43 1 2013 1 PERIODICALOFOCEAN UNIVERSITY OFCHINA 43(1):017~026 Jan.,2013 * 1 1, **, 1 2, (1., 266100; 2., 266107) :,2005 6 1~3 1 ;, 1 WRF, :(1), ;(2),,,, ;(3),, :,,, : ; ;WRF : P732 : A : 1672-5174(2013)01-017-10,, [9,11-14] [7,12,15-16], [17-18],, [1-2],, 10, [3-6] [19-21] [22-24], [25-28] [10,29-34] [35-37],,,, [21,38-40],, ;,,2005 6 1~3 [3] [41] 1, [7-8], [32], ; MM5 ;(Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model) 1,, [9],,,, [10],, ( 1) * : (41276009); ( ) (GYHY201106006) :2012-02-21; :2012-04-22 : (1987-),, E-mail:raining.1@163.com ** :E-mail:gaosh@ouc.edu.cn 1 htp://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/
18 2013 (, m;, 4m s -1 Thepotentialheightswithunitm;Thewinds,afulbarb4m s -1.) Fig.1 1 (a,b) 1000hPa (c,d) Visiblesateliteimagery(a,b)and1000hPaweathersituation (c,d), GlobalForecastSystem) 3 :6 1 20, WRF (Weather 1 ResearchandForecasting Model) 2, 2~4m s -1 ; 6 2, 08 ( 1c),,, 2m s -1 ;, 6 2 17, 1 ; 6 3 08, 2m s -1, 1.1 ( 1b) 2005 6 1~3 1 1.2, 1a 6 2 [32,41],2005 6 1~3 08 (, LST; ) /, ( ) 6 1 20 2 08 3 08 ( ), (, 2 08 2 20 ( 1c,d ), 2b), ( 2d,e) ( 1d), ( 1c ), 2 20 3 08,, 6 1 20 ~2 14, 1km, ( ) FNL(FinalAnalysesDataof 2 3 htp://www.wrf-model.org/index.php htp://dss.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/
1, : 19, 2a 3), ( ; 6 2~3 1a,b 2a), : 6 2 08 4 ( 1a 2a [41], 3 1), ; 1 ( 2a 6 2 17 ), ( ) 6 2 20 ( 2a ( 2a) 6 2 10 2), ; 6 3 08 ( 2a 1), 6 2 ( 1b 2a 3), 20 ( 2a, 2), 6 3 ( (a:1,2,3 6 2 10 6 2 20 6 3 08 ; : ; : ;b,c,d: ;e,f,g: a:1,2,3shadedareasrepresenttheductareasat10lst2jun2005,20lst2jun2005and08lst3jun2005;thedots: duct-occurredstations;thelines:radarecho;b,c,d:shanghaistation;e,f,g:chejudostation.) 2 ( ) (, M) Fig.2 Schematicilustrationoftheobservedatmosphericductareas(left)andtheatmosphericcorrectionrefractiveindex derivedfromtheobservationsofthestation (right,unitm) (QSCAT) AIRS(AtmosphericIn- 2 WRF fraredsounder) SSMI(SpecialSensor MicrowaveImager) WRF V3.2.1, 3, NMC, ( 3 D2 ) [47], CFSR WRF, 8d ( 2 24h ),,, 49 1 (CV5) 6 CFSR 4(The NCEP ClimateForecast System Reanalysis,0.5 0.5, 64, 6h/ ), 4 htp://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/modeldata/cmd pgbh NEAR-GOOS 5(North-EastAsi- an Regional Global Ocean Observing System,0.25 6 [9] 0.25 ), CV6 [16] (Cycling-3DVAR) 12h (SYNOP) (SOUND) 5 htp://goos.kishou.go.jp/rrtdb/usr/pub/jma/mgdsst WRF CV3 CV5.CV3 CFS(GlobalForecastSystem) ;CV5 ;CV6 CV5, WRF htp://htp://www.wrf-model.org
20 2013 6 1 20 ( 4a), ( 1a,b), 6 2 08,, ( 4b,4c); 3 08, ( 4d),, ( 5),, 3 WRF Fig.3 WRF modelingdomains 1 WRF Table1 WRF modelingdesign 1 2 3 4 5 : Lambertconformal :(34.0 N,123.0 E) : 100 117, 154 181 :30km,10km :49η 7 180s 6 YSU [42] 7 Kain-Fritsch [43] 8 9 10 Lin [44] [45] RRTMG [46] Noah Note:1Domainandoptions;2Detailedspecifications;3Domain;4 Resolutions;5Timestep;6PBLscheme;7Convectiveparameteriza- tion;8 Microphysicsscheme; 9 Radiation scheme; 10 Landsurface model Fig.4 Simulatedvariationofthefog/stratusarea ( Exp-CTL) 2005 6 1 08 ~20, 6 1 20 ~3 20, 2 ( 7 Exp-SEN1 Exp-SEN2),, 3 3.1 WRF, [16] 8, ( 4) ( /, m; 10 m 0.016g kg -1 ; 10, m s -1 Colorfulshadingisseafog/stratustopheight withunitm,bluecontoursarecloudwaterratioswithvaluesof0.016 g kg -1 at10m;blackarrowsis10m windfieldwithunitm s -1.) 8 4 / η=1.0000,0.9900,0.9845,0.9740,0.9660,0.9600,0.9540, 0.9480,0.9420,0.9360,0.9300,0.9220,0.9130,0.9010,0.8800, 0.6573,0.6090,0.5634,05204,0.4798,0.4415,0.4055,0.3716, 0.3397,0.3097,0.2815,0.2551,0.2303,0.2071,0.1854,0.1651, 0.1461,0.1284,0.1118,0.0965,0.0822,0.0689,0.0556,0.0452, 0.0346,0.0249,0.0159,0.0076,0.0000.,, /, / > 0.016g kg -1 <600m, 0.016g kg -1 1km
1, : 21 3.2,6 1 20, 35 N,116 E~129 E; ( 6,7);,, ( 4a); 2 05,,,, 3 AB 6a,6 1 20,, ( 7a) ( 6a), ( 6a) 2 05,,, 5 Fig.5 Thecomparisonofsimulatedand observedtemperatureatthestation ( / ; ;, g kg -1 ; (u,w), m s -1,H V, m s -1 Blueshadingisseafog/stratusarea;Blackshadingisterrain;Areassurroundedbyredcon- touristrappinglayer;blackcontoursrepresentthewatermixingratiowithunitg kg -1 ;Thearrowsarewinds(u,w)withunitm s -1,H and V representthehorizontalandverticalvelocity,respectively,withunitm s -1.) Fig.6 6 3 AB VerticalsectionspicturesofhumidityalongtheABlineinFig.3 6 2 08 4b) (,, ( 6b),,
22 2013 ( 7b) 6 3 02,,,, 3 08 6 2 20,,, ( 6c),,, ( 7c) 2 23,,, ( 6f 7f) 6 3 ( ), 20, ( 6d),, ( 7d),, ( ), ( 7d),, 6 3 02,,, [9,48-49],, ( 6e 7e) (, ; 6 Blackcontoursrepresentthetemperatureswithunit ;TheothersarethesameasthoseinFig.6.) Fig.7 4 7 3 AB VerticalsectionspicturesoftemperaturealongtheABlineinFig.3 4.1, 1.2 WRF, [1], :, M= 77.6 T ( P+ 4810e T ) + Z R 0 10 6 (1) :T,P e (K);, ( 4c 9c); 6 2 (hpa);z (m);r 0 14, (6.371 10 6 m) M ( );,, 5 ( 4d 9d) ( 8a~d) (1) 8, ( 9) ( 4a 9a);,,,
1, : 23, ( 4 ( 9b,d) 9);, 8 [10] 4.2 Fig.8 Fundamentaltypesoftheatmosphericduct [10] ( 6b 7b), 2 ( 6b) :(1) (2), ( 9b 6b), 3 ;, 6 1 20 ~2 05,, 6 1 20,, ( 6b 7b), ( 4) ( 6b), ( ), ( 6b), ( 6a), ( 7b), ( ( 9b 6b), 7a), (,, 6 2 20, ( 6a),,, ( 8c) 6 2 23,,,, 2 05,, ( 6d,7d),, 6 3 02, ( ) 6 1, 20, ; (, 6e), 6 3 02 ~3 20 6, 3 08,, ( 4d), 6 2 05 ~3 02 (, 6f 7f), 6 2 ( 7f), 08, ( 9d) Exp-SEN1,,,
24 2013 ; ( 10b3,c3),,, ( 10a3) Exp-SEN2, ( 10a4,a5),,, ( 10b4,b5), ( 10c4,c5), ; ( 10c4), ( 10c5) 3),,, ( 10a6,b6), ( 10c6),,,, ;, ( TD ED ND, ; 700hPa, m TD, EDandNDrepresenttouching-sea-level,surfaceductandnon-touching- sea-levelsurfaceduct,respectively,theothersrepresentthecomplex duct;contoursarepotentialheightsat700hpawithunitm.) 9 Fig.9 Simulatedvariationoftheatmospheric ductareasandtheducttype 5 5.1,, 1, ( ); (a: ;b: ;c:, ;1,2 ;3,4,5, ;6 a:temperatureverticalpro- files;b:humidityverticalprofiles;c:atmosphericcorrectionrefrac- 1, 10 tiveindexverticalprofiles;1,2representdiferenttimeofformation (1), stageofseafog;3,4,5representdiferentareasofdevelopment, stageofseafog;6representsthedissipationstageofseafog.) ( 10a1,b1; 10a2, 10 b2), ( 10c1,c2) Fig.10 Schematicilustrationoftheatmosphericduct (2), associatedwiththeseafog
1, : 25 5.2 [8] ZhangSuping,XieShangping,LiuQinyu,etal.Seasonalvaria- tionsofyelowseafog:observationsandmechanisms[j].jcli- mate,2009,22(24):6758-6772. [9] GaoShanhong,Lin Hang,ShenBiao,etal.Aheavyseafogevent [14],,,. [J]. 11 2009,2009,27(1):16-23. (a) [15],,. (b;, M) [J].,2006,24(2):156-165. Fig.11 Visiblesateliteimageryofaseafogeventinfluenced [16],,,. 3DVAR byhighpressure(a)in2009andtheatmosphericcorrection Ⅰ:WRF [J]. : refractiveindexderivedfromtheobservationatshanghai,2010,40(10):1-9. station (b;themodifiedrefractivitywithunitm) [17],,. [J].,2004,26(3):28-37. [18],. [J].,2005,36(1):36-42. [48] [19]. [J]. 2,2004,19( ):227-229., [20],,,. 2009 4 [J].,2009,24(4):702-708. 9~11 1 ( [21],,,. 11), [J].,2010,38(9):1997-2002. ;, [22],,., [J].,1996,11(2):60-66., [23],. [J].,,2002,17(3):269-281. [24],,,. [J].,,2005,20(1):64-68. : [1] Bean B R,Duton EJ.Radio Meteorology [M].New York: DoverPublicationInc,1968:435. [2],,,. [M]. : [27],,,. PJ,2002. [3],,,. [28],,,. A [J].,2000,58(5):605-616. [4] [29],, GerstoftP,RogersLT,KrolikJL,etal.Inversionforrefractivi-. [J]. typarametersfromradarseacluter[j].radiosci,2003,32(2):,1996,11(3):58-64. 8053-8074. [30],,,. [5]. [J]. [J].,2007,24(2):17-25.,2004,26(1):39-49. [31],,,. [J]. [6],,.,2008,28(3):294-300. [J].,2008,30(4):18-25. [7] FuGang,Zhang Meigen,DuanYihong,etal.Characteristicsof SeaFogovertheYelowSeaandtheEastChinaSea [J].Kaiyo Monthly,2004,38:99-108. overtheyelowseain March2005:analysisandnumericalmodel- ing[j].advatmossci,2007,24(1):65-81. [10]. [D]. :,2010. [11],. [J].,1981,3:7-13. [12],,. [J].,2002,32(6):859-867. [13]. [D]. :,2008. [25],,,. [J].,2005,22( ):128-139. [26],,,. [J].,2008,27(1):106-110. [J].,2009,37(5):1100-1103. [J].,2009,24(3):556-561. [32],,,. [J].,2009,24(2):259-263. [33],,,. [J].,2009,24(4):742-747. [34],. MM5
26 2013 [J].,2009,67(3):382-387. [35],,,. [44] LinY L,FarleyR D,OrvileH D.Bulkparameterizationofthe [J].,2003,26(5):631-637. snowfieldinacloudmodel[j].jclimateapplmeteor,1983, [36],,. 22,1065-1092. [J].,2007,22(3):410-413. [45] Iacono MJ,DelamereJS,MlawerEJ,etal.Radiativeforcing [37],,. bylong-livedgreenhousegases:calculationswiththeaerradi- [J].,2008,27(1):115-128. ativetransfermodels[j].jgeophysres,2008,113,d13103, [38]. [J]., Doi:10.1029/2008JD009944. 2004,21(4):40-47. [39],,,. [J]. modelwiththepennstate-ncar MM5modelingsystem.PartI:,2007,27(3):349-354. Modeldescriptionandimplementation[J].Mon WeaRev,2001, [40],,,. 129:569-585. [C]. : [47] ParrishD F,DerberJC.TheNationalMeteorologicalCenter's,2007. spectralstatistical-interpolationanalysissystem [J].Mon Wea [41],,,. Rev,1992,120:1747-1763. [J].,2007,26(4):89-93. [42] HongSY,NohY,DudhiaJ.Anewverticaldifusionpackage [J].JAtmosSci,1990,47:2784-2802. [46] ChenF,DudhiaJ.Couplinganadvancedlandsurface-hydrology [48]. [M]. :,1983. [49] ZhangSuping,LiMan,Meng,Xiangui,etal.A Comparison withanexplicittreatmentofentrainmentprocesses [J].Mon WeaRev,2006,134,2318-2341. [43] KainJS,FritschJ M.Aone-dimensionalentraining/detraining plume modelanditsapplicationinconvectiveparameterization servationsand Mechanisms[J].Pure ApplGeophysics,2011, DOI10.1007/s00024-011-0358-3. NumericalModelingStudyontheFormationMechanismofan AtmosphericDuctDuringaSeaFogEvent StudyBetweenSpringandSummerFogsintheYelow Sea-Ob- YUAN Xia-Yu 1,GAOShan-Hong 1,WANG Yong-Ming 1,ZHANGShou-Bao 2 (1.TheKeyLaboratoryofPhysicalOceanography,MinistryofEducation,TheLaboratoryofOcean-AirInteractionandCli- matelaboratory,oceanuniversityofchina,qingdao266100,china;2.chinaresearchinstituteofradiowavepropaga- tion,qingdao266107,china) Abstract: Judgedfrom marinenavigationalradarandsoundingobservations,anatmosphericductprocess occurredovertheyelowseafrom1~3jun2005.furthercombiningwithsateliteimageryandhorizon- talvisibility,wefindthatthisductprocessisassociatedwithanadvectionseafogevent.the WRF model wasemployedtoreproducethisduct,andresultsareasfolows:1)theseafogoriginatedinthemiddle partoftheyelowsea,duetoweakinversionandtheminortemperaturegradient,ductdidnothappenon mostofthefogtop;2)folowingwithnorthernlowpressuremovingeasterly,thefogareaexpandedeast forwardwithastructureofthininwestwhilethickineast.becauseoftheinversionandintensehumidity gradient,ducthappenedon mostofthefogtop withawelmixedseafogasbaselayer.overthinand thickseafog,non-touching-sea-levelsurfaceductandelevatedductexistrespectively;3)influencedby thecoldairinthewesternlowpressure,seafoggradualydissipatedtowardssouth withthebaselayer getingthinnerevenvanished,thatresultedintheinversionandintensehumiditygradientdeclining. Thusthenon-touching-sea-levelsurfaceductisreplacedbytheweaktouching-sea-levelsurfaceduct.The principalfindingsofthisstudyarethatadvectionseafogovertheyelowseahasacloserelationshipwith theduct,theevolutionoftheseafogchangedtheverticalstructureoftemperatureandhumidityinmarine atmosphericboundarylayer,thatdirectlyleadtotheduct'soccurrenceanddevelopment,i.e.thisductcan beconsideredasaby-productoftheseafog. Keywords: YelowSea;atmosphericduct;seafog;WRFnumericalmodeling