R 1 + R 2 L = L 1 L 2 L 1 + L 2 C = C 1 + C 2 : 1.3 ( KCL), ; ( KVL),,,,, 1-24, : 3 3 1-24 a b c d :, 1-24 6, 1-24 : 13
: 1-24, 1.3.1 ( KCL) 1., 1-24, a I in = I out I 4 = I 1 + I 6 I4 - I1 - I6 = 0 I = 0 ( 1-22),, 2., () 1-25( a) KCL I a + I b + I c = 0 1-25( b), I E = I B + I C 1.3.2 ( KVL) 1. 1-25 KCL,, U = U 1-24, 1 ( abda), a b R 1 I 1, b d R 3 I 3, d a U S1, U S1 + R 3 I 3 = R 1 I 1 U S1 + R 3 I 3 - R 1 I 1 = 0 U = 0 ( 1-23),,, 2., 1-26, U AB,,, K VL 14
U = - U 1 - U S + U AB = 0 U A B = U 1 + U S = RI + U S A B A B 1-8 1-27 : 1-27(a),, US I 1 = 10 5 A = 2 A = 10 V 1-26 KVL 1-27 1-8 KCL a I 2 = I 1 - I S = (2-5) A = - 3A P R = RI 2 1 = 52 2 W = 20 W P u s = - U S I 2 = - 10( - 3 ) W = 30 W( ) P I s = - U S I S = - 105W = - 50 W( ) 1-27( b),, I S = 5 A U 1 = 55 V = 25 V KVL U 2 = U 1 + U S = ( 25 + 10 ) V = 35 V P R = RI 2 S = 55 2 W = 125 W P us = U S I S = 105 W = 50 W( ) P I S = - U 2 I S = - 355 W = - 175 W( ) 1-9 1-28, R 1 = 3, R 2 = 7, U S = 20 V, I U1 U2 : U 1 = R 1 I; U 2 = R 2 I KVL U S = R 1 I + R 2 I I = U S R 1 + R 2 1-28 1-9 15
U 1 = U 2 = R 1 R 1 + R 2 U S R 2 R1 + R2 I = 2 A, U 1 = 6 V, U 2 = 14 V U S ( 1-24),, 1-10 1-29 R 1 = 2, R 2 = 3, I S = 10 A, U I1 I2 : I 1 = U R 1, I 2 = U R 2 KCL a IS = I1 + I2 I S = U R 1 + U R 2 = R 1 + R 2 R 1 R 2 U 1-29 1-10 U = R 1 R 2 R1 + R2 I S = ( R 1 R 2 ) I S = RI S I 1 = I 2 = R 2 R 1 + R 2 I S R 1 R 1 + R 2 I S U = 12 V, I 1 = 6 A, I 2 = 4 A,, 1.3.3 ( 1-25), KCL KVL,, : 1. b, b 2. KCL n, ( n - 1) n ( n - 1 ), 3. KVL m, m = [ b - ( n - 1) ] 4., 1-11 1-30 : 1-30, 3 2 2 3, 3, 16 a I 1 + I 2 - I 3 = 0 1 R 1 I 1 + R 3 I 3 - U S1 = 0
1-30 1-11 2 - R2 I2 - R3 I3 + US2 = 0, I 1 = 4 A, I 2 = - 1 A, I 3 = 3 A 1-12 1-31 1-31 1-12 : 1-31, I 1 = I S = 5 A, I 2 I 3, 1, 2 a I 2 - I 3 = I S 1 - R 2 I 2 - R 3 I 3 = U S, I 2 = 2 A, I 3 = - 3 A,, 1.4,, 1.4.1,, 17
, 1-32, a b U ab, I 1 = U S1 - U ab R 1, ( U S1 = R 1 I 1 + U ab ) I 2 = U S2 + U ab R 2, ( U S2 + U ab = R 2 I 2 ) I 3 = U ab R 3 a, I 1 = I 2 + I 3 1-32 U S1 - U ab = U S2 + U ab R 1 R 2 + U ab R 3 U ab = US1 R 1 - US2 R 2 1 + 1 + 1 = R 1 R 2 R 3 U S R 1 R ( 1-26) ( ), ;, 1-13 1-32 US1 = 54 V, US2 = 72 V, R 1 = 3, R 2 = 6, R 3 = 2 : U ab U ab = U S1 R 1 - U S2 R 2 1 + 1 + 1 = R 1 R 2 R 3 Uab, I 1 = U S1 - U ab = 54-6 A = 16 A R 1 3 I 2 = U S2 + U ab R2 = 72 + 6 6 A = 13 A 54 3-72 6 1 3 + 1 6 + 1 2 V = 6 V I 3 = U ab R 3 = 6 2 A = 3 A 1-14 1-33 U ab : 1-33, 1-33 1-14 18
,, 1-33 U ab U ab = U S R 1 - I S 1 + 1 = R 1 R 3 24 3-2 1 3 + 1 6 V = 12 V 1.4.2, :, () () () :, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),,, 1-33 U ab, U ab = US R 1 - IS 1 + 1 = R 1 R 3 R 3 R 1 + R 3 U S - R 1 R 3 I R 1 + R S = U ab + U ab 3 U ab = R 3 U R 1 + R S, U ab = - 3 R 1 R 3 R 1 + R 3 I S U S I S, U ab 1-15 1-34 (a), U S = 9 V, I S = 6 A, R 1 = 6, R 2 = 4, R 3 = 3 1-34 1-15 :, () 1-34 ( b ) (c),, ( U S = 0), ( I S = 0 ) () ( b)i S 19
(c)us I 1 = I 2 = I S = 6 A R 3 R 1 + R 3 I S = 3 6 + 3 6 A = 2 A I 3 = I S - I 1 = ( 6-2 ) A = 4 A I 2 = 0 U S I 1 = I 3 = = 9 R 1 + R 2 6 + 3 A = 1 A ( ) ( ),,, ( ) I 3 I 1 I 2 = I 1 + I 1 = ( 2 + 1 ) A = 3 A = I 2 + I 2 = ( 6 + 0 ) A = 6 A = - I 3 + I 3 = ( - 4 + 1) A = - 3 A,,,,,,,, 1.4.3,,,,,,, 1-35, 1-35 20
; 1. : ( 1-36 ( a) ) R 0 U O ( 1-36 ( b ) ), U O ( 1-36 (c) ), R 0 ( 1-36 ( d) ), ( U S = 0), ( I S = 0 ) 1-36 1-36( b)u O R 0 1-36, 1-16 1-37( a) I : U O (a)a b, ( b) U O ( b) c, U O = U ab = U a - U b = R 0 R 2 R 1 + R 2 U S - R 3 I S = 6 18-22 V = 8 V 3 + 6 ( b)u S I S, (c) R 0,, a b R 0 = ( R 1 R 2 ) + R 3 = 36 3 + 6 + 2 = 4 21
I ( d), a b, I = U O R 0 + R = 8 4 + 4 A = 1 A 1-37 1-16,,, : ( U O ) ( R 0 ),,,,,,, U O R 0 : (1 ) 1-38 1-38 (a) U O, 1-38 ( b) I S, R0 R 0 = U O I S ( 1-27) (2 ), U O, RL, 1-38(c)RL 22 R 0 = U O - U U R L = U, U O U - 1 R L ( 1-28)
1-38 U O R 0 1-17 U O = 0.5 V, R L = 6 k, U = 0.3 V, : R 0 = 4 k 2. U O U - 1 R L = 0.5 0.3-1 6 k= 4 k : ( 1-39 ( a) ), I S R 0 ( 1-39 ( b) ) I S ( 1-39( c) ), R 0 ( 1-39 ( d) ),, 1-39 1-39 I S R 0,,, 23
1.5,,,,, 1.5.1,, 1-40 1-40 (),, (),, ( I 1 = 0 ) ; ( U 1 = 0),, ( R 0 ( R 0 U 1 =, ) = 0, ) 1. ( VCVS), 1-40 ( a), U 2 = U 1, 2. ( CCVS ), 1-40 ( b ), U 2 = ri 1, r, (), I 1 3. ( VCCS ), 1-40 ( c), I 2 = gu 1, g, ( S ), U 1, I 1 4. ( CCCS ), 1-40 ( d ), I 2 = I 1, 24, rg,
1.5.2,,,,,, 1-18 1-41, R 1 = 6, R 2 = 40, R 3 = 4, U S = 6 V, I 1 : 1-41,,,, a KCL, I 1 = I 2 + I 3 KVL R 1 I 1 + R 2 I 2 = U S I 1 I 3 = 0.9 I 1, I 1 = 0.6 A 1-19 1-42 U 2 : U 2 = 8 2 + 1 6 U 2 1 2 + 1 3 U 2 = 6 V 1-41 1-18 1-42 1-19 1-20 1-43( a) I 1 : ( a) ( b) ( c) 2 I 1, 12 V, KVL (1 + 3) I 1 + 2 I 1 = 12 V I 1 = 2 A 6 A, KVL 2 I 1 + 3 ( I 1-6) + 1 I 1 = 0 I 1 = 3 A I 1 = I 1 - I 1 = ( 2-3 ) A = - 1 A 25
1-43 1-20,,,, 1-43 (c) 1-21, 1-41 I 2 : UO 1-44( a) I 1 = 0.9 I 1, I 1 = 0KVL IS 1-44( b) U O = U S = 6 V a KCL R 0 I S I 1 = U S R 1 = 6 6 A = 1 A = I 1-0.9 I 1 = 0.1 I 1 = 0.1 A 1-44 1-21 26
R 0 = U O = 6 = 60 I S 0.1 I 2 1-44(c), I 2 = U O R 0 + R 2 = 6 60 + 40 A = 0.06 A,,,, 1-41, R 1 I 1 1. 1-1 ( 1)? ( 2)? ( 3)?? (4 ), P > 0,?? ( 5),? ( 6) 5 k 0.5W,? ( 7) 100 A, 60 A, 40 A? (8 ) 110 V 8 W, 380 V,?? ( 9) U ab a b? 1-2 1-2, I = - 2 A, 1-2 1-3 ( 1),,? ( 2),,? ( 3),?? (4 ) R 0,? R 0,?,? (5 ),?,? 27
( 6), L?, C? ( 7) i = I m sin t, u ( 8),? 1-4,,? 1-4? 1-5 ( 1)?? ( 2)?? 1-6 1-6 A B A B,? 1-7 1-7 I U AB? 1-4 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-8, U 1 = 10 V, U S1 = 4 V, U S2 = 2 V, R 1 = 4, R 2 = 2, R 3 = 5, U 2? 1-9 1-9 A? 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-10,A U A 1-11 1-11, 15 30 V,, R U B 1-10 1-11 28
1-12 (1),? (2) U O I S, R 0 1-13 1-13, 0.6 A, 6 V;, 6.4 V, U S R 0 R L? 1-14 1-14,R L = 5, I L = 1 A, R L 15, I L =? 1-13 1-14 2. 1-15 1-15 2 I 1-16 1-16 6 I 3 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-16 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-16 1-20 1-20 I 1-18 1-20 1-21 1-21 ( ), 1-22 1-22 R 1 I 29
1-21 1-22 1-23 1-15 2 I 1-24 1-16 I 3 1-25 1-21 1 1-26 1-21 4 1-27 1-27, 1-27 1-28 1-28 1-28 1-29 1-29 I I S 1-30 1-30 I 1-31 1-31 I 1-32 1-32, U S1 = 4 V, R 1 = 3, R 2 = R 3 = 2,I 2 = 0, U S2 =? 1-33 1-33 U 1 U 2 1-34 1-34 I 1-35 1-35 1-36 1-36 1-37 1-37 U 2 30
1-29 1-30 1-31 1-32 1-33 1-34 1-35 1-36 1-37 31
2 RC R L, RC,, RCR L 2.1 1.,,, ( L C),,,,, 0t < u ( t) i( t) 2.,,,, p = d w d t =, i L 1 2 Cu2 C 1 2 Li2 L, u C,, ic,,, = C d uc d t, ul ) 3. = L d il d t, (,,,, RC 32
,,,,,, 2.2 2.2.1, u C i L, t = 0, t = 0 -, t = 0 + t = 0 - t = 0 +,, u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ) i L (0 + ) = i L (0 - ) (2-1), t = 0 + u C i L u C (0 - )i L ( 0 - ) (i C u L u R i R ) (, ) u C ( 0 + ) i L (0 + ), : 1. 0 + 0 +,, uc ( 0 + )uc ( 0 + ) = 0, 0 +,, i L ( 0 + ) i L ( 0 + ) = 0, 2., 0 + 2-1 2-1( a) S, S : t = 0 -, 2-1 ( b) t = 0 -,,,, t = 0 + i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 1 2 I S = 5 ma u C ( 0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = i L ( 0 - ) R 3 = 52 V = 10 V, 2-1( c) i R (0 + ) = 0, u R 1 ( 0 + ) = 0 i C ( 0 + ) = - u C ( 0 + ) R2 = - 10 1 ma = - 10 ma i S ( 0 + ) = I S - i R - i C - i L = [ 10-0 - ( - 10 ) - 5 ] ma = 15 ma 33
2-1 2-1 u L (0 + ) = - i L (0 + ) R 3 = - 52 V = - 10 V, t = 0 +, t = 0 - i L u C,, t = 0 -,, t = 0 + 2-2 2-2( a) S 2-2 2-2 : t = 0 -, 2-2 (a)s u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ) = 0, i L (0 + ) = i L (0 - ) = 0 2-2 ( b)t = 0 +,,,, i R (0 + ) = i C (0 + ) = 34 U S R 1 + R 2 = 12 2 + 4 A = 2A
u L (0 + ) = R 2 i C ( 0 + ) = 42 V = 8 V 2.2.2,, (),, 2-3 2-3( a), 2-3 2-3 : 2-3( b) t,,,, i C () = 0 u L ( ) = 0 i R () = i L () = u C () = R 3 U S R 1 + R 3 = 12 2 + 4 A = 2 A i L () = 42 V = 8 V 2.3 RC 2.3.1 2-4 RC t = 0 S, Ri + uc = US i = C d u C d t, RC d uc d t + uc = US, 2-4 RC, u C u C, u C ( t) = u C + u C u C,, 35
,, u C u C = u C ( t) t = u C () RC d u C d t + u C = 0 Ae pt, A, p, p = - RCp + 1 = 0 1 RC = - 1 = RC,, RC u C = Ae - t u C,, u C,, u C ( t) = u C () + Ae - A S t = 0 + )u C (0 + ), t = 0 + u C (0 + ) = u C () + A A = uc (0 + ) - uc () t (2-2), ( A (2-2), RC, u C u C ( t) = u C ( ) + [ u C ( 0 + ) - u C () ]e - t (2-3),, ( 2-3 ),, f ( t), f( t) = f( ) + [ f (0 + ) - f () ]e - t (2-4), RC, : 1. u C ( 0 + ) = u C (0 - ), u C ( 0 - ), u C (0 - ) u C ( 0 - ), 0 + 2. u C (), 3. = RC, R R (), C ( F ), ( s), RC 36
,,,, t,, t 3 5 : u C ( ) = u C () + [ u C ( 0 + ) - u C () ]e - 1 = u C () - 0.368[ u C ( ) - u C (0 + ) ] uc ( 3 ) = uc () - 0.05 [ uc () - uc ( 0 + ) ] u C ( 5 ) = u C () - 0.007[ u C () - u C (0 + ) ] (2-5) u C ( 0 + ) = 0,, t = ( 35), u C 5 % 0.7%, ( 35 ), 2-5 uc ( ) = U S, u C (0 + ) = 0, u C ( t),, C,, R,, 2-5 u ( t), RC R C R C, RC 2.3.2 RC RC, ( ),, ( ),,, 1. RC 2-6( a), t = 0 S U S, C u, 2-6 ( b)c, u C ( 0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = 0,, i( ) = 0, uc () = US = RC, U S u C ( t) = u C ( ) ( 1 - e - t ) = U S (1 - e - t R C ) (2-6),,, U S, i u C, u R i i( t) = C d u C d t u R ( t) = R i = U S e - = u C () R t RC e - t RC = U S R e - t R C (2-7), S C, U S, U S R, 37
u C i u R 2-6 ( c),,, 2-6 RC 2. RC 2-7 (a) t < 0,, u C ( 0 - ) = U S t = 0 S RC, C R, u C ( ) = 0 u C i u R u C ( t) = u C (0 + )e - t = U S e - 1 RC i( t) = C d u C d t = - u C ( 0 + ) R u R ( t) = Ri = - U S e - t R C e - t = - 2-7 ( b) U S R e - t RC (2-8) 2-7 RC 3. RC 2-8 (a) RC, u C (0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = - U S1, u C () = U S2,= RC, u C ( t) = U S2 + ( - U S1 - U S2 )e - t RC = U S2 - ( U S1 + U S2 )e - t RC u C ( t) = - U S1 e - t R C + U S2 ( 1 - e - t RC ) (2-9),, 38
2-8 RC, i u R u C 2-8( b) 2-4 2-9( a), t = 0 S,, : u C ( t) u C ( 0 + )2-9 ( b) u C (0 + ) = u C ( 0 - ) = U S = 12 V u C ( )2-9(c) u C () = R 2 R 1 + R 2 U S = 6 3 + 6 12 V = 8 V R, 2-9 ( d) R = R 1 R 2 + R 3 = 36 + 2 k= 4 k 3 + 6 = RC = 410 3 510-6 s = 210-2 s 2-9 2-4 39
uc ( t) = uc () + [ uc (0 + ) - uc () ]e - t = ( 8 + 4e - 50 t ) V i C ( t) i C ( t), i C ( t) = C d u C d t i1 ( t) i2 ( t) i C ( t) = C d u C d t = u C () - u C ( 0 + ) e - R t = 8-12 i 1 ( t) i 2 ( t), i C ( t)u C ( t) i 2 ( t) = i C R 3 R 2 + u C i 1 ( t) = i 2 + i C = = - e - 50 t 4 3 + 1 3 e - 50 t 2 + 8 + 4e - 50 t 6 4 ma = - e - 5 0 t ma = uc ( t) ic ( t) i1 ( t)i2 ( t) 2-10 e - 50 t = - e - 5 0 t ma 4 3 + 1 3 e - 5 0 t 4 3-2 3 e - 50 t ma ma 2-10 2-4 2-5 2-11 (a), S 3, t = 0, 1,, 2 u C ( t),, S 2 0 V ( EWB ) : S 1 u C1 u C1 (0 + ) = u C1 (0 - ) = 0 u C1 () = U S1 = 10 V 1 = ( R 1 + R 3 ) C = (0.5 + 0.5) 10 3 0.110-6 s = 0.1 ms u C1 ( t) = u C1 () + [ u C1 ( 0 + ) - u C 1 () ]e - t 1 = 10( 1 - e - t 0.1 ) V( t ms ) 1, S 2, u C 2 u C2 ( 1 + ) = u C2 ( 1 - ) = 10( 1 - e - 1 ) = 6.32 V u C2 () = - 5 V 2 = ( R 2 + R 3 ) C = (1 + 0.5) 10 3 0.110-6 s = 0.15 ms u C2 ( t) = u C 2 () + [ u C2 ( 1 + ) - u C 2 () ]e -, 0t < 40 t - 1 2 = ( - 5 + 11.32e - t - 0.1 0.15 ) V
U C ( t) = 0 V, 10( 1 - e - t 0.1 ) V ( 0t < 0.1 ms) ( - 5 + 11.32e - t = 0.1-0.15 ln u C ( t)2-11 (b ) t - 0.1 0.15-5 + 11.32e - t - 0.1 0.15 = 0 5 11.32 ) V ( t0.1 ms) ms = 0.22 ms 2-11 2-5 u C 2.4 RC ( ) 2.4.1 RC 2-12( a) u i 50% t W T, t W ( ), T u i 2-12 ( b ) 0t < t W RC, t W, u o 2-12( b) u o = Ue - t 0t < t W U,,,, U, T > tt W, u i,, U, u o = - Ue - t - t W T > tt W t W,, u o 2-12 RC - U, 2-12 ( b) 41
t W, u i = u C + u o u C u o = Ri = RC d u C d t RC d u i d t ( 2-10), u o u i,,,, (),,, RC : t W ; u o, t W RC t W,,, C,, 2.4.2 RC 2-13(a), t W, RC, u o, 2-13 ( b) t t W, ( t W ), u C = u o u C, ( t = t W u C )u C = T 2 ), u o (, t W,, uo, u o = u C u R u i = u R + u o u R = Ri i = ur R ui R u o = u C = 1 C id t1 RC u i d t ( 2-11) 2-13 RC, uo ui RC,, RC : t W ; u o, 42
2.5 RL R L RC 2-14( a)r L t = 0 S, S i R + i L = I S i R = u L R, u L i L L d i L R d t = L d i L d t + i L = I S R L il ( t) = il ( ) + [ il (0 + ) - il () ]e - t ( 2-12) i L (), ; i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ), i L (0 - ), i L ( 0 - ) ; = L R, R, ( ) R (), L (H), ( s), R L f ( t), f( t) = f( ) + [ f (0 + ) - f () ]e - t 2-14 (a),, i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 0; S,,, i L () = I S ; = L ( ) R i L ( t) = I S (1 - e - R L t ) u L ( t) = L d i L d t = RI S e - R ( 2-13) L t 2-14 R L i L u L 43
i L u L 2-14 ( b ) S, L, L RI S, u L = 0 2-6 2-15 (a),, t = 0, S t0 i L i 1 i 2, ) : i L : : : i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = U S1 R 1 = 12 6 A = 2 A i L () = U S1 R 1 = + U S2 R 2 = 12 6 + 9 3 L R 1 R 2 = 1 2 s A = 5 A i L ( t) = i L ( ) + [ i L ( 0 + ) - i L () ]e - = (5-3e - 2 t ) A t i 1 i 2 u L ( u L ( t) = L d i L d t = [ i L () - i L (0 + ) ] Re - t = (5-2)2e - 2 t V = 6e - 2 t V i 1 ( t) = U S1 i 2 ( t) = U S2 R 1 - u L - u L i L i 1 i 2 2-15 ( b) R 2 = 12-6e - 2 t 6 = 9-6e - 2 t 3 2-15 2-6 A = ( 2 - e - 2 t ) A A = (3-2e - 2 t ) A 2-7 2-16, US = 10 V, L = 1 mh, R = 10, R V = 1.5 k, t = 0 S, S : R L i( 0 - ) = U S R = 10 10 A = 1 A i L ( 0 + ) = i L ( 0 - ) = 1 A, 44 u ab (0 + ) = - R V i( 0 + ) = - 11.510 3 V = - 1.510 3 V = - 1.5 kv 2-16 2-7
= L R + R V = 10-3 ( 10 + 1.510 3 ) s = 0.6610-6,, 1 500 V, (),,,,,, s 2.6,,,,, ( ),,, 2.6.1 f ( t), t > 0,t < 0 f ( t) = 0,s =+ j,f( t) F( s) = L [ f ( t) ] = f( t)e - st d t (2-14) 0 f( t), F( s) f( t) ( f( t) ),,,,,, f( t) = L - 1 [ F( s) ] (2-15), 2-1,,,,F( s)2-1 F( s), 2-1 f ( t) F( s) f( t) F( s) A A s ( 1 - t)e - t s ( s + ) 2 t 1 1 - s 2 (e t - e - t ) - 1 ( s + ) ( s + ) e t 1 s 1 - ( e - t - e - t ) s ( s + ) ( s + ) te - t 1 ( s + ) 2 sin( t + ) ssin + cos s 2 + 2 t n n! cos (t + ) scos - sin s n + 1 s 2 + 2 45
f ( t) F( s) f( t) F( s) 1 ( 1 - e - t ) 1 s( s + ) e - t sin t ( s + ) 2 + 2 sin t cos t e - t cos t s 2 + 2 s 1 s 2 + 2 e - t sin t s + ( s + ) 2 + 2 1 ( s + ) 2 + 2 2.6.2,,,, 1., 2-17( a) u ( t) = R i( t),, U ( s) = RI( s) (2-16) 2-17( b) 2-17, 2-18( a) u( t) = L d i( t) d t,, U ( s) = sl I( s) - Li(0 ) (2-17) 2-18( b)i(0 ), sl, Li(0 ), 2-18, 2-19( a) u ( t) = C 1 i( t) d t + u (0 ),, 0 U( s) = 1 u(0 ) I( s) + sc s 2-19( b)u(0 ), 46 (2-18) 1 u(0 ), sc s
2-19, 2., 3. RLC I( s) = 0 U( s) = 0 2-20 (a) RLC 2-20( b), U ( s) = 0, - U ( s) + RI( s) + sli( s) - Li L (0) + 1 sc I ( s) + u C ( 0) s R + sl + 1 sc I ( s) = U ( s) + Li L (0 ) - Z( s) I( s) = U ( s) + Li L ( 0) - u C (0 ) s u C (0) s = 0 (2-19) 2-20 RLC Z ( s) = R + sl + 1 sc RLC,, i L (0) = 0, u C (0) = 0, Z( s) I( s) = U ( s) (2-20) 2-8 2-14 R L,t = 0 S,i L : 2-21, i L (0 ) = 0, I L ( s) I L ( s) = R sl + R I S ( s) =, R L s + R L I S s = s R L I S s + R L i L ( t) = R L I S L R 1 - e - R L t = I S 1 - e - R L t, (2-13) 2-21 2-8 47
2-9 2-22(a) C RL, u C (0) 2-22 2-9 : 2-22 (b),, Li L (0 ) = 0 I( s) u C (0 ) u C (0) s L I( s) = R + sl + 1 = s 2 + R sc L s + 1 LC = u C (0) L 1 ( s - p 1 ) ( s - p 2 ) = u C (0 ) L ( p 1 - p 2 ) 1 s - p 1-1 s - p 2 p 1 p 2 s 2 + R L s + 1 LC = 0, p 1 = - R 2 L + R 2 L 2-1 LC = - + 2-2 0 = R 2 L, 0 = 1 LC p 2 = - R 2 L - R 2 L i( t) = 2-1 LC = - - u C (0) L ( p 1 - p 2 ) (ep 1 t - e p 2 t ) 2-2 0, 1. > 0 : R > 2 LC p 1 p 2, ( p 1 - p 2 ) = 2 2-2 0,, e p 1 t,,e p 2 t p 1 < p 2, e p 1 t, e p 2 t,, 2-23 :,,,,, t m = ln( p 2p 1 ) p 1 - p 2 2. < 0 : R < 2 LC, p 1 p 2, p 1 = - + p 2 = - - 2-2 0 = - + j n 2-2 0 = - - j n, n = 48 2 0-2, p 1 - p 2 = 2j n,
i( t) = u C (0 ) [e ( - + j) t n L2j n - e ( - - j n ) t ] = u C (0 ) n L e - t sin n t,, n ;,,,, 2-24 :,, 2-23 2-24 3. = 0 : R = 2 LC, p 1 = p 2 =,, n = 0, i( t) = u C ( 0) n L e - t sin n t 0 n = u C (0) te - t sin n t L n t n t0 = u C ( 0) L,,,, te - t 2-23, 0,R2 LC,, = 0,R = 0, n = 0, i( t) = u C ( 0) sin 0 t 0 L,,,, 0, :,,,,,, = 0, R = 0, R = 0,, R0,, R,,, R,, ;R, 1. 2-1 (1 ),,? ( L C),,? (2 )?? 49
2-2 ( 1)??? ( 2)??? ( 3) u C (0 + ) i L (0 + ), 0 +,? 2-3 ( 1)?? ( 2)? ( 3),,,?,,?? ( 4)?,? (5) RC,,? ( 6) 100 F, R1 000,, ; ; ; ( ) 2-4, RC, RC, 2-5 ( 1) R L,,? ( 2) 2-5(a), R = 2, R V = 2.5 k, U S = 4 V S ( 3) 2-5( b), R L,D,? 2-5 2. 2-6 2-6 (a) ( b), 2-7 2-7, 2-8 2-8 S ; 50? S
2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-9, E = 20 V, R = 5 k, C = 100 F, : (1 ) ; ( 2) S i u C u R, ; ( 3) 2-10 2-10, E = 40 V, R 1 = R 2 = 2 k, C 1 = C 2 = 10 F, S u C ( t) 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-11, t = 0 S, S u C ( t) 2-12 2-12, t = 0 S, S u C ( t) 2-11 2-12 51
2-13 2-13, R 1 = 3 k, R 2 = 6 k, I S = 3 ma, C = 5 F,t = 0 S, S u C ( t) 2-14 2-14, U S = 20 V, C = 4 F, R = 50 kt = 0 S 1, t = 0.1 s S 2,S 2 u R ( t) 2-13 2-14 2-15 EDA,2-15 RC 2-16 EDA,2-16 RC 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-17,t = 0 S, S i L ( t) u L ( t) 2-18 2-18, t = 0 S, S, ( L = 2 H, C = 0.125 F ) 2-17 2-18 2-19, (1) sin( t + ) ( 2) (1 - t)e - t (3 ) 2 te - t (4 ) 3e 2 t + 4e 3 t 2-20, (1) 6 s + 5 ( 2) s + 3 s 2 + 2 s + 1 (3 ) 5 s s 2 + 4 2-21 2-18 (4 ) 1 s 2 ( s + 1 ) 2-22 2-22(a), R = 100, L = 1 H, C = 4 F, i(0 ) = 0, u C (0 ) = 10 V, i, 52
3 (), ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3.1 3.1.1 1.,, e = E m sin( t + e ) u = U m sin(t + u ) i = I m sin(t + i ) u, 3-1 0t 1 ), t 1 t 2 (3-1) (, u,,, 2. ( 3-1 ), E m U m I m ; ; e u i,,, (1 ),, 3-1 53
m, E m I m U m,, eu i : i R T I R T, I RI 2 T = T Ri 2 d t 0 I = (3-1) (3-2) 1 T T 0 i 2 d t (3-2) I = I m 2 U = U m 2 (3-3) E = Em 2, 2, 220 V, 311V (2 ) f ( T ), ( Hz), ( s) 50 Hz 60 Hz,,,,, t ( 3-2 ), t = 2 = 2 = 2f (3-4) T ( rad s ), (, ) (3 ) (t + ), 3-2 t = 0, u 0 = U m sin u,, 3-2, u = 0,, 54
,,, u = U m sin(t + u ) i = I m sin(t + i ), = ( t + u ) - (t + i ) = u - i (3-5) = u - i > 0( 180 ) u > i, u i, u, i, 3-3( a) () = u - i = 0 u = i,,,,,, 3-3 ( b) = u - i =, 3-3 (c) 3-3,,,, ;,,, 3.1.2,, () 1., u = U m sin ( t + u ) 3-4(a) 55
U m,, t + u,, U m 3-4,, ( ),,,, u1 = U m1 sin(t + 1 ) u2 = Um2 sin (t + 2 ) 3-5 (a), U 1 U 1 U 2 = U m1 2 U 2 = U m2 2 u = u 1 + u 2, 3-5 3-5 ( b), U = U 1 + U 2 (3-6),, 2, t, : 2. 56 u = 2 Usin ( t + ),
,, 3-4 (a), U m = U m e j( t + u ) j( U m e t + u ) : = U m cos(t + u ) + j U m sin(t + u ) (3-7) j( u = U m sin ( t + u ) = Im[ U m e t + u ) ] (3-8), t, U = Ue j u = U u I = Ie j i = I i E = Ee j e (3-9) = E e,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 2 t 3-1 i1 = 8 2sin(t + 60 ) A, i2 = 6 2 sin(t - 30 ) A, : i = i1 + i2 :, I = I 1 + I 2 = 8 1 2 + j 3 2 : i = 10 I 1 = 8 60 = 8cos 60+ j8sin 60= 8 1 2 + j 3 2 I 2 = 6-30 = 6 [cos( - 30 ) + jsin( - 30 ) ] = 6 + 6 2 sin(t + 23.1 ) A 3 2 - j 1 2 3-6 I = I 2 1 + I 2 2 = 10 A = arctan Im( I) 3.928 = arctan = 23.1 Re( I ) 9.196 I = 10 23.1 A i = 10 2sin(t + 23.1 ) A 3 2 - j 1 2 = (9.196 + j3.928 ) A = 10 23.1 A, ( ),, 3-6 3-1 57
3.2 3.2.1 R L C,,,, 1. 3-7 i = I m sin t u = ir = I m Rsin t = U m sin t ( 3-10),, 3-8 3-7 3-8 (3-10 ) U m = I m R U = IR : p = ui = U m I m sin 2 t U = IR ( 3-11) 3-8,,,, ( W )( kw) P = 1 T T pd t = 1 0 T T 0 P = UI = RI 2 = U2 R 2 UIsin 2 td t = UI, 2. 58 3-9, i = I m sin t ( 3-12) u = L d i d t = L I m cos t = U m sin(t + 90 ) ( 3-13)
, 90, 3-10 3-9 3-10 (3-13 ), U m = L I m L = U m I m = U I = X L, (), : U = I( j XL ) ( 3-14) j X L X L = U = U 90 I I 0 = U I 90, j 90, 90 = L = 2f L, f 3-11,,,, ( f = 0 ),,, p = ui = U m I m sin tcos t = UIsin2t, 2, 3-10 p > 0, p < 0,,, Q L P = 1 T T pd t = 0 0 3-11,,, QL = UI = XL I 2 = U2 X L ( 3-15), ( var)( kvar) 3. 3-12, C u = U m sin t 59
: i = C d u d t = CU m cos t = I m sin(t + 90 ) (3-16 ), 90, 3-13 (3-16 )I m 1 C = U m I m - j X C = CU m 3-12 = U I = X C, (), U = I ( - j X C ) ( 3-17) = U = U I I - 90, X C = 1 C = 1 f 3-14 2fC,,,,,, 3-13 3-14 p = ui = U m 2, 3-13 I m sin tcos t = UIsin2t, p > 0, p < 0,, P = 1 T T pd t = 0 0 -, ( var )( kvar) Q C = UI = X C I 2 = U2 X C = CU 2 ( 3-18) 3-2 LC 220 V, L = 2 HC = 4.75 F : ; I L I C I; ; Q L Q C 60 : X L = 2f L = 2 502 = 628
X C = 1 2fC = 1 2 4.7510-6 = 670 I L = U X L = 0.350 A I C = U X C = 0.328 A I C U, 3-15 I L I C, I = I L - = 0.022 A 3-15 3-2, L, C ( ), L, C, : Q L = X L I 2 L = UI L = 77 var Q C = I 2 C X C = UI C = 72.25 var Q = Q L - Q C = 4.75 var, L C, L C 3.2.2 1. RLC, R LC, 3-16 KVL : u = u R + u L + u C : U = U R + U L + U C U = U R + U L + U C = R I + (j X L ) I + ( - j X C ) I = [ R + j( X L - X C ) ] I = Z I ( 3-19) Z = R + j( X L - X C ) X L - X C = X ( )Z : Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 ( 3-20) 3-16 RLC 61
Z = U I = U I = Z ( 3-21) Z, u - i = = arctan X L - X C R U L X L > X C > 0 U I,, X L < X C < 0 U I,, XL = XC = 0 U I,, ( ), 3-17, X L > U C, U I, > X C, ( 3-22) U = U 2 R + ( U L - U C ) 2 ( 3-23),,, P = RI 2 = U R I = UIcos ( 3-24) Q = ( XL - XC ) I 2 = ( U L - UC ) I = UIsin ( 3-25), R, 3-17 L C ( ) S S = UI ( 3-26), ( VA) ( kva) kva, (3-24 ) (3-25 ) (3-26 ) P = Scos Q = Ssin S = P 2 + Q 2 ( 3-27) 3-17 (3-23 ), U R U L - U C U,, (3-23 )I (3-20 ), R X L - X C Z, ( 3-23 ) I (3-27 ),,, 3-18 cos = P S (3-28 ),, 3.2.4, 3-18,,, 62
2. 3-19 Z i = R i + j X i,, ( ),, 3-19, K VL U = U 1 + U 2 = Z 1 I + Z 2 I = ( Z 1 + Z 2 ) I = Z I U = U i ( ) ( 3-29) Z = Z i () ( 3-30) : Z = Ri + jxi = (Ri ) 2 + (Xi ) 2 Z = (R i ) 2 + (X i ) 2 ( 3-31) Xi : U U i = arctan X i R i ( 3-32) Z Z i, 3-19 3-3 3-16 R LC, : u = 220 2 sin( 314 t + 30 ) V, R = 30, L = 254 mh, C = 80 F: ; I i ; ; U R U L U C : X L u R u L u C ; P Q = L = 31425410-3 = 80 X C = 1 C = 1 3148010-6 = 40 Z = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 = 50 U = 220 30 V Z = R + j ( X L - X C ) = (30 + j40) = 50 53.1 I = U Z = 220 30 50 53.1 A = 4.4-23.1 A I = 4.4 A 3-20 3-3 i = 4.4 3-21 2 sin (314 t - 23.1 ) A U R = RI = 132 V U L = X L I = 352 V U C = X C I = 176 V u R = 132 2sin(314 t - 23.1 ) V u L = 352 2 sin (314 t + 66.9 ) V u C = 176 2 sin (314 t - 113.1 ) V P = RI 2 = 583 W Q = Q L - Q C = V L I - V C I = 774 var 3-21 3-3 63
3-4 3-19, 3-22, Z 1 Z 2 : Z 1 = U 1 = Z 1 1 1 > 0 U 1 I, Z 1 I U U 1 U 2, U 2, U 2 I, Z 2 U I, (, Z1, Z2,, U I ) 3-22 3-4 3.2.3 1. 3-23 KCL: I = I 1 + I 2 = U + U = Z 1 Z 2 1 + 1 U = 1 Z 1 Z 2 Z U : I I i 1 Z 1 Z i 2. I = I i () ( 3-33) 1 Z = 1 Z i () ( 3-34), RL RC, 3-24, ; ( ),, 3-23 3-24 3-5 3-25 I 1 = 10 A, I 2 = 10 2 A, U = 200 V, R 1 = 5, R 2 = X L, I X C X L R 2 : U1 U2, R2 = XL, I2 U2 45, U 2 64
, 3-26 3-25 3-5 3-26 3-5 I = 10 A, U2, U 1 = RI = 50 V U 2, U 2 = U - U 1 = 150 V () : X C = U 2 I 1 = 15 C R 2 2 + x 2 L = 2 R 2 = U 2 = 15 = 7.5 2 I 2 2 R 2 = X L = 7.5 3-6 3-27, U = 100 V, f = 50 Hz I 1 = I 2 = I 3, P = 866 W, RL : I1 = I2 = I3, I 1 = I2 + I 3, I1, I2, I3, I3 U90 U, 3-28 U R I 2, U L I 2 90 3-27 3-6 3-28 3-6 U R = Ucos 30= 86.6 V R = U2 R P = 8.66 I 2 = I 3 = P R = 10 A 65
x C = U I 3 = 10 x L = U I2 2 - R 2 = 5 L = X L = X L 2f = 0.016 H C = 1 X C = 1 2f X C = 3.8 F 3-7 3-24, R 1 = 6 R 2 = 8 X L = 8 X C = 6, U = 220 0 V : I 1 I 2 I; PQS cos : I 1 = I 2 = U = 220 0 R 1 + j x L 10 53.1 A = 22-53.1 A U = R 2 - j x C 220 0 10-36.9 A = 22 36.9 A I = I1 + I2 = (22-53.1 + 22 36.9 ) A = 22 (1.4 - j0.2) A = 22 2-8.1 A P = R 1 I 2 1 + R 2 I 2 2 = 6.776 kw Q = X L I 2 1 - X C I 2 2 = 0.968 kvar S = UI = 6.844 kva cos = P S = 0.99 3.2.4 1. cos = P S, cos,, cos = 0.5( ), 50%,, P = ri 2 = r 2. 2 P r cos, Vcos,, ;,, 3-29 ( a) ( b), 1, C I U C,,, ( b), ( U ) I 1 cos 1 = Icos ( U ), C, P, 66
3-29 Q, C, I C, I, C I C, I U,,, ( I U ), 0.9,,, 3-29 ( b ) IC = I1 sin 1 - Isin = = P U (tan 1 - tan ) P sin 1 - Ucos 1 P sin Ucos I C = U X C = CU C = P ( tan U 2 1 - tan ) ( 3-35) cos 1 cos 3-8 1 000 220 V 40 W,, 8 W cos = 0.5, cos = 0.95, 0.1 W,?? : cos = 0.5 I = cos = 0.95 I = I - I= 245.0 A S = UI - UI= UI54 kva P ( 40 + 8) 1 000 = Ucos 2200.5 A = 436.4 A P 401 000 I= = A = 191.4 A ( ) Ucos 2200.95 67
3.2.5,, Z3 3-9 3-30, U 1 = 230 0 V U 2 = 227 0 V Z 1 = Z 2 = 0.1 + j0.5, = (5 + j5) I3 3-30 3-9 :,,,,, U ab = U 1 + U 2 Z 1 Z 2 1 + 1 + 1 = Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 U 1 + U 2 Z 1 2 + 1 = Z 1 Z 3 Z 3 ( U 2 Z 3 + Z 1 + U 2 ) 1 I 3 = U ab = U 1 + U 2 = 31.3-46.1 A Z 3 2 Z 3 + Z 1 3-10 3-31, U S = 2 0 V, I s = 2 90 ma, = 1 000 rad s, R 1 = R 2 = 1 k, L = 1 H, C = 1 F, U C 3-31 3-10 68 : (, ) C U ab 3-32 (a) U ab = - U S + R 2 I s
= ( - 2 0 + = 2 135 V 3-32( b) Z 0 = R 2 = 1 k 3-35(c) 2 90 1) V U C = Z 0 - j X C U ab - j X C X C = 1 C = 1 k U C = - j 1 - j 2 135 V = 2 90 V 3-32 3-10 3.3,,,,,, 3-33, H (j) U 2 U 1 H(j) = 3.3.1 RC 1. 3-34 RC, U 2 U1 ( 3-36) 69
3-33 3-34 RC H(j) = U 2 = U 1 A() = = R = 1 R - j C jrc 1 + jrc RC 1 + (RC) arctan 1 2 RC = A () () () = arctan RC 1 + (RC) 2 ( 3-37) 1 RC 3-35,,, A() = 1 ( ) = 0 = U 2 1, A() = 0.707 () = RC 4 = 0.707 U 1,, f L = 1 2RC (3-39 ), 2., ) 3-36 ( 3. f H = 1 2RC ( 3-40), f f = f H - f L, 3-37 (a), ( b) 70 ( 3-38) 3-35 3-36 RC
Z 1 = R - j H(j) = = U 2 = U 1 Z 2 Z 1 + Z 2 = 1 3 + j RC - 3-37 1 C = 1 + jrc jc 1 RC 1 + jrc jc = R 1 + jrc A( ) = + Z 2 = R 1 + jrc 1 3 2 + RC - 1 RC 1 3 2 + RC - 1 R - j C 1 R - j C 2 = R 1 + jrc arctan 1 - (RC)2 3RC 1 RC ( 3-41) 2 ( 3-42) () = arctan 1 - (RC)2 3RC 3-38, ( 3-40 ) ( 3-41 ) ( 3-43), = 0 = 1 RC A () = 1 3 (3-44 ) () = 0 U 2 U 1 (3-45 ) f = f 0 = A ( ) = 1 3 2 + RC - 1 2RC 1 RC 2 = 1 3 2 (3-46 ) 3-38 71
f L = 0.303 f 0 f H = 3.303 f 0 f = f H - f L = 3 f 0 ( 3-47) f f 0 =,, RC f = 1 2RC ( ) 3.3.2 LC,, cos = 1, 1. LC 3-39, X L Z = R, U I, cos= 1, = X C, f 0 X L = X C 2f 0 L = : f 0 = 1 2f 0 1 2 LC C (3-48 ), LC (3-46 )( 3-46) (1 ) 3-39 RLC Z 0 = R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 = R,, I0 = 3-40 ( X L, X C U = U, R 2 + ( X L - X C ) 2 R ) U L = - U C, 3-41 3-40 3-41 72
X L = X C R, U L = U C U,, U L U C U, Q, (2 ) Q = U L U = U C U = 0 L R = 1 0 RC ( 3-49), R, I 0 = U, If R, 3-42,, (,?),,, 0.707 I 0 ) : f H f L f ( f = f H - f L = f 0 Q ( 3-50) (3-48 )Q, Q Q, ( ), 3-43, L 2, f = f 0 2. C, C C,, LC, 3-44 3-42 3-43 3-44 (1 ) KCL: I = I 1 + I 2 = U R + jl + U 1 - j C = U R 2 R - j + 2 L 2 R 2 L + 2 L 2 - C 73
, I U,, R 2 L - C = 0 ( 3-51) + 2 L 2 0 = 1 LC - R 2 f L 2 0 = 1 1 2LC - R 2 ( 3-52) L 2, R, R 0 L, R2, L 2 0 1 LC f 0 1 2 LC () (2 ) Z 0 = R2 + 2 L 2 R ( 3-53) (3-51 ) R 2 + 2 L 2 = L C : Z 0 = L RC 3-45, U = Z 0 3-45 3-46, I 1 I 1 - I 2,, ( 3-54) I, I 1 = - I 2, R 0 L, 3-45 3-46 ( ), ( ), ( R 0 L ) Q = I 2 I = I 1 I I 1 I 0 L R 1 0 RC, R, Q, 74 ( 3-55)
3.4,,,,,,,, 3.4.1,,, T f ( t),, A 0 f ( t) = A 0 + A km sin( kt + k ) ( 3-56) k = 1, A 1 m sin(t + 1 ) = 2 T, ( ),,, A km,, A 0 A km k,, (3-56 ) B km C km = A km cos k = A km sin k f ( t) = A 0 + ( B km sin kt + C km cos kt) ( 3-57) k = 1 A km = B 2 km + C 2 km k = arctan C km B km A 0 B km C km A 0 = 1 T f ( t) d t 0 T B km C km = 2 T T f ( t) sin ktd t 0 = 2 T T f ( t) cos k td t 0 3-11 ( 3-47 ) : u ( t) = U m t( 0, T2) - U m t( T2, T ) 75 ( 3-58)
A 0 Bkm = 1 T T 0 = 2 T T 0 : B 2 m = B 4 m = B 6 m = = 0 T 2 u ( t) d t = 1 T 0 U m d t - T T2 u( t) sin ktd t = 2 T T2 0 = 2 k U m ( - cos k+ 1 ) = 4 k U m B 1 m = 4 U m B 3 m = 4 3 U m B 5m = 4 5 U m C km = 2 T T u( t)cos k 0 td t = 2 T T2 0 U m d t = 0 Um sin ktd t - 2 T T2 ( k ) 0 ( k ) U m cos ktd t - 2 T T 2 Um sin ktd t U m cos ktd t = 0 u( t) = 4 U m sin t + 1 3 sin 3t + 1 5 sin 5t +, 3-48 1 u ( t) = U m 2-1 sin t - 1 2 sin 2t - 1 sin 3t - 3 3-47 3-48 3.4.2,, 76 (1 ), (2 ) I 0 = 1 T T i( t) d t 0 U 0 = 1 T T u ( t) d t 0 (3-59) 3.1 (3-2), i( t)u ( t) ( 3-2 ),
I = I 2 0 + I 2 1 + I 2 2 + U = U 2 0 + U 2 1 + U 2 2 + ( 3-60) I 1 = I 1m (3 ) P = 1 T T pd t = 1 0 T T 0 2, I 2 = I 2m 2, U 1 = U 1 m i( t), P = P 0 + P k = U 0 I 0 + k = 1 k = 1 U m 2, U 2 = U 2 m 2 u ( t ) i ( t) d t, u ( t) U k I k cos k ( 3-61) 3-12 3-49( a), u ( t) = 1 U m 1-2 3 cos 2t - 2 2 cos 4t - cos 6t - 15 35 = 310 V, = 314 rad s3-49( b), L = 5 H, C = 32 F, R = 2 k, u R ( t)u R : U 0 = 2 U m = 197 V U 2 = 4 3 2 U m - 90 V = 132 2-90 V, U 4 = 26 2-90 V 3-49 3-12 U 0 3-49(c), L, C, U R 0 = = 197 V ur 2 U R 2 = = 2.24sin( 2t + 91.5 ) V R 1 j2c j2l + R 1 U 2 = 2.24 2 j2c 91.5 V 77
U R 4 = R 1 j4c j4l + R 1 U 4 = 0.11 2 j4c 90.9V u R 4 = 0.11sin( 4t + 90.9 ) V ur ( t) = ur 0 + ur 2 + ur 4 + = 197 + 2.24sin( 2t + 91.5 ) + 0.11sin( 4t + 90.9 ) + V : U R = U 2 R 0 + U 2 R 2 + U 2 R 4 + = 197 2 + 2.24 2 2 + 0.11 2 2 + V197 V 3.5,,,,, 3.5.1 1., 3-50 U 1 - U 2 V 1 - V 2 W 1 - W 2 ( - ),,, ( ) ( ) () 120 3-50U ( ),, e1 e 2 e 3 = E m sin t = E m sin(t - 120 ) = E m sin(t - 240 ) = E m sin(t + 120 ) ( 3-62) 3-50 78
3-51 : e 1 + e 2 + e 3 = 0 ( 3-63) ( a, b, c ) UV WU, ( 3-50,, UWV), E 1 = E 0 = E E 2 = E - 120 = E - 1 2 - j 3 2 ( 3-64) : 3-52 E 3 = E + 120 = E - 1 2 + j 3 2 E1 + E2 + E3 = 0 ( 3-65) 3-51 3-52 2. ( ) :, U 2 V 2 W 2 : ; ;, U 1 V 1 W 1 N, 3-53 ( ), ; L 1 L 2 L 3,, U1 U2 U3,, Up ; U 12 U 23 U 31,, U l 3-53 79
, U 1 2 = U 1 - U 2 U 2 3 = U 2 - U 3 U3 1 = U3 - U1 ( 3-66),, 3-54 3-53 3-54,, 30, U l = 3 U p ( 3-67), 220 V, 380 V ; 220 V, 127 V 3.5.2 (Y),,, Y 3-55, Z 1 Z 2 Z 3,,,, 80 KCL, I 1 = U 1 Z 1 I 2 = U 2 Z 2 I 3 = U 3 Z 3 ( 3-68) I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 ( 3-69)
3-55 1. Y,,, ( ) U 1, I1 = U1 Z 1, Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = Z ( 3-70) = U 0 p Z = Up Z (0- ) = Ip (0- ) I 2 = U 2 = U p 120 Z 2 Z = I p ( - 120- ) I 3 = U 3 = U p 120 Z 3 Z = I p (120- ) > 0, 3-56 I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0,, N N, 2. Y,, (3-68 ),, I N = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 0, 3-56, 3-13 3-57, U l = 380 V,, R 1 = 11, R 2 = R 3 = 22 ;, ;, L 1 :,, U p = U l 3 = 220 V, I 1 = U p R 1 = 81
3-57 3-13 20 A, I 2 = I 3 = U p R 2 = 10 A U1, 3-58 (a) I N = I 1-2 I 2 cos60= 10 A 3-58 3-13, N N, 3-58 ( b), U NN, U 1 U 2 U 3 U NN = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 R 1 3-58(c), 82 R 2 R 3 1 + 1 + 1 = R 1 R 2 R 3 220 0 + 220-120 + 220 120 11 22 22 1 11 + 1 22 + 1 22 = ( 110 0+ 55-120+ 55 120 ) V U NN KVL, = 55 0 V U 1 = U 1 - U N N U 2 = U 2 - U NN U 3 = U 3 - U NN, Y U NN,
U 1 = U 1 - U NN = 165 V I 1 U 2 = U 3 = U 2 2 + U 2 NN - 2 U2 UNN cos120= 252 V = U 1 = 15 A, I R 2 = I 3 = U 2 = 11.4 A, 1 R 2,,,,, L 1,, U 1 = 0, 3-59, L 2 L 3, U 2 = U 3 = 380 V,,,, 3-59 3-13 (3 ),, 3.5.3 ( ) 3-60,,,,, U p = U l ( 3-71) I 12 I 23 I 3 1 () I1 I 2 I 3 (), KCL I 1 = I 12 - I 31 I 2 = I 23 - I 12 I 3 = I 31 - I 23 ( 3-72) (, Y, I p = I l ) 1., Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = Z, I p = I 12 = I 2 3 = I 31 = U p Z = U l Z 3-60 ( 3-73), 120 I 1 2, 3-61 ( 3-70 ),,, 30, I l = 3 I p ( 3-74) Y,,, ( 3-67 ) 83
3-61 (3-74 ) 2.,,, ( 3-74),, (3-72 ),??, Y 380 V 220 V, : Y 380 V, 220 V 220 V Z Y 3-14 3-62( a), 380 V, Y = 22-30 ; Z = 38 60, : Y ; ; I 1 I 2 I 3 3-62 3-14 : U 1 = U 2 = U 3 = U l 3 = 220 V 84
I 12 = I 23 = I 3 1 = U l Z = 10 A U 12 = 380 0 V, 3-62( b) (, ) Y 30, I 1Y = U 1 = 220-30 Z Y 22-30 A = 10 A I 12 = U 1 2 = 380 0 Z 38 60 = 10-60 A, I 1 I 12 30, I 1 = 10 3-90 A I 1 = I 2 1 Y + I 2 1= 20 A, I 1 = 20-60 A : 3.5.4 1. P 1, I2 = 20-180 A, I3 = 20 60 A = UIcos = U p I p cos,,, P = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 = U 1 p I 1 p cos 1 + U 2p I 2 p cos 2 + U 3p I 3 p cos 3 ( 3-75) P = 3 P 1 = 3 U p I p cos ( 3-76) U p I p,, Y,, Y,, 3 U p I p = 3 U l I l ( ), ( 3-75) P = 3 U l I l cos ( 3-77), Y, U l Y P Y 2. P (),, P = 3 P Y ( 3-78) Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 ( 3-79) Q = 3 U l I l sin ( 3-80) S = P 2 + Q 2 ( ) 3.5.5 3 U l I l ( 3-81),, 1. (1 ) 85
710 ma, 5 ma, 30 ma, 36 V, 30 ma, 36 V,, (2 ) 3-63, ( a),, ( b),,,,, (c),, 2. 3-63 (1 ),, (2 ) 36 V, 24 V 12 V (3 ),,,, 3-64,,, ( 1 k), R(4 ),,,, 3-65 86 3-64
3-65, ( PE ), (),,, 3-65 ( b),,, 3-65 ( b ),,,, 3-66, I e = R 0 U p + R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 = R 0 = 4, U e = R 0 U p R 0 = U p + R 0 2, U p I e = = U p R 0 + R 0 2 R 0 3-66 220 V, I e = 27.5 A, U e = 110 V, (4 ),,,, ;,,, ; 3. (1 ), ;, ( ),,, 87
(2 ), ; ;,,, I a, I R N I a > I R N I L I L,, 4.,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1. 3-1 u = 220 2sin( 314 t - 60 ) V, 3-2? 3-3? U = 220 45 V,j U 3-4 i = 10 30 A U = 220sin (t + 60 ) V I = 10e j30 A I = 10sin( 314 t + 45 ) A 3-5 3-2? X L = X C,?? 3-6 RLC 3-7, 88 ( 1) u L = Li i = U X L U I = j X L ( 2) I = - j U L u = L d i p = I2 X d t U = X I L L
I = CU U I = - j X C i C = C d u d t I = jc U u C = i C I U = - jc 3-8 3-43, L 2 C?? Q C = CU 2 3-9 3-44 R, Z 0 I 1 I 2 U 3-10,? 3-11 3-50 U, 3-12,,,,?,? 3-13, Y, U l, P = 3 P Y,,?? 3-14 Y 2. 3-15 ( = 314 rad s) (1) U = 100 0 V I = 2 53 A (2) U = 120-6 V I = 3 3 A (3) U = (60 + j80) V I = (3 - j) A 3-16, U = 100 V, I = 5 A, P = 200 W, f = 50 Hz,? 3-17 3-17, R = 30, C = 25 F,i s = 10sin( 1 000 t - 30 ) A, : (1) U R U C U U R U C U ; (2) ; (3) 3-18 R LC, 10 V,4 A, U R = 8 V, U L = 12 V,= 10 rad s, RC 3-19 3-19, U s = 100 0 V, UL = 50 60 V, Z 3-20 3-20 A 0 V 0 3-17 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-21, 50 Hz, U AC = U CD = U AD = 220 V, I = 1 A, RLC 89
3-22 3-22, U = 220 V, R 1 = 10, X L = 10 3, R 2 = 20, 3-21 3-22 3-23 3-23, I = 18 45 A, U AB 3-24 3-24, Z 1 Z 2, Z L, I,Z 1 Z 2? 3-23 3-24 3-25 3-25, u = 220 2sin314 t V, R - L 40 W, cos 1 = 0.5,, C = 5.1 F,??? 3-26 3-26,, f = 50 Hz, U s = 10 0 V, I s = 0.1 0 A, I L, U L 3-25 3-26 3-27 3-27, I s = 30 30 A, I 3-28 3-28 H (j) 90
3-27 3-28 3-29 2 000 pf 10 0.2 mh, (1), ; (2),, (1) 3-30 3-30, C L 1 = 0.3 mh, C 720 pf, C 1,, C 1 = 20 pf, 3-31 3-31, U m = 10 V, 3-30 3-31 3-32 u( t) = 2 U m 1-2 3 cos 2t - 2 cos 4 15 t - 2 35 cos 6t -, U m = 220 2 V, = 314 rad s, L = 1 H, C = 100 F, R = 1 000 (1 ) R ; (2 ) R 3-33 3-33, U l = 380 V, 10 : (1) ; (2) U = 220 0 V, ; (3) 3-32 3-33 3-34 380 V220 V,,220 V 91
,2 000 W, 0.91 (1) ; (2) 1 2, 3 4,,,? 3-35 3-35, Z = (12 + j16), 32.9 A, 3-35 3-36 3-35, 220 V,17.3 A,4.5 kw, : (1) R X L ; (2) UV P; (3) U,P 3-37, U l = 380 V, P = 11.43 kw,0.87 C = 20 F, ( f = 50 Hz) 3-38 3-38, R, X L X C 3-38 92
4,,,,, 4.1 PN 4.1.1 PN, ( ) () (),, N, P (), ( ),, P N, PN PN : PN, P N, PN, P N, 4-1 (a) ; PN, N P, PN,, (), 4-1( b) 4-1 PN 93
4.1.2 1. PN P, N PN,,, ;,, ;, 4-2 4-2 ( a) 4-2, ( ) 4-2 ( b),,,,, ( ) 4-2( c),,,, 4-2 ( d),,, 2. I = f( U), 4-3 PN,, 4-3, : (1 ), PN,,, ( U T ) 4-3 0.5 V, 0.2 V,,,,,, 0.60.7 V, 0.20.3 V,,, 4-3,,,, 1, 2 mv 94
(2 ),,,,,,,, 0.1 A,,,, 10, (3 ) ( ), 3.,,,,,,, : (1 ) I D M I DM,,, PN (2 ) U R M U RM,, (3 ) I R M I RM U RM, I RM I RM,,, (4 ) f M, PN, f M 4.1.3,,,, 1.,, 0, ;,, 0,, 4-4,,, 95
2., (1 ) : 4-1 4-5 (a) u i > U S,, u o = U m sint, U m 4-4 4-5 4-1 : u i > U S, D, D,, u o = U S u i U S,,, R, 0u o = u i, u o U S, 4-5 ( b),, :, u o u i, u o (2 ), ( ) ( ), 0 1 1, 0,, : 4-2 4-6 D 1 D 2 R V CC A B, F V CC = 5 V, AB 4-1 V A V V B V V F V 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 3 3 3 4-2 A B F 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 4-6 96
( 1)3 V, ( 0) 0 V, D 1 D 2 : AB 0, V A = V B = 0 V, D 1 D 2, F V F = 0 V, F 0 A 0, B 1, V A = 0 V, V B = 3 V, D 1 D 2, D1, V F = 0 V, D2, F 0 A 1, B 0, V A = 3 V, V B = 0 V, D 1 D 2, F 0 AB 1, V A = V B = 3 V, D 1 D 2, F V F = 3 V, F 1, 1, 1, 0, (And),, AB F, : F = AB F = AB F A B : AB 1, F 1; AB 0, F 0, 0 0, 1 1 4-1 4-6, 0 1, ( ) 4-2, 4-7 AB, F AB ( 1) 3 V, ( 0)0 V, D 1 D 2 ( ), AB ( 1) ( 1) AB ( 0), ( 0), ( Or) 4-7 4-3 V A V V B V V F V 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 4-4 A B F 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 +, ABF, : F = A + B 97
F A B : AB 1, F 1;, AB 0, F 0, 1 1,0 0 4-3 4-7 4-4 4.2,,, 4.2.1, 4-8 ( a) ; ( b) (c), PN,,,, U Z ( ), I Z ( ), ab, I Z, U Z,, 4-8,,, PN,,, : 1. U Z U Z,,,, 2CW14 6.07.5 V 2. r Z, 98
, r Z r Z, = U Z I Z (4-1) 3. I Z, IIZ, 4. I Zmax, I > I Zmax 5. P ZM P ZM = U Z I Z max 6. U 1,,, U Z 4 V, 6 V, U Z 46 V,,,, 4-8 ( a), U i R L,,, ( 4.4 ) 4.2.2,, PN,,,,, 4-9 (a), 4-9 ( b) : 1. 1 A 2., 3. (0.9m),, 0.5 AW 4. ( ) 5., 63%, 10-7 s 4-9 99
,, 4.2.3, LED ( Light Emit ting Diode), PN PN,,,,,,, (GaAsP ), ( GaP ), (GaN ), ( SiC), (GaAs) 4-10,, 0.91.1 V, 1.52.5 V, 4-10 515 ma, 10 V 4.3, 4-11, 4-11,,, ( 10% ),, 100
4.3.1,,,, 1. 4-12 (a), ( Tr) u 2 = 2 U 2 sint, D, u 2 u 2, a b, D, u O = u 2, i D = i O = u O R L, a b, D, : i D = i O = 0, u O = R L i O = 0, u D = u 2, u D i D u O i O, 4-12 (b ),, U O = 2 1 2 U 2 sin tdt = 2 0 U 2 = 0.45 U 2 (4-2) I O = 0.45 U 2 R L (4-3), ID = IO (4-4) 4-12 ( b ) u 2, D u 2, 4-12 U DR M = 2 U 2 (4-5) 2. 4-13 (a), Tr, u 1 u 2 = 2 U 2 sin t, R L, D 1 D 4, 4-13 ( b) u 2 (a, b )4-13 (a)r L u O 4-14 i O u O, 101
4-13 U O = 1 2 U 2 sin tdt = 2 2 0 U 2 = 0.9 U 2 (4-6) IO = 0.9 U2 R L (4-7), D 1 D 3 D 2 D 4, I D = 1 2 I O = 0.45 U 2 R L (4-8) 4-13 ( a) u 2, D 2 D 4 D 2 D 4 u 2,, D 1 D 3, u 2 D 1 D 3 U DR M = 2 U 2 (4-9) 4-14,,,,,, 4-5 102
4-5 0.45 U 2 I O 2 U 2 0.9 U 2 1 2 I O 2 2 U 2 0.9 U 2 1 2 I O 2 U 2 1.17 U 2 1 3 I O 3 2 U 2 2.34 U 2 1 3 I O 3 2 U 2 4.3.2,,,,,, 1., C, 4-15 (a) 4-15( b) C, u 2 > 0, D, R L, C, ( ),, u O u 2 ; u C = 2 U 2, u 2 u 2 < u C, D, C R L, 103
4-15,, u O u C, ab u 2, u 2 > u C C u O = u 2 u 2 < u C, D, C,, 4-14 u O,,, C, R L = () U O = 2 U 2 = 1.4 U 2, R L, C R L, U O, R L,,,, U O U O = U 2 ( ) ( 4-10) = 1.2 U 2 ( ) (4-10 ),, R L (1015) 1 C, R L C(35) T 2 ( 4-11) T, ( 180 ),,,,,,,, 2 U2, u2, 2 2 U2,,, 2 U 2, 4-3, 4-16 f = 50 Hz, R L = 120, U O = 30 V, : 104
4-16 4-3 U O I D = 1 2 I O = 1 2 = 1.2 U 2, U 2 U O RL = 1 2 30 A = 125 ma 120 = U O 1.2 = 30 1.2 V = 25 V U D RM = 2 U 2 = 225 V = 35 V I DM I D, U RM U DR M 4 3 3.1, 2CP1 C R L C = 5 T 2, T = 1 f = 1 50 = 0.02 s, C = 1 5 T R L 2 = 1.02 50 F = 417 F 120 2 C = 470 F, 50 V 2. R L L, 4-17, L, ( ), U O = 0.9 U 2 ( 4-12) 4-17, ( L ),,,, 3. C L LC 4-18 ( a) 105
R L, LC C 1, 4-18( b) LC 4-18,, R L RC, 4-18 (c)r C 2, 4.4,, 4-19, U I, R D Z R L, 4-19, U I, 106
U O U O U O, I Z, R, U I, U O, U I, U O, I Z, R, U O, U O,,, R, UO UO,, R, U O,, U Z = U O I Z max = (1.53) I O max ( 4-13) U I = (23) U O 4-4, 4-19 R L 3 k, UI = 45 V UO = 15 V, DZ : U O = 15 V, (4-13 ) U Z = U O = 15 V U O = 15 V R L = 3 k, I O max = U O RL = 15 3 ma = 5 ma (4-13 ) I Z max = 3 I O max = 15 ma, 2CW20, U Z = ( 13.517 ) V, I Z = 5 ma, I Z max = 15 ma 4-5 4-20, U Z = 12 V, I Z max = 18 ma, I Z = 5 ma, R L = 2 k, 20%,, U I R : V o U Z, U I, R U Z,, I Z max I Z, U Z U L, U I 20%, 1.2 U I, I Z = I Z max = 18 ma I = I Z max + I L = 18 + U Z R L = 18 + 12 2 ma = 24 ma KVL 1.2 U I = RI + U O = R2410-3 + 12 4-20 4-5 107
U I 20%, 0.8 U I, I Z = 5 ma, I = I Z + I L = 5 + U Z = 5 + 12 R L 2 ma = 11 ma KVL 0.8 U I = RI + U O = R1110-3 + 12 UI = 26 V, R = 800 1. 4-1 ( 1) P? N? ( 2) PN?? ( 3)? ( 4),? ( 5) 1.5 V,? 4-2 4-2, D D 1 D 2,, AO U AO 4-2 4-3 4-3, E = 6 V, u i = 12sin t V,, u O 4-3 4-4 4-4 U s 3 V,? U s 0 V, 108
? (, 0.7 V ) 4-5 4-5?? ( D ) 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-6, u i, u O 4-6 4-7 ( 1),? ( 2)? ( 3),? 4-8 4-8, U Z = 6 V, u i = 12sin t V,, u O 4-9 4-9, U i = 30 V, R = 1 k, R L = 2 k, U Z = 10 V, : I Z max = 20 ma, I Z min = 5 ma, U i 10%,? U i 30%,? 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-10, D Z1 8 V,D Z2 10 V, 0.7 V, u O 4-11 2CW15, 8 V 5.5 V, 0.7 V,,, 109
4-10 4-12 (1),,? (2),,,,? (3),,, : R L,? (4)?? 4-13 4-13 u O1 u O2,u O1 u O2 ( u 21 = 2 U 2 sin t ; u 22 = 2 U 2 sin( t - ) ) 4-14 4-14 U 2 = 20 V R L U O,,?? (1) U O = 28 V; (2) U O = 24 V; (3) U O = 18 V ; (4) U O = 9 V ; 4-13 4-14 2. 4-15 4-15 EWB, 4-16 4-16 110 u 2a = - u 2b = 2 U 2 sin t, ; ( 1) u 2a u 2b i D1 i D2 i L u L u D ; ( 2) U 2 ( ),U L I L ( ) ; (3 ) I D, U RM ; (4 ) U L = 30 V, I L = 80 ma, U 2a U 2b,
4-15 4-16 4-17 U 1 = 220 V,50 Hz, R L = 50, 24 V,(1) ; (2 ) () ; 4-18, 4-18 R L 1 k, U i = 25 V U O = 10 V, D Z 4-18 111
5, 5.1 PN,, 5.1.1 1., ; ; ; NPN PNP NPN PNP,,, ( E) ( B) ( C), PN, PN 5-1,, T,, :, ;, 5-1 112
2. NPN,,, 5-2, U BB, R B B E ( ), U BB U CC, R C CE ( ), U CC, E, R B, I B, I C I E, 5-1 5-1 5-2 I B / A 0 20 40 60 80 100 I C / ma 0.005 0.99 2.08 3.17 4.26 5.40 I E / ma 0.005 1.01 2.12 3.23 4.34 5.50 : I B (1 ) I E = I B + I C, (2 ) IE IC, IB, IC = I C IB = 2.08 0.04 = 52, = I C IB I B I C, = I C IB = I C4 - I C 3 IB4 - IB3 = = 3.17 0.06 = 52.8 3.17-2.08 0.06-0.04 = 1.09 = 54.5 0.02,,,, 5.1.2,,, 1. U CE, I B U BE 113
I B = f ( U BE ) U = CE (5-1) 5-3 N PN,, : ( 1), U BE, I B U BE, I B U BE, U T ( ) 0.5 V, U BE = 0.60.7 V ; U T 0.2 V, 0.20.3 VPNP, UBE - 0.6-0.7 V - 0.2-0.3 V (2 ), UCE > 1 V, UCE = 1 V, UCE > 1 V, I B, U CE 1 V ( ), U CE 1 V 2. I B, I C U CE, 5-3 5-4 I C = f ( U CE ) IB = (5-2) 5-4 N PN, I B (1 ) I B,,, = 0,, U BE 0, V C > V E V B I C 0( I CEO, ),, (2 ) U C E < U BE,, V B > V C > V E I B, I C, U CE = U BE, U CE S, I CS = U CC - U CE S = U C C - 0.7 U C C (5-3) R C R C R C I BS = I CS 114 (5-4)
I B I BS, I B < I BS,, U CE 0.3 V, 0.1 V, U CE 0, (3 ),, V C > V B > V E I C I B,I C = I B,, I C I C I B, U C E, 5-1 T 1 V x = + 10 V, V y = 0 V, V z = + 0.7 V, 5-5 ( a), T 2 V x = + 0 V, V y = - 0.3 V, V z = - 5 V, 5-5 ( b), T 1 T 2, x y z? 5-5 5-1 : NPN V C > V B > V E, PNP V C < V B < V E,,,,, ( a), z y 0.7 V,, V x > V z > V y, x, y, z, V C > V B > V E, NPN ( b), x y 0.3 V,, V z < V y < V x, z, x, y, V C < V B < V E, PNP 5-2 5-6,, = 30, 5-6 5-2 115
: + 6 V,,, I B = 6-0.7 5 : I CS = U CC - U CE S R C = ma = 5.3 ma = 1.06 ma 5 10-0.7 ma = 9.3 ma 1 I B I BS > I BS, = I CS = 0.31 ma - 2 V,,, + 2 V,,, I B = 2-0.7 5 : I CS = U CC - U CE R C = ma = 1.3 ma = 0.26 ma 5 10-0.7 ma = 9.3 ma 1 I B I BS < I BS, 3. = I CS = 0.31 ma,, : (1 ) :, : = I C - I CEO I B I C I B (5-5) U CE,, = I C I B U CE = (5-6),,, =,, 20200,,, 40100 (2 ) I CBO : 116
I CBO,, 5-7 I CB O, I CBO I CB O,,, I CBO, I CBO, I CBO, 5-7 I CBO 5-8 I CEO I CEO : I CEO,,, I CEO 5-8 : I CE O = (1 + ) I CBO, I CE O, (3 ) : P CM I C U CE,,, 100150, 70100,,,, P CM, P CM P CM = U C E I C, 5-9 P C < P C M, U ( BR) CEO U ( BR) C EO, I C U CC I CM < U ( BR ) CE O,,,,, I CM 2/ 3 I C I C M PCM U( BR ) CE O ICM 5-9, 3DG4 : P CM = 300 mw, I CM = 30 ma, U ( BR ) CE O = 30 V, 117
5-9 3DG4 5-10 (4 ), f : 5-10,, 0,, 0 0.707 f,, f f, : 1 f T f T (5 ),, I CBO : I CBO, PN,,, 10, I CBO :,, : 25, 1, 0.5% 1% U BE :, 1, U BE, I C EO, I C 22.5 mv = (1 + ) I CBO, I C = I B + ( 1 + ) I CBO, I C 5.1.3 5-11 T, 118
AF A 1, V A = 3 V, T, V F 0 V, F 0; A 0, T, V F U CC, F 1, U BB,, ( Not ) -, A F, F = A 5-11 F A : A 0, F 1;, A 1, F 0, 0 1, 1 0 5.2, ( 10 9 10 15, 10 2 10 4 ),,,, ; ; ( ), P N, P N, P N P N (), 5.2.1 ( M) (O) ( S ), MOS( Metal Oxide Semiconductor) N 1. N MOS (1 ) 5-12( a)n MOS P, N, N +, N +, S D, b, b 119
S N + P ( SiO 2 ),, G, 5-12( b) N MOS P MOS N, P + S D, 5-12(c), b N P 5-12 MOS (2 ) 5-13 U GS D S U DS 0, I D = 0, PN, = 0, U GS, P, N +, I D U GS U GS ( th ) = U T U DS, U GS,,,, I D, (3 ) U GS, I D U DS, I D = f ( U DS ) U GS = ( 5-7 ),, 5-13 U GS : 5-14 (a) U GS > U T U DS U GD = U GS - U DS > U T : U GS, I D U DS,, U GS,, U GS, (, ) : 5-14 (a) U GS U GS, U DS, I D > U T, U DS,,, U DS, U GS, I D,, g m U GS I D g m g m = I D U GS U DS = (5-8) 120
I D () : U GS U T = 0,, :, 5-14( a), U DS, PN, I D, 5-14 N MOS (4 ) UDS, ID UGS, UGS ID U DS I D, 5-14 ( b)i D I D = f( U GS ) U DS = (5-9), U DS I D = I DSS 1 - U GS UGS ( t h) 2 ( 5-10), I DSS U GS = 2 U GS ( th ) I D ; U GS ( th ), -, - 2. N MOS N MOS,, SiO 2 U GS = 0,, U DS, 5-15 U GS,,, I D U GS,,, I D,, U GS UGS ( off) = U P,, ID 0, U P U GS > U P, U DS I D, MOS, 5-15 ( b) (c), MOS U GS I D,, 121
5-15 N,, U GS > U T U GS < U T,, 5.2.2 1. (1 ) ( ), ( ), (2 ) U GS I D, I B I C, (3 ),,,, (4 ) g m,, ( 5),, D S C E,, (6 ),, MOS,, 122
,, U ( BR) GS MOS, MOS, 2. (1 ) MOS U P [ U GS ( off) ], MOS U T [ U GS ( th ) ] I DSS, R GS (2 ) g m : U DS =, u gs i D, g m = d i D d u GS U DS = ( 5-11), ( S )ms : C g s C gd 13 pf, Cds 0.11 pf (3 ) I DM : P DM : U ( BR ) DS : U DS I D U DS U ( BR ) GS : MOS 3. 5-2 6, 5-2 U DS U GS N + - P - + 123
U DS U GS N + + P - - N + -, + P - +, - 5.3,,, 5.3.1 5-16( a), u I (, 20 Hz20 khz)r L (, ), u O : 1. U C C,, 124
5-16, U CC 2. T, i c = i b, 3. R C,, R C 4. R B I B, R B, R B 5. C 1 C 2,,, C 1 C 2 5.3.2 u I u I,, I B I C U CE Q, I B Q I C Q I CE Q, 1. C 1 C 2, 5-16 ( b), I B = U CC - U BE R B I C = I B U C C R B ( 5-12) UCE = UCC - RC IC (5-12 ) U BE 0.60.7 V ( U BE 0.20.3 V ) U CC, U BE 125
2. Q (1 ) I BQ U BEQ 5-16( b), U CC = R B I B + U BE ( 5-13) UBE IB, I B = f ( U BE ) U = CE ( 5-14) U BE - I B ( 5-13 ), Q, 5-17( a), Q I BQ - U BE Q (2 ) I C Q U CE Q 5-16( b),, U C C = R C I C + U CE ( 5-15) I C = f ( U CE ) IB = ( 5-16),, (5-15 ), tan = - 1/ R C, U CC, U CC / R C 5-17 ( b),, I B Q, I B = I BQ Q5-17 ( b ), Q I C Q - U CE Q 5-17, I BQ, Q ; I BQ, Q, U CC R C, I B, R B, IB, 5-17 5.3.3, u I 126,
, u O,, 1. 5-18( a), I B I C U CE (), ib ic uce ( I b I c U c e ), i B i C u CE, u i, C 1 -, ib, ib = IB + ib, i C = I C + i c = ( I B + i b ) R C R C i C, i C - u CE = U CC - R C i C = U C C - R C ( I C + i c ) = U CE - R C i c, R C i C C 2 U CE, u ce = - R C i c, uo = uc e = - RC ic uo, u i i b i c, u o, u i 5-18 ( b )( f), : (1),, ib ic uce, (2 ) u o u i, u o u i (3) i b i c u i, u o 5-18 u i, 2. (1 ), ( ), ( ) Q 2 5-19( a), Q Q 1,, r be = U BE I B = u be ( 5-17) U = CE i b 127
(5-17 )r be 5-20 ( a), 5-20( b), r be r be = 300 + (1 + ) 26( mv) I EQ ( ma) r be ( 5-18) 5-19 r be r ce 5-19( b), Q Q 1 Q 2,, I C I B, U CE, I B, r ce, I C = I B i c = i b ( 5-19), U CE I C r c e = U CE I C I B = = u ce i c ( 5-20) r c e i b, r ce, 5-20( b) 5-20 (2 ) 128
5-21( a) 5-16 (a) C 1 C 2,, U CC 5-21 ( a), 5-21 ( b) 5-21 3. (1 ) A u, 5-21 ( b) 5-21( b) A u U o = - ( R C R L ) I b U i = I b r be = U o = - ( R C R L ) I b = - R L ( 5-21) U i rbe I b r be, R L = R C R L ; A u,, ( R L ), ( A u0 ), (5-21 )( 5-22), : R L R L R L A u 0 = - R C r be ( 5-22),, U o U s, ( A u s ), A u s = U o = U o U i r i = A u U s U i U s RS + ri - R L RS + rbe ( 5-23) (5-23 )r i = R B r be r be ( R B r be ) R S,, R S 129
(2 ) r i ( ), ( ), ( ),, 5-22 (a) ( b) 5-22 r i ( ), ( ), r i r i = U i I i ( 5-24) 5-16(a) 5-23 Ii = Ui R B ri = U i = RB rbe rbe ( 5-25) r be I i + Ui :, r i, R S r i, r i U i ( 5-23 ), r i, U s U i,,, r i RL, ri,, (3 ) r o ( ), 130
r o, r o,, : 5-23 5-24,, U o, I o, r o = U o I o U = 0 s ( 5-26) 5-16 (a) 5-24, U S = 0, I b = 0, I b = 0, U o, I o R C, r o = U o I o U S = 0, R L = = R C ( 5-27) : ( ) U o, Uo, U o = R L U r o + R o r o = L U o - 1 R U L ( 5-28) o :,, r o,, A us,, r o,,, r o 5-3 5-16 (a), UC C = 12 V, RB = 300 k, RC = 4 k, RL = 4 k, R S = 100, = 40 : ; ; : 5-16 ( b) I B U CC R B = 12 300 I C ma = 40 A = I B = 4040 A = 1.6 ma U CE = U CC - R C I C = (12-41.6) V = 5.6 V 5-21 ( a), 5-21 ( b ) 131
, rbe = 300 + ( 1 + ) 26 = 300 + 41 26 I E 1.6 U o = - ( R C R L ) I b U i = r be I b A u = 0.966 k = U o = - ( R C R L ) I b = - 40 2 = - 82.8 U i r be I b 0.966 (5-25 )( 5-27) r i = U i I i 4. = R B r be 0.966 k, r o = R C = 4 k,,, (1 ), 5-25 Q,, ui, i c u o ( u i ), 5-25, ui, R B 5-16, I B Q,, 5-25 Q,, u i, i c u o, 5-25, u i, R B 5-16, I B Q, 5-25,, Q, i c u o, Q, u i, (2 ) ( C 1 C 2 132 PN ),
,,,, ( ) 5-26 (a)a u f, A u,,,, A u A u, PN 1 5-26 5-26( a), A u m 2 A um = 0.707 A um, f H f L, f H - f L ( ) B W B W = f H f L f H, BWf H, - f L,,,, 5-26( b), ; ( H. W. Bode),,, ( db) ( ) A u ( db) = 20 lg A u 20 lg 1 2 = - 3 db, f H - f L - 3dB ( 3dB ) (3 ), (),, U omax ( I omax ),,,,, ( ), 133
5.4 :,, 5.4.1 5-16( a), I B = U CC - U BE R B U CC R B, U CC R B, I B,,, I C,, 5-27, I CB O I CEO = ( 1 + ) I CBO, I CEO I C = I B + I CEO,, I CE O 5-27, Q Q2 I C Q, U CEQ, 5-27 Q 5.4.2 1. I CE O, I C, R C U CE I C, 5-28 (a),, R B1 R B 2 I 1 I B ( 5 ), I B R E, V B = V B, R B2 R B1 + R B2 U CC ( 5-29) T I C I E V E U BE I B I C I C, R E R E I E, V E, V B, UBE = VB - V E, IB, I C, R E B E, u O, A u,, R E 134
C E, C E, ;, C E,, C E R E,, R E U CE, u O, R E 5-28 2. 5-28( b), V B = R B2 R B1 + R B2 U CC 3. I C I E = V B - U BE R E V B R E U CE = U CC - R C I C - R E I E U CC - ( R C + R E ) I C ( 5-30) 5-28(c) 135
C E, 5-28( d),, R E C E 5-28 ( d)r B = R B 1 R B2 r o = R C r i U o = - R L I b R L = R C R L U i = r be I b A u = Uo = - R L Ib = - R L U i r be I b r be = U i = I i U i U i + U i + U i RB1 RB 2 rbe r i = R B r be = R B1 R B2 r be r be ( 5-31) ( 5-32) C E,, R E C E, 5-28 (e), R B = R B1 R B2 : U o = - R L I b ro R L = R C R L U i = r be I b + ( 1 + ) R E I b A u = U o = U i U i = r be I b + ( 1 + ) R E I b r i = U i = I i U i + R B r be - R L I b = r be I b + (1 + ) R E I b U i U i + ( 1 + ) R E r i = R B1 R B 2 [ r be + (1 + ) R E ] = RC = r be U i + U i + R B2 R B2 - R L ( 5-33) + ( 1 + ) R E U i r be U i + (1 + ) R E ( 5-34) 5-4 5-28, U CC = 24 V, R B1 = 33 k, R B2 = 10 k, R C = 3.3 k, R E = 1.5 k, R L = 5.1 k, = 66, R S = 0 : ; ; ; ; R E,,, : 136 U BE V B = = 0.7 V R B 2 R B1 + R B2 U CC = 10 24 V = 5.60 V 33 + 10
I C I E = V B - U BE V B = 5.6 R E R E 1.5 ma = 3.80 ma U CE U CC - ( R C + R E ) I C = [ 24 - (3.3 + 1.5) 3.8] V = 5.76 V 5-28( d) : A u = U o = - ( R L R C ) = U i r be r be = 300 + ( 1 + 66) 26 3.8 R E - R L R C R L + R C 300 + ( 1 + ) 26 = I E Q = 0.76 k 5.13.3-66 5.1 + 3.3 103 300 + (1 + 66 ) 26 3.80 = - 174 1 1 r i = R B1 R B2 r be = 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 R B1 R B2 r be 33 + 1 10 + 1 k= 0.69 k 0.76 r o = R C = 3.3 k 5-28( e) A u = 5.13.3 Uo = - ( R L R C ) - 66 5.1 + 3.3 = U i r be + ( 1 + ) R E 0.76 + ( 1 + 66) 1.5 = - 1.3 r i = R B1 R B2 ( r be + ( 1 + ) R E ) = 1 + 1 + R B1 R B2 1 = 1 33 + 1 k= 7.14 k 10 + 1 0.76 + 671.5 r o = R C = 3.3 k 1 r be 1 + (1 + ) R E,,,, 5.5, 5-29 ( a), C2, 5-29 (c),,,, 137
,, 5-29 1. 5-29( b) U C C = R B I B + U BE + R E I E, I E = I B + I C = (1 + ) I B I B = R B U CC - U BE + ( 1 + ) R E 2. I E = U CC - U BE R B 1 + + R E U CE = U C C - R E I E = U CC - ( 1 + ) R E I B 5-29(c), 5-30 (1 ) U o = (1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b U i = r be I b + U o = r be I b + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b A u = U o = U i ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b = r be I b + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) I b ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) (5-36 ) : 1, 1 (1 + ) ( R E R L ) r be, A u 1, U o U i, A u ( 5-35) ( 5-36), U o U i, :, I e I b ( 1 + ), ( 1 + ), (2 ) 5-30 138
r i = U i = I i U i + R B U i U i r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) = R B [ r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) ] = 1 R B + 1 1 r be + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ( 5-37) R B [ r be + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ] r be, 5-30 5-31 (3 ),, 5-31 ( U S ) U o I o, 5-31 r o = U o I o = (1 + ) I o = - I b - I b + I e = - ( 1 + ) I b + I e = ( 1 + ) r be rbe U o + ( RB RS ) + U o RE U o U o + ( R B R S ) + U = R E r be + ( R B R S ) o 1 + R E ( 5-38), R B R S, r o R E r be + R S 1 +, R E r be + R S, 1 + r o r be + R S r be R S, r o r be, r o,, 1, 1,,, ;,, 5-5 5-29 (a)u CC = 12 V, R B = 120 k, R E = 4 k, R L = 4 k, R S = 100, = 40 : ; ; ; : I B = R B U CC - U BE = + ( 1 + ) R E 12-0.6 120 + ( 1 + 40) 4 ma = 40 A 139
I C = I B = 4040 A = 1.6 ma 5-30 A u = U CE = U CC - R E I E ( 12-41.6 )V = 5.6 V 44 ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ( 1 + 40) r be + (1 + ) ( R E R L ) = 4 + 4 0.97 + (1 + 40 ) 44 4 + 4, rbe = 300 + (1 + ) 26 I E = 300 + (1 + 40 ) 26 1.6 r i = R B [ r be + ( 1 + ) ( R E R L ) ] = 1 R B + 1 = k= 49 k 1 120 + 1 0.97 + ( 1 + 40) 44 4 + 4 r o = R E r be + ( R B R S ) 1 + = 1 = 1 1 + + R E r be + R B R S R B + R S 3. r be 1 = 0.99 = 0.97 k 1 + (1 + ) R E R E R L + R L 1 k= 25.3 1 4 + 1 + 40 1200.1 0.97 + 120 + 0.1,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 5.6, 1 mw,, 5-32,,, 140
5-32,,,, :,, 5.6.1 5-33 C 2 ( ),,, 5-34, 5-33,,,, 5-34,, 5-6 5-35( a), R B1 = 300 k, R E1 = 3 k, R B2 = 141
40 k, R C2 = 2 k, R B3 = 20 k, R E 2 = 3.3 k, R L = 2 k, U CC = 12 V T 1 T 2 = 50, U BE = 0.7 V: ; A u, r i r o 5-35 5-6 : 5-35 ( b), I B 1 = I C1 I E1 R B1 = I B 1Q U CC - U BE = + ( 1 + ) R E1 = 1.2 ma = ( 1 + ) I B1Q = 1.3 ma 12-0.7 ma = 0.025 ma 300 + 513 U CE1 = U CC - R E1 I E1 Q = ( 12-31.3 ) V = 8.1 V U B 1 = R B3 U CC R B2 + R B 3 = 2012 40 + 20 V = 4 V I E2 = U B2 - U BE RE 2 = 4-0.7 ma = 1 ma 3.3 I B 2 = I E 2 1 + = 1 ma = 0.020 ma 51 IC2 = IB 2 = 500.020 ma = 1.0 ma U CE2 = U CC - ( R C2 + R E2 ) I C2 = ( 12 - (2 + 3.3) 1.0) V = 6.7 V 5-35(c) 142
r be1 = 300 + (1 + ) 26 = 300 + 5126 I E1 1.27 r be2 = 300 + (1 + ) 26 = 300 + 5126 I E2 1 A u1 = U o1 = U i r be1, r i2 = R B2 R B 3 r be2 = ( 1 + ) ( R E1 r i2 ) + ( 1 + ) ( R E 1 r i2 ) = 1.3 k = 1.6 k 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 R B2 R B 3 r be2 40 + 1 20 + 1 k= 1.4 k 1.6 31.4 51 3 + 1.4 A u1 = = 0.97 31.4 1.3 + 51 3 + 1.4 A u2 A u = A u1 A u2 = 0.97( - 31) = - 30 r i = - ( R C2 R L ) = r be2 = Ui = R B1 [ r be1 + ( 1 + ) ( R E 1 r i2 ) ] = I i 1 = k= 43 k 1 300 + 1 31.4 1.3 + 51 3 + 1.4 r o = R C2 = 2 k 5.6.2 1 R B 1 + - 50 22 2 + 2 1.6 r be1 1 1 = - 31 + ( 1 + ) R E1 r i2 R E1 + r i2,,,,,,, 1. 5-36, u I = 0, T 1 T 2, U CE1 = U C1 = U B2 = U BE2 = 0.7 V, T 1 ;,,, I B2 T 2, 5-36 143
, T 2, 5-37 5-37 5-37( a)r E2 T 2, T 1, T 1 ; I B2 R E2, R E 2, R E2,, 5-37( b)d Z ( D) U Z T 2, R E2, ( ),, 2., ( ),,, 5-38,,,,,,,, 5-38,,,,,,, 5.7, 144
5.7.1 5-39, R E,,,,,,, 1. 5-39 ( u I1 = u I2 = 0 ),, I B1 = I B2, I C 1 = I C2, U C1 = U C 2, u O = U C 1 - U C2 = 0 5-39 5-40,,,,, u O = U C1 - U C2 0, 2., ( 5-39 ) (1 ) ( u I1 = u I2 ),,,, u O =u C1 - u C 2 = 0,, (2 ) (u I1 = - u I2 ), u i1 < 0, u i2 > 0, u i1 T 1 i B1, i C1 ; u C1 ; u i2 T 2 i B2, i C 2, u C 2, 145
,, u O = u C1 - ( - u C2 ) = 2u C1, (3 ) ( ),, : ui 1 = ui d + uic u I 2 = - u I d + u Ic u Id, u Ic : u IC = u I1 + u I 2 2 u I d = u I 1 - u I 2 2 u I1 = 9 mv, u I2 = - 3 mv, u Ic = 3 mv, u Id = 6 mv ( 5-39),,, 3. R E,, R E, 2 R E,, R E,, R E,, R E, 5-40, 5-40,,, R E, R E 5.7.2 1.,, 5-41 -, V E,, R L T 1 T 2 A u1 A u2, A u1 = A u2 u I1 = u I 2, u I2 = - u I 2 5-42 A u1 146 A u1 = u O1 u I1 = - R C R L 2 R B + r be
5-41 5-42 - A od = u O1 - u O2 = 2 u O1 = u O1 u I 1 - u I2 2 u I1 u I1 = A u1 A od = -, 2. R C R L 2 R B + r be ( 5-40), A oc,,,,, u O = 0, A oc = 0,, A od A oc, K CMR ( Common Mode Rejection Ratio), K CMR = A od A oc ( 5-41),, ( ), ;, A oc = 0, K CM R = 5.7.3 - -, - : -, 5-43 ( a) ; -, 5-43 ( b) ; -, 147
5-43( c) 5-43 -, 5-43 ( a) (c), T 1 T 2 T 1 = 1 2 u I + 1 2 u I = u I T 2 = 1 2 u I - 1 2 u I = 0,, u I 2, u I 2,, 5-43 (a) ( b), T 1, u O, A od = 1 2 A d1 = - 1 2 R C R L R B + r be ( 5-42), u O u I u O T 2, u O 148
u I 5-43 (a) ( b),,,, i C, 2i C, 2 REiC, ic, 2 RE 5-43 (a) ( b) A oc K C MR = u O1 uic = A od Aoc = - ( R C R L ) RB + rbe + ( 1 + ) 2 RE = R B + r be + ( 1 + ) 2 R E 2 ( RB + rbe ) ( 5-43) ( 5-44) A oc 0, K CM R, A oc, K C MR, R E T 3, 5-44,, T 3 Aoc 0, KCM R 5-44 R P, R P T 1 T 2, R P,, 5-44, R P, R P, 5.8 5.8.1,,,,,, 1., : (1 ),,, I C M, 149
U ( BR) CEO, P CM, (2 ),,,, P o, P E, (3 ) = Po P E,, (4 ),,,, 2. (1 ) Q,,, 360, Q 5-45 (a), I C,,,, ;,,,, 50%, (2 ) I C, Q Q I C = 0, Q,,,,,, Q 5-45 ( b) (3 ) Q I C 0 I C 0, Q I C 0,, Q 5-45 (c) 5-45 Q 150
5.8.2, OTL( Output Transformer Less);, OCL(Output Capacitor Less ),, OCL, OCL 1. (OCL) (1 ) 5-46 OCL (NPN PNP ), R L,, ( u i = 0),,, I B = 0, I C = 0, ( ui 0), ui > 0, T1, T2, RL 5-46 i C 1, R L u o ; u i < 0, T 2, T 1, R L i C2, R L u o ;, u o T 1 T 2,, 5-46 OCL (2 ) P o, U om, P E P o = U om 2 2 1 R L = 1 om 2 U2 ( 5-45) R L 151
P E, P E = U CC I dc,, U om R L,, 1 U om R L, P E1 = P E2 = 1 U om R L U CC ( 5-46) PE = PE1 + PE2 = 2 Uom R L, P o P E, =, U om, U om, P o 1 om 2 U2 R L = 2 U om U CC R L, UCC, U O M U CC,, (3 ) M = = 78.5 % 4 P O M = 1 2 U 2 CC R L 4 U om U CC ( 5-47),, P T = P E - P o = 2 U om U R CC - 1 om L 2 U2 R L,,, P C1 = P C2 = 1 2 P T, P T U om,,, P TM P T U om,, d PT d U om = 2 UCC R L - P T M = 2 2 U CC Uom = 0,, Uom = 2 UC C, R L R L U C C - 1 2 2 U CC R L 2 = 2 U2 CC 2 R L = 4 P 2 O M 0.4 P O M (4 ) 152 P C1 M = P C2 M = 1 U2 CC 0.2 P 2 R O M L
, P C M U ( BR) C EO I CM I CM U CC R L U ( BR ) CEO 2 U C C ( 5-48) PCM 0.2 POM,, 2 U CC 5-7 5-46, 8 20 W,, U CC U om 5 V, : U CC ; ; ; ; : U CC P o = 1 2 U2 om RL, U om = 2 P o R L = 2208 V = 17.9 V U CC - U om > 5, U CC > ( 17.9 + 5) V = 22.9 V, U CC = 23 V = P o P E = P o 2 P E 1 = P E 1 = P E2 = 1 U om U CC = 1.9 17 23 W = 16.4 W R L 8 P C1 M = P C2 M = 1 U2 CC 2 R L 20 216.4 = 61% I CM U CC = 23 ma = 2.88 ma R L 8 U ( BR ) CEO 2 U C C PCM 0.2 PO M = 0.2 1 2 (5 ) = 1232 2 8 W = 6.71 W U 2 CC R L = 223 V = 46 V = 0.2 1 2 232 8 W = 6.71 W,, u be U T, u be < U T, T 1 T 2,,,, 5-47, 5-48,,,,, 5-47 5-48, T 1 T 2, I C 1 = I C2, R L, U E = 0, D 1 D 2, T 1 T 2, 153
, T 1, T 2 ;, T 1, T 2,, R L, 5-48 5-49 OTL 2. (OTL) 5-49 OTL,, C L R L OTL OCL, ; I CEO1 = I CE O2, V A = 1 2 U CC, C L U CL = 1 2 U CC, C L, u i T 1 T 2 UCC CL RL ; ui T1 T2, CL T2, R L C L, R L C L, C L 1 2 U CC, 1 2 U CC, T 1 T 2 OCL P o P E, 1 2 U CC U CC, OTL 3. ( 1),,, T 1 T 2,, T 2, T 1, T 1 CE T 2 BE, CB,PNP NPN,, 5-50,, 154
5-50, R 1, I CEO,,,,, ; 1 2, T 1 1 2, T 2,,,, 5-50 ( b) ( c) 5-48 NPN PNP,, ( 2) 5-51, R 3 R 4 T 3 T 4, R 5 R 6, R L 5.8.3 5-51,, OCL OTL, LM386,, 155
1. : OTL :518 V :4 ma :50 k :1 W( U CC = 16 V, R L = 32 ) :2646 db :300 khz :0.2 % 2. LM386 5-52 5-52 LM386 2,3 ; 5 ; 6 4 ; 1 8, 7, 10 F 3. 5-53 LM386,, C 2, 1 8, 26 db, 20, R P R 1 C 1 5-53 LM386 C 2 RL, U CC 2, - U C C, 156
U CC = 16 VR L = 32 P om U i = P om U CC 2 2 R L 2 = U2 CC 8 R L = 1 W, U C C 2 2 A u = 16 V283 mv 2 220 5-54 LM386, 1 8, 200, C5, C4, 200, U CC = 16 VR L = 32 P om = 1 W, 28.3 mv 5-54 LM386 5.9,, 5.9.1 5-55 N,,, R G1 R G2 R S,, C S R G, C 1 C 2 1., R G,, U G = R G2 R G1 + R G2 U D D 5-55 MOS 157
U GS = U G - U S = U G - R S I D ( 5-49), U GS U GS ( off) U GS 0, I D I D = I DSS 1-2 U GS U GS ( off) ( 5-50) (5-49 ) ( 5-50), ID, UGS U DS = U DD - ( R D + R S ) I D ( 5-51) 5-56 2.,, 5-56( a) 5-56 ( b) 5-55 (1 ) A u ( ) A u = U o = - U i R L I d = - U gs, R L = R D R L (2 ) r i r i R L g m U g s = - g m R L ( 5-52) U gs = U i = R G + ( R G1 R G2 ) R G ( 5-53) I i, R G, ( R G, ri = RG1 R G2 ) (3 ) r O, r d s, r O R D ( 5-54) 5-8 5-55,, I DS S = 1 mau GS ( off) = - 5 V, g m = 0.312 ms, R G1 = 150 k, R G2 = 50 k, R G = 1 M, R S = 10 k, R D = 10 k, R L = 10 k, U D D = + 20 V : 158 U GS = U G - U S = R G2 50 U R G1 + R D D - R S I D = G2 150 + 50 20-10 I D = 5-10 I D N ID
I D = I DSS 1 - U GS U GS ( off) U GS = 5-10 I D I D = 1 + U GS 5 2 2 = 11 + UGS 5 : ( ) U GS = - 11.4 V, I D = 1.64 ma ; ( ) U GS = - 1.1 V, I D = 0.61 ma () U GS U GS = - 1.1 V, I D = 0.61 ma < U GS ( off), U DS = U DD - ( R D + R S ) I D = [ 20 - (10 + 10)0.61 ] V = 7.8 V ( 5-56 ( b) ) A u = - g m R L = - g m ( R D R L ) = - 0.312 1010 10 + 10 r i = R G + ( R G1 R G2 ) = 1 000 + 15050 150 + 50 k= 1.04 M R G r O R D = 10 k 5.9.2 2 = - 1.56 () 5-57 (a), 5-57( b)5-57 (c) 5-57 R L = R S R L U o = R L I d = R L g m U g s U gs = U i - U o U o = R L g m ( U i - U o ) 159
A u = U o = U i g m R L ( 5-55) 1 + g m R L 5-57( b) r i = R G1 R G2 ( 5-56) r o = R S 1 + g m R S = R S 1 g m ( 5-57), 1, 1;,,, 1. 5-1 ( 1)? ( 2)? ( 3), I C?? ( 4), = 50, I CBO = 2A ; = 150, I CBO = 50 A,,? (5 ) P CM = 100 mw, I CM = 20 ma, U ( BR) CEO = 15 V,,,? U CE = 3 V, I C = 10 ma; U CE = 2 V, I C = 40 ma;u CE = 6 V, I C = 20 ma 5-2 U 1 U 2 U 3, NPN PNP?? E B C ( 1) U 1 = 3.5 V, U 2 = 2.8 V, U 3 = 12 V (2 ) U 1 = 3 V, U 2 = 2.8 V, U 3 = 12 V ( 3) U 1 = 6 V, U 2 = 11.3 V, U 3 = 12 V (4) U 1 = 6 V, U 2 = 11.8 V, U 3 = 12 V 5-3 5-3 ( 1), ( 2) NPN PNP, E B C 5-3 5-4 ( 3) 5-4 5-4,?? 160
5-5 5-5, : I CEO, U (BR)CEO, P CM, ( U CE = 10 V, I C = 2 ma ) 5-6 5-6 U i, ( ) (1 ) U i = 0 V (2) U i = 3 V (3) U i = 5 V 5-5 5-6 5-7 ( 1)? ( 2),? ( 3) U GS ( off) ( U P )U GS(th ) ( U T ) ( 4)? 5-8 MOS 5-8 (a), MOS 5-8( b) U I = 4 V 8 V 12 V, 5-8 5-9 ( 1)? I B?? ( 2)? ( 3)? (4 ), A u ( A US ), R L,,? R S,,? ( 5),,,? ( 6)??? 161
5-10 5-10?? 5-10 5-11 5-11 (a),, ( b),?? 5-11 5-12 5-12 5-12 R B = 560 k, R C = 4 k,= 50, R L = 4 k, R S = 1 k, U CC = 12 V, U S = 162 20 mv? (1) U CE = 8 V, U BE = 0.7 V, I B = 20 AA u = 8 11.4 0.7 (2) r i = 2010-3 2010-6 = 10 3 = 1 k (3) A us = - R L r i = - 504 1 = - 200 (4) r o = R C R L = 44 k= 2 k 4 + 4
5-13 (1)? (2)? C E? (3),,?? 5-14 (1)?? (2)?? 5-15 (1)?? (2)? (3),? (4)?? 5-16 (1)?? (2)????? (3) 5-39 R E?? (4)?? ( 5),??? (6)?? 5-17 (1),? (2)? (3) OCL? OTL?? (4)?? (5),? 5-18 OCL 5-18, T 1 T 2, : (1), R L?? (2) R P1 R P2 R P3 D? (3) D,? 5-18 5-20 5-19 5-18, T 1 T 2, U CC = 12 V, R L = 8 (1),,?? (2) T 1 T 2,R L (3) T 1 T 2 U CES = 2 V, R L? 163
5-20 5-20, u i, R L = 16,10 W,U CES : (1) U CC (2) U CC I CM U ( BR) CEO (3), (4) (5), 2. 5-21 5-21, = 50, R C = 3.2 k, R B = 320 k, R S = 100, R L = 6.8 k, U CC = 15 V: (1 ) ; (2 ), A u r i r o ; ( 3) EDA 5-21 5-22 5-22 5-22 (1 ) U CC = 12 V, R C = 3 k,= 75, I C 1.5 ma,r B? (2 ) R B 0,?? ( 3) EDA 5-23 5-23, U CC = 24 V, R B1 = 33 k, R B2 = 10 k, R E = 1.5 k, R C = 3.3 k, R L = 5.1 k,= 66, : ( 1) ; (2 ), (3 ), R L ( 4) EDA 5-23 5-24 5-24 5-24 (1) : (2 ) U CC = 20 164
V, R B = 330 k, R C = 10 k,= 50, 5-25 5-25 U CC = 20 V, R B = 200 k, R E = 3.9 k, R L = 1.5 k,= 60, : (1 ) ; (2), ( 3) EDA 5-25 5-26 5-26 5-26, U CC = 12 V, R B = 280 k, R C = R E = 2 k, r be = 1.4 k,= 100, : (1) A A uo1 ; ( 2) B A uo2 ; (3 ) A B,, 5-27 5-27, U CC = 12 V, R B1 = 500 k, R B2 = 200 k, R C1 = 6 k, R C2 = 3 k, R L = 2 k, 40: ( 1) ; (2 ), 5-28 5-28, U DD = 18 V, R G1 = 250 k, R G2 = 50 k, R G = 1 M, R D = 5 k, R S = 5 k, R L = 5 k, g m = 5 mav: ( 1) ( I D, U DS )( 2 ), 5-27 5-28 165
6,,, ( ), ( SSI), ( MSI ), (LSI) ( VLSI ),,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, 6.1 6.1.1 1., 6-1 6-1,,,,,,,, 166
, 2., : 200 PF,,,, ;, 3.,,, u + u - u O,,,,,,, 6-2 6-2 6-2 (a), ( b), (c) 6-3 EDA ( ) 6-3 EDA 6.1.2, 167
1., : (1 ) U IO,,,,,,,, U I O U I O U IO, U I O 1 V20 mv, F007 U I O 15 mv (2 ) I IO, I B1 I B2 I IO, I I O = I B1 - I B 2, I I O, II O II O 1 na0.1 A, F007 I IO 50100 na 2. (1 ) A od Aod,,, A od U o = 20 lg ( U i1 - U i2 ), A od, 80140 db, 10 4 10 7 106 db (6-1) F007 A od 100 (2 ) U id max U idmax,, NPN U id max 5 V, PNP Uidmax 30 V (3 ) r id r id = U id I i,,, F007 r id 2 M,, r id 10 6 3. M, (1 ) K C MR, F007 K C MR 8086 db, K CM R 180 db (2 ) U icmax 168
U icmax,,, F007 U icmax 13 V 4., SR,,, S R, S R, S R, 65 V s 5. F007 120 mw, :,,,,,,,,,, 6.1.3 1. u O ( u + - u - ), 6-4,,, ;, U O + U O - ( U O + U O - ) 6-4 A 0 = U O + - U O - u + - u - (6-2),,, 100 db, 10 V 169
F007, A d = 10 5, 2. (1 ) u + - u - = U O A d = 10 10 5 V = 0.1 mv,,, A od ; ri d ; r o 0; K CMR ; U I O I IO ;,,,, (2 ) 6-5 6-5 ( ) A 0 d, u + - u - = 0, u O = A 0 d ( u + - u - ) (6-3) u + = u - (6-4) r i d, i + i - i + = i - = 0 (6-5),,, 0u + = u - u + u -,,, i + = i - = 0 i + i -,,, : r i d, i + = i - = 0; ( ) u O A 0d ( u + - u - ), u + > u -, u O = U O + ; u + < u -, u O = U O - ; 170
u + = u - U O + U O -, 6-1 6-6, R 1 = R 3 = 10 k, R 2 = R 4 = 50 k, u i = 10 mv, u O =? : i + = i - = 0 i 1 = i 4 i 2 = i 3 u + = u i R 3 R 2 + R 3 = 1010 mv = 1.67 mv 50 + 10 u + = u - i 1 = 0 - u - = i R 4 = u - - u o 1 R 4 u O = 1 + R 4 R1 u - = 1 + 50 10 10 6 6-6 6-1 mv = 10 mv 6.2,,, 6.2.1 1.,,, 6-7 6-7 A x F x,, ; 171
X d = X i - X f (6-6) X, X o X d ( ), A xo, () A xo = X o X d (6-7), X o X i ( ), A x f A xf = X o X i (6-8) X f X o, F x, F x = X f X o (6-9) A xf A xo F x A x f = X o X i = 2. X o X d + X f = X o X d 1 + X f X d = A xo 1 + F x A xo ( 6-10), ;, :, ;,, A xf < A xo, 1 + F x A xo > 1 1 + F x A xo, A xf, 1 + F x A xo 1 + F x A xo 1,, (6-10 ) 1 + F x A xo < 1, A xf > A xo, A xf A xo F x A xo = 1 F x ( 6-11), 1 + F x A xo = 0, A x f, ( ) 3., ;, ;, 4.,,, ;,, 5., u i u d u f, 172
; i i i d i f,,, ( ) 6.2.2 1.,,,, 6-8, 6-8( a), 6-8 ; 6-8( b), R2, ; 6-8 (c) R 1,, 2. ;,,,, ;,, 6-9 (a),,, R 2 R 1, R 1 u f, u d = u i - u f, u f u i, ud < ui,, 6-9 173
6-9 ( b), u i,, R 2 R 1, R 1 u f, u d = u i - u f, u f u i, u d > u i,, 6-9 (c), i i,,, R 2 i f u -, i i = i d + i f, i d = i i - i f, i d < i, i f, 3. : ( u O = 0),, 6-10(a),, u O 0,, 6-10( b),, uf, 6-10 4. :,, 6-11 (a) ;, 6-11( b)( ) 5. (1 ) 6-12 R L,, u O = 0,, 6-11 ;, u i u d u f,,, u i u f,, (2 ) 174
6-13, R L, R 1, u f, ;, u i u d u f,,,, u i u f,, 6-12 6-13 (3 ) 6-14, R L, u O = 0,, ;, i d i f, i i i d i f,,, i f i i, i d, i d i i, 6-14 6-15 (4 ) 6-15, R L, R 1, i f, ;, i i i d i f,,, i f i i, i i, i d i i,,, ;, 175
, 6-16( ) 6-16 6.2.3,,,,, 1. (6-10 ) A xo d A xf d A xo (6-10 ), = (1 + Fx A xo ) - Fx Axo ( 1 + F x A xo ) 2 = d A xf A xf = 1 ( 1 + F x A xo ) 2 1 1 + F x A xo d A xo A xo ( 6-12), 1 ( 1 + F x A xo )1 + F x A xo = 100, A xo 10 %, A xf 0.1 % (6-11 ),, A x f A xo,, 2.,,, 6-17 u i,,, 6-17 (a), u f u o, u d, 6-17( b) 176
6-17 3., 6-18,,,,,,,,,,,, 4., : u o x f x d u o, : 6-18 io xf xd io 5., r i r o,, ;, r i ; r i, r o ;, r o 6.3,,,,,,,, 177
6.3.1 1. 6-19, R 2, ( i + = i - = 0 ),,, ; ( u + = u - ),, N, u + = u - = un = i + R2 = 0,, R 2, R 2, = R 1 R f, i 1 = i f, u N = u - = u + = 0 i 1 = u i - u N R 1 i f = u N - u O R f = u i R 1 = - u O R f u O = - u i i i R f R 1 u i ( 6-13) 6-19,, rif = = R 1 R f = R 1, u O = - u i ( 6-14), u O u i,, 2. 6-20( a), i 1 = i f i 1 = 0 - u N = - u + R 1 R 1 = - u i R 1 if = un - uo R f = ui - uo R f,, r i u O = 1 + R f R 1 u i ( 6-15) =,,, 178
6-20, R 2 ( ) 6-20( b),, R 1 = R f = 0,, u O = u i ( 6-16),,,,, 6.3.2 1. 6-21 i 1 + i 2 + i 3 = i f, i 1 = u i1 i R 2 = u i2 i 1 R 3 = u i3 i 2 R f = - u O 3 R f R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R, u O = - R f u i1 R 1 + u i2 R 2 + u i3 R 3 ( 6-17) u O = -, R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R f, R f R ( u i1 + u i2 + u i3 ) ( 6-18) u O = - ( u i1 + u i2 + u i3 ) ( 6-19), 2., 6-22 i 1 = i f 179
6-21 6-22 u i1 - u N = u N - u O R 1 R f i 2 = u i2 - u + R 2 = u + R 3 u - = u + = u N u O = 1 + R f R 1 R 3 R 2 + R 3 u i2 - R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R f, 6.3.3 1. 6-23, i 1 = i f = u i d u C, i R f = C f 1 d t u O = - u C = - 1 C f i f d t = - R f R 1 u i1 ( 6-20) u O = u i2 - u i1 ( 6-21) 1 C f R 1 u i d t ( 6-22) U I, t = 0, u O = U I R 1 C f t ( 6-23),,, 6-23,, 6-24 2. 6-25,, u + = u - = 0,, u C = u i, 180
6-24 6-25 i f = i C = C 1 d u C d t = C 1 d u i d t u O = - R f i f = - R f C 1 d u i d t ( 6-24) 6.3.4,,,,,,,, 6-26 6-26 u i = u i1 - u i2 = a - b u i = a - b = R P 2 R + R P ( u O1 - u O2 ) 181
u O1 - u O2 = 1 + 2 R R P u i u O = 1 + R f R 2 R f R 2 + R f u O2 - R f R 2 u O1, R P AD552 AD624 = R f R 2 ( u O2 - u O1 ) u O = - R f R 2 1 + 2 R R P u i ( 6-25), 6.3.5, 3.3 RC, RC,,,,, 1. 6-27, ui,,,,, A u (j) = U o = U o U + U i U + U i U o = 1 + R f U + R 1 = A uo (: A uo, ) 0 = 1 RC U + = U i 1 jc R + 1 = jc U + = U i 1 1 1 + jrc 1 + j 0 A u (j) = A uo 1 182 1 + j ( 6-26) 0
A u (j) = A uo 1 + ( 6-27) 2 0 6-27 6-28, 6-28, < 0, u O u i ; > 0, u O 0,,, 6-29, RC, 6-30 6-29 6-30 2., 6-27 R C, 6-31 A u (j) = U o 1 = A uo U i 1 1 - j 0 ( 6-28), A uo = 1 + R f R 1, 0 = 1 RC A u (j) = Auo 1 + 1 1 0 2 ( 6-29) 183
,, 6-32 0 6-31 6-32 3.,, 6-33, H, L, : = H - L, 6-33, 6-34 L H, L H 6-34,, 184
6.4 6.4.1,,, AD,, 1. 6-35(a), u i, u N = 0, u I > 0 u O = U O +, u I < 0 u O = U O -, 6-35( b),, 6-35 6-36 2. 6-36( a), u I, u N = U R, U R ui > UR uo = UO +, ; u I < U R u O = U O -, 6-36( b) uo,,, 6-37 (a), u I < U R, u O = 0 ; u I > U R, u O = U Z 6-37 ( b), ( 1 0) 6-37(c) ( AD) ( ),,,, 185
6-37,,, (), 3. 6-38( a), uo = UZ, ui, u N = u +, u + = R 1 R1 + R2 U Z 6-38( b) u T = R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z u I - u T, u N u +, u O = + U Z, u + = + u T u I + u T,, + U Z - U Z u I + u T, u N u +, u O = - U Z, u + = - u T u I - u T,, - UZ + UZ R 1 6-38 U R, 6-39 (a) u + = u N = u +, u I, R 2 R 1 + R 2 U R R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z u T1 = R 2 R 1 + R 2 U R - R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z 186
u T 2 u T2 = R 2 R 1 + R 2 U R + R 1 R 1 + R 2 U Z 6-39( b), u T 2, u T 1, - u T 1, 6-39,,,, AD790 LM119 LM193MC1414MAX900,,,,,, TTL CMOS, 6.4.2,,, RC 6-40( a), 6-40 ( b) 6-40, R1 R2,, 187
U Z u C u O R 2 u R 2 u C > u R2, u O = - U Z ; u C < u R 2, u O = + U Z u R 2 = 6-41 R 2 R1 + R2 u O 6-41, u O = + U Z, u C = 0, u R 2 =, u C R 2 R 1 + R 2 U Z, 6-41 (a) uc = R2 R 1 + R 2 UZ = K1, u O - UZ, ur2 = - R 2 R 1 + R 2 U Z, ;, u O + U Z - UZ,, 6-41 ( b ), u C u C = - R 2 R 1 + R 2 U Z = K 2, u O - U Z + U Z, 6-42,,, RC, T 1, T 2, T 1 = T 2 = RCln 1 + 2 R 2 R 1 T = T 1 + T 2 = 2 RCln 1 + 2 R 2 R 1 6-42 188
6.5,,,, 6-43,, 6.5.1 6-43,,,? 1.,,, u O,, u i, (,, u O ) u O,, : u f = F u u O = u i u O = A u u i = A u u f = A u F u u O 6-43 A u F u = 1 ( 6-30), A u F u, (6-30 ),, A u A F u F = A u F u ( A + F ) = 10 A u F u = 1 ( 6-31) A + F = 2 n( n = 0, 1, 2, ) ( 6-32), 2, ;,,, A u F u 1,,,,, (6-31 ), 189
6-44 A u F u 2. RC A u F u > 1 ( 6-33) u i ( u f ),,,,, ; : LC RC, RC LC, RC, 6-45 (3.3.1) 6-46, = 0 = 1 RC, 6-44 6-45 RC 6-46 RC H() = 13 ; 6.5.2 () = 0 (), 1 Hz 1 MHz, 6-47 RC, = 0, ( 0 ) = 0, 0360 RC : = 0 = 1 RC, F u = 1 3,, A u F u > 1,, A u > 3A u = 1 + Rt R 1, Rt > 2 R1,, R t R 1, 190
R t,,,,, R t,,,,, Rt,,,,,, R 1,,,,,,, 6-47,, 6.6,,,,,,, CA741LM741MC741PM741SG741CF741A741 PC741 6.6.1 1. A741,,, : :1 mv :20 na :80 na :210 5 : 75 :2 M :25 ma : 1.7 ma A741 6-48 1 5, 4, 7, 8 2. LM324 6-48 A741 LM324 4,,, : : 2 mv : 5 na : 45 na : 100 db : 7 V : 3-30 V 191
: 1.5 15 V : 500 A LM324 6-49 11, 4 6-49 LM324 3. OP07 OP07( LM714),, : :10 V :0.7 na :0.2 V : 22 V : 500 A OP07 6-50 1 8, 4, 7 6-50 OP07 6-51 LF411 4. JFET LF411 L F411 JFET,,, L F411 DA : : 0.8 mv : 25 pa : 7 V : 50 pa : 10 12 : 1.8 ma : - 30+ 30 V : - 14.5+ 14.5 V : 4 MHz L F411 6-511 5, 4, 7 192
6.6.2 1. LM119,,,, 2 36 V 18 V,, T TL LED LM219, LM319LM139 LM239 LM339 LM119 LM119 6-52 11, 6, 3 1, 8 2 2. LM119 LM119 6-53( a) 6-52 LM119 ( ),,,, 6-53 ( b) 6-53 LM119 6.6.3 ICL8038 ( 1030 V), ( 5 15 V ) 0.001 Hz300 khz, 2% 98%, 1% 6-54 6-55 ICL8038,, R C, R P2, P P1, R P3 R P4 193
6-54 ICL8038 6-55 ICL8038 1. 6-1 : 194 (1 ),, ( 2), ( 3),,
( 4) A u =, r i =, r o = 6-2 : ( 1) (a. :b. ; c. ) ( 2) (a. ; b. ; c., ) ( 3) (a. ; b. ; c. ) ( 4) (a. ; b. ; c. ) ( 5) (a. ; b. ; c. ) 6-3,,? ( 1), A xf 1F x,,,, F x = 1A xf, A xf ( 2),,,,,? 6-4 : ( 1),, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, (a. ; b. ; c. ; d. ) (2 ), ;, ;, ;, (a. ; b. ; c. ; d. ) 6-5 ( ) : ( 1),,, ( ) ( 2),,( ) (3 ), A x f 1F x, A x,,,( ) ( 4), ( ) 6-6 ( 1) 60 db,? 195
( 2) 20 000,? (3 ),15 db,?? 6-7 : ( 1), (a. ;b. ; c. ;d. ; e. ) ( 2) (a. ;b. ; c. ) (3 ),,, (a. ; b. ) ( 4),,, (a. ; b. ; c. ; d. ) 6-8 : (1 ) y = a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 ( a 1 a 2 a 3, ), ( 2) y = b 1 x 1 + b 2 x 2 - b 3 x 3 ( b 1 b 2 b 3, ), ( 3),, (a. ;b. ; c. ; d. ; e. ) 2. 6-9 d A x A x 20%, d A xf A xf 1 %,A xf = 100, A x F x? 6-10,u O,; 6-10 R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R f, u O =? 6-11,u O 6-12,,u O1 u O2 u O3 u O ; R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R u O 196
6-11 6-12 6-13, A 1 A 2, u C (0 ) = 0 ( 1) u O ; ( 2) R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R 4 = R 5 = R 6 = R, u O 6-13 6-14,,U o 6-14 6-15, T R f,, : u O u ui = - R 1 + R 3 + R 2 + R 3 R 4 R 1 6-16, 12 V, U Z = 6 V, u i 3 V U R + 2 V 0 V- 2 V u O 197
6-15 6-16 6-17, 13 V, U Z = 6 V, U D = 0.7 V, 6-17 6-18 6-18, 1 A,100 A,R F 6-19,, 6-20, C = 0.1 F, R 2 = 100, R P 020 k, u O 6-19 6-20 198
7 ; 7.1 7.1.1 :, ;, 1. (1 ) S U,, U I U O, U O U I U O 100 % (2 ) (3 ) 2.,, (1 ),, -, (2 ) -, - 7.1.2 7-1, U I, T 199
, A, U R E F, R 1 R 2, U F ( ) T RL, T c - e, U O : U I ( IO ), U O, U F = U O R 2 ( R 1 + R 2 ) = F U U O ( F U ) 7-1 U F U R E F, U B I C, T c - e U CE, U O, U O, U I ( I O ),, T U B = A u ( U RE F - F U U O ) U O U O = U RE F A u 1 + A u F U, A u,, A uo, 1 + A u F U 1, U O = U RE F F U, U O U R E F, F U U RE F F U, U O, T F U U O U O U RE F,, U CE,,, 7-1,,, U O 7.1.3,,,,, AD DA MC1403 MC1503 TL431 200
TL431, :, 2.536 V;, 0.2 7-2 (a) 7-2 ( b) TL431 2 A, 2.524 V, T 2, I 1,, TL431, TL431 U RE F,, TL431 URE F, 7-2 TL431 7.1.4 7-3,, 220 V,,,, 7-3 201
7.2 :,,,, 7.2.1, 7800 7900 7800, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20 24 V 11 5,7800 1.5 A, 78M00 0.5 A, 78 L00 0.1 A,78T00 3 A, 78H00 5 A7900 7800, :, ;,, 7-4, LM7805 LM7905, 23 V 7-4 C 1, C 2, C 1 0.33 F, C 2 1 F 7.2.2, LM117 LM217 LM317, LM137 LM237 LM337,,,, 1.2537 V, LM317, 1.5 A, 7-5 1.2537 V U O = U RE F 1 + R 2 R 1, U R E F = 1.25 VR 1 = 240, R 2 = 2.4 k, 13.75 V 202
7-5 7.2.3 23 V,, 7805 1.5 A 4.5 W, Micrel MIC29150, 3.3 V 5 V 12 V, 1.5 A, 7800, 7805 :, 1.5 A 350 mv, 600 mv ; 2 % ; 26 V, 20 ppm, - 40 125; ( - 2060 V ) 5.6 V, 5.0 V, 0.9 W, 7805 4.5 W,, MIC29150 7805 7.3,, ( P C = U C E I O ), (= P O P I = U O I O U I I I ) 40 % 60 %,,,, U CES I C EO,, 80 % 90 %,, 1. 7-6, LC ( u T )C, ( PWM), U I, u B, u B T U I u E ( u D ) u B, T, U I T D 203
, u E U I (T ), D, I O, L u B, T, ( ), D, D R L, R L, D u E - U D ( ),, D LC, 7-7 i L u E ( u D )u O t on T, t off T, T = t on + t off, L, 7-6 7-7 7-6 u E ( u D ) i L u O 204
U O = t on T ( U I - U CE S ) + ( - U D ) t off T U I t on T = qu I, q = t on T, U I, U O,, U set, u F = F U U set = U R E F, u A, C U B q = 50 %, u T u B u E 7-8 (a) U I U O, u F > U R E F, u A, u A u T, u B, q < 50 %, U se t, u T u B ue 7-8( b), UI, UO, uf < UR E F, UA, ub q > 50 %, U O, U I R L U O, 7-8 7-6 U I U O u T u B u E f T 10100 khz f T, LC,,,,, 2. PWM PWM, :,, PWM,,, (AC - DC ), (DC - DC ) (1 ) PWM MAX668 205
MAX668 MAXIM, PWM, ( U O - U I )U I, U O U I, CMOS, MAX668 ( 220 A), (100500 khz), 328 V, 28 V 7-9, 5 V 12 V, 1 A, 92 % 7-9 MAX668 MAX668 : 1, LDO, 5 V, 1 F 2, FREQ, 3, GND, 4, RE F, 1.25 V, 50 A 5, FB,, FB 1.25 V 6, CS +,, CS + PGND 7, PGND, 8, EXT, MOSF ET 9, U CC, 0.1 F 10, SYNCSHDN, :, DC - DC, DC - DC FREQ (2 ) TOP Switch Power Integration,, 206
PWM,, 85265 V (AC), 2100 WTOP CMOS,, D ; C ; S,,, TOP200204214; TOP221217: 10 KHz 36700 V 2 % 67 % - 0.3 8 V 145 15 100 ma - 40150 500 A 7-10 TOP220YAI 12 V 30 W,, 85265 V 7-10 TOP Switch, T r R 1 C 2 D 5,, TOP, U2 TOP,, U3 207
,,, R P1 1. 7-1 ( 1) ( 2), (3 ), 2 ( 4) U 2, 2 U 2 ( 5), ( 6) ( 7) ( 8),, ( 9) ( 10) 7-2 : (1 ),,, ; 200 ma, ;,, ;,, (,,,,,) ( 2), 18 V, 6 V,, V(,,,18,20,24) 7-3, Dz 5.3 V, R 1 = R 2 = 200, U BE = 0.7 V a. ( ) : ( 1) ( 2), ( 3), ( 4), b. R P U O = 15 V,R P c. R P, U O =? 2. 7-4 7-3 W7800, ; 208
7-3,, CW7815, CW7915,, 15 V 7-5 7-5, U Z = 6 V, R 1 = R 2 = 6 k, R W = 10 k, : ( 1) U O? ( 2) R C A B,? 7-5 7-6 7-6, U Z = 6 V, R 1 = 2 k, R 2 = 1 k, R 3 = 0.9 k, U I = 30 V, = 80, : (1 ) U O (2 ) U O = 15 V, R L = 150, I 7-7,7-7 R 1 = 1 k, R 2 = 3 k, R P = 1.5 k, R 3 = 3 k, R 4 = 3 k, U O 7-6 7-7 209
8 ( )( ) ( ) ( ),, 8.1,,, (), ;, 8.1.1, 8-1( a), PNPN, PN A P, K N, P ( ) G 8-1 ( b),, 8-2, 8-2 ( a),,,, [ 8-2( b ) S ], S, 8-2 (c), 8-1,,,, 8-2 ( d) : 210
, (, ), ( I H ) 8-2 8-3 PN, NPN PN P, A K, T 1 T 2,, T 1 G( ), I G, T 1, T 1 1 IG, T1 T2, T2, T2 1 2 I G T 1, T 1,, T 1 T 2,, 1 V T 1, T 1 G, T 1 T 2 8-3 8.1.2 1. U A I A, 211
8-4,,,, oa, b, b ( ), U B O, I A U A,,,, I A, I A, I H U G ( I G ),, 8-4 IG1 IG2, I G = 0, 800 V, I G = 5 ma, 200 V ; I G = 15 ma, 5 V, < I H, 8-4, Oc, d,, U BR ( ) 2., : (1 ) I F,, I F, 50 A I F I m, I F = 2 1 I m sin td( t) = I m 0 50 A,,,, PN, (2 ) I H, I H,,, I H 212,
(3 ) U FR M,,, U FR M U BO 80% (4 ) UR RM,, U R RM U B R 80% (5 ) U G I G 6 V, (6 ) IF SM,,, KP-, K ; P ; ;,, U FR M U RR M ; ( 100 A ),, AI 0.4 1.2 V KP200-18F 200 A 1 800 V, 0.9 V,,, 8.2,,,, 8.2.1 1. 8-5 ( a), 2., u 2, a, b, 8-5( b) T, u G,,, u G, T,, u O, T, (), u G 213
,,, u 2, a, b, T, i O = 0, u O = 0,, 8-5( b) =- 3. u 2 = 2 U 2 sin t, R L, U O = 1 2 2 U 2 sin td( t) = 2 2 U 2 (1 + cos ) = 0.45 U 2 1 + cos 2 (8-1) (8-1), = 0 (=), U O = 0.45 U 2,, =, U O = 0, = 0,, R L IO = UO R L = 0.45 U2 1 + cos R L 2 ( 8-2 ) 8-1, 8, U 2 8-5 = 220 V, 60180, : : 60, (8-1) U O = 0.45 U 2 1 + cos 2 1 + cos 60 = 0.45220 = 74.25 V 2 180, 60180, 74.250 V, ( 8-2 ) I F = I O = U O R L = 74.25 8 A = 9.28 A U F M = U R M = 2 U 2 = 2220 V = 311 V 23, 600 V 4. L R, 8-6, 214
, u 2,,,,, D(8-6 ) u 2, e L D,,,, 5. 8-7, T, RP 8-6, 8-7 8.2.2 1. 8-8 ( a), T1 T2 2., u 2 (a, b ), T 1 D 1, t =, u G T 1, : at 1 R L D 1 b, T2 D2 u2, T1, u 2 ( a, b ), T 2 D 2, t =+, u G T 2, : bt 2 R L D 2 a, T 1 D 1 u 2, T 2, u 2, R L, 8-8( b) 8-8 ( b), U O = 0.9 U 2 1 + cos 2 215 (8-3)
8-8 (8-3), = 0 (=), U O =, U O, R L I O = 0.9 U 2,, = 0, = 0, = U O = 0.9 U 2 1 + cos R L R L 2 2 U 2 (8-4) I T = I D = 1 2 I O (8-5),,, 8.3, u G, u G, 8.3.1 1., 8-9 (a), PN E, B 1 2. B 2, 8-9 ( b) 8-9 ( c), R BB = R B1 + R B2, D PN R BB 215 k B 1 B 2 U BB, A B 1 216
R B1 U AB1 = R B1 R B1 + R B2 U BB = U BB (8-6),,, 0.50.9, 8-9 U E = f ( I E ) 8-10 (a), B 2 B 1 E B, U BB E E R E E B 1 8-10 U E < U BB + U D ( U D PN ), PN,,, 8-10( b)ap U E = U BB + U D, 8-10( b) P, U P I P PN, R B1, U E, I E,, 8-10( b) PV V U V I V, I E, U E,,, V, U E < U V, 217
, U P, U P U BB U P = U D + U A B1 U A B1 = U BB (8-7) U V U V = 25 V( U BB = 20 V) BT31 BT32 BT33 BT, 3, 100 200 300 mw 8.3.2 RC,, 8-11( a) 8-11 S, R C ( C ), u C = RC u C U P,, R 1, R 1 50 100, C,, R1 u G, u E, u E U V ( ),, u G,,, C, R 1 u G, 8-11 ( b) R( C ), 8-11 ( b) t 1 u G, 8-11,,, R 1,, 8-12,, 218 8-12
,, D 1 D 2 D 3,, D 2, D 3, D2, D2 D3, 8.3.3 8-13, 8-13 T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2, ; 8-13, U Z, u 1 (, ), 8-14 (a) u 1, u 2, U BB, E B 1 PN, C,, 8-14 ( b) u B 1,, 8-14 (c),,, 8-14 8-13 [ 8-14 ( c) ],,, u O 219
8-14( d) R P, R P C,,, u O R P,,,,, R P, R P,, 0.11 F, R 1 50100,, 50 A (JFK - 3 ), 200,, 8001 000 8-15, 90900 R P ( 4.7 k), R 1 R2, C BT33 R3 DZ M T 1, 8-15 JFK - 3 8.4,,, 1., :,,,, 220
,,,,, 8-16 ( 8-16 F U1),,, ( 8-16 F U2), R L ( 8-16 FU3 ) 8-16,,,,, 50 Hz 1.57, 100 A, 150 A 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, LC, 8-17 ( 8-17 C 1 R 1 ) ( 8-17 C 2 R 2 ) 8-17 ( 8-17 C 3 R 3 ) 8.5 8.5.1,, 8-18,, 221
, U i 8-18 U O = 1 ( 2 U i sin t) 2 dt 1 = U i sin 2+- 2 ( 8-8) ( 8-8), U O,,, 8.5.2 8-19 NPNPN, A 1 A 2 G,,,, : ( 1) G, ( 2),,,, 8-18 8-19,, 100 A 141 A (1002A),45 A 141 A (45 A ), 100 A 45 A, 3CTS KS : 8-20 D T,,, 8-21 8-20,, R P1 R 2 C 2, C 2, D,D,T G, ;,C 2, C 2, D 222
,D, T R P1 T, R 1 R P2 C 1 8-20 8-21 D 2CTS ; KS, 400 V,, ; C 1 C 2 160 V, 0.5 W 8.6 1.,,,, 8-22, 50 Hz u U d, f o u o, U d,, U d,u o ; 50 Hz ;, ; 8-22 2., 8-23, ( GTO),, ;, ( ),,,, 8-23( a), U d T 1 T 3 T 2 T 4, u O, 8-23( b ), U d ; f o, i O u O, 223
D 1 D 4 T 1 T 3, i O ; T 2 T 4, i O, D 2 D 4,,, i O u O,, 8-23 ( ), 8.7 () 8.7.1,, ; ( GTO), ( GTR ) MOS ( P - MOSFET) MOS ( MCT) ( IGBT ) ( GTR),,, ( GTR ),,, MOS ( P - MOSFET) MOS, P - MOSFET MOS, 8-24 N P - MOSFET P P - MOSFET, P - MOSFET, P - MOSFET P - MOSFET,, ( IGBT), 8-25( a) (b),, IGBT NMOS PNP, IGBT N MOS, IGBT I C U GE, NMOS U GE, U GE 8-24 P - MOSFE T, U GE(th), NMOS, NMOS, PNP, PNP, IGBT, NMOS, PNP, IGBT IGBT MOSFE T GTR :MOSFET,,,, ; GTR,, 224
8-25 ( IGBT), 50 A IGBT, IGBT, ( IPM ) 8.7.2 ( ),,,, 8-26 8-26 (a) ( IGBT) ( b)u O, L D IGBT,L, R L, U L 8-26( a),igbt, u O = U S ; IGBT, u O = 0 U L U L = T on T on + T off U S = qu S (8-9), q = T on ( T on + T off ), IGBT,q, U L 8-27 IGBT,L IGBT, U S L, L, i L, C R L, D ;IGBT, L, e L, i L, C, u C,, IGBT L, L i L 8-27 225
T on T off, L, i L, i L = I L, IGBT IGBT, W in = U S I L T on W out = E L I L T off = ( U O - U S ) I L T off W in = W out U O = T on + T off T off U S > U S (8-10) 1. 8-1 (1 ),? (2 )?,?,? (3 ),?? 8-2 8-8 (a), 300 V, 400 V? 8-3 (8-6)?,? 8-4 8-4,R L,,, R L,,? 8-4 8-5 8-5,KP100-3,??? 8-5 226
8-6?? 8-7 (1 ) U BB = 20 V, U D = 0.7 V, = 0.6,? U BB = 15 V,? (2 )?? (3 )? (4 )?? (5 )?? 2. 8-8, 60 V, 30 A, 220 V, 8-9, R L = 10, 220 V, = 60, 8-10 u 2 = 141sin t V,18,: (1)? ( 2) 30120,? 8-11 8-11 8-11 8-12,8-12, 8-12 227
8-13 8-13,R L 8-13 8-14 8-14 R, R L, S 8-14 8-15 8-18, R L = 10, u 1 = 311 sin t V = 60 u O,U O U FM U RM 8-16 8-26 (a), U S = 12 V, T on = 6 ms, T off = 2 msu L 228
1 1. 1.1 ( 10 n, n ) 1.1 5 % E24 1.0; 1.1 ;1.2; 1.3 ;1.5 ;1.6;1.8 ;2.0;2.2 ;2.4; 2.7 ;3.0 3.3; 3.6 ;3.9; 4.3 ;4.7 ;5.1;5.6 ;6.2;6.8 ;7.5; 8.2 ;9.1 10 % E12 1.0; 1.2 ;1.5; 1.8 ;2.2 ;2.7;3.3 ;3.9;4.7 ;5.6; 6.8 ;8.2 20 % E6 1.0 ;1.5 ;2.2;3.3 ;4.7;6.8,,1.1 1.1 1.2 229
1.2 0 10 0 7 10 7 0.1 % 1 10 1 1 % 8 10 8 2 10 2 2 % 9 10 9 + 50 %, - 20 % 3 10 3 5 % 4 10 4 10 % 5 10 5 0.5 % 20 % 6 10 6 0.2 % 2. 1.3 1.3, ( ) 5 % 10 % 20 % 100 pf1 F 1.0,1.5, 2.2,3.3,4.7,6.8 1 F100 F 1,2,4,6, 8,10, 15,20,30,50,60,80, 100 ( ) 1.0,1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 5 % 2.2,2.4, 2.7,3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7,5.6, 6.0,6.8,7.5,8.2,9.1 1.0,1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 10 % 4.7,5.6, 6.8,8.2 20 % 1.0,1.5, 2.2,3.3,4.7,6.8 10 % 20 % 50 % 1.0,1.5, 2.2,3.3,4.7,6.8-20 % + 100 % - 30 %,, 1.4 1.4 ( :V) 1.6 4 6.3 10 16 25 32 40 50 63 100 125 160 250 300 400 450 500 630 1000 230
m(10-3 )(10-6 ) n(10-9 ) p (10-12 ) 4 n7 4.710-9 F = 4 700 pf ; 33 n 3310-9 F = 0.033 F ;4p7 4.7 pf, 1, pf ; 1, F 3 300 3 300 pf ; 0.022 0.022 F, pf,, 10 n, n 9, 10-1 223 2210 3 = 22 000 pf = 0.022 F, 479 4710-1 = 4.7 pf 2 2.1 ( GB24989) 2 3 A B C D A B C D E N, P, N, P, PNP, NPN, PNP, NPN, P V W C Z L S K X 3 A G 1 B G D A T PNP, : < 3 MHz; : < 1 W ; : 3 MHz ; : 1 W EWB, (EIA ) 231
2.2 (EIA ) PN N EIA EIA A B C D JAN ( J) 1 2 3 n PN n PN N EIA JAN 2 N 3553 C 2N3553C EIA EIA 3 3.1 I DM ma 2AP1 2AP7 2AP11 2CP1 2CP10 2CP20 2CZ11A 2CZ11H 2CZ12A 2CZ12G 2AK1 2AK5 2AK14 2CK70AE 2CK72AE 2CK76AE 16 12 25 500 100 100 1000 1000 3000 3000 I DM ma 150 200 250 10 30 200 U RM V 20 100 10 100 25 600 100 800 50 600 10 40 50 A - 20 B - 30 C - 40 D - 55 E - 60 U BR V 40 150 30 60 70 A - 30 B - 45 C - 60 D - 75 E - 90 f M MHz 150 150 40 3 khz 50 khz 50 khz t r ns 200 150 150 3 4 5 232
3.2 U Z V I Z ma I Zmax ma r Z u ( % ) P ZM W 2CW51 2.53.5 71 60-0.09 2CW52 3.24.5 55 70-0.08 2CW53 45.8 10 41 50-0.060.04 0.25 2CW54 5.56.5 38 30-0.030.05 2CW56 78.8 27 15 0.07 2CW57 8.59.5 26 20 0.08 2CW59 1011.8 5 20 30 0.09 0.25 2CW60 11.512.5 19 40 2CW103 45.8 50 165 20-0.060.04 1 2CW110 11.512.5 20 76 20 0.09 1 2CW113 1619 10 52 40 0.11 1 2DW1A 5 30 240 20-0.060.04 1 2DW6C 15 30 70 8 0.1 1 2DW7C 6.16.5 10 30 10 0.05 0.2 3.3 - h fe I CEO ma I CM ma P CM mw U ( BR) CEO V f T MHz 3AX51A 3AX55A 3AX81A 3AX81B 3CX200B 40150 30150 30250 40200 50450 500 1200 1000 700 0.5 100 500 200 200 300 100 500 200 200 300 12 20 10 15 18 0.5 0.2 6k Hz 6k Hz 3DX200B 55400 2 300 300 18 3AG54A 20 300 30 100 15 30 3AG87A 10 50 50 300 15 500 3CG100B 25 0.1 30 100 25 100 3CG120A 25 0.2 100 500 15 200 3DG110A 30 0.1 50 300 20 150 3DG120A 30 0.01 100 500 30 150 3DD11A 10 3000 30A 300W 30 3DD15A 30 2000 5A 50W 60 3DK8A 20 200 500 15 80 3DK10A 20 1500 1500 20 100 233
3.4 3DO4 3DO2 () 3DO6 ( ) 3DO1 () I DSS A 0.510 3 1510 3 1 1 U GS( off) V 19 U GS (th ) V 5-2- 8 R GS 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 g m AV 2000 4000 2000 500 f M MHz 300 1000 U (BR)DS V 20 12 20 U (BR)GS V 20 20 20 20 P DM mw 1000 1000 1000 1000 : 3DO1 P, N ( : U GS (th ) ; U GS(th ) ) 3.5 BT33A BT33B B T33C BT33D R BB k U BB = 3 V, I E = 0 24.5 24.5 > 4.512 > 4.512 U BB = 20 V 0.450.90.450.9 0.30.9 0.30.9 I P A U BB = 20 V < 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 I V ma U BB = 20 V > 1.5 > 1.5 > 1.5 > 1.5 U V V U BB = 20 V < 3.5 < 3.5 < 4 < 4 U ES V U BB = 20 V, I E = 50 ma < 4 < 4 < 4.5 < 4.5 I EO A U EBO = 60 V < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 E,B 1 U EB1 O V I EO = 1A 30 60 30 60 P BM mw 300 300 300 300 3.6 KP5 K P20 KP50 KP200 KP500 U FRM V 1003000 1003000 1003000 1003000 1003000 U RRM V 1003000 1003000 1003000 1003000 1003000 U F V 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 I F A 5 20 50 200 500 I H ma 40 60 60 100 100 U G V 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 5 I G ma 570 5100 8150 10250 20300 234
4 4.1 ( GB343089) 0 C T T TL C 070 F H HTL G - 2570 B E ECL L - 2585 H C CMOS E - 4085 D M R - 5585 J M - 55125 P F S W K B T J C AD AD E DA DA G D : SC C F 741 C T SS SW 0 70 EWB, ( NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR) LM 356 N A, 4.2, 4.3 235
4.2 D N F W00, W01 F00, F01 W06, W07 F06, F07 4.3 ADC HS SF FET ADS IDM (2901) SFW AEE I MP () SH AF INS (4004 8080A) SK AH ( ) IPC ( ) SL ALS ISP ( ) SM CMOS AM ( ) JM M38510 MY LED BLC L ED LED NH ( ) BIMX LF ( ) NMC MOS BLX LH ( ) NMH C CMOS LM ( ) NS CD CMOS(400 ) LP NSA LED CIM CMOS MA NSB L ED ( ) COP MAN LED NSC LED () DA AD MCA NSC (800) DAC MF NSL LED() DB MH MOS( ) NSL DH ( ) MM MOS( ) SN () DM ( ) NSM LED SPM DP ( ) NSN LED() SPX DS NSW PNP NPN IN TBA () DT PAL TDA DISW PNP TRC ECL RA U FET FOE RMC UP FOR SCMP FOT SCX HC CMOS SD 236
5 5.1 CF741 (F007) CF7650 CF3140 CF715 CF3078C U CC ( U DD )V 15 5 15 15 6 A uo db 106 134 100 90 92 U IO mv 1 710-4 5 2 1.3 I IO na 20 510-4 510-4 70 6 I IB na 80 1.510-3 10-2 400 60 U icmax V 15 + 2.6, - 5.2 + 12.5, - 15.5 12 + 5.8, - 5.5 U idmax V 30 8 15 6 K CMR db 90 130 90 92 110 r i M 2 10 6 1.510 6 1 GBMHz 1 2 4.5 SB (V s) 0.5 2.5 9 100, ( A V = - 1) 5.2 CW7805 CW7815 CW78L05 CW78L15 CW7915 CW79L15 U O V 4.85.2 14.415.6 4.85.2 14.415.6-14.4-15.6 U imax V 35 35 30 35-35 - 35 I omax A 1.5 1.5 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.1 U O mv (, U i ) U O mv (, I O ) U O (mv ) (, ) 3 11 55 130 11 200() U i = U i = U i = U i = U i = 725 V 17.530 V 720 V 17.530 V - 17.5-30 V 15 12 11 25 12 25 I O = 5 ma I O = 5 ma I O = 1 ma I O = 1 ma I O = 5 ma I O = 1 ma 1.5 A 1.5 A 100 ma 100 ma 1.5 A 100 ma 0.6 1.8-0.65-1.3 1.0-0.9 I O = 5 ma, 0125 237
first order circuit second order circuit two terminal network diode diode clamp binary system binary counter - binary coded decimal system(bcd) PN PN junction P P - type semiconductor JK JK flip - flop D D flip - flop decimal system decimal counter RC RC selection frequency network RS RS flip - flop N N - type semiconductor N N channel gate circuit AND gate NAND gate and - or - invert( AOI) gate Great transistor tri - state logic gate three - phase rectifier three - phase circuit three - factor method three - phase power three - phase three - wire system three - phase four - wire system three - phase transformer three - phase induction motor triangular connection triangular wave operating point interference rise edge fall edge branch branch current method neutral point neutral conductor center processing unit(cpu ) mutual inductance Watt power meter reactive power Weber 238 counter emf opposite in phase feedback control open circuit open - circuit voltage switch block diagram bistable flip - flop astable flip - flop passive two - terminal network
passive inverter output transformer less ( OT L) circuit output capacitor less( OCL) cir cuit output transformer less ( OTL) power amplifi er output capacitor less ( OCL ) power am plifier complementary symmetry power am plifier backward resistance backward bias reverse breakdown inverter feedback feedback coefficient minority carrier discrete circuit decibel( db) frequency division resolution threshold voltage counter Karnaugh map positive pole positive direction sinusoid sinusoidal current node node voltage method work power power factor power triangle power angle electric energy electric charge electric field electric field intensity electric potential electric potential difference potential rise potential drop potentiometer voltage voltage triangle electromotive force(emf) source voltage source current source circuit circuit analysis circuit element circuit model current current density current transformer resistance resistor resistive circuit resistivity conductance conductivity capacitance capacitor capacitive circuit inductance inductive circuit bridge electric machine electromagnetic torque electrical degree armature armature reaction armature winding electrical measurement 239
electromagnetic instrument electro dynamic instrument average value average power symmetrical three - phase circuit main flux external characteristic transmitter separately excited generator programmable controller( PLC) programmable logic device( PLD) electron device inductance filter capacitor filter current amplification coefficient voltage amplifier voltage gain voltage comparator potential transformer voltage transmission characteristics master - slave flip - flop distortion read only memory( ROM ) brush electrical angle electron device electric shock forward resistance forward bias positive feedback sinusoidal oscillator positive logic breakdown emitter light - emit ting diode(led) Boolean algebra half - wave controlled rectifier half - wave rectifier half - adder semiconductor intrinsic semiconductor offset voltage offset current average delay time Ampere ampere - turns Volt volt - ampere characteristic effective value active power alternating current circuit(a - c circuit) alternating - current machine self - inductance self - induced emf autotransformer self - excited generator automatic control automatic regulation self - locking negative pole load load line 240 negative feedback dynamic resistance parallel connection parallel resonance shunt d - c generator shunt d - c motor shunt field winding synchronous generator synchronous motor synchronous speed in phase torque - speed characteristic over excitation servo - unit transfer function transducer closed loop control loop
network conductor admit tance step voltage law of total current complete response full - wave rectifier full - wave controlled rectifier full adder common - mode signal common - mode input common - mode rejection ratio ( CM RR) common - emit ter configuration covalent bond dynamics impurity diffusion load negative feedback load resistance load line negative resistance negative logic pinch - off voltage multistage amplifier majority carrier astable multivibrator autotransformer automatic control self - locking free electron self - excited oscillator self - bias on conductive channel cxclusive - OR gate asynchronous binary counter synchronous binary counter exclusive - NOR gate cross - over distortion field - effect transistor( FET) anode cathode photo - sensitive resistor photodiode transmission gate( TG) transfer characteristics mechanical characteristic travel switch Maxwell Kirchhoff s current law( KCL) Kirchhoff s voltage law( KCL) Coulomb Henry0 angular frequency series connection series resonance series field winding impedance impedance triangle counter torque initial phase time constant time domain analysis time - delay relay exciting current field rheostat two - phase induction motor two - power meter method servomotor stepping motor step angle system initial value initial phase operational amplifier low - frequency amplifier angular frequency 241
clock pulse sequential logic circuit decipherer impedance impedance transformation impedance transformation resistance - capacitance coupled amplifier interception barrier sample and hold direct current circuit( d - c circuit) direct - current machine Farad no - load open - circuit characteristic air gap nonlinear resistance non - sinusoidal periodic current controlled source transformer ratio of transformation rheostat line voltage line current coil linear resistance period reference potential parameter apparent power stator rotor rotor current slip speed torque switch group braking single - phase induction motor hole space - charge layer fixed - bias direct - coupled amplifier monostable flip - flop unijuction transistor( UJT) - - metal - oxide - semicon ductor( MOS ) NOT gate nonlinear distortion OR gate NOR gate saturation transfer characteristic timer reference voltage combinational logic circuit phase phasor phase voltage phase current phase difference phase angle phase sequence phasor diagram response 242 star connection complex number impedance compound d - c generator Ohm Ohm s law equivalent circuit quality factor insulation
insulator salient poles rotor tachometer generator winding wound rotor starting starting current starting torque start but ton penetration current gate grid recombination Darlington reset differential amplifier differential - mode signal differential - mode input isolated - gate field - effect tran sistor( LGFET ) quality factor pulse pulse circuit pulse width pulse amplitude pulse period pulse leading edge pulse trailing edge capacitive reactance Norton s theorem Gauss prime mover primary winding core core loss rectangular wave characteristic equation integrating circuit efficiency oscill tory discharge relay thermal overload relay( OLR ) commutator regulating characteristic speed regulation relay - contactor control bridge rectifier bypass capacitor emitter follower emitter coupling oscillator oscillation frequency depletion layer MOS depletion mode MOSFET carrier silicon Zener diode peak point secondary winding copper loss fundamental harmonic harmonic resonant frequency bandwidth ideal voltage source ideal current source attenuated oscillation normally open contact normally closed contact stopping stop but ton receiver contactor control motor control circuit rotating magnetic field 243
non salient poles rotor logic gates logic circuit base control grid current bias biasing circuit imaginary ground holding current RS basic RS flip - flop random access memory register shift register clear doped semiconductor eddy current eddy - current loss Joule Oersted short circuit sawtooth wave amplitude maximum value maximum ( breakdown ) torque lag lead Fourier series transient state transient component unattenuated oscillation interlocking logic gates logic circuit base control grid current bias biasing circuit imaginary ground holding current RS basic RS flip - flop random access memory register shift register clear inductive reactance induced emf Lenz s law frequency frequency domain analysis spectrum input output microfarad differentiating circuit superposition theorem zero - state response zero - input response shaded - pole motor slip ring 244 squirrel - cage rotor cutoff angular frequency filters source digital circuit digital integrated circuit digital display - digital - analog converter( DAC) multiplexxer demultiplexer input resistance output resistance zero drift trans conductance flip flop
magnetic field magnetizing force magnetic circuit flux flux density magnetomotive force (mmf) reluctance permeability magnetization magnetization curve hysteresis hysteresis loop hysteresis loss pol magnetoelectric instrument leakage flux leakage inductance leakage emf Hertz steady state steady state component static resistance carbon brush source filter digital circuit digital integrated circuit digital display - digital - analog converter ( DAC) multiplexxer demultiplexer input resistance output resistance zero drift rated value rated voltage rated power rated torque instantaneous value Thevenin s theorem excitation full load slot fuse instantaneous power rectifier circuit MOS enhancement mode MOS FE T 245
1... :, 1991 2.. ( ). :, 1991 3.. ( ). :, 1993 4.. ( ). :, 1999 5... :, 1994 6.. ( ). :, 1990 7.. ( ). :, 1988 8.. ( ). :, 1988 9.. ( ). :, 1978 10.. (). :,1978 11... :,1980 12.. (). :,1996 13... :, 1994 14... :,1990 15... :,1995 246