2 1 ()
,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 12, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (CIP) /,. 2. :,2004 21 ISBN7-313 - 02392-8............ :. TH CI P ( 2000 )44124 () ( 877 200030 ) : 64071208 : :787mm1 092mm 1/ 16 : 24 :585 2000 11 1 2004 8 2 2004 8 2 :3 051-6 100 ISBN7-313 - 02392-8/ T H 088 :34.00
, ;,,,,,,, 1980, 1985,,, 1996,, : ; ;, 1997,,,,,,, 21,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!
21 ( )
20,,,,, ( )( ),,,,,, 10 11 10,, 12, 120 : 0 ( )1 7 ; 2 3 4 5 6 ; 8 11,, ; 9 12 ; 10,,, 2004 5
0 1 0.1 1 0.2 1 0.3 2 1 5 1.1 5 1.2 6 1.3 9 1.4 10 1.5 14 16 2 17 2.1 17 2.2 41 73 3 75 3.1 75 3.2 79 3.3 81 87 4 88 4.1 88 4.2 93 97 5 98 5.1 98 5.2 103 5.3 111 118 6 119 6.1 119 1
6.2 120 6.3 131 6.4 138 145 7 146 7.1 146 7.2 148 7.3 153 7.4 156 7.5 158 161 8 165 8.1 165 8.2 172 8.3 174 8.4 174 8.5 178 8.6 184 8.7 187 8.8 191 8.9 209 217 9 220 9.1 220 9.2 221 9.3 247 9.4 260 9.5 275 281 10 286 2 10.1 286 10.2 288 10.3 302 10.4 307 10.5 311 10.6 314
317 11 320 11.1 320 11.2 323 11.3 326 11.4 342 352 12 354 12.1 354 12.2 355 12.3 357 12.4 358 12.5 359 362 363 1 363 2 ( GB/ T44601984 ) 366 3 ( GB/ T40201983) 368 371 3
0 0.1,,,,, 14,,,,, 20 70,,,,, 21 :,, ;,,,,,, NCCNCF MSCIMS,,, 0.2, ( )( ),, 1
, : (1 ) ; (2 ),,,,, 0.3, (), : : ( 1), ; (2 ) : ( 1), ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 2
,, ( ) :,,
1 1.1,,,,, ( GB/ T153751994 ), 11 :,, ( ), (), : (1 ),,,,, (2 ), (3 ),,,,,,, ( ),, 5
1.2,, ( ) 320mm, CM6132,, 1957,,,, 1957 1959 1963 1971 1976 1985 1994 GB/ T1537594 1994,,, (1 ), /,, : : ( 1 ) ( ),, ; ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ), (2 ),,,, 1, 2,3 M, 2M, 3M 1.1 6
1.1 C Z T M 2M 3 M Y S X B L G Q 11 10, 10 ( ),,,, 1.2 1.2 C Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 T M 2 M 3 M 7
( ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Y S X B L G Q (3 ),,,,, C1312,, Z, 1.3 1.3 ( ) G M Z B K H F Q C J R X S 8
, ( I, O ),, (4 ), (),,,,,,, ( ), (5 ),, A, B, C, (I, O ),, (6 ),,,,, (7 ),,,, : 1.1 400mm, MB8240 1.2 40mm, 1 600mm, Z3040/ SZ 1.3,, 1.3.1, 1.1,,, 1.1 - - - - 9
1.2,,,, ( 1.2 ( g ) ), S1 S2 1.2 ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d ) (e) ( f ) ( g) ( h),,,, 1.1,,,,,, ( ) 1.3.2,, :, 1.1 ;, 1.1,,, ;, ;,,, 1.4 10, : (1 ) :,
, (2 ) :, (3 ) :,,,, : 1.4.1,, :,, ;,,, : (1 ) ( ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, 1.4.2 u, : u = ( 1.1), u < 1; u > 1, u = z1 e e = u1 u2 un ( 1.2) = 11 z2
: 1.3, u = n = d1 z1 z3 zk - 1 n d2 z2 z4 zk, n0,, n1, n2,, nn, Z, 1.06, 1.12, 1.26, 1.41, 1.58, 1.78, 2 1.4.3 1.3, ( ),, 1.3 ; ;, 1.4.4,, 1.4, ( 1.4( g) ) 1.5, 45ux 67, 12uV 34, 1.4 (a ) ( b) ( c) ( d ) (e) ( f) ( g) 1.5 1.4.5,, 12
1.6,, 12 ( 31.5r/ min, 45r/ min, 63r/ min, 90r/ min, 125r/ min, 180r/ min, 255r/ min, 355 r/ min, 500r/ min,710r/ min, 1 000r/ min,1 400r/ min), = 1.41, ( ), a, b c 1.6 1.6 ( a ), 1.6 ( b ) 710r/ min, 126 256 24 48 ( a)42 42 ( b )60 30 ( c) 1.4.6,, ;,,,, (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),, : n( r/ min), n( r/ min) ; :, L(mm ) (4 ) 13
,, ( ),,, 1.3 1.6,, 36 36 126 256 24 48 30 42 42 42 22 62 60 30 18 72 nn 1.5 n = 1 450 126 256 24 48 42 42 60 30 710r/ min,,,,, 1.5.1,, : (1 ),, 60 H RC,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,, 1.5.2 14 (1 ) 0.7% 1.3%, 61
65 H RC,, 200250,,,,, T10A, T12A (2 ),, 350400,, 9SiCr, CrWMn (3 ),,, : ; :, 600, W18Cr4V W6Mo5Cr4V2 :, 95 W18Cr4V ( ) 110 W1.5Mo 9.5Cr4VCo8 ( ) W6Mo5Cr4V2Al( ) :,,,,,, 2 2.53 (4 ) WC, TiC, Co NiMo, 89 93 H RA ( 7075 H RC ), 8001 000, 510 1/ 21/ 4,, : : Y G, WC Co ISO K,,, YG3, YG6, Y G8, YG3X, YG6X, X,,, Y G8, YG3,,, : YT, WC, TiC Co ISO P 8993 HRA, 8001 000, Y G, YT5, YT14, YT15, YT30 T, TiC,,, Y T30, YT5 () : YW, ISO M YT, ( TaC ) ( NbC ) 91 93 H RA, 1 0001 100,,, YW1, YW2 15
, (5 ) Al2 O3,,, 9394H RA, 1 200,,, ( ),, AM, AMF, AT6, SG3, SG4, LT35 (6 ), 10 000H V, 60120, rn 0.050.5m,,,,,,, :,,,,, 0.5mm,,,, (7 ) ( CBN )20 70, 1 4001 500, 1 2001 300,, 0.20.3,, 0.5mm,,, FD, 1.1,? 1.2 : CM6132, CK6150A, B2316, MG1432 1.3? 1.4? 1.5? 1.6?? 1.7? 1.8?? 1.9,?? 1.10,? 16
2 2.1 2.1, :, ; (),,,, 2.1,,, : : :,,,, 2.2,,, vc,, vf,,,, ve 2.2 17
2.1.1 (1 ) vc, (m/ min ) vc = dn 1 000 : d, mm; n, r/ min ( 2.1) f, f,, mm/ r, vf = fn, mm/ min ap, ap, mm ap = dw - dm 2 : dw, mm; dm, mm (2 ) ( 2.2) 2.3, f, 2.3 hd : ( S = 0 ), hd = fsin r ( 2.3) bd : ( S = 0 ), bd = ap/ sin r ( 2.4) AD : 2.1.2 AD = bd hd = f ap ( 2.5) (1 ),, 18 2.4,
A A A S A A,, rn, rn S A A, S S S 2.4, (2 ),,,, 2.5 ISO : 2.5 ( a) ( ) ; 2.5( b ); 2.5 (c) ( ), 2.5 ( ) 2.6,, (a) Pr :,, Pr ( b ) Ps :, S, Pr 19
(c) ( ) P0 :, Pr Ps,,,,,, ve vc 2.6,, 2.7 2.7 (a) 0 : :,, ( b) 0 : :,, 20 (c) 0 : ( d) r : (e) r : ( f) s : :
, s = 0, s 0,, e, 0e, 0e (a) 2.8,,, 0e = 0, 0e = 0 ( 2.8 ( a) ) ;, Pse, Pr e, 0e, 0 e 0e = 0 + ; 0e = 0 - ( 2.8( b ) ),, 0e, 0e 2.8 0e 0e ( b ) 2.9( a), G, re, re ; G, re, re re = r G; re = r G 2.9 ( a) ( b ) 2.9( b ),, G, (c), vf vc,,,, vf, 2.10, 90,, 0e = 0, 0e = 0 ; Pr, Ps,, 21
Ps e, Pr e (), P0e, Pr e Ps e P0 e 0e 0 e : 0e = 0 + ; 0e = 0 - (2.6 ) : : tan= vf vc = f d (2.7 ) : d ; f,,, 0e 2.10,, 1mm, 2.1.3,,,, 2.1.3.1 (1 ) 2.11, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1,2,3,4, ; ( ),, 2.12,, 2.11 2.12,,,, -,, 2.12 22
2.12,,,,,, 0.020.2mm,,, ( ) : (a) 2.13,,, ( LC h < LC ) ( hdh > hd ), h l, 2.13 h 2.14 h = hdh ; L = LC hd LC h,, 2.14 : = h = L > 1 ( 2.8) = cos(- 0 ) sin ( 2.9), 0,, < 1.2, ( b ) 2.14, m n m n y, S, y, S, = S y = n p + pn = cot+ tan(- 0 ) (2.10) Mp, 0,, (2 ) 2.15, : 23
2.15 (a) ( 2.15 (a) ) :,,, ( b ) ( 2.15( b ) ) :,, (c) ( 2.15 (c) ) :, ( d) ( 2.15( d) ) :,,,, 0 hd, ;,,, s, 2.16, s = 0, ; s < 0, ; s > 0, 2.16,,,,,, : (a), 2.17,,, ;,, : 2.17 24
( 2.18( a) ), ( 2.18( b ) ),, ( 2.18(c) ),, 2.18,,,, ( b) 0 = - 3-5, r = 90, s = - 15,, (c),,,,,, (3 ) 2.19,,, 23.5,,,,,,,,, : 2.19 (a) :,, ( b ) : 30,, (c) :, ( d) :,, : (a), 25
, 45, ( vc < 3m/ min) ( vc 10m/ min), ( b ), (c),, 250300, (4 ),,,,,,,, ;,,,, (5 ), :,, -,,,,, :,, :, vc ( 320m/ min ),, vc 2040m/ min,, vc 40m/ min,,,, :,,,,, 2.1.3.2 (1 ),,, 2.20, F, Fc :,, Fp :,, Ff :,, F : 2.20 26
F = F 2 c + F 2 p + F 2 f (2.11), Fc, Pc ; Fp = ( 0.15 0.7) Fc, ; Ff = (0.10.6 ) Fc,, (2 ) Pc, Fp (Fp ), Ff, Ff < Fc, Ff,, ( k W) : : Fc, N ; vc, m/ s (3 ) Pc = Fc vc 10-3 (2.12) :,, ;,,, : (a) vc :, vc,, U,, Vc ( b ) ap f : ap f, AD = ap f,, ap f, ap, Fc, f, Fc 68 % 86%, ( AD ), f ap : (a) 0 : 0,, ( b ) r : r Fc, 10% r = 6075, Fc r Fp Ff, r Fp, Ff (c) s : s, Fp, Ff s Fc ( d) r: r, r, r, Fp, Ff : (a) :,, Fp, Ff ( b) : (c) :,, 2.1.3.3 (1 ),,, - - 27
( ),,, : Q50% 80% ; QI 40 % 10 % ; Q9 % 3% ; Q1%, -, (2 ) : :, = Cv c x f y ap z ( 0.26 0.41 ) = Cv c f 0.14 a 0 p.04 (2.13), vc, f, ap,,,, ap, f, vc :,,,,, :, 0 r, r 0,, 0,,, ap, r,,,, r,,,, r, :,,, 100150 2.1.3.4 (1 ), : 2.21 (a) :,,,,,,, K T ( b ) :,, 2.21,, ( C ) ( N ), ; ( B ), 28
2.21 VB,,, (c) :,,,,,,,,, : : ; ; (2 ), VB,,,,,,, ;, (3 ),,, T, min : (a) : T = m v 1 c CT f 1 n a 1 p p (2.14) 29
: CT ; m, n, p, vc, f, ap b = 0.736GPa, T = CT v 5 c f 2.2 5 a 0.75 p, vc, f, ap, : ap, f, vc ( b) :, (c) : 0,, 0,,, 0,, r r, r,,, r,, ( d) :,,,, (e) :,,, : T, VB,, ;,,, :,, (a) Tp : Tp = 1 - m m tct (2.15) : m ( ( 2.14 ) m ) ; tct : Ct ( b ) Tc : Tc = 1 - m m tct + Ct M ( ) ; M,, Tc,, Tp 2.1 (2.16) 30
2.1 ( min) 6090 120180 80120 200300 90180 400800 200300 30, : ( ), T ( ), T,, T,, T,, T 2.1.4,,,, : 2.1.4.1 ( ),, 2.22 31
2.22 2.22( a), 2.22( b ),, ; 2.22 ( c) ; 2.22 ( d) ; 2.22( e), ( f), ( g), ( h ), (i), ( j),,, ; 2.22 ( k ), (l), ; 2.22( m ), ( n), ; 2.22 ( o) ; 2.22 ( p ),,, 2.1.4.2, 2.23 2.23,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, rn,,,, ( ),,,,,, 2.1.4.3, ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 2.1.4.4 (1 ) 0,,,,,,,,,, 32
, :,,, -( ),,, 510 0 = 0 2.2 2.2 / ( ) / ( ) Q235 1820 2025 T1 T4 2530 3035 45 40Cr 1518 1015 1318 1015 1820 1318 1520 1318 185 H B 250 HB > 250 HB 4050 H Rc 1525 1525 5-15- 5 45 40Cr 1015 510 b < 1.8GPa b1.8gpa - 5-10 H T150, H T200 ZQSn10-1, HPb59-1 1015 510 05 510 05 510 L 3 LY12 3035 3540 510-10- 15 (2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0, rn,, 0 ( 0 ), (), 0 ( 0 ),,, : 0 ( 0 ),,,,,,, ;,,, ;, 23 0 0 ; 33
0 = 12 2.3 2.3 / ( ) / ( ) b = 0.40.5GPa (, f0.3mm/ r) (, f > 0.3mm/ r) 1012 810 250 H B > 250 H B 68 810 b = 0.70.8GPa b = 0.91GPa 68 57 1015 10 68 810 1015 1015 185 H B 68 1416 (3 ) r r Fp Ff r Fp, Ff, r r, hd,,,, r r r :, Fp,, r, r = 90 2.4 2.4 / ( ) / ( ),, 45,60,75 510 65,75,90 1015 45 05 60,75 05 4560 3045 6090 12 90,93 610 1030 410 (4 ) r r,, 34, 2.4 (5 ) s,,
,,,,,, :, s = 0-5 ;, s = 0+ 5, 2.1.5 (1 ), ap, f, vc,,,, ap f vc, :,,,, : ap, ( ) ( ), f,, vc (2 ) : ap,,, ap, h > 2 mm,, ap = (2/ 33/ 4 ) h, ap = ( 1/ 41/ 3 ) h, f,,,,, f, vc ( 2.14) vc 2.1.6,, (1 ) 35
,,,, (2 ),, ;,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, 2.1.7 (1 ) 2.24 2.24 1-45 2-90 3-4 - 75 5-6 - 90 7-8 - 9-10 - 11 -,, 36
,,,,,,,,,,, 2.25, 1, 2, 3 4 5,, ;,, ( 45 ),,,,,, 2.25,, ;,,,, (2 ) ( GB/ T20791980 ), 10 (3 ) 2.26 : 2.26( a),, ;, ; 2.26 ( b),,, e,, ; 2.26(c),,,,,, 2.26( d ),,,, 2.26 ( e),,, 2.26( f),,,,,, 2.1.8 (1 ) ( ),,,,, ;,,, 37
2.26 ( a) 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7 - ( b ) 1-2 - 3-4 - ( c) 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - ( d) 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - ( e) 1-2 - 3-4 - ( f ) 1-2 - 3-4 - 2.27 2.27 ( a),,,, 2.27 ( b ),,,, 2.27 (c),,,, (2 ), 38
2.27 ( a) ( b ) ( c),, ( ), f f, 2.28 2.28 ( a) ( b ),,, 90- ( f + f ),, f,, 2.28( a) 2.28 ( b ),, h, O2 H, h H 39
: h = Rsin( f + f ) H = Rsin f : R, mm, 2.29,,,, 2.29 ( a) ( b ) (3 ),,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 2.30 (a) Cx = r 2 x - ( r1 sin f ) 2 - r1 cos f (2.17) x 2, 3 (4 ), C2, C3 ( C4 ) 40 ( b ) N N Px = Cx cos ( f + f ) (2.18) Rx = R 2 + C 2 x - 2 RCx cos ( f + f ) (2.19) x 2, 3 (4 ),
2.30,,, 2.5,,,, 2.5 1 h 1 = r 1 sin f 9 C 3 = A 3 - A 1 tan( f2 + f2 ) = h/ B 2 2 A1 = r1 cos f 10 P3 = C3 cos ( f + f ) R2 = h/ sin ( f2 + f2 ) 3 sin f2 = h1/ r2 11 sin f3 = h1 / r3 4 A 2 = r 2 cos f2 12 A 3 = r 3 cos f3 5 C 2 = A 2 - A 1 13 C 3 = A 3 - A 1 6 P 2 = C 2 cos ( f + f ) h = Rsin( f + f ) 14 B 3 = B 1 - C 3 7 sin f3 = h 1 / r 3 B 1 = Rcos ( f + f ) 15 tan( f3 + f3 ) = h/ B 3 8 A3 = r3 cos f3 B2 = B1 - C2 16 R3 = h/ sin ( f3 + f3 ) 2.2 2.2.1, ; 41
,, 20% 35%, (1 ),, :,, 2.6 2.6 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), ( ) 42
,, ;, ;,,, 2.31 ;, 2.31 ( a) ( b) ( c) (d ) ( e) ( f ) ( g) ( h ) ( i) (j) ( k) ( l) ( m ) ( n) ( o ),,,,,,,, 2.32 CA6140,, (3 ),,, 43
2.32 CA6140 1-2 - 3-4 - 5 9-6 - CA6140 400 mm 2.2.2 CA6140 7-8 - 10-11 - CA6140 20 70, 2.2.2.1 (1 ) CA6140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 44 (2 ) ( mm) 400 ( mm) 210 ( mm) 52 ( mm) 750/ 1 000/ 1 500/ 2 000 6
(24 ) ( r/ min ) 101 400 (64 ) ( mm/ r) : 0.081.59; : 0.0280.054; : 1.716.33( ) ( 44 ) : 1192mm; (20 ) : ( mm) 242 / ; (39 ) : 0.2548mm; (37 ) :961 / :650/ 900/ 1 400/ 1 900; : 320; : 140 ( mm) 150 ( k W) 7.5 ( W ) 250 5 ( kg) 2 040/ 2 120/ 2 270/ 2 620 () ( mm) 2.2.2.2 2 4181 0001 267/ 2 6681 0001 267/ 3 168 1 0001 267/ 3 6681 0001 267 CA6140 2.33 (1 ) ( ),, CA6140 101 400r/ min( 24 ) 141 580r/ min (12 ): M1, M1, M1 56 38 51 43 ; M1, M1 50 34 34 ( 34 30 ),, M1, ; M1, 22 58, 30 50 39 41 (a) M2, Z5 0 Z63, 63, 4501 400r/ min 6 50 ( b ) M2, M2, 20 80 50, 20 50 80 51, 26 50 58 45
46 2.33 CA6140
M2, 10500 r/ min 18, 24, 12 CA6140 : : n = 1 450 130 230 ( 1 - ) u u u (2.20) : n, r/ min; V,= 0.02 ; u, u, u,,, 2.33, : n = 1 450 130 0.98 51 230 43 22 58 63 50 = 450r/ min,,,,, 2.34 (2 ),, : L, mm; u0, ; ux CA6140 L= P = 12 mm L = ( ) u0 ux L (2.21) ; L, CA6140,, (2.21) ux, M3 M4, M5, : 58 33 58 33 33 25 25 33 63 100 47
2.34 CA6140 100,, 25 75 36, ( ), 25 36 36 25, ( ) M5,,,, : 48 :
(a),,, ( b ) ( u, u),, ( ) : L = RP = I( ) 58 58 33 33 63 100 100 75 25 36 u25 36 36 25 u12 : L, mm; P, mm; k ; u, ; u, : L = 7 u u (2.22), uu, P uu u, : u1 = 26 28 = 6.5 7 u2 = 28 28 = 7 7 u3 = 32 28 = 8 7 u4 = 36 28 = 9 7 u5 = 19 14 = 9.5 7 u6 = 20 14 = 10 7 u7 = 33 21 = 11 7 u8 = 36 21 = 12 7,,,, ( u) u, : u1 = 18 45 15 48 = 1 8 u2 = 28 35 15 48 = 1 4 u3 = 18 45 35 28 = 1 2 u4 = 28 35 35 28 = 1,, u,,, ( u) u, u (2.22) CA6140, 2.7 2.7 CA6140 u 26 u 28 L 28 28 32 28 36 28 19 14 20 14 33 21 36 21 18 45 15 48 = 1 8 - - 1 - - 1.25-1.5 49
( ) u 26 u 28 L 28 28 32 28 36 28 19 14 20 14 33 21 36 21 28 35 15 48 = 1 4 18 45 35 28 = 1 2-1.75 2 2.25-2.5-3 - 3.5 4 4.5-5 5.5 6 28 35 35 28 = 1-7 8 9-10 11 12, m, Pm Lm Pm = m = k m m,, 64 100 100, 97, Lm = kpm = km = ( ) 58 58 33 33 64 100 100 97 25 36 u25 36 36 25 u12 ( ) 64 100 100 97 25 36 = 7 48, m = 7 4 k km = 7 4 uu uu (2.23) uu,, 2.8 k = 1 m u, u 2.8 CA6140 u 26 u 28 m 28 28 32 28 36 28 19 14 20 14 33 21 36 21 18 45 15 48 = 1 8 28 35 15 48 = 1 4 18 45 35 28 = 1 2 - - 0.25 - - - - - - - 0.5 - - - - - - - 1 - - 1.25-1.5 28 35 35 28 = 1-1.75 2 2.25-2.5 2.75 3 50
, () a : La = 1 a 25.4 = a mm a, 63 100 100, M3 M5, M4, 75 z2 5, z36,, M3,, 36 25, : : La = 25.4 k a 63 100 100 75 36 25 = ( ) 58 58 33 33 63 100 100 75 1 36 u 25 u12 25.4 21 : a = 7 k 4 u u (2.24) uu, 2.9 k = 1 a u, u 2.9 CA6140 u 26 u 28 a 28 28 32 28 36 28 19 14 20 14 33 21 36 21 18 45 15 48 = 1 8 28 35 15 48 = 1 4-14 16 18 19 20-24 - 7 8 9-10 11 12 18 45 35 28 = 1 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 4 4 1 2-5 - 6 28 35 35 28 = 1 - - 2 - - - - 3 51
DP DP = z D ( z, D, in ), 1 : LDP = 25.4 (in ) = DP DP ( mm), 64 100 100, 97, LDP = kp DP = 64 100 100 97 36 25 25.4 k = ( ) DP 58 58 33 33 64 100 100 97 1 36 u 25 u12 25.4 84, : DP = 7 k u u (2.25) 2.10 k = 1, DP u u 2.10 CA6140 u DP u 26 28 28 28 32 28 36 28 19 14 20 14 33 21 36 21 18 45 15 48 = 1 8 28 35 15 48 = 1 4 18 45 35 28 = 1 2-56 64 72-80 88 96-28 32 36-40 44 48-14 16 18-20 22 24 28 35 35 28 = 1-7 8 9-10 11 12, 2.11, M5 2.11 / mm / mm P/ mm P L = k P m/ mm P m =m L m = k P m = km a/ ( in - 1 ) Pa = 25.4 a La = k Pa = 25.4k a DP/ ( in - 1 ) P DP = 25.4 DP L 25.4 k DP = kp DP = DP : k,,, Z58 ( 2.33 ), 52
Z26 58,,, 58 u = 58 58 = 1, u: u1 = 58 26 80 20 50 50 44 44 26 58 = 4, u2 = 58 26 80 20 80 20 44 44 26 58 = 16, 4 16, 4 16, M2,,,, 1032r/ min, 16 ; 40125r/ min, 4,,, M3, M4 M5,,,,, L u, L = I( ) 58 58 33 33 u12 u = a b c d = L 12, a, b, c d, L,,,, (3 ) 53
: CA6140 CA6140 f= 0.0286.33mm/ r, f= 0.0143.16mm/ r, 64 64, f = 0.081.22mm/ r, f= 0.040.61mm/ r, 32 ;, u= 1, f = 0.861.59mm/ r, f= 0.430.79mm/ r, 8 u= 1 8, 1 4, 1 2,, n= 10125r/ min, f= 1.71 6.33mm/ r, f= 0.85 3.16 mm/ r, 16 50 63, n= 4501 400r/ min (500r/ min ), f = 0.0280.054mm/ r, f= 0.0140.027mm/ r, 8,, 13 29,, z56 M6,, M8 M9, 2.2.2.3 54 (1 ) CA6140
2.35 CA6140,, 2.35 CA6140 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9 10-11 - 12-13 - 14-15 17-16 - 18-19 - 20-21 - 22-23 - 24-25 - 26-27 - 28-29 - 30-31 - 32-33 -,,, 55
,, (a),,, 2.35 15 17, 33,, 14, ( 9, 10, 13 ), ( 28) ; ( 12 ) ; ( 17 16), ( 5, 6, ),,,,,,,,, 40Cr, 20CrMnT i,,, ( b ),,,,,,, (c) CA6140 2.35, 2 1, 3, 3 4, 2 1, 3 4, ( ), 2.35,, 2.36 ( a) CA6140,, 6, ;,,, 2.36 ( b) 12, 13, 11 2.36 (a)ca6140, P5 3, 112,, 6, 10, 4, 5 56
2.36 CA6140 ( a) ( b) 1-2 - 3-4 5-6 10-7 - 8-9 - 11-12 - 13-14 - 15-0.2mm,,, 7 8, ( ), 10, 2 9,,, a2, b2 z58 ( m = 4mm,= 10, ), F f,, z5 0 z50 ( ),,, ;, 57
2.37 CA6140, 2-37 ( CA6140 ) 1-2 - 3-4 a, 4b - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 - 11 12-13 - 14-15 - 16-3 2 12 11 14 1 13,,, ;,, 3, 2, 4 1 ( ),,, ( ) 8, 10, 9 7, 5, 14 4a, 12 11,,,,,,, 58 4a 4b 6,
4a, 4b, 14,,,,,, ( ),, CA6140 2.38 76 4 7, 8( ),, 4, 5 2.39 CA6140, 8,, ;, ( 2.32 ) 7, 9 10 11, 12 13, 14 15, 4,, 7,,, 14 4,,, 14 5, 6, 14,, 14 5,, 2.38 () 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 59
2.39 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9 11-10 16-12 - 13-14 - 15-2.38 5, 6 7,,, : ;,, (a) 2.40, 9, 2.40 (CA6140 ) 1-2 - 3 12-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 - 11 - - 60
9, 8 7 5 6 ( 7 11 )5 4, 3, 6, 11, 12, 2.12 2.12 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 a b c d e f 6 11 a b c d e f 4 u 56 38 39 41 1.40 56 38 22 58 0.56 56 38 30 50 0.88 51 43 30 50 0.71 51 43 22 58 0.45 51 43 39 41 1.13 ( b) 2.41 2, 4 1 1 5 10 1 10 11, 16, 12 z8 0, z50 ; 14 z2 0, z51 1 5 7, 8 z50 ( M2 ),, 2, 2.41 61
2.13 2.13 2 ( 1) (2 ) ( 3) (4 ) ( 5) ( 6) 12 () 14 u 50 63 50 1.26 0 50 51 50 26 58 0.457 50 50 20 80 26 58 0.112 0 20 80 20 80 26 58 0.028 (c) 2.42 2 3, 4 5, 6, 1, 2, 4 z33,,, ; 3 z58,, 12mm,, (2 ) 2.43 CA6140 2.42 : :,, 8, (3 ) :,, ;, : ; ; ; ;,, ;, 62
2.43 CA6140 63
, 2.44 26, 25,, 27, 28 36, 28, 28 27, 25, 26,,,,,, 2.44 ( CA6140) 1-25 - 26-27 - 28-36 - 6-24 - CA6140 2.45 1,,, 1 ( ), 23, 1 2, 5, 9 11 12, 13 15, M8, 1( ), 23 22, 22 19 20, 18, M9, 1, M8 M9,, 1 K,, 64 (),,
2.45 1,, ( ),,,, ;,, 6 a357 8, 2.46 2.45,,, 2.46 (a)2.46 ( b), 6, a 23, 23, ; 7 5, 7 35, 5,,, 1,, 2.46 (c), 5, 5, 7 5, 7 6, 6, 36, 2.46 ( b ), 23, 23, 6 a 23, 6,, CA6140, ( ), M6 2.47 M6 M7,, 2.33, 2.47 65
2.46 2.47 1 - Z 56 2-3 - 4-5 - 6-7 - 8-9 - 10-11 -,, 1( Z56 ) 2 3 4 5 1, 3, 2 1, M7 ( 6 M6 2 ), 66
, 2, 2 1, 3, 2 1, 1,,,,, M6 1 2, M6,,, M7 (2.33 ) CA6140, 2.47 6, 7, 6 M6 4, ; 7,, 8, 6, 7 2.48, 1( z56 ) M6 M7 6, 7,,,, 8,, 8,,, 2.48 6-7 - 8-8 2.2.3 (1 ), 2.49CG6125B,, 0.001 4mm, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 42 52 52, 42 67
2.49 (CG6125B),,,, (2 ),,,,,, 68
,,, 2.50, 3, 4 ( ),,,,,, (2.50( b) ),, 2.50 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 - 2.51,, 4 ( 12 16 ), ( 2.51 ( b ) ),, 2.51 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7 - (3 ) 1 600mm; 69
2 000mm 2.52, 2 1,,,, 4 5, 4, 7 3,,, 2.2.4 (1 ) 2.52 ( ), 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 -,,, ( ), ( ),, (2 ), GB4020, 18 15 ( G1G15),,3 ( P1P3 ),,, (3 ),, JB2670 2.2.5,, ( NC ),,, CNC,, ( FMC ), 70
( FMS ), ( CIMS ), (1 ),,,,,, ( ),,,, 2.53, 2.53 ;,,,, 2.54,,,,, 2.54,,,,,,, (),,,, 0.010.000 5mm :,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 71
(2 ) : (a),,,,, ( b ) : (a),, 2.55( a) ( b ),,, 2.55 ( b ) (c),, 2.55( c) 2.55 : (a),,,,,, 2.56 2.56 2.57 ( b ), 2.57,,,,,, 72
(c) 2.58,,,,,, 2.58 (3 ), :,,,,,, 23,,,,, 2.1 2.59,,,, 2.2 2.59 : r = 60, r = 15, 0 = 15, s = 5, 0 = 0 = 8 2.3 s 0,,? 2.4,? 2.5? 2.6,? 2.7??? 2.8? 2.9 vc f 2.10? 2.11? 2.12? 2.13? 2.14? 2.59 73
2.15? 2.16 2.17?? 2.18? 2.19? 2.20,? 2.21? 2.22 CA6140 : ( 1) P = 3mm; P = 8 mm; k = 2; ( 2 ) a = 4 1 2 / in, 2.23 CA6140 L = 10mm,? 2.24 ( )? 2.25,?,? 2.26,?? 2.27??,? 2.28 CA6140? 2.29? 2.30?? 2.31? 2.32?? 2.33?? 2.34?? 74
3 3.1,, ;, 3.1.1 (1 ) 3.1, 3.1 12mm, 12mm,,,, ( ) ; ;, 75
,, (2 ) Pr Ps (a) Pr,,, 3.2 (a),, 3.2 ( b ) Ps,, 3.2( b ) A : (a), 3.3 f 3.3 ( b) s t s,, 3.4 (a) Ps, s y t y, ( 3.4 ( b) ), 76 (c) 0 3.4 ( b ), y 0 y,
3.4 ( a) ( b ) P0 y P0 y (,, ) ( d) f 3.5, y f y (e) 2 r 2 ( 3.3)2= 118 r (3.4 (c) ) 3.5 3.6 ( f) 3.6,, b, = 5055, 0, P0, 0, 0= - ( 5460 ) 0, 0= 30 36 3.1.2 (1 ) 77
: do vc, m/ s vc = do n 60 000, mm; n, r/ min ( 3.1) f,, f, mm/ r;, fz, mm/ z;, vf, mm/ s : : n, r/ min ap 3.7, ap vf = n f = 2 nf z/ 60 ( 3.2) = do/ 2 ( mm) (2 ) : 3.7,, hd bd AD hd, hd = fz sin r = fsin r 2 (3.3 ), bd, bd = ap = sin r do 2sin r AD, AD = hd bd = fz ap = f do 4 ( 3.4) ( 3.5) (3 ) 3.7 ( Fc, Ff Fp ), 3.8,, Fp, T F T, Fc, Ff F T F,, 2,, 0, Ff T ; 2, hd, bd, Fc T, Ff Ff 78 ;, b, 3.8
Pc (kw) : Pc = 2Tn 60 10 6 ( 3.6) : T, Nmm; n, r/ min (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.1.3 (1 ), + 30-30, ( - 54-60 ),,,,,, 0,,, (2 ), (3 ) 3.9 do = 1540mm ( A B), ( BC),,, ( CD), b,, ; ;,,, 35% 50%, 10% 30%, 35 3.9 3.2 3.2.1,,,, 3.10, 79
3.10 ( a) ( b) (c) ( d) (e) ( f) ( g) 3.2.2 (1 ), 3.11,, 16 mm, 25mm, 40 mm,63mm, 80mm,,,,,,,, 3.11 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-3.12 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - (2 ) 3.12,, 25mm, 40mm, 63mm, 80 mm, 100mm, 125mm,, 360, 80
,,,,, (3 ), 7/ 24No30, 10 ZH5120A, ZH5125, ZH5340 :,,,, (),, 3.3 3.3.1,,,,,,, 3.13 ( n) ( n) ;, ( f1 ) ( f 2 ) ( f3 ) ( f4 ) 3.13 81
: 3.3.2 (1 ) 3.14 8 7 4 6 5, 4 5 6 ; 6 5, 6,, 3.14 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 - 11-12 -,,,, 2,, IT7 Ra = 3.21.6m 0.020.04mm,, 6.5t (2 ),, ;, ( 3.15 ),, ;,, ; -,, 24m, ( 3.16),,,, ; 310m 82
,, 3.15 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 3.16 1-2 - 3 6-4 - 5-7 - 8 - ( 3.17), ;,,,,,, 3.3.3 IT7, Ra1.60.8m, 3.17 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7 - (1 ),,,, 3.18, 3.1,, 1045 ; = 0, 83
, 3.18 3.1 D d 3.1 D d ( mm) D 3040 4050 5070 7090 90140 140190 d 2030 3040 4050 5065 6580 80120 BB 88 1010 1212 1616 1616 2020 2020 2525 8 10 12 16 20 24, 3.19,,,,, 5, 3,, 5, 1 4 0.5mm 53 8 ( 40 ), ( 50 ), 0.01mm 3.19 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-3.20 (a) (3.20) d > 40mm 84
, 3.21 ; ( 3.22 ),,,, 3.21 ( a) ( b ) 3.22 ( a) ( b ) ( c) ( b ), (3.23 ),,,, () : ( )0.050.10mm, 0.61.5mm/ r, 38m/ min, (2 ) 3.24 45,,,,, 3.25,,,,,,, 3.26, 1 3 2,, 85
3.23 ( a) 1-2 - 3 - ( b) 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 3.24 45 3.25 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-86
,, 3.26 1-2 - 3-4 - 3.1? 3.2? 3.3 r 2? r 2? 3.4? 3.5?? 87
4 4.1,, 4.1.1,, ( 4.1 ) : 4.1 ( a) ( b) ( c) (d ) ( e) ( f) ( g ) ( h ) ( i) (1 ) ( 4.1 ( a) ),,, (2 ) ( 4.1( b ) ),, (3 ) ( 4.1( c), ( g) ),, ( 4) ( 4.1 ( d) ),, (5 ) ( 4.1( e) ),,, 88
(6 ) ( 4.1( f) ) (7 ) ( 4.1( h ) ), (8 ) ( 4.1(i) ),, ;,, 4.1( a)( h ), 4.1 (i) 4.1.2,, 4.2 (1 ) 0 n 0,, n ( Pn Pn, ),,,,, 520, - 510 4.2 ( 2) 0 0 612 ; 1216 (3 ) r r r = 90, ( ) (4 ) s Ps s 4.1.3 : d0 (1 ) 4.3, : vc (m/ min) vc = d0 n 60 000, ( 4.1),,, mm; n, r/ min f, fz, vf, f ( mm/ r )fz (,, mm/ z) vf ( mm/ min ) : : z vf = f n = fz zn ( 4.2) 89
4.3 (a) ( b) ap, 4.3 ( a), ( b),, ae, ae, ae vc ( f, fz, vf ) ap ae (2 ) 4.4,,,, : hd 4.4, hd bd AD AD = hd bd ADt ot 4.4 hd, bd Ze, 4.1.4 (1 ), Fr,,, Fr, 4.5 Fr (, ) : Fc,,, FcN,, 90
4.5 Fp F r, F r = - Fr ( 4.5 ), F r : Fl ( Fl ) ; Ft Fv Fv, ;,,,, (2 ) ( k W), : Fc, N ; vc, m/ s 4.1.5 Pc Fc vc/ 1 000 ( 4.3),, (1 ) ;,,,, ;, ;, (2 ),, 4.6 vc vf 91
4.6 (a) ( b ),,,,,,,,,,,,, vc vf,, 23,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, (3 ),, 4.7 4.7 ( a e 0.6 d 0 ) ( a) ( b ) (c),,,, 4.7 ( a),,, 92
,,,, 4.7 ( b),,,,,,,,,, 4.7 ( c),, 4.1.6 (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ) ( ),, (4 ),,,, 4.2 4.2.1, ( ) ( T ) ( ) ( ), 4.8,,,,,, : 93
4.8 4.2.2 (1 ) 4.9, 1 1 2,, 7 1, ( ), 6, 3 ( ) 5 6, ( ),, 5 6 9, 4.10 ( 45 ), (2 ), 4.11 1 4.9 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 4.10 94
4.11 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-4.12 1-2 8-3 - 4, 7-5 - 6-9 - (3 ),, 4.12,, 4.2.3 X6132 X6132 4.13 (1 ) X6132 X6132 7.5kW, 1 450 r/ min 18, 301 500r/ min ; M( YV1 ) : 7.5 kw, 1 450r/ min 150 290 16 38 22 27 19 36 17 46 27 37 33 26 18 71 80 40 ( ) (2 ) X6132, 1.5kW, 1 410 r/ min 95
4.13 X6132 M5, M4, M3,, 21 : (3 ) M1, M2, X 40 26 44 42 M3, M4 M5, 96
4.2.4 (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ),,,, : (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ),,,, : 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.13, X6132 97
5 5.1,,, ;,,, ( ) ( ) () 5.1.1, :,, 5.1 5.1 1 400150203 A 60 L 5 B 35 60 2 ( DHd) 5 () 35m/ s (1 ) 5.2 5.2 A WA, PA SA,, 98
( ) ZA,, MA C GC BC,,,, SC, D, CBN,,, (2 ),, 60, 60 ;, W W20, 2014m :,,,,,,, 5.3 5.3 (m) 12 # 36 # 2 0001 600 500400 W40W28 4028 2820 46 # 80 # 400315 200160 W20W14 2014 1410 100 # 280 # 160125 5040 W10W5 107 53.5 (3 ), 5.4 99
5.4 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 D E F G H J K L M N P Q R S T Y, (, ),, ;,,,, :,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, ( P, Q, R) ;, ( M, N, P, Q, R ) ;, ( H, J, K, L, M, N);, ( J, K) (4 ), 5.5 5.5 V,,,,, B V,,,, R B,,,, J,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, 5.6 5.6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 % 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34,,,, 100
(6 ), 5.7 5.7 1 41 2 11 12a 4 6 5.1.2 (1 ) ( ),, 5.1 ( a) ( b ) (c) ( d) ( e) ( f ) ( g) 101
, 5.1, (2 ), 5.2 5.2 vs (m/ s ), vs = ds n0 1 000 60 : ds, mm; n0, r/ min ( 5.1) vw (m/ min ),, vw = dw nw 1 000 : dw, mm; nw, r/ min,, m/ min ( 5.2) vw = 2 Lnt ab 1 000 : L, mm; ntab ( 5.3) fa,, mm/ r, ( ) ( ),, mm/ d.str fa = ( 0.20.8 ) B, B, mm, fp (), ( ) ( ), ( ap )f p d.str( / )mm/ str( / ), fp f p = 0.00250.015mm/ d.str mm/ = 0.010.04mm/ d.str, 5.1.3 (1 ), hdg, hdg, : vw fa f p, hdg, fp 1, hdg 40% 102
, Ra, f p fa vs ds B, hdg,,, hdg,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, 5.1.4 (1 ), ;,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, ;, 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2.1 (),, 103
,,,, : : : :, (1 ), ( ) : 5.4 ( a),, ( no ), : ( nw ), ( fa ), ( fp ), 5.4( b ),, ( nw ),, ( f p ), (2 ), 5.4, 5.5 ( a) 5.6, ( b) 5.5 ( a) ( b ) 1 4, 2,, nw, f a fp, A,, 104
5.6 1-2 - 3-4 - 5.7 1 23 4 5,,,,,,, 5.7,,,,,, ( 3), 5.8 (a),,,,, nt n0, (, ), ( nw ),, : 5.8 ( a), ( b ),,,,,, ( 26 ; 12 ), 105
5.8 5.8( c),, ( ) ( 30 ),, 5.9 623 4 5 1,,,, (4 ) 5.10, f v nw,, 5.9 :,, ( 5.10 ( a), ( b) ), ( 5.10( c), ( d) ),,,,,,,, 106
5.10 ( a) ( b ) (c) ( d),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 5.10( a), ( d), n0 : f v, fa, f p, 5.10( b ), ( c), n0 : nw, f p ; 5.10 (c)( )f a 5.2.2 M1432A,,, (1 ) 5.11 M1432A : :,, 107
5.11 M1432 A 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - A - :,, 90 :,, (10 ), :, :, ( ) (), 30 : (2 ) 5.12, : ( ) 5.13 n0 :, 4 kw, 2 : 1 670,1 000 r/ min;, 1.1k W, 2 :10 000, 15 000r/ min nw :, 1.1kW, 6 :25224 r/ min fa :,, 1, La = 1 15 72 18 18 2= 5.89 6( mm ) 72 :, 108
5.12 ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d) 5.13 M1432 A 109
, :, (3 ) :,, 5.14 2 3 7,,,, ( 0.005 0.01 mm), 8 9, 5.14, T, 10, 30, ( ) : 5.15,, P5 2 8 3 2, 4,,,, 1,, 110
5.15 M1432A 1-2 4-3 - 5-5, : 5.16, D,, : (a) :, 7 8, 1 2,, 5.16( a) ( b ) :, 1, 12,, 8 12,, 5.16 ( b ) (c) : 6, 5.16(c) 5.3, 5.3.1,,,, 1 0.1m, Ra0.160.06m ; 0.1m, Ra0.040.02m ; Ra0.01m,,, 5.17,,,,,, 111
5.16 M1432 A 1-2 - 3 4 5 9-6 - 7-8 - 10-11 - 12-13 - 14-15 -,,,, ( W10 ) 112
5.17,,, ;,,,, 5.18, 0.51.5mm, 1015, 5.19, 5.18 ( a) ( b ) ( c) ( d ) 5.19 5.3.2,, (1 ) : 60m/ s ; 150m/ s, ( 35m/ s ),,, Ra0.80.4m,, ;,,,,,,,,, 113
, 60m/ s, 80 m/ s,100m/ s 120160m/ s, 200400m/ s (2 ) : (1/ 100, 10300mm/ min ) ( ) q( q= vs/ vw ),, :,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( vs = 150250m/ s ) ( fp = 0.130mm/ str) ( vw = 0.510m/ min ), ( CBN ) ( CNC), (3 ) :,, (),, :,,, 520,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 85%,, 5.20,,,,, ; 114
,,,, 5.20 (a ) ( b ),,,,,,, 5.3.3 (1 ) 5.21 ( MK A2945 ), V,, X Y,,,, 02 000r/ min 8, X Y,,, : 450mm 800mm; 20 250r/ min ; 9 00018 000r/ min; 1 90mm; 0.004mm; 0.007mm 0.008mm 0.005mm; Ra0.4m CNC 3 4 5, 2 2 1 2 3 ( ) X, Y, W 0.001mm, U 0.000 1mm, C 0.001, 115
5.21 MKA2945 1 - ( Z ) 2 - C 3 - U 4-5 - X 6 - Y 7 - W 8-9 - 10-11 - 12 - CNC 0.001mm (2 ) : 5.8 5.8 ( ),,, U, 3/ 4 ( ), U,,, ( ),, U,, ( ) ( ),, U 116
( ) ( ), U,, ( ) ( ), U, U ( ), ( ), U,,,,,,,, ( ) 45,,( ) 117
( ) ( ), ( ),, X Y ( ), X Y 1/ 31/ 2, 5.1?? 5.2?? 5.3? 5.4??? 5.5,,? 5.6??? 5.7???,? 5.8 M1432A,,,? 5.9?? 5.10?? 5.11,? 118
6 6.1,, 6.1.1,, : (1 ) :,, (2 ) :,, 6.1.2,,,, : (1 ), 6.1,,, 6.1 ( a) ( b ) 119
(2 ),, ( ), 6.2 ( a),, 1 2 ( ),,, 6.2( b ),, 6.2 (a ) ( b ) 1-2 - :,,, 6.2, ;, 6.2.1,, ( 90 ), (),, 6.3,,,,,,, (1 ), A2 120 ( B1 1 ) B1 2,
6.3 ( a) ( b ), 6.4 (a), : 12uv 34 uv, ( b ) ( ) B11 B12, 6.4 ( 45ux 67 ),,, 1/ k( k ), 1/ z( z ): n/ n= k/ z ux,,,, (c), 78uf 910 ( ) 1,,,, :,,, 6.5( a) ( b), (2 ), 121
6.5,,, B12 B2 2 6.6 ( a),, a b, B12, b b,, P ( L), p p, 1,, L,, + 1 ;, 1, - 1 6.6, B22 B12,, B12, 1 ;, B12 B22, 1, B22, 6.6 6.6( b ) : 1213vy 1415 67us 89, L, 1 B12 B2 2,, uy L,, 6.7( a) ( b ) 122
, =- ;, =+ 6.7,,,, (3 ) :,, :,, ( ),, ;, k/ z k,,,, : (a),,, 6.8 (a),,,,,,,, ( b), 6.8( b),,,,,, ;,,,,, 123
6.8 ( a) ( b ) (4 ), Y3150E 6.9 m = 3 z = 30 = 0 6.9 Y3150E zc, zf,, E zc z1, z3 z2 a, z2 b, H H, 6.9 (a), G,, M2 G, M2 zf H,, zf H, zc, z3 E n z1 H, z3 z1 124
n1 H nh z3 n3 : i H 3 1 = n3 - nh n1 - nh = ( - 1) z1 z2 a z2 b z3 ( - 1 ), 30, : ( 6.1) n3 n1 - nh - nh = - 1 n3 = 2 nh - n1 n = 2 nh - n1 ( 6.2) (6.2 ) (a), z1, z3 z1, H, nh = 0 ( 6.2 ), : u1 = n 3 n1 = - 1 ( n31 = - n1 ), ( b ), H, z3 H, z1, n1 = 0: u2 = n3 nh = 2 ( n3 2 = 2 nh ),,, n3 = n31 + n3 2 = - n1 + 2 n4, (6.2 ), M2 G, M1 6.9 ( b ), M1 H, zf, M1, H, z3, z2 b, z2 a, z1, H,, zc E, 1 6.2.2 Y3150E Y3150E,,, 500mm, 8mm; 78, Ra 1.6m 6.102 1, 3 5 3, 4 5 9 7, 8 9 10,, 6 6.11 125
6.10 Y3150E 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 - (1 ),,, :, : n (r/ min ), n(r/ min), 1 430 115 165 21 42 u A B 28 28 28 28 28 28 20 40 = n u A 6.46.6( b ) uv B uv = u A B = n 124.583 ( 6.3) : u, : u = 27/ 43, 31/ 39, 35/ 35; A B, : 22/ 44, 33/ 33, 44/ 22, uv,, :,, : B11 () 80 20 28 28 28 28 28 28 42 56 E F a b c d 1 B1 2 72 126 : 1, k/ z,
6.11 Y3150E 127
1 80 20 28 28 28 28 28 28 42 56 ue F a b c d 1 72 = k z : a b c d M1 6.46.6( b) ux ; u,, u= 1 : ux = a b c d = F E 24 k : E, F, : 5z/ k20, E = 48, F = 24; 21z/ k142, E = 36, F = 36; 143z/ k, E = 24, F = 48 z ( 6.4) :, ( ) : 1, f mm, 1 72 1 2 25 39 39 a1 b1 23 69 u2 25 3= f a1 b1 u6.46.6( b ) uf uf = a1 : f, mm/ r; a1/ b1, : 49/ 35, 30/ 54, 39/ 45 b1 u = f 0.460 8 ( 6.5) ; u (2 ),,,,, M2 G, H zf ( 6.11 z72 ), u1 = - 1, 1 80 20 28 28 28 28 28 28 42 56 u1 E F a b c d 1 72 = k z ux = a b c d = - F E 24 k z ( 6.6),,,, fmm/ r,, f ;,,, f, k( 6.1) 128
6.1 k 15 30 45 60 0.87 0.78 0.63 0.54 0.72 0.65 0.50 0.45,, Lmm, 1, mn z : L = sin ; u2 L 3 25 2 2 25 a2 b2 c2 d2 36 72 u2 E F a b c d 1 72 = 1 = 2; a b c d = F E 24 k a2 b2 c 2 z d2 = 9 sin m n k ( 6.7), ( ) B22, B12,, a2 b2 c2 d2,,,,,,, P3,,,,,,,,, (3 ) 100, Y3150E, a b c d a b c d = 24 k z = 48 k z (21 z142 ) ; (z143 ) z ( z ),, b d, 100, 100 100 ( 101, 103, 107, 109, 113 ),, 100, :,, : 129
, k z100,, z zz0 z0 :, k,, =, k k z - k z0 z k z - k z0 z0, (, ),, z (a) 100, :, k, : u1 k z k z z0 1 80 20 28 28 28 28 28 28 42 56 u1 E F a b c d 1 72 = k z0 = - 1,, a b c d a b c d = - 24 k z0 = - 48 k z0 (E/ F = 36/ 36 ) (E/ F = 24/ 48 ) ( b ) : k - k z0, : 72 1 2 25 39 39 a1 b1 : u2 = 2, : z0 23 69 u2 25 a2 b2 c2 a b c d = F E 24 k, uf = a1 u= z0 b1 a2 b2 a2 b2 c2 d2 c2 d2 = = d2 z, 36 72 u2 E F a b c d 1 72 = k - z f 0.460 8 625( z0 - z) 32 uf k 8.984 37( z0 - z) f k z; f, mm/ r k z0 ( 6.8) ( 6.9), z0, z0 > z, k z0, z0 < k,, z < z,, 130 (4 ) Y3150E,
, P2, M3, 2 25 75, 36 6.3 6.3.1 (1 ) :, 6.12 (a), ; ( ),,, 6.12 (a ) ( b ),, 6.12 ( b), ;,, (2 ) 6.13( a) 3 2,, 7 6,,, 6.13 ( b ) ( ),,,, str/ min : n/ n = z/ z : n, n; z, z,,,, mm/ str 131
6.13 ( a) ( b) 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7 -,,,,, mm/ str,, ( ),,, ( ) ;,,, (3 ), : (a) :, ( b ) :, (c) :,, ( d) :,,, 132
;, ;,, 6.3.2 6,,, (1 ) 6.14 (a),,,, P vp,,, 6.14 1-2 - ( ),,,,,,,, 6.14 (a) ( ) (2 ),, 133
,,, 1, 12,,,,,,, 24min,, 10, 90% 6.3.3 (1 ) :, 6.15 ( b ) ( 6.15 ( a) ),,, 6.15 1-2 - (2 ) 13m/ s,,,,,,,, ;, 134
,,,,, ( 6.15 (c) ), 6.3.4, (1 ) :,,,,,, 6.16,, ( 6.16( a) 6.16 ( b) 200 ),, ( ),,,, 6.17 11, 2 3, 6 5 9 7,, 10,,, 8, 6.16, 4,,,, ;,, ;, 4,,, 6.18,,,, 135
6.17 1-2 - 3-4 - 5 9-6 - 7-8 - 10-11 -,, (1/ z ), (m) ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 6.19,,, (), 6.18 136
, (2 000r/ min),,,,,,,, (2 ) : :, 46, 3, Ra = 0.80.2m,,, ( ) 6.3.5,,, 6.19,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) : 6.20 (a), 2 2 180,,,,,,,,,, 6.21 ( a),, ( ), ( ),,, ( 6.21 ( b ) ), 137
6.20 6.21 (2 ) :, O, ( ),,,,,, 6.20 ( b) 2 2 = 180-2,,, 180 2, (),,,,,,, (, ),,, 6.4 6.4.1, (1 ) : 138
,,, (2 ) : 6.4.2 :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, m8, 8,, 6.2 6.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1213 1416 1720 2125 2634 3554 55134 135, 15 ;,, 26 3; 24, m = 3 4 4 21,,, ( ),,,,,, zd,,,, ( m = 840mm), 6.4.3 (1 ), ;, 139
d D L z A AA, AA, A, B, C, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,,,, :,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (),,,, (3 ) ( ), 6.22,,,,, 6.22 6.23 140
,,,,,,,, (a),, ( 0.1mm),,, 6.23( a) ( b ),,,, 6.23 ( b) (c) 6.24,,,,,,, 7,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ), 6.24, ( ) (),,,,,,,,, 6.25 6.25 ( ACE ),, 141
A, B ( BDE ) : O1,, O2 O3,,, 6.4.4 (1 ),, : 75mm, 100mm, 160mm, 200mm, 112mm 6.26 (a) 6.26,, :50mm, 75 mm, 100mm, 125mm, 18mm 6.26( b ) ( ), : 25mm, 38mm, 13.75mm 6.26 (c) : AA, A B,, 6, 7 8 (2 ) 6.27,, OO ( x0 = 0 ),, OO (AA ) x0 > 0 x0 < 0,,,, : 6.27 142
,, 6.4.5 (1 ) AA A, AA, A, B, 6, 7, 8, 9 :,,, ;, ; (2 ),,,,, ;, :,,,,, 6.28,, ( 6.28( b ) ),,, 6.28 (a) ( b ) 143
,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.29 (a),,,,,, (, ),,,, 6.29( b ), ( ),, 6.29 ( a) ( b) (3 ),,,,,,,, 144
,,,, 6.1? 6.2? 6.3???? 6.4??? 6.5,?? 6.6 Y3150 E, : m = 4, z = 27, 45 #,8 ; = 2 47 ( ), k = 1, D = 100mm; 60 v = 20m/ min, f = 1mm/ r 6.7 Y3150 E, : m = 4, z = 56,= 19 07 ( ),45 #, 8 ; = 2 47 ( ), k = 1, D = 100mm; v = 20m/ min, f = 1mm/ r 6.8? 6.9,? 6.10?, 6.11? 6.12,? 6.13,? 6.14,,? 6.15??? 145
7 7.1,,,,, 7.1.1, : (1 ) :,, ;,, ;, (2 ) : (3 ) : (4 ) :,,,,, 21 7.1.2 7.1 20 60,,,, ;,,, 7.1 146
7.1 7.1 ECM ECG ( ) EDM PAM ( C) EBM LBM IBM USM ( ) CH M PCM AFM AJM HDM 7.1.3,, (1 ),, 7.2 7.2 147
( ) (2 ) 7.3, : 7.3 D/ mm L/ D < 0.03 0.130.03 < 20 > 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7.2 7.2.1,,,,,,,, ( Electrical Discharge Machining, EDM ), (),, 148
7.2.2 (1 ),,,,, :,,,,,, 0.13 000s, ( ),,,, ( ), (2 ),,,,, : - ; - ; - -,,, E,, ( ),,,, 10 6 V/ cm,,,,,,,,,,,,, - -,,,,,,,, ( 10 5 10 8 A/ cm 2 ),,, 10 000, 10 7 Pa,,,,,,, - 149
-,,,,,,,,,, - ( ),,,,, 7.2.3, 7.2, 7.2 7.3, 7.3, 150 7.3 (a ) ( b ) ( c)
(1 ), 7.4 : 16 5 3,,, :,, 7.4 30300V, ma A 1-2 - 3 - : 4-5 - 6-7 - 8 -,, : 7.4 8 5,, m m,,,,, 20 70, 7.5, CPU 7.5 (2 ) : (a) : ( ) 151
( b ) vw :,, mm 3 / min (c) Wsp :, mm 3 / (Amin ) ( d) :, (e) ve :, mm 3 / min : = ( ve/ vw )100% : < 1 % ( f) Sa :,, 7.6 = 90 SF ; = 0 SL Ry ( g) : Ra, Rmax,, Ry Ra,, : (a) :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.7 ( b ) : 7.6 7.7,, (c) :, 0.050.01mm; 0.1mm,, (a) :,,,,,, ( b ) :,,, 152
, 0.1 0.5mm; 0.01 0.05 mm, (,, ),,,,,,, (c) :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.3 7.3.1 ( Wire Cut EDM, WEDM ) (),, (1 ), 7.8 ( ), 7.8 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-153
,,,, X, Y, : ( WEDMH S),, 810 m/ s, ; ( WEDMLS ),, 0.2m/ s,, ( CNC) (2 ), :,, NC,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ) 7.3.2, 7.9 (1 ) : 43 () 1 2 1 2, : 7.9 1-2 - 3-4 - 5 -,,, X Y (2 ) :,,, (3 ) :,,, (4 ) : 154
7.3.3 (1 ) ( ) vwi :,, mm 2 / min vwimax,, :, dw = d0 - d, d0 d ;, ( mm 2 ) : : : Ra2.5m, 20mm 2 / min, 0.010.02 mm, 24m/ 10 000mm 2 : Ra 0.5m 0.3m 300mm 2 / min, 500600mm (2 ) : (a) :, ( b ) : (c) :, ( d) : :,,,,, : ( T10A, Cr12, Cr12MoV, CrWMn),, ( ),,,,,, 155
7.4 7.4.1 ( Electrochemical Machining, ECM) (1 ) :,, 7.10 7.10,,,,, ( 0.10.7mm ), ( 1060m/ s ) (524V), ( ),,,, (2 ), : :, :,, (0.312mm/ min),,, 34min :, Ra = 1.60.2m :,,,,, 0.150.30mm,,, : 156
, (3 ) : ( ), : :,, :,,,, 7.4.2 ( Lases Beam Machining, LBM ) 20 60, (1 ) ( ),,,,,,, : ( ),,,,, 0.1, ( 10m), (2 ), 7.11 7.11 2,,, 7.11 1-2 - 3 - ( ) 4-5 - 6-1 4 - d - f - 157
7.11 3,, 2, 2,, 1 4,, 5 6, 10 7 10 11 W/ cm 2,,,, (3 ),,,,,, ( 0.001s ),,,,, 7.5,,, ( ),,,,, 7.5.1 : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),, ;,,, Ra = 0.110.03m,,,, (3 ),,,, 158
,,, (4 ), 20 70,,,,,,,, 7.12,,,,,,, 7.12,,, 23,, 7.5.2 (1 ),,, 159
,,,, : ;,,, (2 ),,,,, 7.5.3,, 20,, (1 ) 20 70,,20 80 : 7.13,, ;, ;,,, 7.13 (2 ),, 3,, Ra = 0.080.16m,, 7.14 ( ),,,,,,, 7.14 160
,,,, 7.1? 7.2? 7.3? 7.4? 7.5,? 7.6? 7.7? 7.8? 7.9? 7.10?? 7.11? 7.12?? 7.13? 7.14? 7.15? 161
:,,,, ( )
8 8.1 8.1.1,, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), (6 ), (7 ),, (8 ) (9 ),,,,,,, :,,,,, 165
,, ( ) 8.1.2, (1 ) :,, ( ), (2 ) : ( ) ( ),,,, 8.1, 8.1 2,,,,,,,, 1, ; 2, 8.1 ( ) 1, 2, 3, 8.1 4,, 8.2 15,, 4 15 8.2 8.3 8.3,,,,, 166
,,, (3 ),,,,,, 8.4,,, 8.4 - - - - 8.1.3 (1 ) :, : = (1 + ) (1 + ) : (/ ) ; ( / ) ; (/ ) ; ;, : (2 ),,,,,,,, (),,, ;,, 8.2,, 8.3 167
8.2 ( / / ) (/ ) 100 10 5 > 100500 > 10150 > 5100 > 2040 > 5005 000 > 150500 > 100300 > 1020 > 5 00050 000 > 5005 000 > 3001 000 > 110 > 50 000 > 5 000 > 1 000 1 : ( ) 8.3,,,,,,,,,, 8.1.4,,,, 8.4 8.5 168
169
170
( 8.4 ),,, ( 8.5 ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 8.1.5,,,, (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; 171
; 8.2,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) :,, (4 ),,,,,,, 8.6 8.6, 2 1 1, 2,, 172
( ) 3, 4, 5, 6 7, ( ) 8, 9, 10,,,, 11,,, 173
8.3,,,,, (1 ) :,,,, ;,,,, (2 ) : ( ) ;,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 8.4, ( ),, 174
8.4.1 (1 ) (2 ),,, 8.5, 8.5( ) 20,,, 8.5 ( ), 0.03, 50 30 50, 50 ; 30 30 50, 8.5( ), 45, 8.5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), : ( ) ( ) ( ) 8.6,,,,,,,, :, ;,, 8.6,,, 175
8.4.2,,,,,, (1 ),,, 8.7, 1 = ( 205 0.1),,,, 1, 0.1 8.7,,,, 1, 2 1, 1 2 1, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 8.8,,, ; ( ) 8.8, 176
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8.9,, (),, 8.9, (2 ),,,,, 8.10,,,, 8.10 8.11 - -,,,,,, 177
8.11, 55, 55 108 50, 3, 50, 8.12,,,,,, 8.12 ( ),,, 8.12 ( ),,,,,,,,,, 8.12 8.13,,, 8.13,,,,,,, 8.5,,,, 8.5.1 (1 ) 178
,,,,,,, ( ) 8.14,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8.14 ( ) ( ), (2 ), 8.7 8.88.9, 8.10, 8.7 ( ) / 1 1113 12.550 2 810 3.26.3 3 78 0.81.6 4 ( ) 78 0.0250.2 5 78 0.40.8 6 67 0.10.4 7 ( ) 5 0.0120.1 ( 0.1),, 179
( ) ( ) / 8 () 67 0.0250.4 9 10 ( ) 5 5 0.0060.025 ( 0.05 ) 0.0060.1 ( 0.05 ) 8.8 ( ) / 1 1113 12.5 2 810 1.66.3 3 78 0.81.6, 1520 4 1011 6.312.5 5 89 1.63.2 6 7 0.81.6, 1520 7 67 0.20.4 8 79 0.11.6 ( ) 9 () 1113 6.312.5 10 ( ) ( ) 910 1.63.2 11 ( ) ( ) () 78 0.81.6, 12 ( ) ( ) 67 0.40.8 13 () 78 0.20.8 14 ( ) 67 0.10.2,, 15 () 67 0.050.4 16 () ; () ; 67 0.0250.2 17 56 0.0060.1 180
8.9 ( ) / 1 1113 12.550 2 810 3.26.3 3 78 0.81.6 4 68 0.20.8 5 () 1113 6.325 6 ()() 810 1.66.3 7 ( ) ( ) 67 0.10.8 8 7 0.20.8 ( ), 9 10 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7 0.20.8 67 0.0250.4 11 79 0.20.8,( ) 12 5 0.0060.1 ( 0.05 ) 0.10.2 1.03.0 8.10 ( ) ( ) 0.050.08 1.02.0 0.10.3 0.0040.015, 0.050.08 0.080.2 0.040.06 0.050.1 0.050.25 0.040.05 0.0080.02 0.030.05 0.20.4 0.40.6 181
:, ;,,,, 8.5.2 (1 ),, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 182
,,, (3 ),,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,, (4 ),,,,,, :,,, 8.5.3,,,, (1 ) ( ),,,,, (2 ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 183
,, ;, 8.5.4 (1 ),,, ;,,, :, (2 ),,, 8.6,, 8.6.1 ( ) ;, ( ) : ( ) ( 8.15( ) ) : = - () ( 8.15( ) ) : = - : ( ); 8.15 ( ); ( ) 184
,, ( 8.15( ) ) 2 = - ( 8.15( ) ) 2 = - :2 ; ( ) ; ( ), 0 = 1 + 2 + + = : 0 ( ) ; ; 8.6.2,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, 8.16 = 1 8.16 8.17 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8.17,,, ; : = + = + = + + : ; ; ;,, 185
,,,, (2 ), 8.18,,,, 2,,, : = + + + + ( ) 2 = + 2( + ) + 2 + ( ),, 2 = + 2 ( + ) + 2 8.18,, 8.6.3 2 = 2 (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,, ( ),, 8.6.4,,,, 186
,,,, 8.8,, :,,,,,, 8.1, 1006, = 0.8,, 8.11, 8.11, 8.11,, 8.11 8.11 ( ) 0.1 6( 0.011) 100 1000.011 = 0.8 0.5 7 + 0.035 0 100-0.1 = 99.9 99.9 + 0.035 0 = 1.6 2.4 10 + 0.14 0 99.9-0.5 = 99.4 99.4 + 0.14 0 = 3.2 ( 5) 13 + 0.44 0 99.4-2.4 = 97.0 97 + 0.44 0 = 6.4 8 + 2.0-1.0 100-8 = 92.0 92 + - 2 1.0.0 8.7 8.7.1,, ( ),,, : (1 ),, ( ), = :, ;,, ;, ;, / ;, / ; ( ), 187
(2 ), :, (3 ) ( ) (4 ) (5 ),, / ( ) 2% 7% ( ) 2% 4% ( ), = + + + + / = (1 + + ) + /,, / 8.7.2 : = ( 1 + + ), (1 ),,,, ( ), 200 / ; 500 /,, 900 / ; 60, 980, 90 / ( ),, ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,, 188 (2 ),
,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ;, () (4 ),,,, 8.7.3,,, (1 ), 70% 75%,, :, :,,,,,,, :,,, ( ) = +, / : = + + + + + +, : = + + +, ( / ) = + / (/ ) ( 2), 8.19 189
, 8.20,, 8.19 - - 8.20 - - (3 ), :,, 1 = 1 + 1 2 = 2 + 2, 1, 2, 1 > 2, 2,, 8.21, 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2-1 1-2 <, 2 ; >, 1, 8.21,,,,, 1, 1, 1 ; 2, 2, 2 1,, 1 2,, : = 1-2 2-1 = :, ;, ;, / 190
, : ( ) ( ) ( ), 23, 46 (4 ), : ( / ), (/ ), ( / 2 ),,,,, 8.8,,, :, ;, 8.8.1 (1 ) 8.22 ( ), 1 0 1,, 2 ( 2 ), 0,, 0,, 2, 8.22( ) 8.22 8.23( ),, 0, 0 = -, 0,, 8.23 ( ) (2 ) 191
: 0 0,,,,, 8.23 8.23 0 08.228.23 0 0 8.22 1 2 ( ),,,, 8.22 1 8.23 ( ),,,, 8.22 2 8.23 (3 ),, (4 ),, ; 8.24 1 0, 1 ; 2, 3 0, 2, 3 8.24 (5 ) : ( ) 8.22 ( ), 0 1 2, ( ),, ( ) 12.2 : ( ) 8.24 192
( ) 090, 8.25,, ( 1 = 90 ),, ( 0 = 0 ), ( 0 = 90 ), 1, 2, 1, 2 0, 0 : ( ) 8.24 8.25 ( ),, 8.26( ), ( ) 8.26 ( ), ; (6 ),, ( ),, ( ),, ( ) 8.27, 0, 1, 2, 5 ; 3, 4 1, 2,, 0 : 0 = 1 + 2 + 5-3 - 4 0 = - = 1-1 = + 1 : ; 8.27 ( 8.1) ( ) ( 8.1 ),,,,, 193
0 = = 1-1 - = + 1 ( 8.2) 0 = = 1-1 - = + 1 ( ) (8.2 )( 8.1) (8.3 )( 8.1) 0 = 0-0 = = 1 0 = 0-0 = = 1 ( 8.3) - 1 - = + 1-1 - = + 1 ( 8.4) ( 8.5) : 0, ( 0 ) ; 0, ( 0 ) ;, ( ) ;, ( ) ( ) 0 0 ( 8.2) (8.3 ), 0 0 = 0-0 = = = 1 = 1-1 - - = + 1 - + = 1 = + = 1-1 = + 1-1 = + 1 :, ( ) ; 0-1 = 1 - = + 1-1 - = + 1-1 = (8.6 ) = 1, ( 0 ),,,, - 1 0 = = 1 ( 8.7) ( ) ( ), 194 : = + 2 ( ) ( ) = [( 8.2) + (8.3 ) ] 2, (8.8 ) - ( 8.1), 0 ( 0 ) = = 1 = = 1 ( ) + ( ) 2-1 - 1 - = + 1 - - - = + 1 = 1 ( 8.8) - 1 = + 1
= = 1 ( - 1 ) - ( ) ( 8.9) = + 1 (8.8) (8.9) : ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), = 6, 0-1 0 = 2 (8.10) = 1,, = = 0 ( - 1 ) = ( - 1) - 1 0 (8.11), - 1,,, - 1,,,,,, :, 8.12-1 0 = 2 2 (8.12) = 1 8.12 1 1.22 1.73 1.14 1.17 1.17-0 0 0-0.28 0.26-0.26, 8.12, 1.21.7, = 1.5, - 1 0 = 2 (8.13) = 1 195
= ( - 1) ( - 1) 0 (8.14) ( ),,,, : ; 0-1 - 1 = = - = 1 = 1 = + 1 (8.15), ( ) ( 8.28 ),, 0 = 0 = = 1 ( 0 ) = = 1-1 - = + 1-1 - = + 1 (8.8 )( 8.9 ) (8.8 )(8.9 ) (8.8 ) (8.9 ) 8.28 8.29, ( ( ) ), ( 8.29 ), 2 = + ( ) 2 :, 8.12 0 0 = + ( ) + = + 1 2 - = 1-1 = + 1 ( ) 2 + 1 2 (8.16),,,,, 196 ( 0 ) = ( ) + 1 = 1 2-1 - ( ) + 1 = + 1 2 (8.17)
( ) 0 = ( 0 ) + 1 2 0 = ( 0 ) - 1 2 0 (8.18) 0 (8.19) : 0 = 0 + 0 (8.20) 0 = 0 + 0 (8.21) (7 ),,,, : ( ), = 0-1,,, ( ), 0 0 2-1 = 1-1 = 1 ( ),,, : 0 = + 0 = 2 + 2 : - 2 = 1,,,, - 2 = 1 197
, ; ;, (8.4)( 8.5 ),,,,,, 8.2 8.30,, 0.27% ( ) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ( ) (8.4 )(8.5 ) 0 = 1 + 2-3 - 4-5 0 = 0.4 + 0.3-0 - ( - 0.1) - ( - 0.2) = 1.0 0 = 1 + 2-3 - 4-5 0 = 0 + ( - 0.2 ) - 0.2-0.1-0 = - 0.5 0 + 1.0-0.50 ( ) (8.6 ) 0 = 0-0 = 1 - ( - 0.5) = 1.5 0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 8.30 = 0.4 + 0.5 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 = 1.5, = = 1 ( ) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ( ) 1 = 0.4; 2 = 0.5; 3 = 0.2 ; 4 = 0.2; 5 = 0.2 ( ) ( ) (8.13) 0.4 1 = 2 0.2 3 = 2-0.2 5 = 2 0.3 + ( - 0.2 ) = 0.20; 2 = 2 0.1 + ( - 0.1 ) = 0.10; 4 = 2 = - 0.10 = 0.05; = 0 ; 198-1 0 = = 10.4 2 = 1 + 0.5 2 + 0.2 2 + 0.2 2 + 0.2 2 = 0.73
( ) (8.9 ) ( 8.18 )(8.19) 0 = ( 0 ) - ( 0 ) = = 1-1 - = + 1 = 0.2 + 0.05 - (0.10 + 0-0.10) = 0.25 0 = ( 0 ) + 0 2 0 2, 0 = 0.25-0.73 2 + 0.6 15-0.1 15 = 0.25 + 0.73 2 = - 0.115 8.31, - 1, - 1 8.8.2 = 0.615 8.31,,,,,,, (1 ) 8.3 8.32 ( ), 50 0-0.17 10 0-0.36, 10 0-0.36, 2 10 0-0.3 6 ( ),, 2, 10 0-0.36 2 50 0-0.17, 10 0-0.3 6, 8.32( ) ( ) 2 1, 2, ( 8.1) (8.4 )(8.5 ) 0 = 1-2 2 = 1-0 = 50-10 = 40( ) 8.32 199
0 = 1-2 2 = 1-0 0 2 = 1-0 = 1-2 2 = 40 + 0.19 0 ( ) = 0-0 = 0( ) = - 0.17 - ( - 0.36 ) = 0.19( ) ( ) ( ),, 8.33 1, 2,,, 2 -,, :,, 1 2 50 0-0.17-40 0-0.19 0 10 0-0.36 8.33 ( ),, ; ( 8.22) 0, 0, 0, ( 8.23), ( ),, ( 8.22 )(8.23) 0 = - = 1-1 = + 1 (8.22) 0 0 0 (8.23) 8.32, 2 = 39.83, 0.17,, 1 = 49.83, ( ) (8.23), 0 = 1-2 = 49.83-39.83 = 10, 2= 40.36,, 1= 50, 0= 9.64, 8.4 1, 2, 3, 4 8.34( ),, 1, 2, 3, 4 200
1, 2, 3, 4 8.34 ( ) 8.34( ), 1, 4,, 2, 3 1= 1 = 20-0.20 4= 4 = 180-1.0 2, 3,, 8.34( ), ( ) 02 03 ( ) 2 2 = 02, 2, 1 02 = 2-1 2= 02 + 1= 80 + 20 = 100 ( 0 2 ) = 2-1 2= ( 0 2 ) + 1= 0 + ( - 0.2) = - 0.20 ( 0 2 ) = 2-1 2= ( 0 2 ) + 1= - 0.6 + 0 = - 0.60 2= 100-0.20-0.60 : 2 + 100-0.20-0.60 1-20 + 0.20 0 2 = 02 80 0-0.60 2 = 100-0.2 0-0.6 0 ( ) 3 3 = 03 3, 2 3 = 03 + 2 = 40 + 100 = 140 201
3 = 140 - - 0 0.6.6 0 0 ( 3 ) = ( 03 ) + ( 2 ) = 0 + ( - 0.60 ) = - 0.60 ( 3 ) = ( 0 3 ) + ( 2 ) = - 0.40 + ( - 0.20) = - 0.60 ( 3 ) = ( 3 ),, 2 0.4, 0 3 = 3, 3 2 0.2, 2 = 100 - - 0 0.2.4 0 0 3, ( 3 ) = - 0.40, 3= 140 - - 0 0.40.60 3 ( 2100-0.2 0-0.4 0 )3= 140-0.40-0.60 3 + 140-0.40-0.60 2-100 + 0.40 + 0.20 3 = 03 40 0-0.40 2 2? 2, 2, 1, ( 2 ) = ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) = 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.40, 2, (2 ),, 8.5, 43.6 + 0.3 4, : 39.6 + 0.1 0 ; ; ; 40 + 0.05, 43.6 + 0.34,, 43.6 + 0.3 4 0 (2 ), 43.6 + 0.34 0, 8.35 ( ) ; 43.6 + 0.34 0,,,,,, 8.35 ( ) = 20 + 0.02 5 0, = 19.8 + 0.0 5 0 8.35 ( )( ), 8.35 ( ) 0 = 43.6 + 0.3 4 0,,, 0 = + - = 0 - + = 43.6-20 + 19.8 = 43.4 ( ) ( 0 ) = ( ) + ( ) - ( ) ( ) = ( 0 ) - ( ) + ( ) 202
8.35 = 0.34-0.025 + 0 = 0.315 ( ) ( 0 ) = ( ) + ( ) - ( ) ( ) = ( 0 ) - ( ) + ( ) : = 0-0 + 0.05 = 0.05 = 43.4 + 0.315 + 0.050 43.4 + 0.315 + 0.05 20 + 0.025 0-19.8 0-0.05 43.6 + 0.34 0 = 43.4 + 0.315 + 0.050,,,,,,, 8.6 8.36 ( ),, = 0.10.02, (44.9150.085 ) ( 232.750.25 ), : 1, 2 ; 3 2 44.9150.085 232.750.25 203
8.36 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( 44.915 0.085 ) (232.750.25),,, 8.36 ( )( ), ( ) 8.36( ), 8.36( ) = 44.915 + 0.10 = 45.015 = (0.085) - (0.02) = 0.065 = (45.0150.065 ) = ( 232.65 0.23),, (3 ),,,,, 8.7 8.13 ( ),, : ( 31.690.31), 27.070.07 60.10 ( ), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 3 (5 ), 7 5,, 7,, 8 204
1, 2, 3,, 8.13 ( ) 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.3 33.8 34 0-0.60 0.2 26.8 26.6 + 0 0.4 0.1 6.58 6.68 0-0.2 1 0.63 1.63 0.23 25.59 25.82 0-0.46 0.3 0.18 0.48 0.08 6.1 6.18 0-0.16 0.3 0.45 0.75 0.07 27.07 27 + 0 0.18 0.31 31.69 32 0-0.62 5 7 0.08 0.02 0.1 0.1 6 60.1 : 4, 205
) ( ), () ( : ( ), (),, ( ), ( ), 8.37, ( ) ( ) : 8.37 ( 8.37( ) ): 7 = 0.08 ( 7 ) = 0.02 7 = 0.08 + 0.02 = 0.10 206 8 = 6 ( 8 ) = 0.10 5 = 8 + 7 = 6.10 ( 8.37( ) ) ( 5 ) = ( 8 ) - ( 7 ) = 0.08 7 = 31.69 ( 7 ) = 0.31 5 = 6.10 ( 5 ) = 0.08 4 = 7-5 = 25.59 ( 8.37( ) ) ( 4 ) = ( 7 ) - ( 5 ) = 0.23 8.37 ( ), ( ) 5 = 6.10 ( 5 ) = 0.08 ( 3 ) = 0.10 5 = 0.3 () ( 5 ) = ( 5 ) + ( 3 ) = 0.18 5 = 5 + ( 5 ) 2 3 = 5 + 5 = 6.58 ( 8.37( ) ) = 0.48
6 = 27.07 ( 6 ) = 0.07 5 = 6.10 ( 5 ) = 0.08 ( 2 ) = 0.20 6 = 0.3 3 = 6.58 ( 3 ) = 0.10 ( 6 ) = ( 2 ) + ( 3 ) + ( 5 ) + ( 6 ) = 0.45 6 = 6 + ( 6 ) 2 = 0.75 2 = 6-6 - 5 + 3 = 26.8 ( 8.37( ) ) 3 = 6.58 ( 3 ) = 0.10 ( 1 ) = 0.30 4 = 1 4 = 25.59 ( 4 ) = 0.23 ( 4 ) = ( 1 ) + ( 3 ) + ( 4 ) = 0.63 4 = 4 + ( 4 ) 2 = 1.63 1 = 3 + 4 + 4 = 33.8, : ( ), (),, ( ), ( ),,,,, (4 ),,,,, 8.7 8.38, = 1 = ( 120 0. 05 ), = 2 = (700.05) = 0 = ( 1300.05 ) 1 = 60 8.38, 1 207
1, 2 2, 1, 1 2, 2 ( ) 8.38, 1 = 103.923, 1 = 60 2 = 43.301, 2 = 55 0 = 60.622, 0 = 115 ( ),,,, 1, 2 0,, 0, 1, 2 0 0.05, 8.39, 0 0 0, 0 1 2, 0 1 2 8.40 8.39, 8.39( ) 2 0 = 2 0 + 2 0 2 0 0 = 2 0 0 + 2 0 0 0 ( 0 ), 0 ( 0 ), 0 ( 0 ), 0 ( 0 ) = 0 ( 0 ) + 0 ( 0 ) 8.39 ( ), ( ), = ( 1 ) = ( 2 ) = ( 1 ) = ( 2 ), 208 ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = 2 0 ( 0 ) = 2 0 + 2 0 = 0 2( 0 + 0 ) ( 0 ) = 130 0.1 = 0.037 2 (60.622 + 115 ) 1 = (103.9230.018 5)
1 = ( 600.018 5) 2 = (43.3010.018 5 ) 2 = ( 550.018 5) ( 0 ) = 2 0 + 2 0 0 = 2 60.622 0.037 + 2 115 0.037 130 = 0.099 96 0.1 8.9 8.9.1 (1 ),,, 8.40 8.40 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 6 9, 5 ( ), ( ) ( ),, 0.630.16; 2.5 0.63,,, ( ),,,,, 209
, (2 ) 8.14 8.41,,, 8.14 1, 2 3, 265 (, ) 4 45 (, ), 5 ; 6 7, 24 - - 0 0.020.053,0.5 8, 2 9, 0.5 10 11 12 25 + 0.021 + 0.008 13 22 0-0.12 20 0-0.021 14 15 45 16, 215,, 10 17, 18 19,, : 35, 40, 45 6002;, 40, 35 1, 42 2, ;, ;,, 210
8.41 211
8.9.2 (1 ),,,,, 8.42,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 8.15 8.16 8.42 8.15 1 2 3 4 :,,, 5 6, 7,, 8, 9, 10, 11 12 13 212
8.42 213
8.16 1 2 3 4 5 2-8 7 ( 6-10 7.8, 2-8 7 ) 6, 7, 8, 9 10 11 12 13, 14 2-8 7 4-7.8 8.5, 6-10 15 16 8.9.3 (1 ),, 45 40, 45 2, : ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; (2 ) 8.43, 8.44 8.17 8.18 214
8.17 1 1 2 2 3 3 4, 4 5 5 6, 7, 6 8,,, 7, 9,, 8 10, 9, 11 10 12 11 8.18 1,, 2 3, 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 215
( ) 12, 13 14 8.43 216
8.44 8.1 8.45, : 70-0 0.02, 62-0 0.20 : ( 1) 70.5-0 0.1 2 ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) 70-0 0.0 2 8.2 8.46, : ( 1) ; ( 2) 10 ; ( 3) 16 10-0 0.12 ; ( 4) 500.40 ; ( 5) 16 [(80.2) ] 217
8.45 8.46 8.3 8.47, ( 60.10),,, 8.47 8.48 8.4, 8.48,,, 8.5 8.49, = 820 + 0.40 0,,, = 450 0-0.50,, 8.49 8.50 218
8.6 8.50, 1, = 0.4, 2 3 = 60 0-0.05, 4 = (220.10) 1 2 8.7 8.51,,, (0.10.02 ) [ 1 = (500.10), 3 = ( 2400.25) 2 = ( 400.08 ) ] (, ) 8.8 8.52, = 30 0-0.02,, ( 1 ) 29.925 29.930, ( 8.52) 8.51 8.52 219
9 9.1 9.1.1,,, 9.1, 9.1.2 9.1,, (),,, :,,,, ( ),,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ), ( ) (3 ), (4 ),, : 220
: :, ;, 9.2,,,,,, 9.2.1 (1 ),, 9.2,,,,,,,,,,,, 9.2,,, 9.1 9.1 1 1 2 3,,, 221
( ) 2, 4,, 4,, 4,, 3, 5,,, 4,, 5,,, (2 ) 9.2, 9.3,, 1, 2, 3,,, 4, 5,, 6 9.3, 9.4,,,, 222
,, 9.4,, ; ;,, (3 ) 9.4,,,,,, ( ),, 9.39.4 ( ), 9.5,, 60 0-0.2,,, 300.1,,,,,, 9.5,,,,,,,, ( ), 9.5,, 60 0-0.2 ;, 9.2 223
9.2 1. 2. 3. 4.,,, 1. 2. 3.,,, 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2.,,, 9.6 3 ( ) 1, ; 2,,,,,,,, 9.7,,,,, 224
9.6 9.7 1-2 - 3-4 - : ( ) 9.8,,,,,,,, ( ) 9.6,,,, 9.7,,,,,,, 9.8,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, / 506191 9.3, 3, 3 ; 225
,, 9.3 9.2.2 (1 ),,, (),,,,,,,,,,, 226
45, 40, 8, 10,, 20, 20, 0.81.2, 5562, 8, 7 6,, 1.6, 0.8 0.4, (2 ),, ; ;, ( ) 9.9( ) ( ), ; 9.9 ( ) ( ), ; 9.9 ( ) ( ),,, 9.9 ( / 222691 ) ( ) 9.10, 9.10 ( ),,,, ; 9.10( ),,, ( ),, ( ) () 50 9.11( )( ), 9.11 ( ) > 350, 9.11( ) 9.11 ( ),, ( ), 9.12( ) ; 9.12( ),, 227
9.10 ( / 223691) 9.11 9.13 ( ) -, ; 9.13 ( ),,, 9.13 ( ) ( ),, 228
9.12 9.13, 9.14 9.14( ),,, 6, 6 7,,, 9.14 ( ) 9.14( ) 1 2 3,, 3, 8,, 1 = 2,, 6 / > 1,, 1, 6, 2, 6 9.14 ( ), 1 ( 9.14 ( ) ),,,,,,, 9.14 ( ), / > 1,,, 9.15,,, 1/ 21/ 3 229
9.14 1-2 - 3-9.15 230
9.16,, = 1 5 000 1 1 000 9.16, 0.02 0.01, 7,,, ( / ),,,,, / < 8, 23, ( ),,,,, 9.17 9.17 ( ); 9.17 ( )9.17( ), 9.17 ( ), 9.17 ( ) ;,, 9.17( ) 9.17 ( / 221191)( / 221091 ),, 2 4, 60, 90, 120, 90, ( ) 231
9.18 4 ; 2,,,, 9.18 9.19 9.19,, ; ( 9.19 ( ) ) ( 9.19 ( ) ),,, 9.20,,,, 9.20 9.21 9.21( ), 1 2, 9.21 ( ),, 232 9.21,
, 9.22 9.22 ( ),, 9.22( ) 1,, ; 9.22( ) ( ) 9.22 ( ) 2 1, 3, ( ) 9.22( ), 3 1, 2,,,,, 9.23 ( )9.23 ( ), 9.23( ) 9.2.3 (1 ) ( ) ( ), 233
9.23, 9.24 ( ),,,,,,,, 234 9.24
9.24( ),,, 9.24 ( ),,, (),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, : ;,, 9.25 ( ),, 9.25 ( ),,,,, / 2, 9.25, 9.25 ( ) = - = - =,, 235
,, = ( 9.1),, : = ( 9.2),,,,,, 9.26 ( ),, 9.26 ( ),,, 9.26,,, = 0, (), ( )( ),,,, 9.26 ( ), ( ), ( ), ( = 1 ), ( ) ; ( ), ( ), ( = 2 ), ( ) = - = - = : ;, 236, = ( 9.3),
, : (3 ) = ( 9.4),,,, : + - : = + ( 9.5) = ( 9.6) ( ), ( ), ( ),, ( ) +, - 9.27 ( ), 9.27 ( ),,, 9.27 1 2,,,, = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0,,,, 0 : ( ) ; 0 = 2-2= 2( - 0 ) ( ) ; 237
( ), ( ) 9.26,,,, 9.26 ( ) () ( ), = 1-2 = - 2 - - 2 = - + - 2 = 2 + 2 ( ) 9.28,,, ( )9.28 9.28 1 2, = 1 2 = - = + +,, = 2 + 2 () ( 9.7) = - = + + ( ) ( 9.8) =, = 9.1 9.29 ( ), 2 16, 9.29 ( ) 22 0-0.0 21, (1000.1) 238
9.29 ( ) :, = 0, 0,, = 3015 ( ) : = 0 = 2 + 2 = 0.033 + 0.021 2 = 30= 0.023 = + = 0.023 = 0.027 9.2 9.30, 80 0.05, 11, 80 + + 0 0.1.07 ( ) : 12 8 80 0.05, 0 80 + 0.1 0 + 0.0 7, 0 ( ) : = 0.02 () = + + = 0.03 + 0.10 + 0.02 = 0.15 239
9.30 = - = 80.10-79.95 = 0.15 = + = 0.15 + 0.02 = 0.17, :, : 12 8, = 0, 12 8,, 80 0.05 80 0.02, 80 + + 0 0.07.04 ( ) 9.31,, 1 = 1 2 = 1-2, 2 = 2 / 2-2 / 2 = - = 2 / 2 ( ) ( 9.9) 2 / 2 9.3 9.32, 0 - = 90, 1, 2, 3 240 ( ) :, 1, ;
2,,, ; 3,, ( ) : 1 2 3 9.31 9.32 = 0 = = 2 / 2 = + = = 2 = 2 / 2 2 / 2 = - = 2-2 / 2 = 1-2 = 2 = 2 / 2 1 2 / 2 = + = 2 + 2 / 2 = 1 + 2 1 2 / 2 241
(4 ),,,,,, 2 ( 1, 2 ) ( 1, 2 ), 2, : ( 1, 2 ) ( 1, 2 ) 2-2, - 2 + 2 1, 2, 9.33, 1 1, 2 2 9.33 ( ),,, 2, 2 2 = 2 2-2 2-2 2 9.33 : 2 9.33 ( ) 2 2= + 2 9.33 ( ), - - 2 = 2 + 2 242
2 2 = 2 2-2 2-2 - 2 2 = 2-2 - -,, 2 2 = 2-2 = + + 2 (9.10),,,,,,,, 9.34, = 2, 2,, (9.10), 9.34 = = 2 2 2, = + 2 2, = 2 2 2 2 - + 2 = + + 2 2 = + 2 2-2 = 2-2 2 =, = 2 2 = 2-2 2 2-2 2 2-2 = 2 2 2-2 2-4 2 4 2 (9.11) 9.34 9.35 243
: = 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 (9.12),, 9.35,, ( ), 9.4, 9.4 ( ) > 36 > 68 > 820 > 2024 > 2430 > 3040 > 4050-0.5-1 - 2-3 - 4-5 - 6 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 : ; ; 1,, ( ) : 9.33,,, 2 1,, ( ), = 1 2 (9.13) = 1 (9.14) ( ),, ( ),,,,,,, ( 9.36 ( ) ) (), 1, 2,, = 2 2 1-2 = 2-1 2 (9.15) (, ), = 1 2 + (9.16),,,,, 244
9.36 = 1 + 2 2 (9.17) = -,,,, 1 2 1 ; 2 9.36 ( ),,,,, = 1 + 2 ( ) (9.19) = 1-2 ( ) (9.20) 9.4 9.37,, 2 1 2 (9.18) 9.37 245
12 + 0.027 + 0, ( ), = 1 3 1 5 = ( 590.1) = (590.02) ( ), 6 7 + 0.0 27 12 + 0, 1 = 12 6 = ( ) 9.4, = 4 ( ) (9.11) 2, 1 = + = 0.1 + 0.02 = 0.12 2 = 4, 2 = 12 + 0 0.027 2 = 20.124 12 2 = 2-2 2 6 7 6 = 0.011 2 = 12 - - 0 0.08.09 1 ( ) = 0.08 = 12-0.08 = 11.92 12-0.00 6-0.01 7 :,, ( 630.1), (200.1 ), (31.50.2 ) ( 100.15), (630.1 ) ( 200.1),,, ; (31.50.2) (100.15), 246 (31.50.2 ), (100.15), : (31.50.2 ) = 0.2 = 1 = 0.027 + 0.017 = 0.044 = + (100.15) = 0 = 1 + 2 2 = 0.244 = 0.04 + 0.118 2 59 = 0.001 38
= 1 + 2 = 0.044 + 2 2 0.001 38 = 0.05 = 1 + 2 = 0.044 + 2 (2 + 59) 0.001 38 = 0.124 (100.15),, = = 0.124 9.3,,,, () 9.3.1, (1 ), 9.38,,,, ( 1 ),,,, ( 2 ),, 9.39,,,,, 9.38 9.39 (2 ), 9.40,,,, 247
, 9.41,,,, 9.41( ), 9.41( ), 9.40 9.41 9.42,,,, 9.42 ( )9.42( ),, 9.42,,,, 9.43 (3 ), 9.43,,,, = 0 (9.21) :, ; 0, ;, 248
= 1.53, = 2.53, = 1.52,, = 0 (9.22) :, ;, ; ;, = 3; 0 ;, ;, / > 0.5,, 1, / 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1 1.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 9.3.2, (1 ) : 9.44 9.44( ) 9.44 1-2 - 3-249
8, 5,,,,,,, 9.44 ( ), 9.44 ( ) = 1 + (+ 2 ) (9.23) :, ;, ; 1, ( ) ; 2, ( ) ;, ( ) : ( ),,,, 1 + 2 (9.24), = 68 ;, = 1530 ( ) 9.44,, ( ), (9.23) = 1 1 + (+ 2 ) (9.25) = 7, 1 = 2 = 6, = 3,, 3 ( ) 9.45, : =,,,,,,, 9.44 ( ),,, 9.45,,,,, 250
20 5862, 45 4246 9.46 ( ) ; 9.46( ), 9.46 ( ),,, 9.47,, 9.48 9.46 9.47 9.49 =, ( ) 2 2,, 9.5 1, 1,,, 1 ( ) = 2 + 2 = 2 = 0 2 = (+ 1 ) 0 (+ 2 1 ) + 2 :, ;, ;, ; 0 (9.26), ;, ( ) ; 1, ( ) ; 2 251
9.48 1-2 4 5-3 -, ( ) ;, 9.5 0 1 3 0 1 2 1 3 3-3 0 2-2 0,, 252
9.49 1 + 2 (9.27), 1 2 (+ 2 ) (9.28) 2 = 1 (9.26) = = 0 2 (+ 2 ) + 1,, 65140, 9.50 9.50 ( ), ( ) 9.51,,, 9.52, : = 360 = = 360 (9.29) (9.30) 253
: ( ), ;, ; ( ) ; ( ) = 3040 ;, 9.50 9.51 ( ) 9.52 = 1 + 3 (9.31) :, ;, ;, ;, = 0.10.15 254
(3 ), 9.53 9.53 ( ), ( ), 9.53( ), 9.53 ( ), 9.53 : 9.54, 1, 2, 1 2 2, ( ),,, = - 2,, 9.55 ( ), 2,, 1 2 < 1 2 1 2 = = (180- ) = ( - ) ( - ) = 9.54 ( - ) 255
=, = 2 9.55 = 1-2 - (9.32) = = = 2 (9.33), 9.55( ) 90,,, = 45135 = 90180 = 45135,,, ( 1.4 ) = 90180,,, ( = ),,, 1 + 2 : ; 1 ; 2,,,,,, 1 = 1, 256 = 2 2 (9.34)
= 0.1, 20; = 0.15, 14,,, 9.56,,, 2,,, 1 = 1 1, 2 = 2 = 9.56 1 + + 2 ( - ) = 1 + + 2 ( - ) : 1 2 ; 1 ; 2 1 = 2 = + + ( - ) = = = [ ( + ) + ( - ) ] = ( + ) + ( - ) ( + ) + ( - ) (9.35) (9.36) 257
9.3.3 (),,, ( ) (1 ) 9.57,,,,, 9.57 1 2-3 - 4 5 6-7 - 8 9 10 - (2 ),, 9.59, :,,,,, 9.58,, 1-2 -,,,, 0.5 9.59 1-2 - 3-4 - 9.60 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-258
9.60,, ( ),,,, 9.61 9.61( ), 9.61 ( ) 9.61,,,,, 0.01 9.62 9.62 ( ),,, 9.62 ( ),, 9.62 259
(0.01 ),,,,, 9.63,, 9.63 ( ) ( ) 1,5-2,6-3, 7-4, 8 -,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 9.4,,,, 9.4.1,,,, (1 ), 9.64, 3, 8,, 260
(),,,,,,, 1 2 9.64 1-2 - 3 - (2 ),,,, () 9.65 40,, 2,, 2 1 17.050.05,, 180 9.65 261
, (3 ), 9.66( ),,, < 140 < ( 23 ) ;,, ( 9.66 ( ) ) ( 7/ 6 7/ 6 ), ; 9.66( ), 9.66 1-2 - 3-4 -,,,,,,,,, 9.4.2 262
,,, (1 ),,,,, 9.67 ; 9.68,,, 9.67 9.68,, 9.69, ( ),,,, 263
9.69 1-2 - 3-4 - 9.70( ) 2 4, 6 5,,, 9.70 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9.70 ( ) 2 4 264
7,, 2, 8, 9.71 (2 ) 9.71,,, 7/ 6, ( ),,, (3 ),, 9.72 1-2 - 3-265
, 9.72( ), ; 9.72( ), ; 9.72 ( ), ( ), ;,,, 9.4.3,,,,, (1 ),, 9.73, 9.73 266
9.74, 4, 3 9, 8 ; 1 2, 20,,, 9.74 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 - 11-12 - 13 -, 9.75, 1, 2 3, 60,,, 10,,,,, 15 9.76, 1 3, 4, 9.77, 3 2, 8 1, 2,, 1 ( ) (2 ),,,,,, : ( ) 9.78,,,, 267
9.75 60 1-2 - 3-9.76 1-2 - 3-4 - 268
9.77 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9.78 ( ) 9.79,,,,, 9.79 1-2 - 3-4 - 9.80 ( ), ( ), 9.80,,,,, ( ),, 9.81, 269
9.81 ( ),, 8, 8 7, 8, 7 6 0.01 ( ) ( 9.82 ), = ( 12.5 ),,, ( ) ( 9.82), = (0.31.2), ;,, = 0 (3 ), 9.82, :,, 9.83, 9.83 1-2 - 9.84 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 270
, ( 9.84) 4 8 3, 4 8, 1,,,,,, 9.85 1, 9.85 1-2 - 3-4 - (4 ),,, 9.86, = - : + 2, 9.86,, 9.4.4,,, 271
,, (1 ),, 9.87,, 9.87( ), > 60, < 1 9.87 ( ), < 60 9.87 ( ) ( ), = ( 0.5 1), = 2030 9.88, 9.88( ), ; 9.88 ( ),,,,, 9.88 9.89,, 4, 5 2, 7, 1 272
9.89 1-2 7-3 6-4 5-8 - 9-10 -, (2 ), 9.90,, ;,,,,,, < 0.3 / 9.90 9.91( ),,,, 9.91 ( ),,, 9.91 ( ),,,,,,,, 9.92 273
9.91 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 6-2 - 3-4 - 5-9.92, 2.53.5,,, 9.6 9.6 7 9 7 6 6 5 6 5 7 6 7 6 6 5 6 5 7 6 6 5 0.01, 0.01 0.002, = 0.40.2, = 0.80.4, (3 ) 9.93 < 50, 9.93 ( ),, ; 9.93 ( ), ( ), > 50 9.93 ( ),, 9.94 9.94 ( ), ; 9.94( ), 45, 274
9.93 9.94,,, = ( 0.70.8 ), 9.7 9.7 ( ) 3040 4050 5070 7090 90140 140190 2030 3040 4050 5065 6580 80120 88 1010 1212 1616 1616 2020 2020 2525 8 10 12 16 20 24,, 1 2 500 0.01 45 40, 4045; 20 20, 0.81.2, 6163 9.5,, 275
,, ( ) 9.5.1 (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, :, : ( ), ( ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,, : ( ),,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ), 276
,,, ( ), ;, ;,, ( ),, ( ) ; 11 ; ;, : 9.5.2 (1 ), 9.95,,,,,,,, 9.95, ( ), 277
,,, 1/ 3 = / 3 (9.37) (2 ),, = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 (9.38),,, - = - 0 (9.39) > 0,, 9.5.3 9.96 40.4 + 0 0.02 7,,,, 2 12 + 0.019 + 0.0 27 0 : 40.4 0 ; 34 + 0.08 0 ; : 0.02/ 100; 0.01 ; 2 12 + 0 0.019 ; 2 12 + 0 0.01 9, ;,, 9.97 (1 ), + 0.0 19, 2 12 0 ( ) 9.98 = 900.05 9.96 40.4 + 0 0.027 (1 ) 40.4 + 0.027 0.02/ 100; (2 ) 40.4 + 0.027 0.01; (3 ) : 150, 1/ 3 1/ 5,, 278 12 6 = 12 = 90 0.01-0.0 05-0.0 14
9.97 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9-10 -, 9.98 = 4 (4 ),, = + = 2 2 = 2 2 = 0.10 + 0.02 2 2 4 0.06 12 = 0.06 0.04 2 = 2-2 = 12-0.04 = 11.96 6 0.009, 12-0.0 40-0.0 49 (2 ),, 279
,,, 9.97 (3 ), ( ),, ( )9.97, ( ) 3, 2, 6,, 8 (4 ) 620, 7 92 7, 906 7 6 (5 ) 254 200 90 0.02, 12 6 - - 0 0.005.014 12 - - 0 0.05.05 0 9 6 ( ) + 0.0 08 17 + 0.0 02, 6 2 30 7, 6 10 7, 0.01/ 100 6 92 7, 126 7 6 6 3 24 7 6 (6 ) 9.98,, 2 12 + 0 0.019,, = 2 = 1 = 0.05 = 0.033 34 + 0.0 8 0,, = 0 : 2 17 + 0.008 + 0.002,, 1 = 2 0.006 = 0.012, 30 7 + 0.02 5 0, 280 6 - - 0 0.02.03 0 9, 34 + 0.0 8 0, 2 = = 0.064
126 7, 92 7 6,,, 0.01, = 0.01, 1/ 3, = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 0.027 = 2 + 0.012 2 + 0.064 2 + 0.01 2 + 0.027 2 = 0.071, = 0.08-0.071 = 0.009 9.1?? 9.2? 9.3?? 9.4, 9.99( )( )??? 9.5 9.100, ( ) 9.6? 9.7 9.101, 12 + 0.3 0 9.8 9.102, = 90, 740.1 9.9 9.103,, 3 4, 50 + 0.5 0,70 + 0.13 0 ;40 + 0.2 0 70 + 0.3 0, 1/ 2, 3 4?,? 9.10 9.104,?? 9.11 9.12? 9.13?? 9.14 9.105,, ( ),, 9.15 9.106 9 7, 281
9.99, ( ), 9.16??? 282
9.100 9.5 9.101 9.7 9.102 9.8 283
9.103 9.9 9.104 9.10 9.105 9.14 284
9.106 9.15 285
10 10.1, 10.1.1 (1 ) ( ), (),,,,, (2 ) : ( ), ( ) () ( ) ( ),,, : ( ),,,, 286
( ), :, ( ) :,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),, :, (3 ),, ( ),, 10.1.2,, : (1 ) ( ),, 10.1 10.1 0, 0 103183, 350583, :, 10.1 287
, 10.1 0 110, 0 1015, 15011 000, (2 ), :, ( ) 10.2,, 10.2.1 (1 ), :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,, 288
: : 10.2 ( ) : :, 10.2( ), ( ),,,,,, 10.3( ) ; ( 10.2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ),,,, 10.3( ) 10.3 ( ) ( ) :,, 10.2 ( ),, ( ),,, 10.4 ( ),, 10.4( ),, 23, (, 289
10.4 ( ) ( ), ), :,,,,, 10.5,,, 10.5, ( ) :,,,,,,,, 290
, : ; ; ( ) (),, 10.6 10.6 ( ), 2 / ( 2 ), ( ), 10.7 10.7 ( ) ( ),,, 10.8, /,,, :, ( ), ( ), 10.8 291
( ),,, ( ),,,, (3 ) ( ), ( ),,, ( ), (), : ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, (4 ), (),,,,, ;,, ;, ;,,,, 292
,, ( ),,,,, : ( ) ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,, (),, ( ),,,,, ( ),,, 293
10.2.2 (1 ),, (),,,,,,, 10.9,,, 10.10,,, 10.9 10.10,,,,,, ( ), :, = :,, ;, 1 : = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 : ; ; ;,,,, :, 294
(),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 10.11,,,, 10.11,,,,,,, (),, (2 ),,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,, ( ),, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 10.12,, ( ), 295
,,, 1, 2, 1 1, 1 ; 2 2, 2 = 1 = 1-2 - 2 =, 10.12,,,,,, = 1 2,,, (3 ),,, ( ),,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,, : ( ) 0, ( ) 0 90 ( ), 10.13 ( ), 10.13( ),,,, 296
10.13,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 10.2.3,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ), : : ( ), ( ), 297
,, ( ),,, : ( ),,, ( ),, ( ), (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.14,,,,, 10.14, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 298
,,,, 10.15,,,,,,,, 10.15,,,,, 1 000, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 10.16,, 1020,, ;, ;, ( ),,, ;, (3 ), 10.16 - - -, ; ; (), ( ) ;,, 299
;,,,,, 10.17,,, ( ),, ;, ( ),, 10.17 10.2.4 (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 10.18,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 10.19,,,, 300
,, 10.18 10.19 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 10.20 ( ),, 10.20 ( ), ( ), ( ),,,, 10.20 ( ),,,,,,, 10.20,,,, (3 ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 301
,,,, 10.3,,,,,,, 10.3.1,, : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, 10.3.2,, (1 ),,,,, (),, 302 10.21
10.21 () 0.002 = - = 10.010-9.994 = 0.016 10.003, : ( ) = 0.022 1.38 > 1, 0.016 ( ) ( ), ( ) ( 0.008 ),,,, ( ), ; ( ),,,,, ;,,, ( ) 1 (100% ) = =, ( ), : = ( - ) 1 2 2-2 2 :, ;, ( ) ; ( ), = (),= 10.22 : 1 = 1 1 ; = 1 ( - ) 2 ; 10.22 ( ) =,, ( ) =, ;, ( ),,, 10.23 ( ) 303
;,,,,,, ( 10-23( ) ),, 10.23 ( ) ( 100% ), 1 - = 3 ( 3 ) 99.73%, 99.73 % 3, 0.27%, 3, 6,,,, ( 10.24 ( ) ) ;,, ( 10.24 ( ) ) ;,,,, ( 10.24( ) ), : 10.24 ( ),, 3, 6,,, 6 ( ), (),, ;,, -,, ( ) 6, 304 = / 6,, 10.1
10.1 > 1.67,, 1.67 > 1.33, 1.33 > 1.00, 1.00 > 0.67, 0.67,, > 1,,,, > 1-2 - > 6, ( ) (2 ),,,,,, (), 10.25 ( ),,,,, 10.25 ( ) 10.25 (),,, 10.25( ), ; 305
;, ( 10.25 ) ( ), -, - ( ) -, = 1 = 1 = - :,,,, 10.26,,,,, -,, : = 1 = = : ; ; 306 : = + : = - : = 1 : = 2 1 2 10.2 = 1 10.26 - ( ) ( )
10.2 1, 2 4 5 6 7 8 0.73 0.58 0.48 0.42 0.37 1 2.28 2.11 2.00 1.92 1.86 2 0 0 0 0.075 0.136, ( ),, ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,, -, 10.4,,, 10.4.1 (1 ),,,,,, 10.27,,, 10.27 2 > 1 10.27 10.28 307
,, 10.28,,,,, ;,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 10.4.2, (1 ), 308, 10.29, = 0, = +, 0, 2 8
10.29,, : 10.30 ( ), 10.30 2050 /,,, ; 100 /,,,,,, 0.020.03,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, 309
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,, 10.4.3 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 310 (2 )
, ( ),,,,, 900,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, ;,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, : 7.75, 7.96, 7.78, 7.88,,,, ;,, 10.5,, 311
( ),,,,,,,, 10.5.1 (1 ),,,,, (2 ), (3 ),,,,, 10.5.2 (1 ), : ; ; ; (2 ) ( ), ( ),, (3 ),,,, ;, ;,,,,,, 312
,, ;,,,,, 10.5.3 (1 ), 10.31,,, 10.31,,,,,,, ;, (2 ),,,,,,, ;,,, (3 ) ( = 2060 / ),,,,,,, 0 > 90,,,,,,,, 313
,,,,,,,,, 10.6 10.6.1, ( ),, :, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,, 10.32, (, ), 10.32 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-314
(3 ), 1/ ;,,,,,,, (4 ),, 10.33 ( ),, ( ),,,, 10.33 ( ), 10.33,,, (5 ),,,, :,,,,,,,,,, (6 ),,,,,,,, 315
,,,,, ( ) ( ) 10.6.2 (1 ) : ( ), ; = 0,, ( ),,, ( ), ( ),, : ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, ;, ;, :,,, ;,, ; 316
,,, 10.34, (),,,,, ( 0.4 2 ),, 10.34 ( ) ( ),,, 0.7, 3.20.4, 10.35,,,, 10.35 10.36, 10.36 400800,,,,, 10.1 10.2 ( )?? 10.3?? 10.4, ( 317
),? 10.5, : ( 1), ( 2), ; 10.6?? 10.7, = 800, = 80 0-0.06, 0.015/ 1 000, 0.015/ 1 000, 10.8 ( 10.37),,,,,? 10.37 10.8 10.38 10.9 10.9,, ( 10.38) 10.10??? 10.11 800, 60, = 710 4 /, = 410 4 /, = 5 10 4 / = 600, = 0.4 : 45, = 210 5 = 2 64 / 2, 10.12 0.25, 0.45 0.01,? 10.13 10-39 20,,,,,? 10.14 10.40 1,, 2 3, 318
10.39 10.13 10.40 10.14 10.15, 50-0.02-0.04,,, = 0.003,, 0.005, 10.16,, 2%, 24%, = 0.16,,? 10.17?? 10.18?? 10.19? 10.20??? 10.21?? 10.22?? 10.23??? 10.24? 10.25,?,,? 10.26,? 319
11 11.1 11.1.1 ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 11.1.2 (1 ),, (2 ) () ; (3 ),,, (4 ),, 320
(5 ),,,, 11.1.3 (1 ),,,,,,,, ( 3 ( 4020-83)),,,,, :, 3 11 ( 0.040.06 ), 3 4, 5 6 3 2, 3,,,, ( ),,,,, (2 ) 3 3,, 11.1, 321
3 11, (11.2),,,,,, ;, 11.1 - - 11.2 ( ) ( ) 1-2 - 3-4 -,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ; ;,,,,,, ;, 322
,,,,, 11.2 11.2.1,,,, ( ) (),,, 8.8 11.2.2,,,,,,,,,,, :,, (1 ) 11.1 11.34 5 1, 7 3, 4 6,, 2, ( ) 4, 0 ( ),,,,, 11.3 ( )0, 1 7 564 2, 6 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 0 ( ), 11.3 ( ) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 6 323
11.3 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-11.2 11.4 8001 250, 00.06 ( ) 11.4 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 - 9 - ( ), 0 = 00.06 ( ) ( ), 0,,, () ;, :,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ; :, 324
,,,,,,, ( 8.23( ) ),,,,,,,, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) 11.5, 1 ; 2 3 ; 3,, 3 0, 3 ; 1 2, 0 0, 1 2 ; 4, 11.5 ( ) : ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 325
,, ( ),,, 11.2 ( ) :,,, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),,, ; (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 11.3 : 11.3.1, : (1 ),,, : : 0 326 0-1 (11.1) = 1 ( ) ; ; (11.1),,,
:, ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, ( 8.8 ),,,, 11.3 11.6 ( ) 3 5 0 = 11.75 1 = 101, 2 = 50, 3 = 5 = 5, 4 = 140 11.6 1-2 - 3-4 - 5 - ( ), 11.6 ( ) 0, 1 2, 3, 4 5 0 0 = - = 1-1 = + 1 = 1 + 2-3 - 4-5 0 = 1.75 0 = 1 0 = 1 + 0.75 0 0 = 0.75 ( ) = 0-1 = 0.75 6-1 = 101 + 50-5 - 140-5 = 1 = 0.15, 1, 2,, 327
, ; 3, 5, ; 4, 4 4 1 = 0.22 2 = 0.15 ( ) 4 0 = 1 3 = 5 = 0.075 1 = 101 + 0.22 0 2 = 50 + 0.1 5 0 3 = 5 = 5 0-0.0 75 : 4 = 1 + 2 + 2-3 - 4-0 - 3-5 - 5 = 0.22 + 0.15-0.75 - ( - 0.075 ) - ( - 0.075 ) = - 0.23 0 = 1 4 = 1 + 2 + 2-3 - 4-0 - 3 = 0 + 0-0 - 0-0 = 0-5 - 5 4 = 140 0-0.2 3, 4 = 0.23 ( ) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 0.22 + 0.15 + 0.075 + 0.23 + 0.075 = 0.75 0 = 0.75 0-1, = 1 (2 ),,,, 8.8.2,, - 1,,, 3, 99.73%, 0.27%,,, 11.4 11.3 : : 0 = 1 + 0.75 0 0 = 0.75 ( ) (8.12) 328-1 0 = 2 2 = 1 = ( - 1) ( - 1) 0
, = 1 = 6-1 0.75 = 0.34 1( 6-1 ) ( ) = 0.34,, 1 = 0.46, 2 = 0.34, 3 = 5 = 0.16, 4, 4 (8.12) : - 1-1 0 = 2 2 = = 1 = 1 0 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 2 ( = 1) 2 4 = 0 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 = 0.75 2-0.46 2-0.34 2-0.16 2-0.16 2 = 0.43 ( ) 4 1 = 101 + 0.46 0 2 = 50 + 0.3 4 0 3 = 5 = 5 0-0.16 ( ) 4 1 = 0.46 + 0 2 3 = 5 = 0 + ( - 0.16) 2 0 = 0.75 + 0 2 ( = 0) (8.17) ( 0 ) = = 1 (,, = 0.23 2 = 0.34 + 0 2 = 0.375 = - 0.08-1 = 0.17 ) + 1 2 ( ) - ( ) + 1 2 ( ) = + 1 = [ ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) ] - [ ( 3 ) + ( 4 ) + ( 5 ) ] ( 4 ) = ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) - ( 3 ) - ( 5 ) - ( 0 ) = 0.23 + 0.17 - ( - 0.08) - ( - 0.08 ) - 0.375 = 0.185 (8.18) ( 8.19 ) ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) + 1 2 ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) - 4 = 140 + 0.4 0-0.0 3 ( ) 1 2 4 = 0.185 + 0.43 2 4 = 0.185-0.43 2 = 0.40 = - 0.03 329
- 1 0 = = 1 2 = 1 2 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 = 0.46 2 + 0.34 2 + 0.16 2 + 0.43 2 + 0.16 2 = 0.75 ( 0 ) = ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) - ( 3 ) - ( 4 ) - ( 5 ) = 0.23 + 0.17 - ( - 0.08 ) - 0.185 - ( - 0.08 ) = 0.375 ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) + 1 2 ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) - 11.3.2 1 2 0 = 0.375 + 0.75 2 0 = 0.375-0.75 2 = 0.75,,,,,,,,,,, 11.5 11.7 ( ) 1, 0.002 50.007 5, 28, = 0 11.7 ( ) ( ) 1-2 - 3 - ( ) 11.8 : + 0.0 07 5 0 = 0 + 0.0 02 5 0 = 0.005 330
= 0-1 = 0.005 3-1 = 0.002 5 ( ) = 0.002 5 ( ) = 0.002 5, : : = 28 0-0.00 2 5 = 28-0.005 0-0.007 5, 11.8 ( ) ( ) ( ), 4 ( = 4 ), ), ( ) = ( ) = 0.002 5 4 = 0.01 ( ) (, = 28 0-0.01-0.0 05 = 28-0.0 15,, ( ),, 11.7 ( ) 11.2 = 28 0-0.010 11.1 ( ) = 28 - - 0 0.005.015 28 0-0.002 5 28-0.005 0-0.007 5 28 - - 0 0.002.005 5 0 28 - - 0 0.007.010 5 0 28 - - 0 0.005.007 0 5 28 - - 0 0.010.012 0 5-0.002 5-0.007 5 28 - - 0 0.007.010 5 0 28 - - 0 0.012.015 0 5 :,, (11.7( ) ), (35 ), (23 ), :,,,, 331
, 11.3.3,,,, () (1 ),, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, (2 ), : ; ;,, :,,, ( ),,,, 0, 0 ;,, 0 = 0, 11.9, 0 < 0,, ( 0 ), 0 > 0, 0, 0, : 332 0 = 11.9 : = 1-1 - = 0 (11.2) = + 1 ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) (11.3) = ( 0 ) - ( 0 ) (11.4),,,
( 0 = 0 ) = 0,, ( 11.10), ( 0 ) ( 0 ), : 11.9 11.10-1 = 0-0 + = : ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) + (11.5) = ( 0 ) - ( 0 ) + (11.6) = 1-0 + 11.6 11.2 ( ) 00.06 ( ) 1 = 202, 2 = 46, 3 = 156 ( ),, 11.2 ( ) 0 = 0 + 0.06, ( 0 ) = 0.06 ; 1, 2 3,,, = 0-1 = 0.06 4-1 = 0.02,,, ( ) 1, 2 3, 1 3, 1 3, 2, 2 2, ( ), 1 3, ( 1 ) = ( 3 ) = 0.1 (9 ) ; 2, ( 2 ) = 0.15 (11 ),, 1 3,, : 1 = (202 0.05) ; 3 = (156 0.05 ) ( ),,, 2 333
0 (12.2) 2 = 0-3 + 1 = 0 - (156-0.05 ) + (202 + 0.05 ) = 46.1 ( 2 ) = 0.15 2 = 2 + ( 2 ) = 46.1 + 0.15 = 46.25 2 = 46 + 0.25 + 0.10,, = 0.10, 2 = 46 + 0.25 + 0.10 + 0.10 = 46 + 0.35 + 0.20 ( ) ( 11.6 ) = ( 0 ) - ( 0 ) + - 1 = ( ) - ( 0 ) + = 1 = (0.1 + 0.15 + 0.1 ) - 0.06 + 0.10 = 0.39, 2 3,, 2, 3 = 2 + 3, 2, 3, ( ),, 11.11 1, 2, 0.03 0.05,,, 0 0,,, 0 = 0,,, 11.12, 0 = = 1-1 - = 0 (11.7) = + 1 ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) (11.8), 11.1211.13,, (11.4 ) ( 11.6 ) 334 11.11
11.12 ( ), 11.14, 0 = 0.010.07 2 11.14,, ;, 11.15( ),,,, 0 = 0, ( 11.15 ( ) ),, 11.15( ) ;, 11.13 11.14 1 2 3, 0 = 0 ( 11.15 ( ) ), 11.15 ( ) ;,, 0 = 0 11.15 ( ), ( ) ( ),, 11.15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 335
, : ( 0 = = 1 0 ) = = 1 ( - 1 - = 0 (11.9) = + 1-1 ) - = + 1 ( ) = ( 0 ) (11.10 ) 11.7 11.14 : 1 = 30, 2 = 30, 0 = 0.010.07 ( ), 11.16 ( ) 3 2, 2, 3 11.16 ( ) 0 = 0 + + 0 0.0.0 7 1, 0 = ( 0 ) = 0.06 ; 1, 2 11.16, = 0-1 = 0.06 3-1 = 0.03,,,, ( ) 11.14, 2,, 11.16( )2, 1, 2 (1 ) ( ) ( 1 ) = ( 2 ) = 0.13 (11),, 2 = 30 0-0.13 0 = + 0.04 ; 2 = - 0.065 ( ) 2, (11.10 ) ( 1 ) = ( 0 ) = ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) = ( 0 ) ( 0 ) + ( 2 ) = 0.04 + ( - 0.065) = - 0.025 ( 1 ) = ( 1 ) + ( 1 ) = ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 = - 0.025 + 0.13 2 = - 0.025-0.13 2 1 = 30 + 0.04-0.09 = 0.04 = - 0.09 ( ), ( = 0 )( 11.6 ) : 336 = ( 0 ) - ( 0 ) +
- 1 = ( ) - ( 0 ) + 0 = 1 = ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) - ( 0 ) 11.15( ) 2 11.3.4 = 0.13 + 0.13-0.06 = 0.20 = 0.10,,, (),,,,, : (1 ),, 11.17 11.18 11.17 11.18, (2 ),,,, 11.8 11.19, ( ), 0 1 = 115, 2 = 8.5, 3 = 95, 4 = 2.5, = 9 ( ) = 0.050.2, 11.19 ( ) 0 = 0 + 0.20 + 0.05, ( 0 ) = 0.15 ; 1, 2, 3, 4,, 337
= 0-1 = 0.15 6-1 = 0.03,,, ( ) 11.19,,,,, ( ) ( 1 ) = 0.15, ( 2 ) = 0.1, ( 3 ) = 0.1, ( ) = 0.03 : 2 = 8.5 0-0.10, 3 = 95 0-0.10,, 4 = 2.5 0-0.12, ( 4 ) = 0.12, = 9 0-0.03, 1 = 115 + 0.20 + 0.05 ( ) 11.20, ( ), - 2 ( ) = ( ) = 1 ( ) = 0.15 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.12 = 0.47 11.19, 11.20, ( ) = 0, 0-0 = ( 0 ), ( ), = ( 0 ) - ( ) = 0.15-0.03 = 0.12,, = = ( ) ( 0 ) - ( ) ( ) ( 0 ) - ( ) = 0.47 0.12 = 3.9,,, ( ) 1, 338 0 1 = 1 = 1 - ( 2 + 3 + 4 ) - 1 - ( 2 + 3 + 4 ) - 0
1 11.20 = 115.2 - ( 8.4 + 94.9 + 2.38 ) - 0.2 = 9.32 ( ) = 0.03 1 = 1 + ( ) = 9.32 + 0.03 = 9.35 = 0.12, : 1 = 9.35 0-0.03 2 = 9.23 0-0.03 3 = 9.11 0-0.03 4 = 8.99 0-0.03 11.20,,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0 = 0.05, 0 = 0.2, ( 0.01, 0.02,0.05 ), (1, 2, 3 ),,, (3 ),,,,, ; 339
;,, 11.21 6,, : ( )0.01 ; ( 300 ) 0.02 ( 800 ) 11.21 2 1,, 1 2 : 1 ; 2 ; 1, 2,, 11.21 11.21,,,, 1, 2 : 11.21( ) ( ) :, 11.21( )( ) :, 1 2 340
11.21( )( ) : 1 2,, 1, 2, 11.3.5, (1 ),,, 11.2 11.2 ;,, ;, ; ; ;,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,(),,,,,,,,, ( 34) ( 23) (2 ),,,,,,,, 341
,,,,,,,, 11.4,, :, 11.4.1, : (1 ), (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,, 11.4.2,, (1 ), : ; ;, (2 ) 8.1.3 11.3 342
11.3,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, ;,,,, (3 ), 11.4.3 (1 ), (2 ), (),,,,,, 343
,,,, ;, ( ),,,, (3 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ; ; :,,,,,,,,,,, 11.22 ( ) ; 11.22 ( ), 11.23 :,,, ;,,, 344
11.22 ( ) ( ) 11.23,,, 11.24, (4 ),, :, 345
11.24,,,,, (5 ) :, ; (6 ),,,,, 11.4 11.5 346
11.4.4 (1 ),,,, (2 ) :, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11.25, 11.25( ) 1 2,,, 11.25 ( ) 1 > 2,,,, 11.25 ( ), 11.25 ( ) ( ),,,,,, 11.26, 1,,, 11.26( ) 11.26 ( ) 349
11.26 ( ), ( ), 1-2 - 3-4 - 5 -,,,,,, : ( ) 11.26 ( ) 2 ( ) 1,, ; 11.26 ( ) 1 3,,,, ( ) 11.27( ),,, 11.27( ),,,, 11.27 ( ) ( ) ( ) 11.28 11.28 ( ),, 11.28 ( ) 11.28( )24,, 350
11.28 1-2 - ( ) 11.29 ( ),, 11.29 11.30 1-2 - ( ) ( ) ( ) 11.30 11.30 ( ), 11.30 ( ),, ( ) 11.31 6 18 7,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 4,,,, 3,,,,,, 351
11.31 1-2 - 3-4 - 5-6 - 7-8 -, 11.32 1 2 11.32 ( ),, 11.32( ),,, 4 11.32( ) 11.32 ( ) ( ) 1-2 - 3-4 -,,,,, 20,,, 11.1 11.33 6140,, = 0.380.95, 11.2 11.34 0 = 0.03 352 0.13 9 : 1 = 46 0-0.0 62, 2 = 30 + 0.06 2 0, 3 = 16 + 0.05 0
11.33 11.34 1-2 - 3-11.3 11.35 : 1 = 20, 2 = 20, 0 = 0 + 0.15 + 0.05,,,,, 11.4 11.36, 0.065, (, 0 ) 11.35 11.36 353