CIP /. 2000. 6 ISBN 7-81052 - 357-0 Ⅰ.... Ⅱ.... Ⅲ. 1 - - 2 - - - Ⅳ. F426. 89 CIP 2000 33071 3 230039 0551-5106428 850 1168 1 /32 0551-5107784 11 ahdxchps@mail. hf. ah. cn 255 2000 6 1 2000 6 1 ISBN 7-81052 - 357-0 /k 30 18. 80

1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!! 6!!!!!!!!!! 10!!!!!!!! 19!!!!!!!!! 19!!!!!!!!! 22!!!!!!!! 25!!!!!!! 30!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35 35!!!!!!!!! 44!!!!!!!!! 52!!!!! 62!!!!!!!!! 62!!!!!!! 73!!!!!!!! 83!!!!! 88!!!!!!!!!!!! 88!!!!! 95!!!! 108! 1

114!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 115!!!!!!!!!! 128!!!!!!!!!! 135!!!!!!!!!!! 139!!!!! 147!!!!!!!!!! 5 147!!!!!!!!!!! 158!!!!!!!! 172!!!!!!!!!!!!! 179 180!!!! 183!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 188!!!!!!!!!!! 194 195!! 203!! 209!!!!!!!!!! 217 217!!!!!!!!! 221!!!!!!!! 224!!!!!!!! 229!!!!!!!! 233!!!!!!!! 238!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 239 2

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 246!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 251 259!!!!!!!!! 259!!!!!!!!! 267!!!!! 276!!!!!!!!! 288 288!!!!! 294! 305!!!!!!!! 313 313!!!!!!!!!!! 325!!!!!!!!!!! 331!!!!!!!!! 335!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 342!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3

1

1982 1992 WTO 180 2000 WTO 1996 4 1 80% 70% 45% 2

21 3

15 Nicotiana spp tobaco 絉 1

1982 5 13 1882 432 650 2

W. W. Ogarner 1946 S. N. Hawks 1 3

4

5

1492 15 1446-1506 6

1492 1492 8 3 87 1492 10 12 10 11 Arawks 10 25 7

1492 1492 11 6 tobaco 1479 Romon Pane 1535 Genzalo Fernaandez Oviedo 8

1536 5 9

10

1665 ~ 1666 1559 11

17 18 1733 12

10 13

500 A. B. 14

15

1496 1556 1561 1557 17 50 80 16 1615 1586 Waltter. Raldish 1558 16

1602 4000% 1660 1661 1635 17

17 16 1605 1600 16 17 17 18

400 4 1611 19

1615 17 70 1616 ~ 1617 1621 ~ 1622 20

1639 16 20 20 21

22

13 16 23

? 24

25

26

27

28

29

1940 225 30

1381 1448 1436 1939 12 20 33 2000 31

1980 3 1549 1492 12 000 30 ~ 50 80 32

1986 1977 2 000 ~ 3 000 1981 10 12 1988 5 16 300 1115 ~ 1234 5 412 413 1 080 33

4 000 34

1492. 35

400 36

37

38

200 39

40 40

41

19 20 42

43

1890 1 1890 ~ 1949 1905 44

1899 1908 1 20 45

50 1950 ~ 1978 46

30 45 1979 ~ 80 47

48

49

20 70 90 50

20 80 80 4% 14 51

1996 37. 6% 35. 1% 34. 1% 4% 12. 8 4. 8 20 50 1952 246. 5 380 80 52

1998 3349 1290 12% 1984 1996 63% 61. 4% 1984 5 1996 15 1984 13 1984 22. 4 19. 7 1996 4. 2% 3. 8% 3. 4% 27 1982 19. 7% 1988 36. 7% 0. 4% 2. 3% 1996 15 15 15 19 9. 7% 53

20 40 43. 6% 70 38. 1% 1984 1984 2. 0% 5. 9% 30 45 10% 3% 5% 15% 40% 70% 30% 55% ~ 60% 1984 54

A. H. Maslow 1. 55

555 56

2. 57

3 58

3. 5 5 000 2000 1 19 59

16 17 60

61

62

20 1. 0. 8 63

10 2. 64

2. 5 ~ 3 1. 8 2. 5 1. 5 1. 6 ~ 2. 0 3000 3. 65

66

1691 67

4. 50 68

69

70

71

4000 ~ 6000 / 72

100 ~ 120 1 ~ 1. 5 20 75 134 73

18 ~ 50 11 6. 7 1 400 ~ 600 2. 5 ~ 5 2 ~ 3 74

1 ~ 2 1 2 1 0. 4 1500 ~ 1600 750 ~ 1000 25 ~ 30 20 ~ 23 40 ~ 60 3 4 5 10 ~ 20 0. 6 ~ 0. 7 6 13 40 ~ 50 1 ~ 2 1. 75

90 2. 380 1 ~ 2 1000 ~ 1200 / 35 ~ 40 / 15 ~ 20 / 4 ~ 5 76

5 ~ 7 10 ~ 11 8. 3 5 2 2 ~ 3 6 ~ 9 7 ~ 10 3. 77

2 4 1 500 ~ 1 600 9 4. 300 3 5000 ~ 7000 4 6 7 12 ~ 16 78

5. 6. 1917 8 7968 250 4 79

2 ~ 3 1 000 ~ 2 000 5 ~ 6 10 ~ 12 7. 1 ~ 2 10 4 7 8 160 ~ 180 120 ~ 130 800 ~ 1000 10 7 ~ 8 80

8. - - 9 11 12 4 9. 4 5 15 5 25 6 5 9 10 2400 / 10. 5 81

11. 4 6 8 10 120 3 5 6 ~ 10 1 /3 ~ 2 /3 2 ~ 3 12. 10 20 4 20 5 5 6 15 7 10 7 8 82

17 83

84

85

86

87

88

89

"" 90

91

200 400 92

16 93

94

95

1897 3 /4 2 /3 16 19 70 ~ 80 1891 1882 26000............ 96

19 80 1890 Muslarde. Co. 1899 70 70 400 5 1891 Bonsack Collins & Co. 1893 Mercantile Tobacco Company 97

1898 American Cigarette Co. 10 1000 2000 1913 1100 1902 British American Tobacco Co. Mustand& Co. 1903 American Cigarete Co. 7500 British Cigarete Co. 1908 1909 1914 1904 98

1910 1934 3 20 1919 British - American Tobacco Co. China 1936 1937 70% 99

1909 1902 20 1906 100

10 4 1906 30 1909 1911 1918 1928 1932 20 30 101

5% 1909 30 1921 1925 2. 5% 20% 50% 100 22. 5% 1928 4 45 39 102

103

19 20 1915 104

1927 1933 5 300 160 300 80 1941 1942 5 13 30% 105

1940 10 1904 1914 11 14 1934 1904 1913 106

1914 1915 10 400 401 402 50 107

1949 1149 1950 1952 760 1953 ~ 1957 108

1953 1956 110 3% 1958 ~ 1962 1958 1959 549 1960 1962 243 1952 4 1963 109

104 61 900 428 1965 1962 56 300 1971 ~ 1978 60 1981 1982 1 1 1981 1999 19 110

1985 13 36 1. 5% 1990 125 3. 8% 1981 10% 1990 17% 40 50 20 1996 70 35mg/ 17mg/ 1958 1982 97. 6 8. 05% 1990 210 8. 90% 1990 270 9. 19% 1994 550 10. 54% 1995 710 11. 3% 111

1996 830 1997 910 1998 950 1999 989 1982 ~ 1999 7000 10% 80 1992 168 200 1985 1997 7. 6 30 4. 8 20 1 112

113

16 4 000 0. 5% ~ 0. 6% 50 114

4000 115

1517 Fedinand Cortez 1526 Genzalo Fernaandez Oviedo 1559 Nicolo Monardes 1560 Jean Nicot Nicoteen Girolamo Benzoni 1597 1604 116

1664 1666 Abraham 1680 Soldiers herb 1 18 5000 8 4 117

118

1639 119

4 4200 1 /3 92% 8% N - N - β - 4 - N - 120

1. 8ml ~ 12ml 250 ~ 300 4mg 40mg ~ 60mg 90% 6 121

28 ~ 84 2. 70% 122

0. 2% 0. 4% 99. 4% 3. 123

- 210 300 X 1. 124

2. 125

3. 126 4.

2 5. 127

1. 128

2. 129

A. H. Maslow 3. 130

131

132

α α α - Ⅰ α - Ⅱ α β θ δ θ θ α θ α α - Ⅰ α - Ⅱ 133

0. 03 20 40 5 134

30% 29. 8% 4. 8% 1975 11 13 R. 135

1985 60 α ppm 2. 7 2. 1 136

2. 7 106 2. 5 8. 1 0. 66 4 1973 1994 7 Linda. Gu John. He 14 100 Woodward Cotinine Rubin Nentel Gary L Huber 137

Environmental Tobacco Smoking ETS ETS 3 4 - ETS ETS 138

1954 15 139

3 4-1 2 3 4 5 29. 3% 7. 6% 3 4-0. 2% 3 4-250Kg 3 4-500 Kg 1975 1985 5 140

1992 1995 3 Tourettes Syndrome Alzheimers Disease Parkinsons Disease Ulcerative Colitis Attention Deficit Disorder Daniel W. Nebert 141

40 50 10 20 142

11% C 143

C C E B 2 B 2 Fe B 12 Fe B 12 500 144

1 3 1 1 22 800 2 000 3 ~ 4 6000 ~ 8000 2 2 000 50 200 3 300 3 ~ 4 1 000 4 145

5 30 ETS 146

147

15 5 1517 1565 300 148

1526 1595 1604 200% 4 000% 4% 1607 1609 1634 1698 4 149

1635 1640 1 1 1650 21 1666 150

1723 12 1810 50 151

1995 4 13 1994 300 13 1 35 ~ 39 3 1 120 2025 200 2020 37 20 70% 1987 30% 3 243 5 2 5 10% 90% 5 1 /8 1997 5 3. 2 152

10 1997 5 3 85% 46% 300 7 1 2025 1 000 1924 1939 18 1954 153

75% 1 K 45 1964 1 500 1966 1969 1971 154

12 1 /5 16 100 87% 25. 30 16 155

50 3 1987 1990 5 1995 11 70 156

1990 4 7 2 480 15 6 400 5 000 5 000 10 37% 25% 1% 1996 40-5 1996 710 157

160 1997 247 1997 2 1997 3 4 25 25% 30 10 1996 158

WHO World Health Organization WHO 1948 4 159

3 5 6 50% 1988 1989 11. 33 6. 76 60% 1972 25 1978 10 160

50 50 1967 3 ~ 4 1 1 1967 5 2 1971 5 3 1975 6 4 1979 6 5 1983 7 10 ~ 15 6 1987 56 11 9 ~ 11 600 7 1990 4 1 ~ 5 70 800 161

8 1992 80 3 31 ~ 4 3 1040 9 1994 102 10 10 ~ 14 1300 10 1997 103 8 24 ~ 28 1800 11 2000 8 1. 1924 1965 1966 3 300 1971 300 1 000 162

2. 3. 4. 1979 1 3 1 200 163

5. 1964 6. 1971 164

1992 4 1993 7 7. 8. 1964 8 1975 1977 11 21 4 24 165

WHO 1 /4 166

1997 8 167

Yumiko Mochiguki Kobayashi 25 20 168

2000 1% ~ 2% 2000 ~ 2004 Gregory Connolly Luc Joossens 600 Joossens 169

3 500 Kate Koplan 69. 9% 53. 3% 15 72% 5. 9 15 1996 170

1 1996 2000 2000 2 3 INGCAT 171

4 20 1 1988 4 7 40 5 31 2 1988 4 7 1989 5 31 1990 5 31 1991 5 31 1992 5 31 1993 5 31 1994 5 31 1995 5 31 1996 5 31 172

1997 5 31 1998 5 31 1999 5 31 10 1637 173

1639 1626 ~ 1643 1634 1718 174

13 88 60 1736 20 80 1979 7 175

1984 1985 10 1 1987 5 1990 1987 6 1 1994 12 1 1995 1 16 1995 8 24 1995 9 15 1995 10 1 1996 1 1 1996 5 15 89 1997 5 1 34. 5% 25% 13. 4% 1995 3 176

1996 4 1 4. 5 12. 52% 3% 1995 2000 1994 10 1997 1990 2 27 10 177

26 300 KENT 1995 1992 5 3 KENT 1800 1993 KENT 100% 1994 70 1995 1996 12 178

3 20 60 20 1992 1 1 200 50 1995 2 1 179

1990 180

1954 10 1964 6 000 1974 1984 31 40 181

3 4 182

1913 1970 1975 LA 21 53 0. 2% HLC 183

20 60 20 20% ~ 50% 60% 1982 5. 8% 1989 41. 5% 1975 7% 1976 13% 1977 20% 1976 1977 40 184

1952 AMF 60 70 20 80 185

20 90 15mg 20 90 12mg/ 20 90 1993 1 1 15mg/ 1. 1998 1 1 12mg/ 1. 2mg/ 30 20 35mg 1998 16. 68mg Delgold Newdel Canld 186

10mg/ 60 % 10% 100% 20% 7% 30% ~ 40% 1993 54 80% 46 90% 42 19 99% 1998 97. 3% 187

90% 80% 6mg ~ 8mg/ 188

1979 TPM 189

20 70 70 50 60 20% ~ 30% IFB 3413 190

191

20 12mg/ Filtrona C 192

β - β - 1 2 3 40% 193

1988 1991 Rubisco 99. 9% Rubisco 1999 3 2000 194

10% 1998 5% 2005 20% 21 195

20 40 20 196

197

198

199

1 /3 1 /3 1 200

40 201

20 80 90% 202

6 203

204

205

206

207

1985 1995 1985 6% 1995 48% 1994 208

20 80 55% 209

210

8 211

212

213

214

215

216

1994 8 217

218

20 50 20 219

1999 6 300 220

12% 16% 191 1999 89 2000 221

50 14 8% 10 50% 18 1144 222

3 223

1902 Mardon Lentherc - Morny Yardley Appleton 43% 50 1954 43. 7% 60% 20 60 70 1970 59% 224

60% 40% 1994 65. 1 44% 48% 7% 1% 70 40 95% 225

226

20 60 227

170 20 1995 30 40 50 14 8% 10 83 54 5 30% 228

229

230

170 231

115 40% 8 1996 1 301. 5 1995 472. 2 26. 58% 80% 232

1996 233

1 / CARITON 0 ~ 3 / PM1 1 / 70 35mg/ 17mg/ 12mg/ 3 000 15mg/ 234

20 80 WTO 235

1999 1 11 BAT 26 12% 16% 18% 5 30 52 118 100 1994 720 240 480 1996 1 320 30% 236

50% ~ 60% 1996 248 80% 40% 17% 60% 40% 237

3 000 4 12 8 238

239

20 80 20 240

20 20 70 800 1 600 1949 94 1980 241 1985 256 1982 1992 73. 8 248. 5 2. 07% 21% 1. 241

30 40% K326 NC89 70 NC89 NC82 242

K326 2. 62 15% 1989 ~ 1991 7 243

3. N P K N P K 1: 1 ~ 2: 2 ~ 3 N P K N P K 244

4. 1 ~ 2 70 % 11 15 245

1. NC89 K326 246

2. 2 000 247

3. 1 0. 1 248

1913 1970 CARLTON 45% ~ 55% 25% ~ 30% 8% ~ 10% 15% 249

50% ~ 55% 30% ~ 35% 3% ~ 5% 2. 5% 40 250

MARLBRO KENT HILTON GOOD COMPANION 555 1993 204 1997 161 1998 158 100 251

555 252

1990 12 1959 50% 50% 253

20 70 140 98. 6% 20 60 1973 6 1979 93. 2% 65% 1982 1987 30 40 10 1990 45 52 30 254

900 255

850 2 400 200 256

3 000 257

1867 258

20 60 20 80 259

260

261

18 50 4 ~ 5 262

4 1 263

49 3% 300 10 330 1994 131 IBM IBM IBM 264

12 800 IBM 265

EXXON 10 266

1. 2. 3. 4. 267

1994 650 1997 268

1995 3 000 269

555 KENT Senussi 270

13 4 3 7 1. 271

CI CI CI CI 272

20 1998 1996 466 15 330 2. 273

9 24 400 20 70 3. 274

555 1991 Love Seed 275

4. 1924 1930 1996 1 1995 8 100 3 000 276

1998 8 1 500 3 277

1993 300 1999 52 300 1999 118 2 427 1 677 1998 100 278

1998 1998 279

1998 80 24 365 20 1 2 1999 9 22. 88 280 1992 1995 1. 5

1998 8 1997 1997 260 / 281

5 / 1998 5 5 / 1998 1. 6 4 700 1998 1996 1 24 282

1 1996 4. 3% 1. 6 39% 1992 1993 283

3. 2mg 100% 1994 1995 1996 78 / 88 / 284

1996 10 61. 8% 285

1994 10 1996 1996 1999 2 000 286

1996 1997 1998 9 287

1998 239 1997 129% 1998 1997 1979 80 CO 1982 1988 288

1985 300 15mg/ 1994 8mg/ ISO9000 1994 3 ~ 8 289

20 WTO 500 290

1997 5 3 85% 46% 300 2025 1 000 1 291

4 800 0. 6% 0. 6% 20 97% 70 35mg/ 17mg/ 292

293

20 35mg/ 1998 16. 86mg/ 15 3 mg/ 252 165 42 12mg/ 20 294

295

20 50 1992 70 60 70% 296

3 000 1982 300 297

555 1 800 KENT 298

555 1992 1994 150% 432% 1995 1998 150% 80% 70% 65% 283% 260% 286% 1998 30 116 100 1995 4 6 20 80 90 299

200 9 900 2 300 1995 5 23 100 26 2. 42 2. 42 3 300

1995 5 8 000 2 000 1996 8 3 1 000 555 1 4 600 1998 4 28 5 4 800 24 1 000 1998 1998 50% 1998 7 1998 8 13 813 555 4 300 1 500 9 14 555 6 000 2 000 1995 1996 43% 1996 11 3 553. 28 301

3 500 2 000 151 2 1996 241 30% 10 302

1997 2 000 200 50 1998 11 3 1 10 1. 5 12 2 303

14 1994 6 304

12 300 60 15 9 1999 305

306

500 307

10 308

20 80 99. 97% 40% Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ 1 5 / Rubisco 10CM 3. 5 0. 8 0. 25 1988 Rubisco 309

Rubisco 99. 9% 90% 10 2. 5 310

David Adise trichosanthim θ α Rubisco 7 ~ 8 / 1 000 ~ 1 500 / 311

4. 17 1987 3 TPA TPA TPA 1997 3 INSERM 70 Nicotiana 65 312

TMV 20 40 3 TMV 1993 10 15 12 Schell 1 2 3 313

314

315

20 80 316

40 7% 20 50 317

25 11 8mg/ 318

20 319

1995 20 20 21 320

21 10 321

21 200 21 322

20 70 15mg/ 323

CI 20 80 35 0. 1% 60% 324

3 000 1996 45 20 325

60 20 70 2 100 60% 326

20 80 327

328

329

1990 1996 1999 330

331

332

333

500 334

20 21 1 /6 150 3. 4% 6. 8% 1 /4 2 000 335

336

1 1990 2 1992 3 1987 4 1992 5 1993 6 1992 7 1993 8 1995 9 1990 10 1992 瑏瑡 1988 瑏瑢 1996 1997 瑏瑣 1995 瑏瑤 1987 瑏瑥 1988 瑏瑦 1951 瑏瑧 瑏瑨 1989 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 337

瑐瑡 1934 1993 瑐瑢 1983 瑐瑣 瑐瑤 1997 1997 瑐瑥 瑐瑦 1989 瑐瑧 1986 1997 1996 瑐瑨 1997 瑐瑩 瑑瑠 1995 瑑瑡 1995 瑑瑢 1995 瑑瑣 1988 瑑瑤 1996 瑑瑥 CI 瑑瑦 1995 瑑瑧 1995 1993 6 338 瑑瑨 瑑瑩 1994 7 瑒瑠 1993 5

瑒瑡 1997 3 4 瑒瑢 1993 2 瑒瑣 1995 6 瑒瑤 1998 2 瑒瑥 1997 2 瑒瑦 1993 2 瑒瑧 1989 6 5 瑒瑨 1997 2 瑒瑩 1993 瑓瑠 1993 5 瑓瑡 1997 1 瑓瑢. 1997 8 瑓瑣 瑓瑤 1997 8 27 瑓瑥 1997 8 27 瑓瑦 1997 8 25 瑓瑧 1998 5 28 瑓瑨 1995 3 瑓瑩 1997 8 24 瑔瑠 1997 4 339

瑔瑡 1997 10 瑔瑢 1997 8 28 瑔瑣 1995 2 瑔瑤 1999 4 瑔瑥 1995 瑔瑦 1994 4 瑔瑧 1994 1 瑔瑨 1996 3 瑔瑩 1993 4 瑖瑠 1997 1 瑖瑡 1997 3 瑖瑢 1997 7 瑖瑣 1997 1 瑖瑤 1994 4 瑖瑥 1998 3 瑖瑦 1994 340 瑖瑧

1996 5 瑖瑨 1996 瑖瑩 1994 4 瑘瑠 1997 2 瑘瑡 1998 瑘瑢 1997 3 瑘瑣 1995 1 瑘瑤 1997 1 瑘瑥 1993 2 瑘瑦 1997 1 瑘瑧 1995 2 瑘瑨 1995 3 瑘瑩 1999 2 瑝瑠 1999 8 瑝瑡 1999 17 瑝瑢 1995 3 瑝瑣 1997 11 11 瑝瑤 1995 3 瑝瑥 1996 2 341

瑝瑦 1995 12 瑝瑧 1999 2 10 瑝瑨 1999 3 12 瑝瑩 1999 6 18 1994 11 16 1994 6 1993 5 1994 1997 1994 2 1997 8 28 1996 12 25 1996 3 4 1999 2 1999 5 2000 1 28 342

1999 15 1999 8 23 1999 7 28 1997 8 28 343

2000. 5. 28 344