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THE SCHOLARS YOUMU TRADITION AND ACADEMIC STUDY IN THE QING DYNASTY Pr eface Intr oduction Chapter One Development of the Scholars Youmu tradition in the Qing Dynasty 13 1. Youmu from the Early Shunzhi Reign up to the Early Kangxi Reign 14 Rise of the Youmu Practice 14 Assistance in Administrative Affairs and Consultation in Military Affairs 18 Various Mentalities of Youmu 24 2. Youmu from the Middle Kangxi Reign up to the Late Jiaqing Reign 29 Vogue of the Youmu Practice 29 Youmu Activities Primarily Focused on Civil Affairs 34 Cause of the Rise of Youmu 40 3. Youmu from the Early Daoguang Reign up to the Late Xuantong Reign 45 The Functional Expansion of Mufu 45 Change in Master - Guest Relations 48

2 Shortcut to an Official Career 53 Chapter Two Major Scholars Mufu in the Qing Dynasty 59 1. Major Scholars Mufu during the Shunzhi Kangxi And Yongzheng Reigns 60 Xu Qianxue Mufu 60 Li Guangdi and Zhang Baixing Mufu 70 2. Major Scholars Mufu during the Qianlong and Jiaqing Reigns 78 Lu Jianzeng Mufu 78 Zhu Jun Mufu 84 Bi Yuan Mufu 94 (Xie Qikun Mufu 109 )Zeng Ao Mufu 122 *Ruan Yuan Mufu 126 3. Major Scholars Mufu during the Daoguang Xianfeng Tongzhi Guangxu and Xuantong Reigns 138 Tao Shu Mufu 138 Zeng Guofan Mufu 142 and Li Hongzhang Mufu 155 Zhang Zhidong Mufu 161 (Duan Fang Mufu 165 Chapter Three Scholars Youmu Tradition in the Qing Dynasty and Their Academic Activities 171 1. Youmu and Academic Exchange and Dissemination 171

3 Openness and Fluidity of the Mufu 171 Mutual Academic Influence on Master and Guest 175 Academic Debate inside the Mufu 181 ( Youmu and Academic Dissemination 194 2. Writing Activities of the Youmu Scholars 202 Professional and Semi - Professional Scholars 202 Use of Books and Reference Materials 205 Influence of the Youmu Experience 209 (Writings for Themselves and for Others 218 )Copyright Issues 225 3. Large - Scale Academic Projects by the Mufu 233 Compilation and Collation of Confucian Classics 233 Compilation of Historical works 239 Collation and Inscribing of Ancient Codes and Records by the Official Publishing House 245 Concluding Remar ks 251 Appendix Chart of Major Scholars Mufu during the Qing Dynasty 255 Bibliogr aphy 318 Postscr ipt 340

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61-14 1846! 1931 1900! 1901 1908 1852! 1937 1856! 1921 1908! 1909 1856! 1937 1902! 1904 1859! 1915 1901! 1903 1907! 1909 1859! 1926 1907! 1909 1859! 1931

62-14 1862! 1929 1905 1907! 1909 1865! 1940 1901! 1904 1906! 1907 1866! 1914 1872! 1935 1908! 1909 1884! 1919 1908! 1911 1908

63-14! 1902! 1898 1906! 1909 1908 1908! 1909

64