2. (1 ) 10 ( 10 ), 20 ; 20 ; 50 ; 100 (2 ) 3, 10 ; 10 ; 30 ; 30 (3 ) 3. 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2

1. A B C D (1 ) A, A, :, ;, ;, ;, (2 ) B ;, : 28, ; 28, 60, ; 60, (3 ) C, ; ( ), : 10%, ; 10%,, (4 ) D,, 5 20,, 3000,,,,, A, D,,, 500, 50%,, 1

2. (1 ) 10 ( 10 ), 20 ; 20 ; 50 ; 100 (2 ) 3, 10 ; 10 ; 30 ; 30 (3 ) 3. 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2

,,,,,,,,,,, 24 m, 24 m,,,,,,,,,, 70% 80%,, 1-1 1-1 9 9 ( ) 24 m 10 10 ( ) 24m 2 2 : 1. ; ; 1. 5 m, 2., 3., 24m,, 1-2 3

1-2 19 19 1. 2. 3. 50 m 1000 m 2 1018 4. 50 m 1500 m 2 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. 100 9. 10. 50 m 1. 2. 3. 50 m ( ) ( ), 9 9 ( ), 24m 24m,,, ( GBJ 1687) ( 2001 ) ;, 10 10, 24 m, ( GB 5004595), 1-3 1-3 / h ( ) 4. 00 3. 00 1. 00 0. 75 4. 00 4. 00 2. 00 1. 50 1. 50 1. 50 0. 25 4. 00 2. 50 1. 00 0. 50 4. 00 4. 00 1. 50 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 25 4. 00 2. 50 0. 50 0. 50 4. 00 4. 00 1. 00 0. 50 1. 00 0. 15 4. 00 0. 50 0. 25 0. 25 4. 00 0. 50 0. 25 4

, 1-4 1-4 / h / h 3. 00 3. 00 3. 00 2. 5 2. 00 2. 00 1. 00 1. 00 2. 00 1. 50 1. 50 1. 00 0. 75 0. 50 ( ) 0. 25 0. 25,,, 1. 1-5 1-5 ( GBJ 16 87 ) 1. 0. 3 / m / m 2 150 2500 5 100 1200 2 60 600 : 1., 2.,, 3.,, 4.,, 2.,, 1-6 3.,, 1-7 5

1-6 / m 2 1000 1500 5000 : 1., ;, 2.,, 2500 m 2, 1-7 1. 28 2. 10 % 3. 4., 5., 6. 7. 1. 28 60 2. 10 % 3. 4. 5. 6. 60 1. 60 2. 1., 2. 3. 1-8 1-8 / m 2, 4000 3000 3000 2000 6 5000 4000 4000 3000 2000 1500 6000 3000 500 8000 4000 2000 500 2 3000 2000 6

/ m 2 4000 1000 3 4000 2000 1 1000 6000 1000 3 5000 3000 1 1500 : 1. ( ),, 2. ( ) 50 %, 3., 1. 5 4., ;,, 5., 2, 6. 4., 1-9 1-9 1. 28 2. 10 %, 10 % 3. 4., 5., 6. 1. 28 60 2. 10 % 3. 4. 5. 6. 60 1. 60 2. 1-10 7

1-10 / m 2 3 4 1 2 5 6 1 1 180 750 60 250 1 3 4 3 2000 500 900 300 2 5 6 1 5 1 500 2800 900 250 700 300 1500 500 1 2 5 1 3 4000 1200 6000 2100 1000 400 1500 700 2800 4800 1200 700 1200 400 4000 1000 150 300 3000 1500 4800 1200 500 3 3000 1000 1500 500 1 2100 700 2000 6000 1500 1000 3 3000 1000 2100 700 1 2100 700 : 1.,,, 2., 3., 2 4. 5. 12000 m 2,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),, ; ; ; 8

,, ( ),,, ( ),,, ( ), ( ) ; ;, ;, ;,, ( ),, ( 13011211),,,,,,, ( )( ) ( ) ( ),,,, FE-232FE-25CGE410CEA614H FC-23H FC-227NA F-S-,,,,,,,,,,, SDE 1., ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9

,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ;, ;, ;,, 3.,, B ( C ), BC B C, ( A ), ABC, 92 % 94 %, 2% 4%, 2 %, 2% B C,,,,,,, B C, A (), 4., 1301 1211, 1301,, CF3 Br, 1301 10

,,,,, 1301,,,,, 1301, 1211,, CF2 ClBr, 13011211, 1211 1 s, 1211 CO2 1/ 3,,,,,,,, 5 1301 1211,,,,,,, (),,,,, ; ;,, ;, 2010 5.,, 50 %,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 11

( ), 6.,,,, 1994, 2005, 2005 1211, 2010, 1301,, :, ( ODP 0. 05 ), (GMP0. 1 ), ; ; ;,, 10s ; (1 ), CF3 CH FCF 3,,, H + O H -,,,,, 7% 10%, ODP = 0,, GM P = 0. 6, 42, 31,,,, 1 min,,, ;, (2 ) 62. 3%, 22. 4%, 9 %, 6. 3% ( ) 7000mg/ m 3, 70%, 0. 4%, 1. 2%, 0. 004% 0. 01%, : ; 75100mg/ m 3, ( ODP = 0),,,, ( ) 30 min,,, (3 ), :,,, ;,,, ODP,,, 12

(4 ) EBM EBM 20 90, ( K2 O) ( K2 CO3 ) ( K H CO3 ) EBM,,, K, H + O H - O 2 -,,, K2 O C,,, EBM,, EBM ( ) 60 EBM ; ; (5 ) ( inergen), IG-541 52%, 40 %, 8%,, 37. 5% 42. 8%,,,,,, ( 12min ), (6 ) SDE SDE,,,, CO2 35% N2 25% 39%, 1 % 2% SDE,, ;,, ;,, SDE SDE, GWP = 0. 35 SDE SDE, ABC A : B : C : : 13

,,, ;,,,, 3000m 3, 500, 1.,, 2. (1 ),, 2-1 2-1 / / ( L/ s ) 1. 0 1 10 2. 5 1 15 5. 0 2 25 10. 0 2 35 20. 0 2 45 30. 0 2 55 / / ( L/ s ) 40. 0 2 65 50. 0 3 75 60. 0 3 85 70. 0 3 90 80. 0 3 95 100. 0 3 100 14

( 2) ( ) (), ( ) 2-2 ; 2-3 2-2 () / 10 4 m 2 / / 100 1. 5 1 > 1. 5 2 > 100 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2-3 / m 3 / ( L/ s ) 1500 15003000 3001 5000 500120000 2000050000 > 50000 10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 40 10 10 10 15 15 20 15 15 25 25 15 15 25 25 35 45 10 10 10 15 15 20 10 15 15 20 25 30 15 20 30 40 45 10 10 15 20 25 35 10 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 10 15 20 25 : 1. 2., 3., (3 ) 2-4 3., 0. 10M Pa (),, 1.,, 15

,,, 2-4 / ( L/ s) 15 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 50 m 20 1. 2. 50 m 1000m 2 3. 50 m 1500m 2 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. 100 8. 9. 50 m 30 : 50m, 20L/ s,, 5 L/ s ( 2-1 ) D = D, mm; Q, L/ s; v, 5. 0m/ s; n 2. 4 Q ( n - 1) v (2-1) m/ s, 2. 5m/ s,,, 15L/ s,,, 5, 100mm 150mm 100mm 65 mm, 2-1 100mm 65 mm, 2-2 16

,,, 1015L/ s ( GBJ 1687) 2-1 1 90 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 2-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10, 60m,,,, 15m, 5. 0m, 2. 0m 120m 150m; 150m, 15L/ s, ( GB 5004595 ), 5. 0 m, 40m; 2. 0m, ( ), 25 L/ s,, 150m, 6m,, 1000m 3,,,,, 17

, ( GBJ1687), 24m 24m ( ) 8 00 1 200 5000m 3 7 6, 5 10000m 3,,,,, 1., 13 mm1 6m m19 mm 13 m m 5 0 mm, 16 m m 5 0 mm 6 5m m, 19 mm 65 m m 50mm65mm, 15 mm20mm25mm 30 mm ;,,,, 65mm, 50mm 65mm 5L/ s, 50mm ; 5L/ s, 65mm,,,,, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5 18

2-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 2-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 2-5 1 ; 2; 3; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 2.,,,,,, 100m, ( ), 25mm 32mm 19mm 6. 8mm 9mm, 2040m, ( 2-3 ), 19

, 3.,,, 4.,,, 25L/ s, 48h, 96h,, (2-6) 2-6,, ( ) 15m; 40m; 60m, 40m 5. 15L/ s, 10,,,,, ( ), 10000m 3,, 2,,,,,, 1, 5 20

6.,,,,,, 1540m ; 1015L/ s,, 3, 2-7 2-5 2-6, 1540 m,,, 2-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 21

2-5 D N/ mm P N/ M Pa / mm SQ100 100 1. 6 6565 SQX100 SQ B100 SQ150 8080 SQX150 150 SQ B150 2-6 D N/ mm B 1 B 2 B 3 H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 L D D D d n 100 300 350 220 700 800 210 318 130 220 180 158 17. 5 8 K WS65 150 350 480 310 700 800 325 465 160 285 240 212 22 8 K WS80 7.,, 25L/ s 79,,,,,,,, 2-8 5min,,,,, 8., 2-8, P ; G ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ;,,,,,, 22

, (1 ) (2-9 ),,, 10m 2-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 2-10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 (2 ) ( 2-10 ),,, ;,,,, 10m; ( 3 ) ( 2-11 ), 0. 10 MPa ( ),,, 2-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 2-12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 23

, 2-12,,, 2-13,,,,, 10 min, 10min, 2-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 2-14 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11,, 2-14 10 min,,,,, 1. 75%90%, 7m,,,,,, 15m,, 1015m 2-7 2., 24

2-7,, 100m 100m / m 7 10 13 13 10 13 10 10,,,, 1. 1m,,, 3. (1 ) ( 2-2 ) R = Ld + Ls (2-2) R, m; Ld, m, 90% ; Ls, m (2 ), 1 (2-3) (2-15 ) S, m; R, m; b, m S2 R 2 - b 2 (2-3) 2-15 1 2-16, ( 2-4 ) ( 2-16) S R 2 - b 2 (2-4), 1 ( 2-5 ) ( 2-17) S1. 4 R (2-5) 25

, 2-18 2-17 1 2-18 ( ) 1., 2-8,,,, 2-8 / ( L/ s ) / / ( L/ s ) / ( L/ s ) 24 m 10000 m 3 5 2 2. 5 5 24 m> 10000 m 3 10 2 5 10 > 24 m 50m 25 5 5 15 > 50 m 30 6 5 15 24 m 10000 m 3 10 2 5 10 24 m> 10000 m 3 15 3 5 10 24 m 10000 m 3 5 1 5 5 24 m> 10000 m 3 10 2 5 10 > 24 m 50 m 30 6 5 15 > 50 m 40 8 5 15 5001 25000 m 3 10 2 5 10 2500150000m 3 15 3 5 10 > 50000 m 3 20 4 5 15 5001 10000 m 3 5 2 2. 5 5 1000125000m 3 10 2 5 10 > 25000 m 3 15 3 5 10 801 1200 10 2 5 10 1201 5000 15 3 5 10 5001 10000 20 4 5 15 > 10000 30 6 5 15 79 5 2 2. 5 5 6 10000m 3 15 3 5 10 10000 m 3 20 4 5 10 > 10000 m 3 25 5 5 15 26 : 1. 10 L/ s, 2., 2

2., 10min 25L/ s, 12m 3, 12m 3 25L/ s, 18m 3, 18m 3 3., V x n = Qp i ti - Qb Tb (2-6) i = 1 V x, m 3 ; Qp i, m 3 / h,, ; ti, h, 2-9 ; Qb,, m 3 / h, 2. 5m/ s ; T b, h 2-9 / h 2 3 6 1. 20 m 4 2. 20 m 6 ( ),,,, 1., Hq Hq, 10-2 M Pa; v, m/ s; g, m/ s 2 ( 2-8 ) ( 2-7 ) = v2 2 g H = Hq - Hf = K 1 df (2-7) v 2 2 g H f (2-8) Hq - Hf = K 1 df Hq Hf (2-9) Hq = Hf 1 - K1 df Hf 27

K 1 df =, Hq = Hq, 10-2 M Pa; K1 ; Hf, m; Hf 1 - Hf df, = 2-10 2-10 0. 25 df + (0. 1 df ) 3, ( 2-10) d f / mm 13 16 19 0. 0165 0. 0124 0. 0097 Hm Hf Hf = f Hm ( 2-11) f, f = 1. 19 + 80 (0. 01 Hm ) 4, 2-11; Hf, Hm 2-11 f H m / m 6 8 10 12 16 f 1. 19 1. 19 1. 20 1. 21 1. 24,,,,,, ( 2-11 ) ( 2-10 ) Hq,, Hm, f 2. Hq = f Hm 1 - fhm ( 2-13) qxh, L/ s ; ( 2-12) qxh = B Hq ( 2-13) B,, 2-12; Hq, MPa 2-12 B d f / mm 13 16 19 22 25 B 34. 6 79. 3 157. 7 283. 6 472. 7 3. ( 2-14) hd = Az Ld q 2 xh ( 2-14) 28

hd, M Pa; Az, 2-13 ; Ld, m; qxh 2-13 Az / mm A z 50 0. 0001501 0. 0000677 65 0. 0000430 0. 0000172 80 0. 0000150 0. 0000075 4. ( 2-15) Hxh = Hq + hd ( 2-15) Hx h, M Pa; hd, M Pa; Hq, M Pa, Hm Hq qxh 2-14 2-14 / m / mm 13 16 19 H q / ( m H 2 O) q xh / ( L/ s ) H q / ( m H 2 O ) q xh / ( L/ s ) H q / ( m H 2 O) q xh / ( L/ s ) 6 8. 1 1. 7 7. 8 2. 5 7. 7 3. 5 8 11. 2 2. 0 10. 7 2. 9 10. 4 4. 1 10 14. 9 2. 3 14. 1 3. 3 13. 6 4. 5 12 19. 1 2. 6 17. 7 3. 8 16. 9 5. 2 14 23. 9 2. 9 21. 8 4. 2 20. 6 5. 7 16 29. 7 3. 2 26. 5 4. 6 24. 7 6. 2, Hm df, ( 2-13) ( 2-15) qxh Hx h, 2-14 qxh, qxh, (2-14 ) hd ( 2-15) Hx h, qx h, Hm df 2-14, Hq qxh, hd Hxh 5., ; 2-15,,,,,, 2-15 29

2-15 / ( L/ s) / 1 5 1 22. 5 2 2 5 2 / / ( L/ s ) / / 3 5 2 1 4 5 2 2 6 5 3 3 ( 2-13),, Q = 1 4 D2 v 1. 41. 8m/ s, 2. 5m/ s, 50mm,, 15%, 6. ( 2-16) h = i L ( 2-16) h, MPa ; L, m; i, MPa/ m,, 2-16, 2-16, i 10% 2-16 / mm 25 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 45 0. 3 0. 3 0. 6 0. 6 0. 9 0. 9 1. 2 1. 5 2. 1 90 0. 6 0. 9 1. 2 1. 5 1. 8 2. 1 3. 1 3. 7 4. 3 1. 5 1. 8 2. 4 3. 1 3. 7 4. 6 6. 1 7. 6 9. 2 1. 8 2. 1 3. 1 3. 7 2. 7 3. 1 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 6 0. 6 0. 9 1. 5 2. 1 2. 7 3. 4 4. 3 4. 9 6. 7 8. 3 9. 8 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 200 25 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 0. 2 0. 3 0. 3 0. 5 0. 6 0. 8 1. 1 1. 3 1. 6 :, 0. 5, 2 2, 1. 0 30 7. ( 2-17)

Hb, M Pa ; Hq, M Pa ; hd, M Pa ; Hg, M Pa ; Hb = Hq + hd + Hg + 0. 01 hz ( 2-17) hz, m 8., ( 2-18) H = 100( Hx h + Hg ) ( 2-18) H, m; Hxh, M Pa; Hg, M Pa 24m,,,,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70% 4.,,,,, 24m,,,,,,,,,,, 31

5.,,,, 34, 1150, 31 ; 5605, 165,,, 1. 06,, 400 ( GB 5004595 ) ;,,,,,, 2-17 2-17 1 2 24m, 24m, 50m, 50 m,, 24 m 100 m, 100m, 3 4 5 24m,, 24 m,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,, 32

(2 ),,, 2. 3. (1 ) 24m 50m,,,,,, 2-19, 50 m 80 m,,, (2 ) 2-19 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 50m 0. 8M Pa,,,,, 0. 8MPa (80mH2 O),,, 4555m,,,,,,, 100m, 2-20 ( a ) ( b )(c), 100m, 2 33

2-20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12, 2-21 (a) (),,,,,,, 2-21 ( b),,, ;,,, ;,,,,, 3060min, 36m 3,,, 2-21 (c) 1.,,,,, 10min 34

2-21 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17, (, ) 18m 3 ; 12m 3 ; 6m 3 100m, 0. 07M Pa; 100m, 0. 15MPa,,, ( 2-22) 35

2-22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 10 mm 50m,,,,, (2-23 ),, 2-23 1, 2 ; 3 ; 4, 5 ; 6 2. (GB 5004595) ; ( ), ;, ;,,,, : 3h ; 2h 36

, 1h,, 48h, 500m 3, 1/ 2,,,, 6m5m, 10m, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, 2-8, 3. 0h 2. 0h,,,,,, 4.,,,, 700mm,,,,, ;,, 5., 37

, ;,,,,,, 1.,, 65mm, 25m, 19mm,,,, 1. 1m,,,, 10m, 25m 50m, 650m 2 ( 8 ),,, 2.,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,, 38

18 18, 8 650m 2,,,,, n - 1, 2-24,, 2-24 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, ( ) ( ), 2-18 2-18 / m / ( L/ s ) / ( L/ s ) / ( L/ s ) 50 > 50 15 15 10 20 10 10 5 5 1. 2. 3. 50 20 20 10 5 4. > 50 20 30 15 5 5. 50 m 1. 2. 50m 1000 m 2 3. 50m 1500m 2 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 50 > 50 30 30 30 40 15 15 5 5 7. 100 8. 9. 50 m : 50m, 20 L/ s,, 5 L/ s 39

, 100m,, ( ),,,,,, 100mm 100m, 10 m; 100m, 13m 2-19 2-19 / ( L/ s ) / / / 10 2 20 2 2 25 3 2 30 3 3 40 3 3 2 : 1. : 2. :, ( ) 10min,, (1 ),, 2-25,, 5L/ s, 1L/ s, (2 ),,,,, 10 min,,, 10min, (3 ),,, 2-25 40

, 0. 1M Pa,,, 0. 1MPa,, 0. 1MPa, 1. 0L/ s,,,,,, 30 s, 2 5 2-26 1 ; 2 ; 5 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 7 30 + 5130 = 450L/ s, 2-26 ( ) 1.,,, ( GBJ 1687 ) 0. 80MPa, 0. 80MPa,,,,, ( 2-27),,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 0. 50M Pa,, ( 2-19) Hs, M Pa ; Hb, M Pa ; Hs = Hb - ( 0. 01 Z + hsb + h + Hxh ) ( 2-19) Z, m; hsb,, M Pa ; 41

h, MPa ; Hxh, M Pa 2-27 Hs, H s, S = H k q 2 k Hk, 10-2 MPa ; qk, L/ s; S Hk = Hs = Sq 2 k ( 2-20) S 2-20 2-20 S / mm 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 ( 2-21) S 28. 6 15. 2 6. 83 3. 74 2. 53 1. 27 0. 69 0. 43 0. 226, ( 2-22) Hk = 10 v2 k 2 g Hk, kpa ; 10, kpa/ m; 42 vk, m/ s;, ( 2-23 ) 2-21 = 1. 75 d2 j d 2 k 1. 1 - d2 k d 2 j 1. 175 - d2 k d 2 j - 1 2 (2-22) ( 2-23)

dk, m 2-21 d k / d j 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 292 83. 3 29. 5 11. 7 4. 75 1. 83, 65mm 2-22 2-23 65mm Hk, 2-22 2-22 5L/ s, 1m/ s,, 1m/ s, H 2-22 Hk, kpa ; H k = Hk v 2 k vk, m/ s; Hk, kpa ( 2-24) 2-22 65mm / mm 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 / k Pa 84 59. 1 50 42. 5 36. 3 31. 1 26. 7 23. 1 19. 9 3., p1,, h, p2, p2, 2-28 ( a) 2-28 p1,,, h, p2,, 2-28 ( b ),,, 43

2-23 2-23 D N65 D N65 2. 4 MPa 0. 3 MPa 1. 6 MPa 0. 05M Pa 0. 40. 8 MPa > 5L/ s ( ) 2-1, 2365m 2, 58. 00m,,, 2-29 1., 2 0 L/ s; 30 L / s, 2 h, 0. 12 M Pa 2. 0. 80M Pa, 18m 3, 10 min, ; 10 min 2h, 3. 65mm 19mm 65 mm 20m,, 4. (1 ) Ld = 0. 820 = 16m (2 ) Ls = 12sin45= 8. 52 m (3 ) Rf = Ld + Ls = 200. 8 + 0. 7112 = 24. 52m (4 ) bf = 8. 0 m (5 ) 23m L = R 2 f - b 2 f = 24. 52 2-8. 0 2 = 23. 18m 5. (1 ) ( GB 5004595), 6, 3, Hq (2 ) 5. 2L/ s 44 = 0. 01 f Hm 1 - = 0. 011. 2412 fhm 1-1. 240. 009712 12 m = 0. 172M Pa qxh = 1001. 5770. 172 = 5. 2L/ s > 5L/ s

(3 ) (4 ) hd = Az Ld q 2 x h = 0. 000043205. 2 2 = 0. 023MPa Hx h = Hd + Hq = 0. 172 + 0. 023 = 0. 195MPa 6., 6, 3, 3, 171615, 16 ( 17 Hxh ) + ( 3. 20 m) + ( 1716 ), 16 5. 2L/ s,,,, 6 5. 2L/ s, 15. 6L/ s, 31. 2L/ s 3, D N 100 ; 6, D N 150, 135 2-29, 2-24 2-29 45

2-24 D N v i i L / ( L/ s ) / m / mm / ( m/ s ) / ( k Pa/ m) / k Pa 1 2 5. 2 3. 2 100 0. 60 0. 078 0. 25 2 3 10. 4 3. 2 100 1. 15 0. 264 0. 84 3 4 15. 6 52. 2 100 1. 79 0. 637 33. 25 4 5 31. 2 76. 6 150 1. 84 0. 429 32. 86 67. 20 : 10 % 6. 72kPa, 73. 92kPa 7. 31. 2 L/ s (1 ) 53. 40 + 1. 00 + 4. 60 = 59. 00 = 590kPa (2 ) ( 2-14) 73. 92kPa; (3 ) Hb = hg + hz + Hx h = 73. 92 + 590 + 195 = 858. 92kPa, DA1-125 -5, : Q = 2535 L/ s, HP = 1160750kPa, = 75% 73%, n = 2950r/ min, N = 55 kw 8. ( GB 5004595 ) : 1015 L/ s, 31. 2L/ s,, : SQB150, 9., 0. 518M Pa, 0. 50M Pa, - 16,, ( ) 10. 62. 40m, Hz = 54. 50m, ( 780) 0. 42714. 5 + 0. 63713. 02 = 14. 49 kpa h = 1. 1h y = 1. 114. 49 = 15. 94kPa = 1. 63m H2 O H1 = Hz + 1. 1h y + Hx h = 54. 50 + 1. 63 + 19. 5 = 75. 63 m, ) ( 46

,,, ( ) -,,,,,, -,,, ( GB 500842001), ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, 47

, N FPA-231 ( 1995 ) XFPA-231C ( 1995 ),,,, 3-1 3-1 24 m ; 1. ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) 5000 m 2 1000 m 2 3. 4., 4m ; ; 1. : ( ) 5000 m 2 1000 m 2 2. : ; ( ) A ; : A B ( GB 50084 2001 ) B,,,, ( GB 500842001 ), 48,

,, ( GBJ 1687, 2001 ) 1000m 2 ; 6000m 2 ; 500m 2 ; ( ) ; 100 1500 ( ) ; 2000 ; 3000 3000m 2 9000m 2 5000 ; 500 ; ; 1500 m 2 ; ; 500m 2 ;, 300m 2 ; (GB 5004595, 2001 ) 100m ( 5m 2 ) 100m ; ; ; ; ( ) 200m 2 ( GB 500842001), 4. 5m 3. 5m ( GB 5006797 ), 10 49

( GB 5009898 ) 1000m 2 880, 8 m ; 200m 2 ;,,, 2m, 0. 5m;, 500m 2 4 ( ) 1. ( 3-1 ) 3-2 3-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; P ; M ; L,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 50

,,, 3-2 2.,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, 4, ; 70,, 4 70 1. 2M Pa ( ) 1. ( 3-3 ),, ( ),, 3-4,, ( ),,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. 2M Pa 1500L,, 3000L 51

3-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ( ) 3-4 240d,,, 1. 6MPa, 3000 L,, 52 ( ) 1. ( 3-5 ),

,,, ( ),, 30 s,,,, 3-6 3-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 3-6 53

2.,,,,,,,, 3min 2m/ s, 0. 03M Pa 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 54 3-7

( ) 1.,,,,, 3-7,, 3-8 3-2 3-8 3-2, 20 % 40 %, 60 % 80 %,,,,,,,, (, ),,, 20mm, K = 115L/ ( minmpa),, 55

,,,,,, (, ), ;,,,, ;,, ; 60 mm 45, ( ;,,,,, ; 45,,, 33 57 mm, ), 92. 1mm,, ;,,, ;, 16. 3 mm, K = 160 138, 107 ( ), 50 ( ms ) 0. 5 ( ES- FR ) 25mm, K = 200L/ ( minm Pa ),,,, 3-3 56

3-3 / D N/ mm / 55 77 15 42 79 107 15 68 121 149 15 112 163 191 15 57 15 27 68 15 38 79 15 49 93 15 63 141 15 111 182 15 152 2.,,, ;, ; ;, 30, 57 ; ( ), 4, D N50 mm D N65mmD N80mmD N125mmD N150 mm D N200mm 6 1.,,,,, 3-9 ZSF 3-4 ( ),, ( ),,,,,,, 3-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 57

,,,,, 3-4 ZSF D N/ mm / M Pa ( ) / M Pa / mm A B C D E F ZSF65 65 450 330 640 380 480 ZSF80 80 ZSF100 100 1. 2 0. 1 490 350 660 600 420 680 < 2000 400 500 400 500 ZSF150 150 620 440 700 420 600, 3-10 3-10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 0. 8 1. 5 m,,,,,, 2 2. 58

, 3-11 3-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9, 10, 11 ; 12 ; 13 1 2,,,,,,,,,, 8,, 1/ 8, 3-12 3.,, 3-13,,,,,, 1/ 8,,,, 9 14, 2,,,,, 10 14 59

3-12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 3-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ; 13 ; 14 60

3-14 3-14 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; 22 ; 23 4.,,, ( 0. 10. 25) 10 5 Pa;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,, 6m, 15mm; 6m, 20mm; 20m, 0. 05MPa 5m 61

2. 3-15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,,, 1530 s,,,, 3-15,,,,,,,, 24V,, ( ) 3. ( ),,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, 30 s,, ( ),,,,,, 3-16 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 25mm (3-16), 62

, 1.,, ( GB 50 04595 ), 0. 5 m,,, 3-1 7 3-17 800, 500, 250 2. 1. 2M Pa,, 50m,,, 0. 40M Pa,,,,, 3. (1 ) 100 m, 3-18 ;,, ;,,, (2 ),, 3-19,,, ( 3 ) 100 m, 3-20 63

3-18 3-19,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, (4 ) 100m, 3-21,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ), 64

3-20 3-21 3-5; 3-6 3-7 3-5 / [ L/ ( minm 2 ) ] / m 2 / M Pa 4 6 8 160 0. 10 12 16 260 : 1., 1. 3 2. 1. 3 3. 4. 0. 05M Pa 5., 65

3-6 / m / m / [ L/ ( minm 2 ) ] / m 2 / M Pa 9. 0 4. 5 12 16 200 300 0. 10 6. 5 3. 5 20 260 : 0. 05MPa 3-7 / m / m / m / / M Pa 9. 0 7. 5 3. 7 12 0. 34 ( ) ( ) ( ) 9. 0 7. 5 3. 3 12 0. 34 12. 0 10. 5 3. 0 12 0. 50 9. 0 7. 5 3. 0 12 0. 68 : K = 200 3-6 3-7,,, 4m, 3-6, 4 ( ) 1.,,,,, 2. 4m / [ L/ ( minm 2 ) ] 3-8 / m / m 3-8 1 / m 2 / m 4. 0 4. 4 4. 5 20. 0 2. 2 6. 0 3. 6 4. 0 12. 5 1. 8 8. 0 3. 4 3. 6 11. 5 1. 7 12. 0 20. 0 3. 0 3. 6 9. 0 1. 5 : 1., 2. 2 m, 3 m,,, 75mm, 150mm, 15cm, 7. 515cm,, > 1/ 3, 0. 8m; < 1/ 3, 0. 6m 3-9 66

3-9 / m / m / m 3. 6 3. 6 7. 2 3. 0 3. 0 6. 0 : 1. 2.,, 100mm, 150mm, 50 mm, 100mm, 150mm, 300mm, 3-10 3-10 / mm 100 150 150 360,, 75 mm, 150mm 150mm,,, 0. 12 m 2,, 800mm,,, 1, 12 3-11,, 3-11 / m 8 9 12 2. 3-12, 3-22 3-12 b/ mm b/ mm a/ m a/ m a < 0. 3 0 0 1. 2a < 1. 5 350 375 0. 3a < 0. 6 60 38 1. 5a < 1. 8 450 550 0. 6a < 0. 9 140 140 a = 1. 8 > 450 > 550 0. 9a < 1. 2 240 250 67

3-22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) 0. 45m ; 0. 9m,, 3-13, 3-23 3-13 / m c e d 0. 2 c e d > 0. 2 3 c 3 e( c e ) 3 d 0. 6 1. 2m,, 3-24 3-23 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 3-24 1. 2m, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ), 2, 3-25, 3-26 750mm,, ( 3-1 ) a, mm; b, mm; e, mm, a( e - 200) + b (3-1) e < 750 750mm a 3-9, 68 1m 2m,

3-25 1 ; 2 ; 3 3-26 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) 1., ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 3-27 3-27 1 ; 2 ; 3,,,, 8,, 8 ; 6 69

800 ; 500, 0. 81. 5m,,, 0. 40M Pa,, 1min;, 2min 2.,,, 3-14 3-14 D N/ mm / D N/ mm / 25 1 1 32 3 3 40 5 4 50 10 8 65 18 12 80 48 32 100 64, 25mm, 10mm 3., 15 mm;,, ( ), 100mm, ( ) 20m;, 3 8m, 0. 002, 0. 004, 300mm, 750mm3-15 3-15 / mm 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300 / m 3. 5 4. 0 4. 5 5. 0 6. 0 6. 0 6. 5 7. 0 8. 0 9. 5 11. 0 12. 0 4., 1500L, 3000L 70

,, 0. 15m 3 / min,, ( ),,, 1., 10min, 18 m 3 () 24m,, 5L/ s 10min 0. 10M Pa,, 80 mm, 100mm 2.,,,,,,, 65mm 3.,, 1015L/ s,,, 3-28, 1540m ( ),, 3-28 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6, 7 ( ) ; 8 71

,,, ;,, 1985 (GBJ 8485 ) ( GB 500842001), 0. 10M Pa,,,, 1. 3-5 3-6, ( F ),,,,,,,,, 1. 2, L = 1.2 A (3-2) B = A L (3-3) A, m 2 ; B, m; L, m, 3-29, AB 3-30 3-29 3-30 72

2. (3-4) q= k 10 H (3-4) q, L/ s; H, M Pa ; k, k = 1. 33 k 3-16 3-16 k D N/ mm k 15 q = k 100 H L/ s MPa 0. 42 15 q = k H L/ min Pa 0. 256 20 q = k H L/ min Pa 0. 365 3. Qs, L/ s ; qi, n Qs = 60 1 n qi (3-5) i = 1 L/ min; 3-5 3-6 4, 3-5 3-6 85% ; 3-5 3-6,,,,, 4. ( F ),, 1,, 5 3-31,, H1 ( 0. 10MPa), : q1 = k 100 H1 12 Q12 = q12, Q12 12 73

3-31 12,, 2 q2, 1 2 23 Q2 3 = q1 + q2,,, ( ) Q 2 ( n - 1 ) n ( ) Hn, Bg, Bg = Q2 ( n - 1 ) n H n (3-6) H n, Bg Q ( n - 1 ) - n, Q ( n - 1 ) n = Bg H n = Q( n - 1 ) H n H n,, 5., 5m/ s, 10m/ s, 3-17, v, m/ s; K0, Q, m/ L ; 3-17; L/ s (3-7) v = K0 Q (3-8) 3-17 K0 / mm 15 20 25 32 40 50 70 K 0 / ( m/ L ) 5. 85 3. 105 1. 883 1. 05 0. 8 0. 47 0. 283 / mm 80 100 125 150 200 250 K 0 / ( m/ L ) 0. 204 0. 115 0. 075 0. 053 / mm 100 125 150 200 250 K 0 / ( m/ L ) 0. 1273 0. 0814 0. 0566 0. 0318 0. 021 74

,, 6. ( 3-9 ) h = i L (3-9) h, MPa ; i( ), M Pa/ m; L, m,, i 1. 2m/ s i = 0. 0000107 v2 d 1. j 3 ( 3-10) i( ), M Pa/ m ; v, m/ s ; dj, m ( ), 2-16 Hk P Hk = Sk Q 2 ( 3-11) Hk, M Pa; Sk ; D N100, Sk = 0. 0000302, D N150, Sk = 0. 00000869 ; Q, L/ s 7. ( 3-12) H = p0 + 0. 01 Z + h + Hk ( 3-12) H, M Pa; p0, M Pa; Z, m; h, M Pa; Hk, M Pa 8.,, 0. 40M Pa,, (1 ), a. 50mm, 5 ; b. 30%, 20mm; c. 75

(2 ), a. 20m/ s; b. 1m; c., 1/ 2 ( 3-13) Hg = V2 g 2g V2g + 0. 00107 L d 1. g 3 ( 3-13) Hg, 10-2 MPa ;, 0. 7; Vg, m/ s; dg, m, 1mm ; L, m (3 ),, a. ; b., ; c., (3-32 ) ( ) 3-32 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 3-1, 3-33, 1. 3-5, 0. 10MPa, 8. 0L/ ( minm 2 ), 160m 2 2., 68, 2. 5m3. 0 m 2. 7 m3. 0m, 3., L = 1. 2 A = 1. 2 160 = 15. 2m, B = A L = 160 = 10. 5m 15. 2,,, 15. 210. 5 = 160m 2 76 : n = 15. 2/ 2. 5 = 6

3-33 : N = 10. 5/ 3 = 3. 5 (4 ) : 46 = 24 : 15. 212 = 182. 4m 2 > 160m 2 77

3, : 15. 212-3 2. 53. 0 = 160m 2 4. 3-18, 1 : q = k100 H = 0. 42 10 = 1. 33L/ s = 80( L/ min ) ; q= k100 H : Q = qi + Qi - 1 ( L/ s) ( ) i : hg = A LQ 2 ( MPa) : Q2 = Q1 H2/ H1 3-18 / MPa q / ( L/ s ) Q / ( L/ s ) D N / mm / ( MPa/ m ) i L L / m L D / m L h g / MPa / m 1 0. 100 1. 33 1 2 1. 33 25 0. 00773 2. 5 D25 90 + D32 25 = 0. 6 + 0. 2 = 0. 8 3. 30 0. 026 2 0. 126 1. 49 2 3 2. 82 32 0. 00746 2. 5 D32 = 1. 8 4. 30 0. 032 3 0. 158 1. 67 3 4 4. 49 32 0. 0189 1. 35 D32 + D32 70 = 1. 8 + 0. 32 = 2. 4 3. 75 0. 071 4 0. 229 a4 4. 49 4 5 8. 98 70 0. 00234 3. 0 D70 100 = 0. 6 2 = 1. 2 4. 2 0. 010 5 0. 239 b5 c5 4. 59 5 6 18. 16 100 0. 00099 3. 0 D100 = 6. 1 9. 1 0. 009 6 0. 248 d6 e6 4. 67 6 7 27. 50 100 0. 00227 3. 0 D100 = 6. 1 9. 1 0. 021 7 0. 269 f7 78

q / MPa / ( L/ s ) D N i Q / mm / ( MPa/ m ) / ( L/ s ) L L / m L D / m L h g / MPa / m 7 8 32. 37 100 0. 00314 19. 5 D100 + D10090 32. 3 0. 102 + D100 + D100 + D100 150 = 6. 1 + 3. 1 + 0. 6 + 0. 6 + 21. 2 = 12. 8 8 32. 37 150 0. 00314 43. 0 D100 = 0. 6 43. 6 0. 016 0. 387 32. 37 150 0. 00314 0. 009 32. 37 150 0. 00314 6. 6 + D125150 2 79. 3 0. 028 34. 0 D150 + 2 D15090 + 2 D150 + D150 = 1. 3 + 9. 2 2 + 3. 7 2 + 0. 9 2 + 9. 8 = 38. 7 5. 3-17 K0, 2-32 3-19 3-19 D/ mm Q/ ( L/ s ) K 0 V = K 0 Q/ ( m/ s ) 12 25 1. 33 1. 833 2. 44 23 32 2. 82 1. 05 2. 96 34 32 4. 49 1. 05 4. 71 45 70 8. 98 0. 283 2. 54 56 100 18. 16 0. 115 2. 09 68 100 27. 50 0. 115 3. 16 8 150 32. 37 0. 053 1. 71 6. (1) 3-18, Q = 32. 37L/ s = 1942. 2L/ min, 160m 2, : 1942. 2/ 160 = 12. 14L/ ( minm 2 ) > 8L/ ( minm 2 ), (2 ) 4 3-33, 4 3-34,, R = 3 2 + 2. 7 2 2 3-34, = 2. 02 m F = (3. 0 + 22. 02) ( 2. 7 + 2 2. 02 ) = 47. 45 m 2, F3 = 1. 92m 2 3-34 4 79

F2 = 3. 02. 02-1 2 S + F3 = 3. 02. 02-1 2 3. 142. 022 + 1. 92 = 1. 57m 2 F1 = RR - 1 4 S = 2. 022. 02-1 4 3. 142. 022 = 0. 88m 2 4 Sm a x Sm a x = F - 4 F1-4 F2 = 47. 45-40. 88-41. 57 = 37. 65m 2 4 41. 33 = 5. 32L/ s ( 320L/ min ), 4 320 Sm ax = 320 37. 65 = 8. 5L/ ( minm2 ), [ 8L/ ( minm 2 ) ] 85%, HP 7. Qb Hp = 32. 37L/ s = 0. 100M Pa Hpi = 48. 35m hl = 0. 424M Pa ( 3-18 ) Hb = 0. 100 + 0. 424 + 0. 4835 = 1. 0075MPa DA1-125-6 2, Q = 2535L/ s, = 13890m, n = 2950, = 75 % 73 %, 55k W 8., 14 55. 90-50. 70 + 0. 80 = 6. 00m, 0. 10MPa,,,, 5 30s, V s = 530 = 150L = 0. 15m 3, V0 = V s 1 - = 0. 15 1. 05 1-0. 70 = 0. 53m3 SQL8000. 6, ( ) 9. ( GB 5004595 ), 1015 L/ s, 30L/ s, 2, SQB150 10., ( ) 80,

3-35, 3-36 3-35 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 3-36 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16,,,,, 3-37 81

3-37,,, ; ; 3-20, 3-20 / m / m 8 9 12 100m 2 60m 2 2t 3000 1500 2000 82

400m 2 500m 2 1.,,,,,,,, (1 ) 3-38 ABC, A, B, C, ABC, AC C 3mm, B,,, C A,,, 3-38, C, 3mm, C,,,, 3-21 3-21 / mm D N65 D N100 D N150 / ms / s 0. 138 MPa 301 221 236 0. 5 MPa 132 108 148 0. 138 MPa 7. 68 0. 5 MPa 5. 52 20. 60 51. 94 83

/ mm D N65 D N100 D N150 8. 01 8. 04 7. 49 / nm 2 5 4 / MPa 3. 5 2. 0 2. 2 / mm 36 44 52, C, BC,,,,, (2 ) 3-39,,,,,, 3-39 (3 ) 3-40 AB,, C, C, AC,, C,,,,,,,,, (4 ) ZSY/ SL-02 3-41,, ZSY/ SL- 02,,, 84

3-40 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 3-41 ZSY/ SL-02,,,, 3-22 3-22 D N50 D N60 D N80 D N100 D N150 D N200 / M Pa 0. 040 0. 040 0. 040 0. 035 0. 035 0. 035 / M Pa 1. 2 / M Pa 2. 4 GB 9113.388 ( 5 ) ZSFW ZSFW,, 85

,, ZSFW ZSFW-32ZSFW-40ZSFW-50 ZSFW-65, 4. 5m/ s, 0. 02M Pa 2. (1 ), 3-42 3-42 (2 ), 3-43 3. (1 ), 86

3-43, 25kgf,, 3-44,,,,,,, 3-44 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 72 3-23 3-23 / / / / 72 38 100 65 141 107 25 kgf, 87

25mm,,, 1/ 4, 0. 005, ;, (2 ) 3-45 3-45 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 3m, 150mm 25mm, 15mm, 0. 005 (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,, ( ), 1.,, 3-46 50mm,, 2. > 65mm,,,, 3-47 88

3-46 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 3-47 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 3. ( ),,,, ( ), 4,,,,,,,,,, 3-48 3-49 3-48 3-49 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ) 3, 2 89

1., 3-50,,, ;, 3-50, 0. 08m, 3-51 3-24 3-51 3-24 L/ m h/ m L/ m h/ m L < 0. 30 0. 00 0. 30L < 0. 60 0. 025 0. 60L < 0. 75 0. 05 0. 75L < 0. 90 0. 075 0. 90L < 1. 05 0. 10 1. 05L < 1. 20 0. 15 1. 20L < 1. 35 0. 175 1. 35L < 1. 50 0. 225 1. 50L < 1. 65 0. 275 1. 65L < 1. 80 0. 35 0. 05M Pa 2.,,, 240m 2,, 4 ( ), 6, 6, 3-52 1. 3-5 3-6 3-5 90

3-52,,,,, ( 10min ), 1h 2. d = 25mm, d = 15mm 3., ( 3-14) Q = F 200g H ( 3-14) Q, m 3 / s;, 0. 7; F, m 2 ; g, 9. 8m/ s 2 ; H, M Pa 0. 05M Pa 4.,,, 4 3-5 3-25 91

3-25 / mm / mm D N65 h = 0.048 Q 2 h = 0.0371 Q 2 D N150 h = 0.0014 Q2 h = 0.0012 Q2 D N100 h = 0.00634 Q 2 h = 0.00664 Q 2 : Q L/ s, h 10 4 Pa,,,,, ;,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 2. ( )( ), 3-53,,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 92

3-53 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 1500, 2000 800, ; 15m ()8m () () 15 m ( )8m ( ),, ( ) 1.,,, 6mm8mm10mm ; 12. 7mm16mm19mm 93

, 3-54 ( a), ( b), 3-56 ( d),,,,,,,, 3-54 (c) 3-54 2., (1 ) 6 m,, 3-55 ;,, 3-56 3-26 3-55 : K = 61, p = 0. 10M Pa 3-56 : K = 61, p = 0. 10 MPa 94

3-26 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) / K 61 80 / M Pa 0.10 0.10 / ( L/ min) 61 80 / [ L/ (minm)] 2 2 / m 2. 5 3. 0 / m 1. 05 1. 40 3m 2,,,, (2 ),,,, 50mm,, 3-57, 10mm 3-57 200mm, 3-58, 3-27 3-58 3-27 / m 2. 5 2. 53. 5 > 3.5 / mm 12. 7 16 12. 7 16 / 1 1 2. 5 m 3. 5m :,, 0. 5 L/ s 95

( ),,,,,, 2,,,,, 72 3-28 3-28 / mm / / mm 20 25 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 6 1 3 5 6 8 1 2 4 5 10 1 2 3 4 12, 7 1 2 2 3 8( 10) 14 ( 10 ) 21 ( 36 ) 36 ( 72 ) 16 1 2 4 12 12 22 ( 26 ) 34 ( 45 ) 50 (72 ) 19 l 9 9 16 ( 18 ) 24 ( 32 ) 35 (52 ) : 1. 0. 05M Pa 5m/ s 2. 10m/ s ( ),,,, (1 ),,,, 3-59 (2 ),, 3-60,,,,, (3 ),, ( ), 0. 5L/ s 3m 2,, 1L/ s 3m 2, 2L/ s 96

3-59 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 1. Q, L/ s; q, L/ ( sm ) ; L, m 2. ( 3-16) 3-60 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 Q = ql ( 3-15) q= K 10 P ( 3-16) q, L/ s; P, MPa ; K 3.,, 0. 05M Pa,, 0. 10MPa, 3m/ s, 5m/ s, 4.,,, 0. 10M Pa, ( 3-17) H = H1 + H2 + H3 + h g ( 3-17) H, H1, M Pa; M Pa; 97

H2, M Pa; H3, M Pa, 3-25 ; hg, M Pa, - - -, 3 ; ;, B,, ;,,,, -,, ;,,,, - ; - -, -, -, -, -,, -,, A, B, C -, 2 3, - -,, -, --,,, 3-61 - 98

3-61 - - -, A B C -,,,, -,, -, - - 1. - - 3-5, 4L/ s, 3min 4L/ s 10min -, 3-5 3-7, 10min, 99

8L/ ( minm 2 ), 10min,, 310m;, -,,,, 6. 5L/ ( minm 2 ) ; 10min, ( ), E 7min, 60min, 465 m 2, 9. 3m 2, 3. 7m, 121149, 5777 2. - -, ( 3-18) VF, L ; Q, L/ min; V F = K QB T ( 3-18) B, 3% 6%,,, 3%, 6% ; T, 10min, 7min; K, K = 1. 31. 6 -,, 4L/ s, 3min,,,, 10m, 4L/ s, 100

1301 1301,, CBr F3,,,,, 1301,, (),,,,, ; ;,, ;, 2010 ( ) [ 1994 ] 094 [1999] 031 [ 2001 ] 217 1301,,,,,, ( ) 101

,, a. 100 ( UPS ) ; b. 1 ; ; c. 2 6 d. ; e. 140m 2 ( ) ; f.,, 1. 1301,,,,, 2. 1301, 1301 1301,,,,,,, 102

,,,, 4-1 4-1 1301 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,, 103

,,, 1 1301,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 1301, 2.,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 1301, 500m 2, 2000m 3, 100m 2, 300m 3 0. 50h ; 0. 25h, 1. 2kPa (),, 2/ 3,, 104

, ( 4-1 ) S, m 2 ; S = 0. 0262 1 QM m pb QM, kg/ s ; pb, kpa, ; m 101. 3kPa 20, 1301, (4-2) 0. 83 1 m = 0. 0083+ 1 ( 100 - ) (4-1) m 3 / kg, (4-2) m 101. 3kPa 20, 1301, m 3 / kg; 1301, % ; 1 1301, 0. 15915m 3 / kg, 2001, 1301, 1301 5. 0% 10 min, 15s,, 1min, 1301 10% 1301, ( 4-3 ) m a x m a x 1301, % ; Mec, Vmin, m 3 ; = M ec m a x 100% (4-3) Vm in kg; m a x 1301, m 3 / kg, ( 4-4 ) = ( 5.378810-9 H 2-1.197510-4 H + 1 ) n ( 0.14781 + 0.000567 ) (4-4), ; H, m; n; 300m n= - 1, 300m n= 1, - 300300m n = 0 1301, 1301 1., ( 4-5 ) 105

Md = Md, 100 - V min kg; 1301, % ; V, m 3 ; min 1301, 2. (4-5) m 3 / kg, ( 4-5 ) 1301,, 1301, 1301 ( 4-6 ) Mr 1301, Mr m = i = 1 kg; V i i (4-6 ) V i 1301, i, m 3 ; i 1301, i 1301, kg/ m 3, 1 50 %, 1301 20 1., 20 1301, a. b.,, 2. 50MPa c., 4. 20MPa 1301, 0. 005% 1301, 1125kg/ m 3, a. 50 % b. 80% a. 90% b.,, 106 a.,

60% b., 60%, 2. (1 ), ( 4-7 ) D, mm; D = 15 qm 1301, kg/ s ; ( 4-8 ) 4-2 Dm ax, qm (4-7) 0. 475 Dm a x 21. 5 qm (4-8) mm 4-2 (2 ), ( 4-9 ) qs m = M s d td qs m, kg/ s; Ms d 1301, td, s (3 ), ( 4-10) pn, pc, kpa, ; kpa, ; kg; pl, kpa ; ph, kpa (4 ) ( 4-11) Ce = Ce, % ; V pi, m 3 ; (4-9) pn = pc - pl - ph ( 4-10) n i = 1 V pi M0 100% (4-11 ) 107

pi 1301, kg/ m 3 ; M0 1301, kg (5 ), ( 4-12) (4-13 ) 2. 50M Pa, C e = n 1229-0. 07 0 M0 V pi i = 1 + 32 + 0. 3 0 4. 20M Pa, C e = M0 n 1123-0. 04 0 V pi i = 1 C e, % ; 0 1301, kg/ m 3 ; n V pi, i = 1 + 80 + 0. 3 0 m 3 100% ( 4-12) 100% (4-13 ) (6 ),, 3% (7 ) 1301 (4-14 ) pc, M Pa, ; K1 K2 K3, 4-1 / MPa, / ( kg/ m 3 ) pc = K1 - K2 Ce + K3 C 2 e ( 4-14) 4-1 K 1 K 2 K 3 K 1 K 2 K 3 / MPa, 4. 20 600 3. 505 1. 3313 0. 2656 4. 20 800 3. 250 1. 5125 0. 2815 4. 20 1000 3. 010 1. 6563 0. 3281 4. 20 1200 2. 765 1. 7125 0. 3438 / ( kg/ m 3 ) K 1 K 2 K 3 2. 50 600 2. 205 0. 6375-0. 1250 2. 50 800 2. 115 0. 7438-0. 1094 2. 50 1000 2. 010 0. 8438-0. 0781 2. 50 1200 1. 920 0. 9313-0. 0781 (8 ), 1301 YZ, ( 4-15) D, mm; q - 2 m = 2. 42410-8 D 5. 25 Y 1. 25 L + 0. 0432 D Z L, m; qm 1301, kg/ s YZ 1301, ( 4-15) (4-16 ), 2 108 Y = - p ( 4-15) d p (4-16 ) p s Z = - ln s ( 4-17 )

Y, M Pakg/ m 3 ; Z; ps, M Pa; p, M Pa; s ps 1301, kg/ m 3 ; p 1301, kg/ m 3, ( 4-18) Y 2 = Y 1 + lq2 pm K i qpm 1301, kg/ s ; l, m; Y1 Y, MPakg/ m 3 ; Y2 Y, MPakg/ m 3 ; Z1 Z ; Z2 Z ; K i, : K i = 2. 42410-8 D 5. 25 ; Kt, : Kt = 1. 782106 D 4 + Kt q 2 p m ( Z2 - Z1 ) ( 4-18) (9 ), 3 ( ), 4 (10), (4-19 ) Ph = 10-3 bh gn ( 4-19) H,, ; b 1301, ( ) kg/ m 3 1301,, 440kg, 1000 kg/ m 3, 4. 2MPa, 4-3,, 440kg, 10 s (1 ) QA-B = 4kg/ s QB- E QE- F = 16 kg/ s = 8kg/ s QF -G = 4kg/ s (2 ) D = 15 (3 ) Vp 0. 475 qm Dm a x 21. 5 qm, Vp= 8. 4 0. 572 10-3 + 4. 8 1. 320 10-3 + 21. 5 3. 420 10-3 + 4 0. 5 0. 57210-3 = 0. 08581m 3 (4 ) ( ) LA-B = 6. 34m () LB-C = 37. 9m ( ) 109

LC-D LD- E = 8. 5m () 4-3 = 6. 9m ( ) (5 ) C e = M0 n 1123-0. 04 0 Vp i i = 1 + 80 + 0. 3 0 (6 ) 100% = 1123-0. 04 1000 40 4 0. 08581 + 80 + 0. 3 1000 100 % = 48. 2% 4. 2MPa1000kg/ m 3 4-1, Pc = K1 - K2 Ce + K3 C 2 e = 3. 010-1. 65630. 442 + 0. 32810. 442 2 = 2. 34MPa (7 ) 3, p A-B = 0. 02M Pa/ m p B- C = 0. 003M Pa/ m p C-D = 0. 008M Pa/ m p D- E = 0. 02MPa/ m, 4 1. 67, 110 p A-B = 0. 021. 67 = 0. 0334M Pa/ m p B- C = 0. 0031. 67 = 0. 00501M Pa/ m p C-D = 0. 0081. 67 = 0. 01336MPa/ m p D- E = 0. 021. 67 = 0. 0334MPa/ m (8 ) A-B PB p A- B = p A-B LA-B = 0. 03346. 34 = 0. 2MPa 2. 34M Pa 1000 kg/ m 3, 1, 1301

1204 kg/ m 3, H 1m, ph = 10-3 bh gn = 10-3 120419. 81 = 11. 8kPa pb = 2. 34-0. 2 + 0. 01 = 2. 15MPa (9 ) B-C pc p B- C = p B-C L B-C = 0. 0050137. 9 = 0. 1899M Pa 2. 15M Pa 1000 kg/ m 3, 3, 1301 1085 kg/ m 3, H 5m, pc ph = 10-3 bh gn = 2. 15-0. 1899-0. 0532 = 1. 91M Pa = 10-3 108559. 81 = 53. 2kPa (10) C-D pd pd = pc - p C-D LC-D = 1. 91-0. 013368. 5 = 1. 80MPa (11) D-E pe pe = pd - p D- E LD- E = 1. 80-0. 03346. 9 = 1. 57M Pa 1. 57M Pa 1. 17MPa,, ( ),,, Office Excel, 1301,, 440kg, 1000 kg/ m 3, 4. 2MPa, 4-4,, 440kg, 10 s 4-4, 4-2, 111

1., : B4, A-B, C4 = 15 * B4^0. 5,, C13, D4 = B4^0. 475 * 21. 5, C4 D4, E4, F4, G4G13, H4 = 3. 14 * F4^2 * G4/ 40000, H14 = SUM ( H4: H13 ) + H8 + 3 * H9 + H13, M15 1000kg/ m 3, I15 = ( 1123-0. 04 * M15 )/ (B5 * 10/ H14 + 0. 3 * M15 + 80 ) 80%, I4I13 H16 = 3. 01-1. 6563 * I15 + 0. 3281 * I15^2 ; K16 = H16/ 2 2. B21 = B4, C21 = E4, C21 D21,, 30, D21 = I4, B21 G21 = 2. 424 * 10^ - 8 * C21^5. 25,, G30, ki,, H21 = 1. 782 * 10^6 * C21^ - 4, kj J21 = H16, 2 2. 29M Pa Y A ZA K21J21, M21 = K21 + D21 * B21^2/ G21, Y A ZA YB, 2 Y B ZB N21, O21 = M21 + H21 * B21^2 * ( N21 - L21 ), YB, PB 2. 03, P21 PB F21, I22 = 10^ - 6 * 9. 81 * F21 * E21, Ph J22 = P21,, PC J24J28 = P22 + I22,, PD PG J25 = P24,, PE PF PC 2 F28, C- D, J29 = P28 + I28,, PH PI 10, 1. 66MPa 1. 11M Pa,,,,,,,,,, 113

ki kj,,, 114

,,,,,,, ( ) 2t/ h,, 500m 3, 5-1,,, 45, ( ),, 5-2 115

5-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 5-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 5-3 5-3 ( p0. 4910 6 M Pa),,, 0. 6MPa 60m ( ) 60m,, 116

,,, 35%, 0. 35m 3 ( 5-1 ) W = 0. 284 V (5-1) W, kg; V, m 3,,,,, 3min, 3min,, 5-1 5-1 / [ kg/ ( sm 3 ) ] ( < 150 m 3 ) ( > 150m 3 ) 0. 0015 0. 002 0. 003 0. 005 1., 5-1 5-1 / m 3 / / mm / [ kg/ ( sm 3 ) ] 0. 0015 0. 002 0. 003 0. 005 < 25 1 20 20 25 32 25 150 1 25 25 32 40 150 450 1 32 32 40 70 450 850 2 32 32 40 70 850 1700 2 32 40 70 70 1700 3850 3 40 40 70 70 3850 5400 4 40 40 70 70 2., 5-3 5-3 / m 3 / mm / [ kg/ ( sm 3 ) ] 0. 0015 0. 002 0. 003 0. 005 / m 3 / mm / [ kg/ ( sm 3 ) ] 0. 0015 0. 002 0. 003 0. 005 < 25 20 20 25 32 25 150 25 25 32 40 150 450 32 32 50 70 450 850 50 50 70 100 8501700 50 70 70 100 1700 3850 70 70 80 125 3850 5400 70 80 100 150 117

, 1.,, ( ), 200300mm 100mm,, 3 5mm, 30 80 mm,,,,, 2.,,, 1m, 3. 20mm; 1520mm, 4 : 5000m 3, 80mm; 1000500m 3, 50mm; 1000m 3, 40 mm 4., 0. 003,, 118

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 20 60, (), 119

1. ( ),,, 20 60,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :, ;, 500m 3 200m 3, ( GBJ 7484),,, 6-1, 120 6-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7

,,,,,, 6-2,,,,,,,,,, 6-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 2. 5 ; 6 ; 7,,,,, 6-3,,,,, ;,, ( ), 3. ( ),, 6-4,,,,,,,, : 500m 3 200 m 3, 7m ; 200m 3 121

100m 3 5 m ; ;, 6-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 6-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 4.,, 25mm 20200 20 50, 20,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,,, 1. :,, ;, 122 B

100m 3 B, ;, 2. B 100m 2 B : 200m 3,, 2001000, 20 50,,, 20 60,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 123

,,,,, 3,, 3,, 1.,,,,, (1 ), 6-5,,, 6-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 6 ; (2 ), 6-6,, 124 2.

6-6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 P H F ; 12 ; 13,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, B 125

, 20,, 4., ( ),,, 1. 6-1 6-1 / m P Q8 / / min < 23 1 10 23 33 2 20 ( GB 5015192) > 33 3 30,, 2. (1 ), Q = Q1 + Q2 (6-1) Q, L/ min ; Q1, L/ min ; ( 6-2 ) Q2, L/ min; ( 6-3 ) ( 6-1 ) Q1 (6-2) Q1 = F I (6-2) F, m; ; I, L/ ( minm 2 ) ; 6-2 126

6-2 / [ L/ ( min m 2 ) ] / min ( GB 5015192 ) 6. 0 8. 0 40 6. 0 8. 0 30 12 30 12 25 :, ( 6-1 ) Q2 ( 6-3 ) Q2 = n2 q2 (6-3) n2, 6-3; q2 P Q8, L/ min; n1, (6-4) n1 = Q 1 q1 (6-4) q1, L/ min, 0. 5M Pa,, PC4, 4L/ s ( 240 L/ min ) 0. 5MPa ( 0. 30. 6M Pa ), ( 6-5 ) q1 = K1 p (6-5) K1, ; p, M Pa 6-4 6-3 6-4 / m P Q8 / / min < 23 1 10 23 33 2 20 > 33 3 30 / m < 10 10 20 21 25 26 35 / 1 2 3 4 (6-4) Q1 (6-1 ) Q2 (6-6) Q2 = n2 q2 (6-6) n2 P Q8 ; q2 P Q8, L/ min (2 ) ( 6-7 ) WP = 0. 06W = 0. 06( W 1 + W 2 + W G ) (6-7) WP, m 3 ; W, m 3 W = W 1 + W2 + W G ( 6-8 ) ( 6-9 ) ( 6-10) ; 0. 06 W 1 = Q 1 t1 1000 (6-8) 127

W1, m 3 ; t1, min W 2 = Q2 t2 1000 W2, m 3 ; t2, min (6-9) W G W G, m 3 ; d, m; L, m = d2 4 L ( 6-10) (3 ),, Ws, m 3 ; W, m 3 ; Ws = W (1 - b% ) ( 6-11) b, 6%,,, (4 ),, ; 25%,, Q, D 3m/ s 6-5 6-5 / ( L/ s) / mm / ( L/ s) / mm P C4 4 65 PC16 16 100 P C8 8 80 PC24 24 150 (GBJ 5015192 ), 3m,,,,,, 3m/ s, (5 ) ( 6-12) H = h0 + 0. 01( h + h+ Z) ( 6-12) 128

H, M Pa; h0, M Pa; h, h, M Pa; Z, 3., ( F) ( I) M Pa; m, MPa 1. 0m,, 0. 9m, 0. 25m,, 12mm8mm 0. 55m, 0. 5 m 4., (1 ) ( 6-2 ), 6-2 ( 6-4 ), ( 6-13) q2 = K2 p ( 6-13) K2, p, M Pa; 0. 61. 0 MPa (2 ) Q1 N ( 3 ), QP L, L/ s ( 6-15) QP L = Q1 N ( 6-14) D = 4QP L v ( 6-15) v, m/ s; 3m/ s 6-6 6-7 6-6 6-7 / m / / mm / mm < 23 1 100 12. 920 250 0. 210 23 33 2 150 2. 140 300 0. 111 > 33 3 200 0. 555 350 0. 070,, 45, 10 1, ;, (3 ) ( 6-16) 1. 72 h = CQP L ( 6-16) 129

h, Pa/ 10m; C6-7 ; QP L, L/ s 6-7 ( 6-17) H3, H3 = hlg ( 6-17) Pa; LG,,, 0. 002 ;, 5. (1 ) ( 6-18) QL, L/ min ; I, (2 ) ( 6-19) QL = I S ( 6-18) L/ ( minm 2 ) N = Q L N ; ql, L/ min, (3 ) ( 6-20) ql ( 6-19) = Q B 6% ( 6-20) ql N ; QB, L/ min; 6%, 3% 6%, 6 % ; N (4 ) Q = K1 N ( 6-21) 130

Q ; K1 1. 15; N P = K2 ( PB + P1 ) ( 6-22) P, M Pa; PB, M Pa; P1 ; K2 1. 5 (5 ), 3m/ s, ( GBJ 8485),, 6., :, ; 30 m,, 5min,, 2500m 3, 500m 3 1000m 3, 100m 3 6-1 1000m 3, : 11. 58m, 10. 58m6 %,, 6-8 (1 ) 6-8 131

(2 ) 11. 582 Q = Q1 = F I = 6 = 631. 6L/ min 4 n1 = Q 1 (3 ) q1 q1 = 631. 6 900 = 0. 7, 1, 0. 7M Pa0. 175M Pa PCY900 900L/ min, (4 ) D = Q1= 1900L/ min = 15L/ s QP L = Q1 N = 153 = 45L/ s 4 QP L v = 40. 045 3. 143 = 0. 14m D = 150mm, 1 1. (1 ), Q1, ( 6-23) Q1, Q1 = IF ( 6-23) L/ min; I, 4L/ ( minm 2 ), B ; F, m 2 ; n1, (6-24 ) n1 = Q1 q1, q1 ( 6-24) L/ s,,, 6-8 6-8 / ( L/ s) / m PZ-1. 5 PZ-3 1. 5 3 20 40, 6-9, 500m 3 ; 500m 3 ( ),,, 6-10 132

6-9 6-10 n1, Q1, ( 6-25) Q1, L/ s ; n1; Q1 = n1q1 ( 6-25) q1, L/ s ; Q2 :,,,,,, :,, 6-9 6-9 / m / / min 15 PZS-3 1 7. 5 > 15 PZS-3 2 15 Q2, L/ s ; n2 ; Q2 = n2 q2 ( 6-26) q2, L/ s ; 133

,,, PZ5 PZ5A PZS-3 Q, (6-27 ) Q, L/ s; Q1, L/ s; Q2, Q = Q1 + Q2 ( 6-27) L/ s (2 ),, W D, (6-28 ) WD, L ; Q1, L/ s; t, min, 6-10 ; W D = Q1 t K ( 6-28) K 6% 0. 08 WG, (6-29) W G = 1000 d2 4 L K ( 6-29) W G, L ; d, m; L, m W P, (6-30 ) WP = W D + W G ( 6-30) WP ; W D, L ; W G, L ;, ( 6-31) WL = Q2 tk ( 6-31) WL, L ; t, min; 6-10; K 6-10 / min 15 B, 100 m 2 B 10 : B, 134

,,, ( 6-32) WP, L ; W D, L ; WP = W D + W G + W L ( 6-32) W G, L ; W L, L, (3 ) WS, ( 6-33) WS = 1 - K W P ( 6-33) K WS, L ; K 6% 0. 08; WP, L (4 ),, 20%, 8% P H, (5 ), 5m/ s; 10m/ s; : ( ), ; 1. 2MPa ;, ;, 3, 2 6-11 ;,,,, 0. 003,,,, 6-11 PZ6 PZ6 PZ3 PZ1. 5 2 1 1 1 / mm 80 65 50 32 (6 ) (7 ) 2.,, (1 ) Qh ( 6-34) 135

R, m 3 / min; R = ZS ( 6-34) Z, m/ min, 0. 3, B ; S, m 2 n, (6-35) n = R rz rz, Qh ( L/ min), ( 6-36) m 3 / min, ( 6-35) Qh = nqh ( 6-36) qh, L/ min, ; n (2 ) Qp ( L/ min), ( 6-37) Qp = K Qh ( 6-37) K 3% 6 %, 0. 03 0. 06 W p t, (3 ) Qs ( L), ( 6-38) W p = Qp t ( 6-38) min, 12min ( L/ min), ( 6-39) W s ( L), (6-40 ) (4 ) Qs = Qh ( 1 - K ) ( 6-39) W s = Qs t ( 6-40),,, (5 ) (6 ),,,,, 6-2 1000 m 3, 11. 5m, 10. 58m, 105. 32m 2, 36. 38m 136, 6%

6-11 (1 ) Q1, PZ-3, 3L/ s n1 = Q 1 q1 = 7. 02 3 6-11 = IF = 4105. 32 = 421. 28L/ min = 7. 02L/ s 0. 3M Pa, = 2. 34, 3 PZ-3, Q1 = 33 = 9L/ s (2 ) Q2 = n2 q2 = 13 = 3L/ s Q = Q1 + Q2 W D = 9 + 3 = 12L/ s = Q1 tk = 915600. 08 = 648L W G : Q = 12L/ s, D N80 ( d1 = 81mm ), L1 = 200mm; : Q = 3L/ s, D N50 ( d2 = 53mm), = 75m W G = d2 1 4 L 1 + d2 2 4 L 3 1000K = 0. 0812 4 0. 0532 200 + 75 10000. 08 = 96L 4 WL, 1m 3 = Q2 tk = 37. 5600. 08 = 108L WP = WD + W G + WL = 648 + 96 + 108 = 852L = 0. 852 m 3 137

(3 ) Q = 12L/ s,, 2 P H32 ( ) (4 ) : Q = 1. 112 = 13. 2L/ s; : H = h0 + 0. 01 (h + h+ Z) : h0 0. 3M Pa; h, : Q = 12L/ s, D N80, v = 2. 42m/ s, i = 0. 168, L = 200m : Q = 3L/ s, D N50, v = 1. 41m/ s, i = 0. 0998, L = 25m 20%, h = 1. 2 ( 2000. 168 + 25 0. 0998 ) = 43. 32m; h0. 5 m ( ) ; Z, 15m (5 ) WS, H = 0. 3 + 0. 01 (43. 32 + 0. 5 + 15) = 0. 888MPa WS = 1 - K K 1-0. 08 WP = 0. 852 = 9. 8m3 0. 08 1. 159. 8 = 11. 27m 3, 12m 3,,,,,, A, 60min;, 30min,, A B,, 1. (1 ), ( 6-41) R, 138 T, R = m 3 / min; min, 6-12 ; CN, 1. 15; CL, 1. 051. 2; v T + R S CN CL ( 6-41) RS, m 3 / min,, RS = 0 ;, (6-42) RS = Rs Qr ( 6-42) Rs, 0. 0748 ( m 3 / min), L/ min; Qr, L/ min;

v, S, m 2 ; m 3 (6-43 ) v = S H - Vg ( 6-43) Vg, m 3 ; H, m A, 1. 1, 0. 6m; B, 2m B, 6-12 T/ min 40 2 3 40 3 4 ( ) 3 4 5 7 (2 ) ( 6-44) N, ; r, R, N= R/ r ( 6-44) m 3 / min m 3 / min, ;,,, (3 ) Qh ( 6-45) Qh, Qh = Nq L ( 6-45) L/ min; N, ; q L, 2. (1 ) Qp (6-46 ) Qp, L/ min Qp = K Qh ( 6-46) L/ min; K, 3% ; Qh Qh, (2 ) W p (6-47 ) L/ min W p = Qp t ( 6-47) 139

W p, L ; t, min ; Qp, L/ min,,, 0. 5t,, 5% 10%, 2t, 3. (1 ) ( 6-48) Qs, Qs = Qh ( 1 - K ) ( 6-48) L/ min; K, 3% ; Qh Qh, (2 ) ( 6-49) Ws, L ; Qs, L/ min; L/ min t, min W s = Qs t ( 6-49), 5% 10%, 1. 15 538 4.,,,, 5., 5m/ s, 10m/ s 1. 2MPa, 140

6.,,,,,,,,,,, 1., 6-12,,,,,,,,, 6-12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,,, 141

P H 6-13 6-13 PH P H32 P H48 P H64 / ( L/ s ) 4 8 16 24 32 16 24 32 48 16 32 48 64 / ( L/ s) 0. 24 0. 48 0. 96 1. 44 1. 92 0. 96 1. 44 1. 92 2. 88 0. 96 1. 92 2. 88 3. 84 / M Pa 0. 6 1. 4 / M Pa 00. 05 946,,,, 1m, 6-13 1. 1, 6% 6-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 2.,,, 6-14,,, P H Y P H YT P HJ, 6-14 6-15 P H Y P HJ 142

6-14 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 6-14 PHY P H Y32C P H Y48/ 55 P H Y64/ 76 P H Y72/ 30. C 0. 6 1. 2 0. 6 1. 2 0. 6 1. 2 0. 6 1. 2 3 % 6 % 6 % 3 % / ( L/ s ) 32 48 64 72 / % 33. 5 6 7 6 7 33. 5 / L 700 5500 7600 3000 / min 12 30 30 23 ( )/ t 0. 5 9 11 6 6-15 PHJ P H J60/ 100 P H J60/ 100 A P Hj120/ 150 P H J120/ 150 A / % 6 3 6 3 / ( L/ s ) 13. 3 10 20 200 / M Pa 0. 6 1. 2 / M Pa 1. 2 0. 51. 0M Pa, 0. 1MPa 3% 6% 10m 3 ;, 5m 3,,, 0. 5m 3, 3min 3., 143

, 6-15,,, 6-15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, P H X 6-16 6-16 PHX / ( L/ s ) / % / Pa / M Pa P H X2/ 50 200 P H X4/ 50 400 3 6 0. 8 1. 2 0. 5 P H X8/ 50 800 0. 61. 2M Pa 150900L/ min 35%,, 6-17 6-17 / < 20 20200 2011000 ( ),, 1., 6-18 144

6-18 / % / / 6 % 6 % Y E6 6 7 9 040 3 % Y E3 3 Y EF3 3 8. 6 Y EF6 6 8. 5 040 A F F F F F F P 1 3 6 3 6 6 10 2 4 KR765 67 6 040 Y E KJ 6 A 040 6 040 YEDF6 6,,, :,,, ( ),, 2.,,,, 6%, 8%, 40, 50 538 3.,, 6-19, 1. (1 ), 145

, 6-16 6-19 / % / 25 % / min Y E GZ3 A 3 600700 3 Y E GD3 3 600 5. 5 Y E GZ3B 3 850900 3 Y E GZ6 A( 6C) 6 600700 6 Y E GZ6B 6 850900 3 Y E GD6 6 665 7. 0 Y EG Z3D 3 590770 14. 5 Y EG Z6D 6 670880 14. 0 Y E G H6 6 510 6. 6 6-16 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,,,,,,, 6-20 PC PS 146 6-20 PC PS / MPa / ( L/ s) / PC4 P S4 0. 5 4 6 PC8 P S8 0. 5 8 6 PC16 P S16 0. 5 16 6 PC24 P S24 0. 5 24 6 P S32 0. 5 32 6

(2 ), 6-17 6-17 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,,,, PCY 6-21 6-21 PCY / ( L/ s) / MPa / MPa / 25 % / s PC Y450 450 PC Y450G 450 PC Y900 900 PC Y900G 900 0. 7 0. 175 2. 54 > 180 PC Y1350G 1350 PC Y1800G 1800 2.,,, ;,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, PF20 BGP-200 PF-20, BG P-200,,,,, 200800,,, PF4, PFS3 PFS4 P FS10 147

PF T4 5 PF4,,,, 0. 3MPa 3 % PFS3 PFS4 P FS10 PF4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 3,,, ;,, ;,, 2.,,,, 4,, -,,,, 1.,,, 6%,,,,,, 2.,, ;,,,, 148 3.,,

,, 4.,, 65mm, 5m,,,,,,,,, 149

,,,,,,,,, 7-1, 7-2,,,, 7-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15,,,,,,,,,,,, 150

7-2,,,,,,, ABCD, ( ) BC,, 151

,,, A,, ( ),, ( ) D,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, ;,,,,,, 2.,,, 3.,, ;,,,, 152,

; 1. B C, BC,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ), 2. ABC, ABC, D, 3. D, BC,,, 7-1 7-1 Y F B C G Y FG B C Y F J Y FJ B C A Y FA B C L YFL A B C Y F B C D,, 55, 40,,,,, ;,, 5 :, 153

;, ;, ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 15%,,, /,,,,, 154 ( ) 1.

,,,, 7-3, 9, 7-2 1. 22. 0M Pa 2.,,,, 20 s,,,, 7-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 7-2 / ( kg ) / kg 50 150 250 300 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 50 150 250 300 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 ( ),,,, 40 L 15MPa,, 60L 20MPa 1., 40L,,, 7-4, 1. 22. 0M Pa,, 2. 15M Pa, 20M Pa,,, 1. 22. 0M Pa,,,,,, ; 155

,,,,,,,,,,, 100% ( ), 15M Pa, 20M Pa, 2MPa,, ; ;, 7-5 7-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 7-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 7 9 1. 7-5 1315M Pa, 07. 5M Pa, 2. 1315 MPa 1. 22. 0M Pa,,,,,,, 2 0 s, 156

( ) 1. :, 7-6,, ;,, ;,,,, ;, ;,,, 7-6 2.,,,,,,, 7-3 7-3 QM FT P8 QM FT P10 QM F TP12 Q MF TP15 Q MF TP18 / mm 8 0. 16 10 0. 20 12 0. 24 15 0. 30 18 0. 36 / ( kg/ s) 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2. 0 / m 8. 0 9. 0 9. 0 10. 0 10. 0 / M Pa 1. 01. 6 1. 01. 6 1. 01. 6 1. 01. 6 1. 01. 6 ( ) 1.,,,,, 2.,,,, 3. ( ),,, 157

( ) ( ),,,,,,, 1. (1 ) ( ), 7-4,, 7-4 7-4 / ( kg/ m 3 ) / ( kg/ m 2 ) 0. 6 4. 5 0. 36 2. 7 0. 24 1. 8 ( 7-1 ) m1,, kg/ m 3 ; m1 V1, m 3 ; V2, m 3 ; = ( V1 - V2 ) + ba (7-1) b, kg/ m 2 ; A, m 2 (2 ),, 7-5 kg; 7-5 / ( kg/ m 2 ) 8. 8 5. 2 3. 6 ( 7-2 ) m2, 158 m2 = ( A1 - A2 ) (7-2) kg;

, kg/ m 2 ; A1, m 2 ; A2, m 2 (3 ),,,,, 2.,,, 7-6 7-6 / ( L/ kg ) 0. 80 1. 00 1. 25 ( 7-3 ) V, L ;, L/ k g; W, V = W (7-3) kg 3.,,,,,, ( 7-4 ) ( 7-5 ) ( 7-4 ) S= ( 7-5 ) S, mm; S, mm; S= P, M Pa; DB, ; mm; hb, B n PDB 2 [ ]- P + C (7-4) D B PDB 4 [ ]- P2 + C (7-5) hb mm; [ ] =, n, B ; C= C1 + C2, mm C, C= C1 + C2 + C3 mm; 159

C1 ; C2 ; C3, C3 = S 10,, 2,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2030L/ kg, 50L/ kg,, ( 7-6) Vq, L ; W, kg; vq, Vq = vq W + Vg (7-6) L/ kg; Vg, ( 7-7 ) n, ; Vq, L ; Up, L 1. n = Vq Up L (7-7),, 2030m/ s,,,,, 3,, 7-7 20,,, ;,, 2.,, 30%,,,,,,,,, 160

7-7 7-7,, 7-7, 45 7-7 / mm 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 / ( kg/ s ) 0. 3 0. 5 0. 9 1. 5 2. 5 3. 2 5. 7 9. 6 13. 5 18. 0 23. 5 35. 0 3.,,, 7-8,,,,,, 7-8 / mm 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 / m 1. 5 1. 8 2. 1 2. 4 2. 7 3. 0 3. 4 3. 7 4. 3 5 161

,,, 50 %,,,,,,,,,,, 1. ( ) ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) 1.,,, 2. 162

,,,,,, 3. 5. 17M Pa, CO2,,,,, 2. 07M Pa, 18,, 15M Pa, 2. 5MPa,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 2MPa, 2MPa, CO2,, 2. 2MPa 163

,,, 1. 8-1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8-1 2. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 164 1.

500m 2 ; 2000m 3 0. 50h, 0. 25 h, 1. 2kPa,, ;,, 3%,, 2. 25m 2, 50 m 2 ;, 50m 3, 100m 3 3m/ s,,, 150mm 3. - 20100,,,, 100,, 5 2% - 20, 1 2%,, 2/ 3,, ( 8-1 ) Ax = 0.0076 Qt pt (8-1) Ax, m 2 ; Qt, kg/ min; pt, Pa 1. 7, 34% 101kPa, 8-1 1min, 7min, 2min 30% 8-1 0. 5 min, 1. 5min 165

8-1 K b C/ % / min K b C/ % / min 1. 00 34 2. 57 66 115 # / 145 # 1. 06 36 1. 10 37 1. 26 41 1. 00 34 1-1. 10 37 3. 03 72 2. 43 64 1. 10 37 1. 10 37 1. 00 34 1. 22 40 1. 47 46 1. 22 40 ( ) 1. 34 43 1. 47 46 1. 60 49 1. 00 34 1. 80 53 1. 00 34 1. 03 35 1. 03 35 3. 30 75 1. 06 36 1. 06 36 1. 00 34 1. 00 34 JP-4 1. 06 36 1. 00 34 1. 00 34 1. 03 35 1. 22 40 1-1. 06 36 ( ) 1. 22 40 1. 18 39 1. 03 35 1. 03 35 1. 06 36 1. 06 36 1. 00 34 2. 25 62 20 2. 00 58 20 2. 25 62 20 ( ) 2. 00 58 20 1. 00 34 ( ) 1. 00 34 1. 50 47 10 2. 25 62 20 1. 50 47 10 1. 20 40 10 2. 00 58 2. 00 58 2. 25 62 20 1. 20 40 2. 00 58 ( ), (1 ) ( 8-2 ) M = Kb ( 0.2 A + 0.7V ) (8-2) M, kg; A, m 2, A = Av + 30 A0 ; Av, m 2 ; A0, m 2 ; Kb, 8-1; V, m 3, V = Vv - Vg ; Vg, m 3 ; Vv, m 3 (2 ) 100, 5 2%, - 20 166

, 12% (3 ) 8%, ( ), ;, 1.,,,, 45, 8-2 8-2 8-2 45 60 60 75 75 90 / m 0. 25 L b 0. 25 L b 0. 125 L b 0. 125 L b 0,,, ( 8-3 ) M = NQi t (8-3) M, N; kg; Qi, min; t, 2. min kg/,,, 0. 6 m (1 ) ( 8-4 ) 8-2 B 1, B 2 ; E 1, E 2 ; S, m ; L b, m; L p, m ;, ( ) qv = Kb 16-12 Ap At (8-4) qv, kg/ ( minm 3 ) ; 167

At, m 2 ; Ap, (2 ) ( 8-5 ) V1, m 3 m 2 M = V1 qv t (8-5),,, 1. 4, 1. 1 ( ) 1. Mc = Km M + Mv + Ms + Mr (8-6) Mv = Mg Cp ( T1 - T2 ) H (8-7) Mr = V i i ( ) (8-8) i = - 261.6718 + 545.9939 Pi - 114740 P 2 i - 230.9276 P 3 i + 122.4873 P 4 i (8-9) Mc, kg; Pi = P j - 1 2 + Pj ( 8-10) Km ; 1;, 1. 4, 1. 1; Mv, kg, 0; T2,, 15. 6, - 20. 6; H, kj/ kg; 150. 7kJ/ kg, 276. 3kJ/ kg; Ms, Mr, V i i, m 3 ; kg; kg, 0; i i, kg / m 3 ; Pi i, M Pa; Pj - 1 j, MPa ; Pj j, 2. MPa (1 ) ( 8-11) Np ;, kg/ L ; V0, Np L = M c V0 (2 ) (1 ) ( 8-12) Q = M t ( 8-11) ( 8-12) 168

Q, kg/ min (2 ) ( 8-13) Ng ; Qi, (3 ) ( 8-14) D, mm; N g Q = Qi ( 8-13) 1 kg/ min Kd, 1. 413. 78 D = Kd Q ( 8-14) (4 ) 8-3 / mm 90 / m 8-3 / m / m 90 / m / m / m 15 0. 52 0. 3 1. 04 0. 24 0. 21 0. 64 20 0. 67 0. 43 1. 37 0. 33 0. 27 0. 85 25 0. 85 0. 55 1. 74 0. 43 0. 34 1. 07 32 1. 13 0. 7 2. 29 0. 55 0. 46 1. 4 40 1. 31 0. 82 2. 65 0. 64 0. 52 1. 65 50 1. 68 1. 07 3. 42 0. 85 0. 67 2. 1 65 2. 01 1. 25 4. 09 1. 01 0. 82 2. 5 80 2. 50 1. 56 5. 06 1. 25 1. 01 3. 11 100 1. 65 1. 34 4. 09 125 2. 04 1. 68 5. 12 150 2. 47 2. 01 6. 16 (5 ) ( 8-13), 8-3 8-4 8-3 : 5. 17MPa, 169

8-4 : 2. 07 MPa, Q 2 = 0.872510-4 D 5.25 Y L + ( 0.04319 D 1.25 Z) ( 8-15) D, mm; L, m; Y, M Pakg/ m 3, 8-4 8-5; Z, 8-4 8-5 8-4 Y Z / M Pa Y/ ( MPakg/ m 3 ) Z / M Pa Y/ ( MPakg/ m 3 ) Z 5. 17 0 0 5. 10 55. 4 0. 0035 5. 05 97. 2 0. 600 5. 00 132. 5 0. 0825 4. 75 303. 7 0. 210 4. 50 461. 6 0. 330 4. 25 612. 9 0. 427 4. 00 725. 6 0. 570 3. 75 828. 3 0. 700 3. 50 927. 7 0. 830 3. 25 1005. 0 0. 950 3. 00 1082. 3 1. 086 2. 75 1150. 7 1. 240 2. 50 1219. 3 1. 430 2. 25 1250. 2 1. 620 2. 00 1285. 5 1. 840 1. 75 1318. 7 2. 140 1. 40 1340. 8 2. 590 8-5 Y Z / M Pa Y/ ( MPakg/ m 3 ) Z / M Pa Y/ ( MPakg/ m 3 ) Z 2. 07 0 0 2. 0 66. 5 0. 12 1. 9 150. 0 0. 295 1. 8 220. 1 0. 470 1. 7 279. 0 0. 645 1. 6 328. 5 0. 820 1. 5 369. 6 0. 994 1. 4 404. 5 1. 169 1. 3 433. 8 1. 344 1. 2 458. 4 1. 519 1. 1 478. 9 1. 693 1. 0 496. 2 1. 868 (6 ), 8-6, 170

8-6 / M Pa K h / ( M Pa/ m ) / M Pa K h / ( M Pa/ m ) 5. 17 0. 0080 2. 07 0. 0010 4. 83 0. 0068 1. 93 0. 0078 4. 48 0. 0058 1. 79 0. 0060 4. 14 0. 0049 1. 65 0. 0047 3. 79 0. 0040 1. 52 0. 0038 3. 45 0. 0034 1. 38 0. 0030 3. 10 0. 0028 1. 24 0. 0024 2. 76 0. 0024 1. 10 0. 0019 2. 41 0. 0019 1. 00 0. 0016 2. 07 0. 0016 1. 72 0. 0012 1. 40 0. 0010 (7 ), 60 s 30s(8-16 ) td = Mg cp ( T1 - T2 ) 0.507 Q + 16850 Vd Q ( 8-16) td, s; Mg, kg; cp, k J/ ( kg ) ; 0. 46kJ/ ( k g ) ; T1, ; ; T2, ; - 20. 6; V d, m 3 (8 ) ( ) 1. 4MPa, 1. 0MPa (9 ) ( 8-17) F, mm 2 ; q0, F = Q i q0 kg/ ( minmm 2 ), 8-7 ( 8-17) 8-7 / M Pa q 0 / [ kg/ ( minmm 2 ) ] / M Pa q 0 / [ kg/ ( minmm 2 ) ] 5. 17 3. 255 2. 07 2. 967 5. 00 2. 703 2. 00 2. 039 4. 83 2. 401 1. 93 1. 670 4. 65 2. 172 1. 86 1. 441 4. 48 1. 993 1. 79 1. 283 4. 31 1. 839 1. 72 1. 164 4. 14 1. 705 1. 65 1. 072 3. 96 1. 589 1. 59 0. 9913 171

/ M Pa q 0 / [ kg/ ( minmm 2 ) ] / M Pa q 0 / [ kg/ ( minmm 2 ) ] 3. 79 1. 487 1. 52 0. 9175 3. 62 1. 396 1. 45 0. 8507 3. 45 1. 308 1. 38 0. 7910 3. 28 1. 223 1. 31 0. 7368 3. 10 1. 139 1. 24 0. 6869 2. 93 1. 062 1. 17 0. 6412 2. 76 0. 9843 1. 10 0. 5990 2. 59 0. 9070 1. 00 0. 5400 2. 41 0. 8296 2. 24 0. 7593 2. 07 0. 6890 1. 72 0. 5484 1. 40 0. 4833 (10), 8-8 8-8 No. d/ mm F/ mm 2 No. d/ mm F/ mm 2 1 0. 79 0. 49 9 7. 14 40. 06 1. 5 1. 19 1. 11 9. 5 7. 54 44. 65 2 1. 59 1. 98 10 7. 94 49. 48 2. 5 1. 98 3. 09 11 8. 73 59. 87 3 2. 38 4. 45 12 9. 53 71. 29 3. 5 2. 78 6. 06 13 10. 32 83. 61 4 3. 18 7. 94 14 11. 11 96. 97 4. 5 3. 57 10. 00 15 11. 91 111. 29 5 3. 97 12. 39 16 12. 70 126. 71 5. 5 4. 37 14. 97 18 14. 29 160. 32 6 4. 76 17. 81 20 15. 88 197. 94 6. 5 5. 16 20. 90 22 17. 46 239. 48 7 5. 56 24. 26 24 19. 05 285. 03 7. 5 5. 95 27. 81 32 25. 04 506. 45 8 6. 35 31. 68 48 38. 40 1138. 71 8. 5 6. 75 35. 74 64 50. 80 2025. 80 : 0. 98 0. 79375mm 172

( ),,,,,,,,,, (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ), 60,,,,,, 1. 60 C ;, 173

40M W 90MW 125MW 2. 9-1 9-1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 174

3.,,,,,,,,, ( ), a.,,, b.,, 4. ( ),,,, 9-1, 9-2 9-1 175

9-2 1 ( ) 2 ( 13 mm ), 3, 4 (10 mm ) ( ) 5 ( 10 mm ) 6, 7 8 ( 40 mm ) 9 10 ( ), 11, 12 (10 mm ) ( ) 13 14, 15, ( ) 1.,, A B C, 9-2 A,,,, B C 176 9-2 0. 150. 50M Pa, 0. 40. 8mm, 0. 250. 80MPa, 0. 30. 4mm,

2., 1. 4, 1. 7, ( 9-1 ) R = Btan 2 (9-1) R, m; B, m;, ( ), 30456090120,,,,, 0. 7m,,, 1000m 3, 3. 6m,, 3. (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, ( ),,,,,, 177

( ),,, 100mm, ; 100mm,,,,, 60 s,,,,, 1., 9-3 9-3 / [ L/ ( minm 2 ) ] / h 15 1 60120 20 120 13 0. 5 20 6 0. 4 13 6 4 20m 4 6 20m 6 9 8 178

2. 9-4 9-4 / M Pa / s 0. 35 45 0. 2 60 300 3.,,,, 4. ( ),, 1. ( 9-2 ) q, L/ min; p, MPa ; K, q = K 10 p (9-2) 2. (9-3) N = SW q N; S, m 2 ; W, L/ ( minm 2 ) 3. ( 9-4 ) Qj = 1 n 60 i = 1 (9-3) qi (9-4) 179

Qj, L/ s; n ; qi, L/ min, Pi ( MPa), 4. ( 9-5 ) Qs, L/ s ; Qj, L/ s ; k, 1. 051. 10 5. Qs = kqj (9-5), 6. ( 9-6 ) hr, hr = Br Q 2 (9-6) M Pa; Br, ; Q, L/ s 7. ( 9-7 ) H = h+ h0 + Z 100 (9-7) H, M Pa; h, M Pa; h0, M Pa; Z,, Z, m 8.,,, 2, 20m/ s, 1. 0m 9-3,, 13, 9-5 180 9-3

9-5 D 1 = D 3 / mm 50 70 80 100 125 150 200 250 D 2 / mm 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 200 / mm 0. 6 1. 0 1. 0 1. 3 1. 7 1. 5 4. 5 4. 0 D 2 / mm 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 150 / mm 2. 1 3. 5 3. 5 5. 3 6. 0 5. 3 15. 8 14 D 2 / mm 25 32 40 50 70 80 100 125 / mm 5. 7 9. 5 9. 5 12. 4 16. 2 14. 3 42. 8 38 181

,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;,,,, 8m,,, ( ),,,,,, 182

,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 10-1, 10-1 2. 10-2, -,, ;, 183

, 10-2 3.,,,,,,, 10-3 10-1 10-2 10-1 / ( L/ s ) 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 150 180 200 / MPa 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 / MPa 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 / m 48 50 55 60 65 70 73 77 82 90 100 110 120 / ( ) 180 135 / ( ) 70 / mm 125 150 175 10-2 / ( L/ s ) 24 32 40 48 64 80 100 120 150 180 200 / MPa 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 / MPa 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 / m 40 45 52 60 65 70 75 80 90 100 105 / ( ) 180 135 / ( ) 70 6 / mm 125 150 175 25 % / min 2. 5 184

10-3 4.,, ; ;, 10-4 7-2 185

5. 10-4,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.,,, 50,, 220,,, -, 1.,,, 2.,,,, 186

, 10-5 (a),,,,,,,,,,, 10-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 187

,,, 10-5 ( b ),,,,,,, 10-5 (c),,,, 3., ( ),, ;, 10m 3,,, ;, ;, 1. 0kg/ L, 15M Pa,,,,,, 1. 5,,, 188,,,

300mm,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 10-6 -,,, 10-6 -,,,,,, 200 1. 4MPa 10. 95kN, 1. 6M Pa, 12. 5kN,,, 189

6L/ s ; ; 2. 5m;,, 30m,, 48h 5min, 2min,,,,,,,,,,,,, 190

1.,,, 90%,,, ( 10-1) Ds, m; Ds = Ds0 Ds0, m; Pe, MPa ; P0, MPa Pe P0 ( 10-1),, 2., (1 ) ( 10-2), 30L/ s Qs, L/ s ; Qs = qs0 Pe P0 ( 10-2) qs0, L/ s (2 ) 1. 0h; 2. 0h; (3 ), 40L/ s, 60 L/ s; ; 16L/ ( minm 2 ) (4 ) ; ( 10-3) F, m 2 ; F = 3 B L - f m a x ( 10-3) 191

B, m; L, m; fm a x, m 2 1.,, 90%,,, ( 10-4) Pe Dp = Dp0 P0 ( 10-4) Dp, m; Dp0, m; Pe, MPa ; P0, MPa,, 2.,, 1. 2 (1 ) ( 10-5), 48L/ s Pe Qp = qp0 P0 ( 10-5) Qp, L/ s ; qp0, L/ s ; (2 ) (3 ) ; ; ;, 90% 10-3 192

10-3 / ( kg/ m 2 ) / ( kg/ m 2 ) 8. 8 5. 2 3. 6 50% 60 s a., ; 1. 2 b. 2000 kg, 0. 005 %, 1. 4MPa1. 6MPa1. 8M Pa 20m 10m a. 10m20m, 50L b. 10m, 40L 1. ( 10-6) Q, L/ s; Q = Np Qp + Ns Qs + N m Qm ( 10-6) Np, ; Ns, ; Nm, ; Qp, L/ s; Qs, L/ s; Qm, L/ s 2. ( 10-7) H = 0. 00107 v2 d 1. 3 L + v2 2 g H, m H2 O ; L, m; v, m/ s; d, m; g, m/ s 2 ; 3. ( 10-8) P, m H2 O; Z, m ; ( 10-7) P = Z + H + Pe ( 10-8) 193

H, m H2 O; Pe ( ), m H2 O 1.,,,,,,,,,, 100m 1km 30m 2.,,,,,,,,,, 194

,,,, 1994, 2005, 2005 1211, 2010 1301, :, ( ODP 0. 05 ), (GMP0. 1 ), ; ; ;,, 10s ;,, FM200, H FC-227ea, CF3 CH FCF3 11-1 11-1 ( ODP ) 0 170. 03 / ( NO V AL ) ( LO A EL ) 3142 9 % 10. 5 % / - 16. 36 / - 131 (21 )/ ( kg/ cm 2 ) 4. 04 (21 )/ ( kg/ cm 3 ) 32. 2 L C50 A LC > 80 % (21 )/ ( kg/ cm 3 ) 1407 : LC50 4h 50 %, A LC, 1301, 1301,, ( 8% 10% ), 1301 (5 % 8% ), ( ODP ) ; 1301,, 195

1301,, 1301,, 1301 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 1.,,, 11-1,, 11-2 A B, A, A A,, ; B, B B ( 1) ( 2 )( 3 ) ( 4) B 2.,, N2,,,,,, ( DC24V),,,,,,,, 196

11-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 N 2 ; 14 11-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,, 197

,,,,,,,,,, 1. 11-3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 11-3 2. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,, ;,, 500m 2, 2000m 3, 100m 2, 300m 3-10 0. 5h, 0. 25h, 1. 2kPa 198

,,,,, 2/ 3, ( 11-1) Fx, m 2 ; Fx = 0. 15 Q, kg/ s ; pf, Pa Q = W/ t W, t, kg; s Q pf ( 11-1), ( ), 101kPa,, 101kPa, 1. 2, 1. 1, 11-2 11-2 ( HFC-227ea) / % / % / % 6. 8 3. 7 A V 6. 7 7. 1 6. 6 6. 7 2 6. 7 7. 5 8. 1 5. 6 7. 8 (, 7. 8 % ) 6. 5 5. 8 1 5. 8 7. 3 J P-4 6. 6 J P-5 6. 6 6. 2 10. 2 6. 7 6. 6 7. 3 10. 1 6. 3 Pyrollidin e 7. 0 7. 2 5. 8 6. 9 23 5. 1 5. 3 11-3 11-3 ( HFC-227ea) / % / % / % 1-11. 3 3. 5 11. 6 1- -1, 1-2. 6 13. 6 11. 6 1, 1-8. 6 8. 0 199

11-2 11-3,, ;,,, 11-4 11-4 / % / min 10 20 8. 3 10 8 3 1 ( ), ( ), 8,, 100% 1., ( 11-2) W = K V S C 100 - C S = 0. 1269 + 0. 000513 T ( 11-2) W, kg; C(), % ; S 101kPa, V, m 3 ; K, 11-5 ; T, m 3 / kg; 11-5 / m / m / m - 1000 1. 130 0 1. 000 1000 0. 885 1500 0. 830 2000 0. 785 2500 0. 735 3000 0. 690 3500 0. 650 4000 0. 610 4500 0. 565 2., ( ) 1., 20, 0. 006 % ( 200

), 2. 5M Pa0. 125M Pa ( ) 4. 2M Pa0. 125M Pa ( ), 1150kg/ m 3, 80%,,, 20%,, 1,, 8s ;, 10 s,,, - 1050,, 1m, 1,,, 12, 0. 5m a. 5. 0m; b. 0. 3m; c. h < 1. 5m,, 3. 5m; d. h1. 5m,, 5. 0m 13, 14, a. b., c.,, d., 80mm, ; 80 mm, e., 2. (1 ),,, ( 11-3) 201

Qw = W t ( 11-3) Qw, kg/ s; W(), t, s, ( 11-4) kg; Qg N g = Qc ( 11-4) l Qg, kg/ s; Ng, ; Qc, kg/ s (2 ) 50%, (3 ), ( 11-5) pm = p0 V0 V0 + Vp + W 2 ( 11-5) pm ( ), MPa ; p0 ( ), MPa ; V0,, m 3 ; W (), kg; 0, kg/ m 3 ( 20, 1407) ; Vp, m 3 V0 = nvb 1 - ( 11-6) n, ; Vb, m 3 ;, k g/ m 3 (4 ), ( 11-7 ), 11-4 p = 5. 7510 5 Q 2 p D 1. 74 + 2lg 0. 12 2 D 5 L ( 11-7) p, MPa ; L, m; Qp, kg/ s; D, mm (5 ) ( 0. 0030. 02 ) MPa/ m 11-4 202

11-4 (6 ), ( 11-8) pc ( ), MPa ; N d pc = pm - p ph ( 11-8) l pm ( ), MPa ; p, M Pa; Nd ; ph, M Pa, ( 11-9) ph = 10-6 H g ( 11-9) H, m;, kg/ m 3 ; g, m/ s 2,, pc 0. 8MPa ( ) ;, pc 0. 5MPa ( ) pc pm/ 2M Pa ( ) (7 ), ( 11-10 ) Fc, cm 2 ; Qc, kg/ s ; Fc =, kg/ m 3 ; pc ( ), M Pa; c 10 Qc 2pc (11-10) c,, ( ), 11-6 ; 203

11-7; 11-8 11-6 / mm / mm / mm / mm / ( dm 3 / m ) 20 27 3. 5 20 0. 31 25 34 4. 5 25 0. 49 32 42 4. 5 33 0. 85 / mm / mm / mm / mm / ( dm 3 / m ) 40 48 4. 5 39 1. 19 50 60 5. 0 50 1. 96 65 76 5. 0 66 3. 42 / mm / mm / mm / mm / ( dm 3 / m ) 80 89 5. 0 79 4. 90 100 114 5. 5 103 8. 33 11-7 D N/ mm 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 / m 1. 5 1. 8 2. 2 2. 8 3. 5 4. 5 5. 2 6. 4 11-8 D N/ mm 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 / m 0. 5 1. 7 0. 6 2. 0 0. 7 2. 5 0. 9 3. 2 1. 1 4. 0 1. 4 5. 0 1. 7 5. 8 11-1, 4. 2 m 13. 2m 7. 2m, (1 ), c = 8% (2 ) V = 3. 513. 27. 2 = 332. 6 ( m 3 ) (3 ) W = K V S, K = 1 ; c 100 - c S = 0. 1269 + 0. 00051320 = 0. 13716 ( m 3 / k g) W = 332. 6 0. 13716 8 100-8 (4 ), t = 7s = 210. 2 ( kg) (5 ),, R = 5m 2, 204 (6 ), W = 210. 2kg, 90 L 3 (7 ), 11-5 (8 ) Qw = W t Qg = Q w 2 Qp = W/ n t (9 ) = 210. 9 7 = = 30. 1 ( kg/ s ) = 15. 1 ( kg/ s) 210. 9/ 3 7 = 10. 1 ( kg/ s ), 11-4 (10) W s = W + W 1 + W 2 W 2 = 0

11-5 W 1 = n3. 5 = 33. 5 = 10. 5 ( kg ) = Ws nvb (11) = 210. 9 + 10. 5 30. 09 = 819. 9 ( kg/ m 3 ), Vp = 233. 42 + 7. 01. 96 = 92. 38 ( dm 3 ) (12) V0 = nvb 1-819. 9 = 30. 091-1407 (13), Pm = = 0. 1127 ( m 3 ) P0 V0 4. 20. 1127 V0 + Vp + W = 0. 1127 + 210. 9 = 1. 69 ( MPa) ( ) 2 21407 + 0. 0924 (14) A-B Qp = 10. 0kg/ s, D N = 32mm, 11-4 (p/ L) ab = 0. 035 ( MPa/ m) La b = 3. 6 + 3. 5 + 0. 5 = 7. 6 ( m ) B-C Qw pa b = (p/ L) ab La b = 0. 0357. 6 = 0. 266 ( MPa) = 30. 1kg/ s, D N = 65mm, 11-4 (p/ L) b c = 0. 0095 ( MPa/ m ) Lb c = 0. 4 + 4. 5 + 1. 5 + 4. 5 + 20 = 30. 9 ( m ) C-D pb c = (p/ L) b c Lbc = 0. 009530. 9 = 0. 2936 ( MPa) Qg = 15. 1kg/ s, D N = 50mm, 11-4 (p/ L) bc = 0. 01 ( MPa/ m) Lcd = 5 + 0. 4 + 3. 3 + 3. 3 + 0. 2 = 12. 2 ( m) 205

pc d = (p/ L) cd Lcd = 0. 0112. 2 = 0. 122 ( M Pa) p = pa b + pb c + pcd = 0. 266 + 0. 2936 + 0. 122 = 0. 6816 ( M Pa) (15), H = 3. 2m, ph = 10-6 H g = 10-6 14073. 29. 81 = 0. 0442 ( M Pa) (16), pc = pm - ( pph ) = 1.69-0.6816-0.0442 = 0.97 ( MPa, ) (17) pc 0. 5 (, MPa) ; pc pm/ 2 = 1. 665/ 2 = 0. 832 (, M Pa),, IG-541 IG-541,, IG-541 52 % 40% 5% IG-541, IG-541, 1min 12. 5%, 1 % 4%,, IG-541, IG-541,,, IG- 541, IG-541,, ( 37. 5 42. 8 % ), IG-541, IG-541,, IG-541,,, IG- 541,,,,, 206 1. IG-541 ;

; IG-541 A, B,, IG-541 D, ( ) 2. IG-541 11-9 11-9 1 2 3 U P S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. IG-541 11-6 IG-541 8,, 11-7 a. b., ; 207

11-6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; L1 ; L2 ; L3 11-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; 22 ; L1 ; L2 ; L3 (, 10 ),,, 1min IG-541,,,, 208

2., IG-541, 10 11-10 IG-541 N 2 52 % 4 % CO 2 8 % + 1 % - 0. 0% A r 40 % 4 % 0. 005 % ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( N2 ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, IG-541, 1. IG-541 IG-541 11-8 2. (1 ),,,,,, 30 s, IG-541,,, IG-541 11- IG- 541 IG-541,,, 209

/ / ( / ) 30 s ( ) 11-8 IG-541 IG-541,,,,, IG-541,,, (2 ),, IG-541 (3 ),, ( IG-541 ), IG-541 1. IG-541 IG-541 0. 50 h, 0. 25 h; 1. 2kPa;,,, ;, 30 s, 11-11 ( LO AEL ) 11-11 210

( N OAEL) 11-11 IG-541 / ( %, V/ V) LO A EL NO A EL IG- 541 52 43,, 2/ 3, ( 11-11 ) Af, m 2 ; Af = 0. 0135 QIG-541, P, Q P 0.5 Q = 2. 7 M0 t m 3 / min; ( 11-11) Pa,, 1. 20 kpa, 2. 40kPa, 4. 80kPa ; M0, m 3 ; t, 2. min (1 ),,,,, 24 WDC, (2 ) IG-541,,, IG-541 IG-541, ( ) IG-541 37. 5% 11-12 43%,, 11-13 11-12 IG-541 ( V/ V )/ % 44. 2 42. 1 42. 1 11-13 I G-541 ( V/ V )/ % 43. 0 49. 0 211

( ) (1 ) ( 11-12 ) M, m 3 ; c ; V, m 3 ; V s 20, 0. 706m 3 / kg; M = V s S ln 100 V (11-12) 100 - c SIG-541, m 3 / kgs = 0. 65799 + 0. 00239 T, T, (2 ), 11-14,, IG-541,, IG-541 11-14 t/ / ( m 3 / kg ) / % 37 37. 5 38 38. 5 39 39. 5 40 40. 5 41 41. 5 42 IG-541 / ( m 3 / m 3 ) - 40 0. 56239 0. 582 0. 592 0. 6021 0. 612 0. 6225 0. 6329 0. 6434 0. 6539 0. 6645 0. 675 0. 6861-35 0. 57434 0. 57 0. 58 0. 5895 0. 6 0. 6096 0. 6197 0. 63 0. 6403 0. 6507 0. 661 0. 6718-30 0. 58629 0. 558 0. 568 0. 5775 0. 587 0. 5972 0. 6071 0. 6171 0. 6272 0. 6374 0. 648 0. 6581-25 0. 59824 0. 547 0. 556 0. 566 0. 576 0. 5852 0. 595 0. 6048 0. 6147 0. 6247 0. 635 0. 6449-20 0. 61019 0. 536 0. 546 0. 5549 0. 564 0. 5738 0. 5833 0. 593 0. 6027 0. 6125 0. 622 0. 6323-15 0. 62214 0. 526 0. 535 0. 5442 0. 553 0. 5628 0. 5721 0. 5816 0. 5911 0. 6007 0. 61 0. 6202-10 0. 63409 0. 516 0. 525 0. 534 0. 543 0. 5522 0. 5613 0. 5706 0. 58 0. 5894 0. 599 0. 6085-5 0. 64604 0. 507 0. 515 0. 5241 0. 533 0. 5419 0. 551 0. 5601 0. 5692 0. 5785 0. 588 0. 5972 0 0. 65799 0. 497 0. 506 0. 5146 0. 523 0. 5321 0. 541 0. 5499 0. 5589 0. 568 0. 577 0. 5864 5 0. 66994 0. 488 0. 497 0. 5054 0. 514 0. 5226 0. 5313 0. 5401 0. 5489 0. 5579 0. 567 0. 5759 10 0. 68189 0. 48 0. 488 0. 4966 0. 505 0. 5134 0. 522 0. 5306 0. 5393 0. 5481 0. 557 0. 5658 15 0. 69384 0. 472 0. 48 0. 488 0. 496 0. 5046 0. 513 0. 5215 0. 53 0. 5386 0. 547 0. 5561 20 0. 70579 0. 464 0. 472 0. 4797 0. 488 0. 4961 0. 5043 0. 5126 0. 521 0. 5296 0. 538 0. 5467 25 0. 71774 0. 456 0. 464 0. 4718 0. 48 0. 4878 0. 4959 0. 5041 0. 5124 0. 5207 0. 529 0. 5376 30 0. 72969 0. 448 0. 456 0. 464 0. 472 0. 4798 0. 4878 0. 4959 0. 504 0. 5122 0. 52 0. 5288 35 0. 74164 0. 441 0. 449 0. 4566 0. 464 0. 4721 0. 4799 0. 4879 0. 4959 0. 5039 0. 512 0. 5202 40 0. 75359 0. 434 0. 442 0. 4493 0. 457 0. 4646 0. 4723 0. 4801 0. 488 0. 4959 0. 504 0. 512 45 0. 76554 0. 427 0. 435 0. 4423 0. 45 0. 4573 0. 465 0. 4726 0. 4804 0. 4882 0. 496 0. 504 50 0. 77749 0. 421 0. 428 0. 4355 0. 443 0. 4503 0. 4578 0. 4654 0. 473 0. 4807 0. 488 0. 4963 55 0. 78994 0. 415 0. 422 0. 4289 0. 436 0. 4435 0. 4509 0. 4583 0. 4658 0. 4734 0. 481 0. 4887 60 0. 80139 0. 408 0. 415 0. 4225 0. 43 0. 4369 0. 4442 0. 4515 0. 4589 0. 4663 0. 474 0. 4815 65 0. 81334 0. 402 0. 409 0. 4163 0. 423 0. 4305 0. 4376 0. 4449 0. 4521 0. 4595 0. 467 0. 4744 ( ) IG-541, IG-541,, IG-541 212

1.,, 95 % 11-15 11-15 95% / % 95 % / s / % 95 % / s 1 37. 5 30. 0 2 37. 8 32. 5 3 38. 1 35. 0 4 38. 4 37. 5 5 38. 7 40. 0 6 39. 0 42. 5 7 39. 3 45. 0 8 39. 6 47. 5 9 39. 9 50. 0 10 40. 2 52. 5 11 40. 5 55. 0 12 40. 8 57. 5 13 41. 1 60. 0 14 41. 4 62. 5 15 41. 7 65. 0 16 42 67. 5 17 42. 3 70. 0 18 42. 6 72. 5 19 42. 8 75. 0 20 43. 1 77. 5 21 43. 4 80. 0 2240kPa 4. 5m, 4. 5m 66% 20% 70% 30% 70%, IG-541 95% 5%, 2., ( 11-13 ) Q = W/ t (11-13) Q, m 3 / s; W, m 3 ; t, s, ( 11-14 ) Qi = Q/ N (11-14) N 2. 24M Pa 4. 5MPa, ( 11-15 ), Np = W/ Vp (11-15) Np, ; W, m 3 ; Vp IG-541, m 3 213

3., IG-541,, IG-541 1018m/ s, ( 11-16 ) D, mm; QV, m 3 / s ; V, m/ s, Qv D = 18. 860 ( QV/ V) 0. 5 (11-16) ), V = 15m/ s,, D, 11-16, (1atm, 20) 11-16 IG-541 ( : GB/ T 816387 D N/ mm / mm Q V / ( m 3 / s ) Q V / ( m 3 / s ) 224. 0 15 14 0. 045 0. 228 274. 0 20 19 0. 083 0. 462 344. 5 25 25 0. 145 0. 873 425. 0 32 32 0. 238 1. 548 485. 0 40 38 0. 42 2. 352 605. 5 50 49 0. 698 4. 19 767. 0 65 62 1. 118 6. 932 897. 5 80 74 1. 593 10. 193 114 8. 5 100 97 3. 283 18. 06 140 9. 5 125 119 4. 942 28. 005 168 11. 0 150 146 7. 44 44. 635 4. IG-541,, Re= 10 d/ ; Re= 1000 d/ d,,, IG-541 GB 816387,, 0. 014, 0. 20 = 0. 20 ReReRe, 11-17 11-17 Re> Re > Re, (1954) = lg 1. 42 Re d 2 ( 11-17) 214

, 11-17 11-17 IG-541 / mm / mm d/ Re = v d/ V Re d/ 224. 0 15 14 70 1. 338 10 4 9. 336 10 5 0. 0398 274. 0 20 19 95 1. 815 10 4 1. 724 10 6 0. 0365 344. 5 25 25 125 2. 389 10 4 2. 986 10 6 0. 0339 425. 0 32 32 160 3. 057 10 4 4. 891 10 6 0. 0317 485. 0 40 38 190 3. 631 10 4 6. 899 10 6 0. 0304 605. 5 50 49 245 4. 682 10 4 1. 147 10 7 0. 0285 767. 0 65 62 310 5. 924 10 4 1. 836 10 7 0. 0269 897. 5 80 74 370 7. 070 10 4 2. 616 10 7 0. 0258 114 8. 5 100 97 485 9. 268 10 4 4. 495 10 7 0. 0242 140 9. 5 125 119 595 1. 137 10 4 6. 765 10 7 0. 0232 168 11. 0 150 146 730 1. 395 10 4 1. 018 10 8 0. 0221 : Re, v 15 m/ s, V 15. 710-6 m 2 / s 5. p = 1. 163510-7 LQ V 0 d 5 P0 ( 11-18) p, MPa ; QV 0, m 3 / s ; ; L, m; d, mm; P0, MPa 6. IG-541 A, 11-9, A = / 11-9 11-18 7. 215

11-18 / mm 2 / mm 2 1 ZT DQ15-1 24. 50 2 ZT DQ15-2 40. 18 3 ZT DQ15-3 59. 28 4 ZT DQ15-4 82. 61 5 ZT DQ15-5 110. 46 6 ZT DQ15-6 175. 77 7 ZT DQ20-1 82. 61 8 ZT DQ20-2 110. 48 9 ZT DQ20-3 159. 93 10 ZT DQ20-4 200. 93 11 ZT DQ20-5 237. 96 12 ZT DQ20-6 308. 56 13 ZT DQ25-1 159. 93 14 ZT DQ25-2 200. 93 15 ZT DQ25-3 237. 96 16 ZT DQ25-4 287. 45 17 ZT DQ25-5 389. 23 18 ZT DQ25-6 506. 85 19 ZT DQ32-1 200. 93 20 ZT DQ32-2 237. 96 21 ZT DQ32-3 287. 45 22 ZT DQ32-4 389. 23 23 ZT DQ32-5 506. 85 24 ZT DQ32-6 795. 47 25 ZT DQ40-1 237. 96 26 ZT DQ40-2 287. 45 27 ZT DQ40-3 389. 23 28 ZT DQ40-4 506. 85 29 ZT DQ40-5 795. 47 30 ZT DQ40-6 1255. 22 ( ) IG-541, 11-10 216 11-10 IG-541

1.,,,,,, ( ),, : ( ) ; ; ; 2. V = 3. 95. 54 = 85. 8m 3 V = 4. 75. 54 = 103. 4m 3 V = 4. 75. 54 = 103. 4m 3 V = 3. 95. 54 = 85. 8m 3 :, 3%, 3. AC 37. 5% B 37. 5 % 20, 11-14 0. 472 4. IG-541, 11-15 30 s 5. W = 0. 472V = 0. 47285. 8 = 40. 50m 3, 70L, 4 W = 0. 472V = 0. 472103. 4 = 48. 8m 3, 70L, 5 W = 0. 472V = 0. 472103. 4 = 48. 8m 3, 70 L, 5 W = 0. 472V = 0. 47285. 8 = 40. 50m 3, 70L, 4, 48. 8m 3, 70L, 5 ( 70L 10. 3m 3 ) 6. 11-16 D N32 D N32 D N40 D N32 7. ZTDQ15ZTDQ25, 2030m 3,, N = W/ ( 2030 ) = 2 ZTDQ20 N = W/ ( 2030 ) = 2 ZTDQ20 N = W/ ( 2030) = 2 ZTDQ20 2 ZTDQ15, 1 ZTDQ15 217

N = W/ ( 2030 ) = 2 ZTDQ20 8., 11-11 11-11 (1 ) d L Q V 0 a. 01 D N12, 12mm, 1 ; 0. 8m, 4. 4m, 5. 2m; QV 0 0. 343m 3 / s b. 12 D N40, 40 mm, 1 ; 3m, 5. 6m, 8. 6m; QV 0 1. 373m 3 / s c. 23 D N32, 32mm,,, 1 ; 0. 1m,, ; 3. 9m, 4. 0m; QV 0 1. 373m 3 / s d. 34 D N32, 32mm, 1 ; 11. 5m, 11. 3m, 22. 8m; QV 0 1. 373m 3 / s e. 45 D N20, 20mm, 2 ; 2. 1m, 1. 5m, 3. 6m; QV 0 0. 687m 3 / s (2 ), a. 01 p = 1. 163510-7 LQV 0/ ( d 5 p0 ) = 1. 163510-7 0. 0415. 20. 343/ (0. 012 5 15 ) = 2. 280M Pa b. 12 p = 1. 163510-7 LQV0/ ( d 5 p01) 218

= 1. 163510-7 0. 03048. 61. 373/ ( 0. 040 5 (15-2. 280 ) = 0. 032M Pa c. 23,, p = 59M Pa p = 8M Pa p = 1. 163510-7 L QV 0/ ( d 5 p12) = 1. 163510-7 0. 03174. 01. 373/ ( 0. 032 5 (15-2. 28-0. 032 ) = 0. 049M Pa, P3 4 = 15-2. 28-0. 032-0. 049-8 = 4. 639M Pa d. 34 p = 1. 163510-7 L QV 0/ ( d 5 p23) = 1. 163510-7 0. 031722. 81. 373/ (0. 032 5 4. 639 ) = 0. 742M Pa e. 45 p = 1. 163510-7 L QV 0/ ( d 5 p34) = 1. 163510-7 0. 03653. 60. 687/ ( 0. 020 5 (4. 639-0. 742) = 0. 842M Pa p4 5 = 4. 639-0. 742-0. 842 = 3. 05MPa > 2. 24M Pa 10-9 620L/ ( scm 2 ), A = 687/ 600 = 1. 1cm 2 = 110mm 2 11-18 ZTDQ20-2 (3 ), 11-19 K = p2 3 / p23= 4. 639/ ( 15-2. 28-0. 032) = 0. 37 11-19 106 11-19 1 0 20000 2 0. 05 10000 3 0. 10 500 4 0. 15 291 5 0. 20 220 6 0. 25 170 7 0. 30 133 8 0. 35 111 9 0. 40 96 10 0. 45 92. 40 12 0. 55 79. 23 13 0. 60 77. 50 14 0. 65 74. 80 15 0. 70 74. 23 16 0. 75 72. 50 17 0. 80 69 18 0. 85 62 19 0. 90 60 20 0. 95 58 21 1. 00 55 11 0. 50 86. 24 = / ( / 20) 0. 5 = 32/ ( 106/ 20 ) 0. 5 = 14mm 30% 70% 219

CH F3, H FC-23,, 2. 4,,, ODP,, ( H FC-23 ),, ODP,, ( H FC-23 ) IG-541,, 10 s,,,,,, 1., ( ),,,,,,, 8 8, 11-12 2.,,,, H FC-23 11-20 220

11-12 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ) ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; 22 ; 23 11-20 HFC-23 99. 7 % 0. 01 % 3 mg/ kg 10 mg/ kg,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 6. 0MPa,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 %,, 1. H FC-23 221

H FC-23 11-13 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. (1 ) 11-13 HFC-23 ;,, 500m 2, 2000m 3 ( ), 200m 2, 600m 3 (2 ) - 10 50 (3 ) 0. 5h; 0. 25h (4 ), 1. 2kPa (5 ),,,, (6 ), 2/ 3, ( 11-19 ) Fx, m 2 ; Fx = 0. 087 Q p f Q, kg/ s ; W, kg; t, s; pf, Pa Q = W t (11-19),, 222 (7 ), ( ) 1.,,

, ;, 1. 3, 1. 1, 11-21, 11-22, 11-21 ( HFC-23 ) / % / % A 15. 0 16. 3 12. 0 9. 2 12. 0 11-22 ( HFC-23 ) / % 20. 2 20. 2,,, 19. 5%, 15. 6%, 15. 6% 2., 10min, 1min ( ) ( 11-20 ) W = K c 100 - c V S (11-20) W(), K, 11-23 ; kg; c(), % ; V, m 3 ; S 101kPa, m 3 / kg, S = 0. 3164 + 0. 0012 T, T, 11-23 / m / m - 1000 1. 130 0 1. 000 1000 0. 885 1500 0. 830 2000 0. 785 2500 0. 735 3000 0. 690 3500 0. 650 4000 0. 610 4500 0. 565, ( ), 223

; 8% ( ) 1., 20 4. 2MPa ( 20), 860kg/ m 3, 80% a., b., 1, 10 %, 10 s, 0. 75M Pa,, -( 11-14 ) P0 11-14 H FC-23 2.,,,, 224

SDE SDE,,,, CO2 35% N2 25% 39%, 1% 2% SDE,, ;,, ;,, SDE SDE, GWP = 0. 35 SDE SDE, ABC A, B, C,, 1. SDE SDE 11-24 / L / kg 11-24 / m 3 / / M Pa / V / mm SD EW-75 75 25 250-10+ 50 1. 6 24 320 1800 1 SD EW-40 40 15 150-10+ 50 1. 6 24 320 1600 1 D H SDE 11-25 SDE 1. 6MPa : : - 1050 : AC220V, DC24V / A 225

/ L / kg 11-25 / m 3 / / M Pa / V GDG-40X/ 30 76 30 300-10 50 0. 3 24 800 4501600 1 GDG-38/ 15 38 15 150-10 50 0. 3 24 560 4001660 1 GDG-30/ 12 30 12 120-10 50 0. 3 24 550 4201260 1 GDG-20/ 8 20 8 80-10 50 0. 3 24 520 3751260 1 GDG-10/ 2. 5 10 2. 5 25-10 50 0. 3 24 520 280265 1 / mm / A 2. (1 ) ( ), 11-15 11-15 (2 ), 11-16 11-26 11-16 11-26 NO / mm / mm 2 / mm 2 9 7 38. 48 8 307. 84 13 10 15 128. 54 4 514. 16 15 11. 9 111. 22 8 889. 76 V 12 122. 72 8 10 78. 54 1 1060. 29 16 8 113. 1 6 O 12. 5 78. 54 6 10 80. 27 1 1200. 11 226

1. SDE 11-17 SDE 11-17 SDE 2. 1., SDE, 3%,,, 2/ 3, ( Ax ), (11-21) Ax = 0. 11 Q x (11-21) Ax, m 2 ; Qx SDE, kg/ s; pf, Pa,, SDE 0. 5 h, 0. 25 h, 1200Pa,, 2. 227 pf

500m 2, 2000m 3,,, ( ) SDE, SDE, 1. 3, 11-27 11-27 SDE / ( kg/ m 3 ) K r K a C / % / ( g/ m 3 ) / % ( V ) 0. 1 1 11. 3 6. 00 80 0. 1 1. 10 11. 3 6. 60 88 0. 1 1. 10 11. 3 6. 60 88 0. 1 1. 18 11. 3 7. 08 94 10. 8 0. 1 1. 16 11. 3 6. 96 93 0. 1 1. 18 11. 3 7. 08 94 0. 1 1. 16 11. 3 6. 96 93 0. 1 1. 18 11. 3 7. 08 94 0. 1 1. 22 11. 3 7. 32 98 11. 1 0. 1 1. 27 11. 3 7. 62 102 0. 1 1. 19 11. 3 7. 14 95 10. 6 0. 1 1. 16 11. 3 6. 96 93 0. 1 1. 31 11. 3 7. 86 105 0. 1 1. 31 11. 3 7. 86 105 15. 8 0. 1 1. 27 11. 3 7. 62 102 0. 1 1. 31 11. 3 7. 86 105 15. 8 0. 1 2. 13 11. 3 12. 78 170 0. 1 1. 45 11. 3 8. 70 116 14. 0 0. 1 2. 88 11. 3 17. 28 230 0. 1 2. 88 11. 3 17. 28 230 11-27 20, 1, 0. 03, 1, Kr 0. 01,, ;,,,, SDE 10%, SDE 228

9%, SDE 8% 10% ( ) 1. (1 ) SDE (2 ) SDE (11-22) MSDE, M = mvk1 k2 ( 11-22) kg; m, kg/ m 3, 0. 1 ; V, m 3 ; k1, V > 100m 3, k1 = 1. 2, V100m 3 k1 = 1 ; k2, ( ) k2 k2 = 1. 5 (3 ) = 1,, SDE, 3%, 3%, 1%, 15%, 2. (1 ) Ka ( 11-23 ) Ka = 1 + 5 A 0 A0, m 2 ; Av ( ), m 2 (2 ) V (11-24 ) Vf, m 3 ; Vg, (3 ) M (11-25) M, kg; m, Kr, 11-27; Ka, 11-27; V, m 3 Av 2 (11-23) V = Vf - V g (11-24) m 3 M = m Kr Ka V (11-25) kg/ m 3, 11-27; (4 ) SDE, (5 ) SDE 5,, (6 ) SDE A, 20min B C, 2min (7 ) SDE, 229

(8 ) SDE SDE SDE 150kg SDE 6 150 kg, 6,, ( ) 1., 20 SDE, 15s 150mm, 30kg/ min (10% ), a. 1. 6MPa b. 1. 6M Pa c. 0. 1M Pa 2. (1 ) SDE (11-26), 11-28 d 11-28 SDE / ( Pa/ m) 50 65 80 100 125 150 4 135 104 84 67 54 45 6 304 234 190 152 121 101 8 540 415 337 270 216 180 10 843 649 527 422 337 281 12 1214 934 759 607 486 405 13 1425 1096 891 713 570 475 14 1635 1271 1033 826 661 551 15 1897 1459 1181 949 759 633 16 2159 1660 1349 1079 863 720 17 2437 1874 1523 1218 975 812 18 2732 2102 1707 1366 1093 911 19 3044 2342 1902 1522 1218 1015 20 3373 2594 2108 1686 1349 1124 21 3719 2860 2324 1859 1487 1240 22 4081 3139 2551 2041 1632 1360 23 4461 3431 2788 2230 1784 1487 24 4857 3736 3036 2428 1943 1619 25 5270 4054 3294 2635 2108 1757 :, ( d), Z = 1. 25, = 1. 15 : d mm, m/ s, = 0. 44, = 1. 333, 230 Pa;, = 0. 44 ; L, m; P = L d 2 Z (11-26) 2

d, m; SDE, k g/ m 3, 1. 333kg/ m 3 ; SDE, m/ s; Z, 1. 471. 05;, 1. 15, 1. 3 (2 ) SDE (11-27), 11-29 SDE, m/ s; SDE, 11-31 11-32 p = 2 Z (11-27) 2 11-29 SDE / ( Pa/ m) / ( m/ s) N 0 9 13 15 16/ V 16/ O 4 7 6 6 4 4 6 16 14 13 10 9 8 28 26 23 17 15 10 44 40 36 27 24 12 63 58 46 39 34 13 74 68 53 45 40 14 86 79 62 53 47 15 108 99 77 66 59 16 113 103 81 69 61 17 127 116 91 78 69 18 143 130 102 87 78 19 159 145 114 97 86 20 176 161 126 107 96 21 194 177 139 118 106 22 213 195 153 130 116 23 233 213 167 142 127 24 254 232 182 155 138 25 275 252 198 168 150 : N 0 Q1 ( ) 11-30 11-30 S 1 / S 2 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 0. 47 0. 45 0. 40 0. 35 0. 30 0. 25 0. 20 0. 15 0. 10 Q2 ( ) 11-31 11-31 ( ) N 0 / mm S 1 ( ) / mm 2 S 2 ( ) S 1 / S 2 9 50 1963 307. 84 0. 16 0. 46 13 50 1963 514. 16 0. 26 0. 42 15 50 1963 889. 76 0. 45 0. 38 16/ V 50 1963 1060. 29 0. 54 0. 28 16/ O 50 1963 1200. 11 0. 61 0. 25 231

(3 ) ( 11-28 ) Q = M T p (11-28) Q, MSDE, kg; Tp, 68min kg/ min; SDE d ( m ) ( 11-29 ) d = 4 Q V L V L, m/ s, V L 25m/ s; Q, m 3 / s, 0. 75m 3 / kg (11-29), D N 125 70 % D N50, 11-32 11-32 / mm 90 / m / m / m 90 / m / m / m 50 1. 43 0. 89 3. 12 0. 75 0. 55 1. 90 65 1. 76 1. 07 3. 74 0. 91 0. 70 2. 30 80 2. 20 1. 36 4. 71 1. 05 0. 88 2. 90 100 1. 50 1. 19 3. 87 125 1. 89 1. 53 4. 90 150 2. 32 1. 83 5. 93 ( 11-30 ) Q, m 3 / s; Ng, ; Q1, kg/ min L/ s ( 11-31 ) N g Q = Q1 (11-30) i = 1 Q1 = Q N g (11-31) Q1, kg/ min L/ s,, 11-27 3., ( 13 )O V, 70% 100%, SDE 11-27 232

, V ;, ( 13 ) ; O, SDE 23, 60 m 3,, 6m,, ( 11-32 ) Np = M M0 (11-32) Np () ; M, kg; M0, kg ( ) SDE 11-18, M = 150kg, Tp = 7min, 1. 11-18 Q = M T p = 150 7 = 21. 43 ( kg/ min ) = 1500. 75 760 = 0. 27 ( m 3 / s) 2. (1 ) OA V L = 15m/ s, d = 4 Q V = 40. 27 = 0. 1514 ( m) = 151. 4 ( mm) L 15 d = 150 ( mm) 233

(2 ) AB V L = 20 ( m/ s ), d = d = 100mm 4Q = 40. 27 = 0. 0927 ( m) = 92. 7 ( mm) VL 220 (3 ) BC, d = 50mm, 70%, d = 80mm 3. OA p1 L = ( 5 + 1. 5 + 30 ) + ( 22. 32 + 25. 93 ) = 53 ( m) = L 2 333152 Z= 0. 4453 1. d 2 0. 15 2 AB L = 3 + 3. 87 = 6. 87 ( m ) p2 = L d BC L = 2 m p3 2 2 87 Z= 0. 446. 0. 1 1. 333202 2 = 4 Q 40. 0675 = = 13. 4 ( m/ s) D 2 0. 08 2 1. 471. 15 = 3. 9410 4 1. 251. 15 = 1. 1610 4 = L 2 33313. 42 Z= 0. 442 1. 1. 051. 15 = 1. 610 3 d 2 0. 08 2 4. p4 = 4 Q 40. 0675 D 2 = 0. 05 2 = 34. 4 ( m/ s) = 2 33334. 42 Z= 0. 461. 1. 051. 15 = 4. 410 2 2 2 pc = p0 - (p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 ) ( Pa) = 1. 6 - ( 3. 9410 4 + 1. 1610 4 + 1. 610 3 + 4. 410 2 ) 10-6 = 1. 5( M Pa) > 0. 1( M Pa) ( Pa) ( Pa) ( Pa) 234

,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 800900,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, 4., ; ; ; ; 1., 235

,,,, 2., ;,,, 50m,, 0. 8MPa 80m, ( ),,,,,,,,, 500m 2,,,,, 50m 2, 10,, 300m 2, 3 h 2h,,,,,, 6m a., 6m, 12-1, 5m,,, b.,,,, 236

,, 12-2 12-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 12-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6,, 12-1 12-1 / m / ( L/ s ) / m 30 20 15 30 15 15 ( ) 30 15 15,, a.,, 1h, 2h,, b., 40m a. b., 0. 5L/ ( sm),, a., 3km, 1. 5 km b.,, 237

c.,, d., 10min, 30m 3 e.,,, 1. 2m, a. b., 3h 2h, c.,, 1500 m 2 d., e.,,, 2m, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 238

2.,, 12-2 12-2 / / ( L/ s ) / ( L/ s) ( ) < 1500m 3 1 1500m 3 2 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 10. 0 2500m 3 1 > 2500m 3 2 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 10. 0 3000m 3 1 > 3000m 3 2 5. 0 5. 0 5. 0 10. 0 1 5. 0 5. 0 800 2 5. 0 10. 0 300m 2 1000m 2 800 8m ; 200m 2 ;,,, 2. 0m, 0. 5m;, 500m 2,, 12111301 ; 10L/ s, 239

3000 m 2 1h ; 3000m 2 2 h, 1h ; 1h,,, 48h, 1. (1 ) (2 ), 2. 10,,,,, 5,,,,,, 1. 0MPa,,,,, 3., 10m 0. 8M Pa, 0. 8M Pa, ; 0. 5MPa,, 90 ; 1. 1m;, 25m,, 30m;, 50m,, 240 10L/ s, 40m

,,, 1015L/ s, 5m, 2m,, 60 ( ), () 10m,, 30 kg/ m 2, 2h,,,,,,, 1,, 75mm, 241

,,,,,,,, 19 40 20 40,,,,,,, ; 20 50 70,,,,,, 90 % ; 20 80,, ; 20 80,, ; 20 90,,,,,, 1% ( ),,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,, ;,,, 242

,, 0256,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,, ;,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 243

13-1,,,,,,, ; ( ),,, ( ), CR T,,,,,,, ( 2040s ),,,, CR T 13-1,, ( ), ( ),,,, 244 1.,,

2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3.,,,, 4., ( ) 1.,,,, 2., (1 ),,,,,, ;, ; (2 ) ( ),,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),, ;, ;,, ;, ; 245

, (3 ),,, ( < 400nm) (> 700nm), ( 310 8 m/ s ), (ms ) ( ),,, (4 ), ( CO)( CO2 )( H2 ) ( Cx H x ) ( H2 O),, ( ),, ( ), ( ), (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 246 ( ) 1.

13-2 ( )() 13-2, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 13-3 13-3,,,,, ( ),,, e -,,,,, 247

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, (1 ),,,,,,,, 13-4 13-4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), 13-5,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 248,

( ) 13-5, 1., (1 ),, 13-6 13-6 1 ; 2 ; 3, 6 ; 4 ; 5 13-6 ( a),, 13-6 (a),, 13-6 ( b),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 249

13-6 (c)( d),,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, 13-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( 2) 13-7,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 13-8, Rt1 Rt2, Rt1 Rt2,, Rt1 Rt2, Ua > Ub, Uc,, 13-9,, 3/ min,,,,,,,,, 13-8 13-9 3. 13-10,,, Rt3, U a > U b, C, Uc > 0, VT2, K1 250

, HB,, Rt1 Rt2, Ua > Ub, C, Uc > 0, VT2, K1, HB,, 13-10 ( ), 1. 13-11 13-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10,,,,,,,,,,,,, 530 Hz,,,, 251

,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 0. 76m 2. 0. 20. 3m,,,,,, Cerberu s, A CO2 4 4. 8m, B 5. 16m, 0. 71. 1m,, ( ),,,, 20% 25% 1.,,,, ( ),, ;,, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;, 252

13-12 U1, U2, R3,,,, U2,, ( AB ), U2,,, U2, RP 13-12,, 1. 2. (1 ),, (2 ) ( ),,, (3 ),,, ( ), 3. (1 ), : 040, 92 % ( 40 2) (2 ) 4. (1 ),,,, ( ) (2 ), (3 ),, 253

5. (1 ), (2 ),,,,,, ;,,, 100s : a. ( ) ; b., ; c. ; d. ; e. ; f. ; g. 7, (, ), ;,,, 1min,,,, 30 s,, 13-1 13-1 1 P M M 2 P M M 3 O M M 4 P O M 5 P O M 6 P M M 7 P M M 8 P M M 9 P O M : P ; O ; M ; ; 254

,,,,, ;, ;,, 4h a. 10 ( ), ; b. 10, 20% ( 10, 30 ) 1, 10 s,,, 1min 12,, 13, 14,,, ( ),, 13-13 13-13 255

,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. AC 220V10%, ( 501 ) H z; DC 24V, 2.,,,,,, ( ),, 3.,,, 4. ( ), 5.,,, 6.,,,,, 7.,,,,,, ( ) 256

,, : ; ; ; 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, 3.,,, ;,,,,,, 4., 24,,, ( ),, RS232RS424,, ( ) (1 ) 60, 60, 6060 = 3600, 60 257

(2 ) (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ),, (6 ),,,,,,,,,, (GB 5011698 ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ), 13-2 13-2 h/ m 1 2 3 12 < h20 8 < h12 6 < h8 4 < h6 h4 258 (2 ),

( 13-1) N S K A N, ; S, m 2 ; A, m 2 ; K, 1 0. 70. 8 ; 2 0. 80. 9; 0. 91. 0 (3 ) 0. 5m, 3, 0. 5m,,,, 1. 5m,,,, 40cm,, 1m,,, 200mm,, 200600mm,, 600mm,,,,, 5 %,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 0. 5m ( ) ( ),, ( ), 13-3, 45,, ( ),,, 13-3 13-3 ( ) d/ mm h/ m ( ) 15 15 < 30 > 30 h6 30 200 200 300 300 500 6 < h8 70 250 250 400 400 600 8 < h10 100 300 300 500 500 700 10 < h12 150 350 350 600 600 800 : a., 3m, 259

15m, 10m, 1 ; b., ; c., 34 1,, 1, ; d.,, ; e.,,,,,, ( ) 13-4 13-4 ; 1,, ;, 2 3 ; 4 5,, ;, 6 5 m/ s 7 95 % 8 9 10, 11 12 13 14,,, 15 16 17 0, 18 19 20 260

21 22 23 24 : ; 25 :, 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 X 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43, : 1. :,, ;, ;,, ; 2., ; 3.,,, ( ), ; 4.,, ; 5. : ; ; ( ) 261

( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 0. 31. 0m, 20m 14m 7m 0. 5m100m, ;,, 0. 1m 5m, 11. 5 m ( ),, 1.,,,,, ;,,, 62, 70, 78 2. (1 ), 80 m 2,,,, ;,,,, (2 ) ( ),,, (3 ), 13-5,, ( 13-2) A = 14 L 262

A, m 2 ; L, 3100m (GB 5011698), 13-5 A R S h / m 2 / m 15 15< 30 > 30 A/ m 2 R/ m A/ m 2 R/ m A/ m 2 R/ m S80 S > 80 S30 S > 30 h12 80 6. 7 80 7. 2 80 8. 0 6 < h12 80 6. 7 100 8. 0 120 9. 9 h6 60 5. 8 80 7. 2 100 9. 0 h8 30 4. 4 30 4. 9 30 5. 5 h8 20 3. 6 30 4. 9 40 6. 3 ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 15% 20%, ( ) 1.,, ; ;,,,,, 2.,,,, 263

,,,, 1. 31. 5m, 0. 5m1. 2m 3.,,,,,,, ( ), a., 1. 5m; 2m b., 3m c. 1 m d. 4m, 1m e. 1. 31. 5m, 0. 5m, 1. 2m 4.,,, ;,, 1. 3 1. 5m, 0. 5m, 1. 2 m 5.,, ( GB 5011698 ),,,,,, 30mm,,,,,,,, 264

,,,, 6. ( GB 5011698),, a., 3W, 25 m12. 5m b. 60dB, 15dB c., 1. 0 W, a. b., c., d.,, 1. 5 7.,,, ( POS ),, a. : ; ; b., 1. 31. 5m c. 20m d. 8.,,,, 265

,, ( GB 5011698), a., 4 b., 1,, 25mm 2, 4mm 2,, ( P E ),,,,, (GB 5011698 ), 266,,

a., 1. 5m; 2m b., 3m c. 1 m d. 4m, 1m e., 1. 3 1. 5m, 0. 5m, 1. 2 m ( ),,,, : a., ; b., ; c., ; d., a., b.,, c. ; ;, 1. 31. 5m 20m,, ( ) 267

( ) ( ),,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,, ( ) 1. 8m;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 24V 268

1 1301 / ( kg/ m ) / ( kg/ m 3 ) 2. 50M Pa 4. 20 MPa / M Pa( ) 600 800 1000 1200 600 800 1000 1200 0. 60 125 135 145 155 0. 65 145 160 170 180 0. 70 165 180 190 200 0. 75 220 230 240 255 185 200 210 220 0. 80 250 260 270 280 210 230 240 250 0. 85 275 295 305 320 230 250 260 280 0. 90 310 330 340 350 255 275 290 305 0. 95 345 360 380 395 275 300 310 330 1. 00 380 400 420 440 300 325 340 360 1. 05 420 445 460 485 325 350 365 390 1. 10 460 490 510 535 350 375 395 420 1. 15 510 535 560 590 375 400 425 450 1. 20 550 580 610 640 400 430 460 490 1. 25 600 635 665 700 425 455 490 520 1. 30 645 685 725 765 450 485 520 550 1. 35 695 735 775 825 475 510 550 590 1. 40 745 795 835 885 500 540 580 620 1. 45 795 845 895 900 530 570 615 660 1. 50 845 900 955 1015 555 600 645 695 1. 55 895 955 1020 1085 580 625 675 730 1. 60 950 1015 1085 1150 610 660 710 770 1. 65 1005 1075 1150 1220 640 690 750 815 1. 70 1060 1135 1215 1290 665 720 780 850 1. 75 1115 1195 1275 1350 695 755 820 895 1. 80 1165 1250 1335 1400 720 780 850 930 1. 85 1220 1305 1390 1470 750 820 890 975 1. 90 1265 1355 1445 1525 780 840 920 1005 1. 95 1310 1405 1500 810 875 955 1040 2. 00 1355 1455 840 900 985 1075 2. 05 1400 1505 875 940 1030 1115 2. 10 1445 1545 895 960 1055 1145 2. 15 1485 925 990 1085 1175 2. 20 1530 955 1020 1120 1210 2. 25 990 1050 1150 1245 2. 30 1010 1070 1180 1270 2. 35 1040 1100 1210 1300 2. 40 1070 1130 1240 1330 2. 45 1095 1160 1270 1365 269

/ ( kg/ m 3 ) / ( kg/ m 3 ) 2. 50M Pa 4. 20 MPa / M Pa( ) 600 800 1000 1200 600 800 1000 1200 2. 50 1115 1180 1295 1390 2. 55 1140 1210 1325 1420 2. 60 1160 1230 1355 1450 2. 65 1190 1260 1375 1480 2. 70 1210 1285 1405 1505 2. 75 1235 1315 1435 1535 2. 80 1250 1335 1455 2. 85 1280 1360 1475 2. 90 1290 1380 1495 2. 95 1315 1400 1515 3. 00 1330 1425 1580 3. 05 1350 1445 3. 10 1365 1465 3. 15 1385 1485 3. 20 1405 1500 3. 25 1425 1520 3. 30 1445 1540 3. 35 1465 3. 40 1480 3. 45 1495 3. 50 1515 3. 55 1535 3. 60 1550 270

2 Y Z (1 ) 4. 2MPa, 600699kg/ m 3 Y Z p/ ( M Pa) Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 3. 4 68. 9 53. 7 38. 6 23. 3 8. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0. 011 3. 3 218. 3 203. 5 188. 7 173. 8 158. 9 144. 0 129. 1 114. 1 99. 0 84. 0 0. 034 3. 2 364. 2 349. 8 335. 3 320. 8 306. 3 291. 7 277. 1 262. 5 247. 8 233. 1 0. 059 3. 1 506. 3 492. 3 478. 2 464. 1 449. 9 435. 8 421. 5 407. 2 392. 9 378. 6 0. 086 3. 0 644. 5 630. 9 617. 2 603. 5 589. 7 575. 9 562. 1 548. 2 534. 3 520. 3 0. 115 2. 9 778. 6 765. 4 752. 1 738. 8 725. 5 712. 1 698. 6 685. 2 671. 7 658. 1 0. 146 2. 8 908. 3 895. 5 882. 7 869. 9 856. 9 844. 0 831. 0 818. 0 804. 9 791. 9 0. 180 2. 7 1033. 6 1021. 3 1008. 9 996. 5 984. 0 971. 5 959. 0 946. 4 3. 7 921. 0 0. 217 2. 6 1154. 1 1142. 3 1130. 4 1118. 5 1106. 5 1094. 5 1082. 4 1070. 2 1058. 1 1045. 8 0. 257 2. 5 1269. 8 1258. 5 1247. 1 1235. 7 1224. 2 1212. 6 1201. 0 1189. 4 1177. 7 1165. 9 0. 300 2. 4 1380. 5 1369. 6 1358. 8 1347. 8 1336. 8 1325. 8 1314. 7 1303. 6 1292. 4 1281. 1 0. 347 2. 3 1485. 9 1475. 6 1465. 2 1454. 8 1444. 4 1433. 8 1423. 3 1412. 7 1402. 0 1391. 3 0. 397 2. 2 1585. 9 1576. 1 1566. 3 1556. 5 1546. 5 1536. 6 1526. 5 1516. 5 1506. 3 1496. 1 0. 452 2. 1 1680. 3 1671. 1 1661. 9 1652. 6 1643. 2 1633. 8 1624. 3 1614. 8 1605. 2 1595. 6 0. 511 2. 0 1769. 0 1760. 4 1751. 8 1743. 0 1734. 2 1725. 4 1716. 5 1707. 5 1698. 5 1689. 4 0. 579 1. 9 1852. 0 1843. 9 1835. 9 1827. 7 1819. 5 1811. 2 1802. 9 1794. 5 1786. 1 1777. 6 0. 646 1. 8 1929. 0 1921. 6 1914. 1 1906. 5 1898. 9 1891. 2 1883. 5 1875. 7 1867. 9 1859. 9 0. 723 1. 7 2002. 2 1993. 3 1986. 4 1979. 4 1972. 4 1965. 3 1958. 2 1951. 0 1943. 7 1936. 4 0. 807 1. 6 2065. 4 2059. 1 2052. 8 2046. 4 2040. 0 2033. 5 2027. 0 2020. 3 2013. 7 2006. 9 0. 897 1. 5 2124. 7 2119. 1 2113. 3 2107. 5 2101. 7 2095. 8 2089. 8 2083. 8 2077. 7 2071. 6 0. 996 1. 4 2178. 3 2173. 2 2168. 0 2162. 8 2157. 6 2152. 2 2146. 8 2141. 4 2135. 9 2130. 3 1. 103 1. 3 2226. 2 2221. 7 2217. 1 2212. 4 2207. 7 2203. 0 2198. 1 2193. 3 2188. 3 2183. 3 1. 219 1. 2 2268. 7 2264. 7 2260. 6 2256. 5 2252. 4 2248. 1 2243. 9 2239. 5 2235. 2 2230. 7 1. 345 1. 1 2306. 0 2302. 5 2298. 9 2295. 3 2291. 7 2288. 0 2284. 2 2280. 4 2276. 6 2272. 7 1. 481 1. 0 2338. 3 2335. 3 2332. 2 2329. 1 2325. 9 2322. 7 2319. 5 2316. 2 2312. 8 2309. 4 1. 629 0. 9 2365. 9 2363. 4 2360. 8 2358. 1 2355. 4 2352. 7 2349. 9 2347. 0 2344. 2 2341. 2 1. 791 0. 8 2389. 3 2387. 2 2385. 0 2382. 7 2380. 5 2378. 1 2375. 8 2373. 4 2370. 9 2368. 5 1. 969 0. 7 2408. 7 2406. 9 2405. 1 2403. 3 2401. 4 2399. 5 2397. 5 2395. 5 2393. 5 2391. 4 2. 165 0. 6 2424. 5 2423. 1 2421. 6 2420. 1 2418. 6 2417. 1 2415. 5 2413. 8 2412. 2 2410. 5 2. 383 0. 5 2437. 1 2436. 0 2434. 8 2433. 6 2432. 4 2431. 2 2429. 9 2428. 6 2427. 3 2425. 9 2. 629 Z ( 2) 4. 2M Pa, 700849kg/ m 3 Y Z p/ ( M Pa) Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 3. 2 79. 7 64. 5 49. 3 34. 1 18. 8 3. 4 0 0 0 0 0. 013 3. 1 229. 4 214. 6 199. 8 184. 9 170. 0 155. 0 140. 0 125. 0 109. 9 94. 8 0. 039 3. 0 375. 1 360. 7 346. 3 331. 8 317. 3 302. 8 288. 2 273. 5 258. 9 244. 2 0. 067 2. 9 516. 7 502. 7 488. 7 474. 6 460. 6 446. 4 432. 3 418. 0 403. 8 389. 5 0. 098 2. 8 653. 8 640. 3 626. 7 613. 1 599. 5 585. 8 572. 0 558. 3 544. 4 530. 6 0. 131 2. 7 786. 3 773. 2 760. 1 747. 0 733. 8 720. 6 707. 3 694. 0 60. 6 667. 2 0. 166 2. 6 913. 9 901. 4 888. 8 876. 1 863. 4 850. 7 837. 9 825. 1 812. 2 799. 2 0. 205 Z 271

Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) p/ ( M Pa) Z 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 2. 5 1036. 5 1024. 5 1012. 4 1000. 3 988. 1 975. 9 963. 6 951. 2 938. 8 926. 4 0. 247 2. 4 1153. 9 1142. 4 1130. 8 1119. 2 1107. 6 1095. 9 1084. 1 1072. 2 1060. 4 1048. 5 0. 293 2. 3 1265. 7 1254. 8 1243. 8 1232. 8 1221. 7 1210. 5 1199. 3 1188. 0 1176. 7 1165. 3 0. 343 2. 2 1372. 0 1361. 6 1351. 2 1340. 7 1330. 2 1319. 6 1308. 9 1298. 2 1287. 4 1276. 6 0. 397 2. 1 1472. 3 1462. 6 1452. 7 1442. 6 1432. 9 1422. 9 1412. 8 1402. 7 1392. 5 1382. 3 0. 456 2. 0 1566. 7 1557. 5 1548. 3 1539. 0 1529. 7 1520. 3 1510. 8 1501. 3 1491. 7 1482. 0 0. 520 1. 9 1654. 9 1646. 4 1637. 8 1629. 1 1620. 4 1611. 6 1602. 7 1593. 8 1584. 8 1575. 8 0. 590 1. 8 1736. 9 1729. 0 1721. 0 1713. 0 1704. 9 1696. 7 1688. 5 1680. 2 1671. 8 1663. 4 0. 667 1. 7 1812. 6 1805. 3 1797. 9 1790. 5 1783. 0 1775. 5 1767. 9 1760. 2 1752. 5 1744. 7 0. 751 1. 6 1881. 9 1875. 2 1868. 5 1861. 8 1854. 9 1848. 0 1841. 0 1834. 0 1826. 9 1819. 8 0. 842 1. 5 1944. 9 1938. 9 1932. 8 1926. 7 1920. 5 1914. 2 1907. 9 1901. 5 1895. 0 1888. 5 0. 942 1. 4 2001. 8 1996. 4 1990. 9 1985. 4 1979. 8 1974. 1 1968. 4 1962. 6 1956. 8 1950. 9 1. 050 1. 3 2052. 6 2047. 7 2042. 9 2037. 9 2033. 0 2027. 9 2022. 8 2017. 6 2012. 4 2007. 1 1. 168 1. 2 2097. 5 2093. 2 2088. 9 2084. 6 2080. 2 2075. 7 2071. 2 2066. 6 2062. 0 2057. 3 1. 296 1. 1 2136. 8 2133. 1 2129. 4 2125. 6 2121. 7 2117. 8 2113. 8 2109. 8 2105. 8 2101. 6 1. 435 1. 0 2170. 8 2167. 6 2164. 4 2161. 1 2157. 8 2151. 4 2151. 0 2147. 5 2144. 0 2140. 4 1. 585 0. 9 2199. 8 2197. 1 2194. 4 2191. 6 2188. 8 2185. 9 2183. 0 2180. 0 2177. 0 2173. 9 1. 750 0. 8 2224. 3 2222. 0 2219. 7 2217. 4 2215. 0 2212. 6 2210. 1 2207. 6 2205. 1 2202. 5 1. 930 0. 7 2244. 5 2242. 7 2240. 8 2238. 9 2236. 9 2234. 9 2232. 9 2230. 8 2228. 7 2226. 5 2. 128 0. 6 2261. 0 2259. 5 2258. 0 2256. 4 2254. 9 2253. 2 2251. 6 2249. 9 2248. 1 2246. 4 2. 348 0. 5 2274. 0 2272. 9 2271. 7 2270. 5 2269. 2 2267. 9 2266. 6 2265. 3 2263. 9 2262. 5 2. 594 (3 ) 4. 2MPa, 850999kg/ m 3 Y Z Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) p/ ( M Pa) Z 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 3. 0 101. 2 86. 0 70. 8 55. 5 40. 2 24. 8 9. 4 0 0 0 0. 019 2. 9 250. 8 236. 0 221. 2 206. 4 191. 5 176. 5 161. 6 146. 5 131. 5 116. 4 0. 048 2. 8 395. 8 381. 5 367. 2 352. 8 338. 3 323. 9 309. 3 294. 8 280. 1 265. 5 0. 079 2. 7 536. 1 522. 3 508. 4 494. 5 480. 6 466. 6 452. 5 438. 4 424. 2 410. 1 0. 144 2. 6 671. 4 658. 1 644. 7 631. 3 617. 9 604. 4 590. 8 577. 2 563. 6 549. 8 0. 151 2. 5 801. 5 788. 7 775. 9 763. 0 750. 1 737. 1 724. 1 711. 0 697. 8 684. 6 0. 193 2. 4 926. 1 913. 8 901. 6 889. 3 876. 9 864. 5 852. 0 839. 4 826. 8 814. 2 0. 238 2. 3 1045. 0 1033. 3 1021. 6 1009. 9 998. 1 986. 2 974. 3 962. 3 950. 3 938. 2 0. 287 2. 2 1157. 9 1146. 9 1135. 8 1124. 7 1113. 5 1102. 2 1090. 9 1079. 5 1068. 0 1056. 5 0. 341 2. 1 1264. 7 1254. 3 1243. 9 1233. 3 1222. 8 1212. 1 1201. 4 1190. 6 1179. 8 1168. 9 0. 400 2. 0 1365. 2 1355. 4 1345. 6 1335. 7 1325. 8 1315. 8 1305. 7 1295. 5 1285. 3 1275. 1 0. 464 1. 9 1459. 1 1450. 0 1440. 8 1431. 6 1422. 3 1413. 0 1403. 5 1394. 0 1384. 5 1374. 9 0. 534 1. 8 1546. 3 1537. 9 1529. 4 1520. 9 1512. 2 1503. 6 1494. 8 1486. 0 1477. 1 1468. 1 0. 610 1. 7 1626. 8 1619. 1 1611. 3 1603. 4 1595. 5 1587. 4 1579. 4 1571. 2 1563. 0 1554. 7 0. 695 1. 6 1700. 5 1693. 5 1686. 3 1679. 1 1671. 9 1664. 5 1657. 1 1649. 7 1642. 1 1634. 5 0. 787 1. 5 1767. 5 1761. 1 1754. 6 1748. 1 1741. 5 1734. 8 1728. 1 1721. 3 1714. 5 1707. 5 0. 888 1. 4 1827. 7 1822. 0 1816. 2 1810. 3 1804. 4 1798. 4 1792. 3 1786. 2 1780. 0 1773. 8 0. 999 1. 3 1881. 4 1876. 3 1871. 1 1865. 9 1860. 7 1855. 3 1849. 9 1844. 5 1838. 9 1833. 3 1. 119 1. 2 1928. 8 1924. 3 1919. 8 1915. 2 1910. 5 1905. 8 1901. 1 1896. 2 1891. 3 1886. 4 1. 249 1. 1 1970. 1 1966. 2 1902. 3 1958. 3 1954. 3 1950. 2 1946. 0 1941. 8 1937. 5 1933. 2 1. 391 1. 0 2005. 8 2002. 4 1999. 1 1995. 6 1992. 1 1988. 6 1985. 0 1981. 4 1977. 7 1973. 9 1. 545 0. 9 2036. 1 2033. 3 2030. 4 2027. 5 2024. 6 2021. 6 2018. 5 2015. 4 2012. 2 2009. 0 1. 713 0. 8 2061. 6 2059. 2 2056. 9 2054. 4 2052. 0 2049. 4 2046. 9 2044. 2 2041. 6 2038. 9 1. 896 0. 7 2082. 6 2080. 7 2078. 7 2076. 8 2074. 7 2072. 6 2070. 5 2068. 3 2066. 1 2063. 9 2. 098 0. 6 2099. 6 2098. 1 2096. 5 2094. 9 2093. 3 2091. 6 2089. 9 2088. 1 2086. 3 2084. 5 2. 325 0. 5 2112. 9 2112. 8 2110. 5 2109. 3 2108. 0 2106. 7 2105. 4 2104. 0 2102. 6 2101. 1 2. 583 272

(4 ) 4. 2MPa, 10001121kg/ m 3 Y Z p/ M Pa Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 2. 8 122. 7 107. 5 92. 3 77. 0 61. 7 46. 3 30. 9 15. 4 0 0 0. 026 2. 7 271. 7 257. 1 242. 3 227. 5 212. 7 197. 8 182. 9 167. 9 152. 9 137. 8 0. 057 2. 6 415. 6 401. 5 387. 3 373. 0 358. 7 344. 3 329. 9 315. 5 300. 9 286. 4 0. 094 2. 5 554. 1 540. 5 526. 8 513. 1 499. 4 485. 5 471. 7 457. 7 443. 8 429. 7 0. 135 2. 4 686. 8 673. 8 660. 7 647. 6 634. 4 621. 2 607. 9 594. 5 581. 1 567. 6 0. 180 2. 3 813. 6 801. 2 788. 7 776. 2 763. 6 751. 0 738. 3 725. 5 712. 7 699. 8 0. 229 2. 2 934. 1 922. 3 910. 5 898. 6 886. 7 874. 6 862. 6 850. 4 838. 2 825. 9 0. 282 2. 1 1048. 1 1037. 0 1025. 8 1014. 6 1003. 3 991. 9 980. 5 969. 0 957. 4 945. 8 0. 340 2. 0 1155. 3 1144. 9 1134. 4 1123. 9 1113. 3 1102. 6 1091. 8 1081. 0 1070. 1 1059. 1 0. 403 1. 9 1255. 6 1245. 9 1236. 1 1226. 2 1216. 3 1206. 3 1196. 3 1186. 1 1175. 9 1165. 7 0. 473 1. 8 1348. 7 1339. 7 1330. 6 1321. 5 1312. 3 1303. 0 1293. 7 1284. 3 1274. 8 1265. 2 0. 551 1. 7 1434. 5 1426. 2 1417. 9 1409. 5 1401. 0 1392. 5 1383. 9 1375. 2 1366. 4 1357. 6 0. 636 1. 6 1513. 0 1505. 4 1497. 9 1490. 2 1482. 5 1474. 6 1466. 8 1458. 8 1450. 8 1442. 7 0. 731 1. 5 1584. 1 1577. 3 1570. 4 1563. 5 1556. 5 1549. 4 1542. 3 1535. 1 1527. 8 1520. 4 0. 834 1. 4 1647. 9 1641. 9 1635. 7 1629. 5 1623. 3 1616. 9 1610. 5 1604. 0 1597. 4 1590. 8 0. 948 1. 3 1704. 7 1699. 3 1693. 9 1688. 4 1682. 8 1677. 2 1671. 5 1665. 7 1659. 9 1653. 9 1. 071 1. 2 1754. 6 1749. 9 1745. 2 1740. 3 1735. 4 1730. 5 1725. 5 1720. 4 1715. 2 1710. 0 1. 205 1. 1 1798. 0 1793. 9 1789. 8 1785. 6 1781. 4 1777. 1 1772. 7 1768. 3 1763. 8 1759. 2 1. 351 1. 0 1835. 2 1831. 8 1828. 2 1824. 7 1821. 0 1817. 3 1813. 6 1809. 8 1805. 9 1802. 0 1. 509 0. 9 1866. 8 1862. 9 1860. 9 1857. 9 1854. 3 1851. 7 1848. 5 1845. 3 1842. 0 1838. 6 1. 681 0. 8 1893. 2 1890. 7 1888. 3 1885. 8 1883. 2 1880. 6 1877. 9 1875. 2 1872. 5 1869. 6 1. 869 0. 7 1914. 8 1912. 9 1910. 8 1908. 8 1906. 7 1904. 5 1902. 4 1900. 1 1897. 2 1895. 5 2. 077 0. 6 1932. 3 1930. 7 1929. 1 1927. 5 1925. 8 1924. 1 1922. 3 1920. 5 1918. 6 1916. 8 2. 309 0. 5 1945. 9 1944. 7 1943. 5 1942. 2 1940. 9 1939. 6 1938. 2 1936. 8 1935. 3 1933. 8 2. 570 Z (5 ) 2. 5MPa, 600699kg/ m 3 Y Z p/ M Pa Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 2. 1 138. 2 123. 2 108. 2 93. 2 78. 0 62. 7 47. 3 31. 9 16. 4 7 0. 051 2. 0 282. 2 268. 2 254. 1 240. 0 225. 7 211. 3 196. 9 182. 3 167. 7 153. 0 0. 116 1. 9 416. 7 403. 7 390. 6 377. 4 364. 1 350. 7 337. 2 323. 6 309. 9 296. 1 0. 190 1. 8 541. 1 529. 1 517. 0 504. 8 492. 6 480. 2 467. 7 455. 1 442. 4 429. 6 0. 273 1. 7 654. 9 644. 0 633. 0 621. 9 610. 7 599. 3 587. 9 576. 3 564. 7 552. 9 0. 367 1. 6 757. 9 748. 1 738. 2 728. 1 718. 0 707. 8 697. 4 686. 9 676. 4 665. 7 0. 473 1. 5 849. 9 841. 2 832. 4 823. 4 814. 4 805. 3 796. 0 786. 6 777. 2 767. 6 0. 592 1. 4 931. 2 923. 5 915. 8 907. 9 899. 9 891. 9 883. 7 875. 4 867. 0 858. 5 0. 723 1. 3 1002. 0 995. 3 988. 6 981. 8 974. 9 967. 8 960. 7 953. 5 946. 1 938. 7 0. 867 1. 2 1062. 9 1057. 3 1051. 5 1045. 6 1039. 7 1033. 6 1027. 5 1021. 3 1014. 9 1008. 5 1. 024 1. 1 1114. 8 1110. 0 1105. 1 1100. 1 1095. 1 1090. 0 1084. 7 1079. 4 1074. 0 1068. 5 1. 192 1. 0 1158. 3 1154. 3 1150. 2 1146. 1 1141. 9 1137. 5 1133. 1 1128. 7 1124. 1 1119. 6 1. 372 0. 9 1194. 4 1191. 1 1187. 8 1184. 3 1180. 8 1177. 3 1173. 6 1169. 9 1166. 1 1162. 3 1. 565 0. 8 1224. 0 1221. 3 1218. 6 1215. 8 1212. 9 1210. 0 1207. 0 1204. 0 1200. 9 1197. 7 1. 772 0. 7 1247. 9 1245. 7 1243. 5 1241. 3 1239. 0 1236. 6 1234. 2 1231. 7 1229. 2 1226. 7 1. 995 0. 6 1266. 8 1265. 1 1263. 4 1261. 6 1259. 8 1257. 9 1256. 0 1254. 1 1252. 0 1250. 0 2. 239 0. 5 1281. 5 1280. 2 1278. 9 1277. 5 1276. 1 1274. 7 1273. 2 1271. 6 1270. 1 1268. 5 2. 507 Z (6 ) 2. 5MPa, 700849kg/ m 3 Y Z Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) p/ M Pa Z 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 2. 1 22. 9 7. 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 008 2. 0 173. 9 159. 2 144. 5 129. 6 114. 6 99. 6 84. 4 69. 2 53. 8 38. 4 0. 072 1. 9 314. 9 301. 3 287. 5 273. 7 259. 7 245. 7 231. 5 217. 2 202. 9 188. 4 0. 145 1. 8 445. 5 432. 9 420. 2 407. 4 394. 5 381. 5 368. 4 355. 2 341. 9 328. 4 0. 228 1. 7 565. 0 553. 6 542. 0 530. 3 518. 5 506. 6 494. 6 482. 5 470. 3 457. 9 0. 322 273

p/ M Pa Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 Z 1. 6 673. 1 662. 9 652. 4 641. 9 631. 3 620. 5 609. 6 598. 7 587. 6 576. 3 0. 428 1. 5 769. 7 760. 6 751. 3 742. 0 732. 5 722. 9 713. 2 703. 3 693. 4 683. 3 0. 548 1. 4 854. 8 846. 8 838. 7 830. 5 822. 1 813. 7 805. 1 796. 4 787. 6 778. 7 0. 681 1. 3 928. 8 921. 9 914. 9 907. 7 900. 5 893. 2 885. 7 878. 2 870. 5 862. 7 0. 828 1. 2 992. 3 986. 4 980. 4 974. 3 968. 1 961. 8 955. 4 948. 9 942. 3 935. 0 0. 988 1. 1 1046. 1 1041. 2 1036. 1 1030. 9 1025. 7 1020. 4 1014. 9 1009. 4 1003. 8 998. 1 1. 160 1. 0 1091. 2 1087. 0 1082. 8 1078. 5 1074. 2 1069. 7 1065. 1 1060. 5 1055. 8 1051. 0 1. 344 0. 9 1128. 4 1125. 0 1121. 6 1118. 0 1114. 4 1110. 7 1107. 0 1103. 1 1099. 2 1095. 2 1. 540 0. 8 1158. 9 1156. 1 1153. 3 1150. 4 1147. 5 1144. 5 1141. 4 1138. 2 1135. 0 1131. 8 1. 750 0. 7 1183. 3 1181. 1 1178. 9 1176. 6 1174. 2 1171. 8 1169. 3 1166. 8 1164. 2 1161. 6 1. 976 0. 6 1202. 6 1200. 9 1199. 2 1197. 3 1195. 5 1193. 6 1191. 6 1189. 6 1187. 6 1185. 5 2. 223 0. 5 1217. 5 1216. 2 1214. 9 1213. 5 1212. 1 1210. 6 1209. 1 1207. 5 1205. 9 1204. 3 2. 497 (7 ) 2. 5MPa, 850999kg/ m 3 Y Z p/ M Pa Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 2. 0 60. 4 45. 0 29. 4 13. 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 025 1. 9 208. 8 194. 5 180. 0 165. 4 150. 8 136. 0 121. 1 106. 1 90. 9 75. 7 0. 097 1. 8 346. 3 333. 1 319. 7 306. 3 292. 7 279. 0 265. 2 251. 3 237. 2 223. 1 0. 179 1. 7 472. 3 460. 2 448. 1 435. 8 423. 3 410. 8 398. 1 385. 4 372. 5 359. 5 0. 273 1. 6 586. 3 575. 4 564. 5 553. 4 542. 1 530. 8 519. 4 507. 8 496. 1 484. 2 0. 380 1. 5 687. 9 678. 3 668. 6 658. 7 648. 7 638. 6 628. 4 618. 1 607. 6 597. 0 0. 502 1. 4 777. 4 769. 0 760. 4 751. 8 743. 0 734. 2 725. 2 716. 0 706. 8 697. 4 0. 637 1. 3 854. 9 847. 7 840. 3 832. 8 825. 3 817. 6 809. 8 801. 8 793. 8 785. 6 0. 787 1. 2 921. 2 915. 1 908. 8 902. 4 896. 0 889. 4 882. 7 875. 9 869. 0 862. 0 0. 950 1. 1 977. 2 972. 0 966. 8 961. 4 956. 0 950. 4 944. 8 939. 1 933. 2 927. 3 1. 126 1. 0 1023. 9 1019. 6 1015. 3 1010. 8 1006. 3 1001. 7 996. 9 992. 1 987. 3 782. 3 1. 314 0. 9 1062. 4 1058. 9 1055. 3 1051. 7 1047. 9 1044. 1 1040. 2 1036. 3 1032. 2 1028. 1 1. 514 0. 8 1093. 7 1090. 9 1088. 0 1085. 0 1082. 0 1078. 9 1075. 7 1072. 5 1069. 2 1065. 8 1. 727 0. 7 1118. 8 1116. 6 1114. 3 1111. 9 1109. 5 1107. 0 1104. 5 1101. 9 1099. 2 1096. 5 1. 957 0. 6 1138. 6 1136. 8 1135. 0 1133. 2 1131. 3 1129. 3 1127. 3 1125. 3 1123. 2 1121. 0 2. 206 0. 5 1153. 8 1152. 5 1151. 1 1149. 7 1148. 2 1146. 7 1145. 2 1143. 6 1142. 0 1140. 3 2. 400 Z (8 ) 2. 5MPa, 10001125kg/ m 3 Y Z p/ M Pa Y/ ( M Pakg/ m 3 ) 0. 00 0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 04 0. 05 0. 06 0. 07 0. 08 0. 09 Z 274 1. 9 97. 2 82. 1 66. 8 51. 4 36. 0 20. 4 4. 6 0 0 0 0. 046 1. 8 242. 2 228. 3 214. 2 200. 0 185. 6 171. 2 156. 6 141. 9 127. 1 112. 2 0. 127 1. 7 375. 2 362. 4 346. 6 336. 6 323. 5 310. 3 296. 9 283. 4 269. 8 256. 1 0. 220 1. 6 495. 5 484. 0 472. 5 460. 8 448. 9 436. 9 424. 9 412. 6 400. 3 387. 8 0. 327 1. 5 620. 8 592. 6 582. 4 472. 0 561. 4 550. 8 540. 0 529. 1 518. 0 506. 8 0. 449 1. 4 697. 0 688. 2 679. 2 670. 1 660. 9 651. 5 642. 0 632. 4 622. 7 612. 8 0. 587 1. 3 778. 5 770. 9 763. 2 755. 4 747. 4 739. 3 731. 1 722. 8 714. 8 705. 7 0. 740 1. 2 848. 1 841. 6 835. 1 828. 4 821. 6 814. 7 807. 7 800. 6 793. 4 786. 0 0. 907 1. 1 906. 5 901. 1 895. 6 890. 1 884. 4 878. 6 872. 7 866. 7 860. 6 854. 4 1. 086 1. 0 955. 0 950. 6 946. 1 941. 4 936. 7 931. 9 927. 0 922. 0 917. 0 911. 8 1. 278 0. 9 994. 9 991. 2 987. 5 983. 8 979. 9 976. 0 971. 9 967. 8 963. 7 959. 4 1. 482 0. 8 1027. 2 1024. 2 1021. 2 1018. 2 1015. 1 1011. 9 1008. 6 1005. 3 1001. 9 998. 4 1. 698 0. 7 1053. 0 1050. 6 1048. 3 1045. 8 1043. 4 1040. 8 1038. 2 1035. 5 1032. 8 1030. 0 1. 931 0. 6 1073. 3 1071. 4 1069. 6 1067. 7 1065. 7 1063. 7 1061. 7 1059. 6 1057. 4 1055. 2 2. 183 0. 5 1088. 9 1087. 5 1086. 1 1084. 6 1083. 1 1081. 6 1080. 0 1078. 4 1076. 7 1075. 0 2. 460

3 (1 ) 1301 275

276 ( 2) 1301