R R R

Transcription

1

2 R R R R22 lg p-h R134a R134a lg p-h

3 ( Refrigeration technology),,, 19,,,,,,, ; ;, :,,,, ,,,,,,, 1755 ( William Cullen) ( Black ),,, ( Jacob Per kins ), ( No ) 1844 ( Joh n Gorrie), ( Niles ), 1859 ( Ferdinand Carre), 1

4 1874 ( Pitt ) 1875 ( Linde),,,, 20,, 1910, ( Maurice Lehlanc) 1918 ( Copeland ), 1919,,, 11,,, ( Thomas Midgley) CCl2 F2,, 12 ( Freon12 ), F12, R12, R11 R13,,,, 20 50, CFC, CFC,,,,, H FC,, 20, H e 3 -H e K ;, ;, ;,, ( CAD) ( CAM),,,, 1888 ; 1891 ; 1900 ; , ( AS H RAE ), 1908 ( International Institute of Refrigeration, IIR ), 60, 1978,, 20 50,, , 20 90,,, 2

5 ,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,, 21, 0K, ( ) ( ), 13 (1971 ), 120K, 120K, 120K, 2K, 2K, 120K,,, ;,,,,,,, 3

6 ,, : ;, ;,, ( ) ( ), ; ( ),,,, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ), ;, ; ;,,, 5000t, kW (3 ) ( ) ( ),, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, 0, - 40, (4 ),,,, 4

7 ,,,,,,,,, (5),,,, (6 ),,,,,,, (7 ),,,, ; ;,, (8 ),,,,,, (9 ), 99%,,,,,, (10), ( Tokamak) (11),,, ;,,,,,,, 5

8

9 ,,,,, - -, - -,, : ; :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, T 0, T,, q 0, q 0, w,,, q = q 0 + w (1-1) 9

10 q q0 w, kj/ kg 1-1, T-s, : 1 2,, wk, T 0 T ; 2 3,, q; 3 4, 3 4, wp, T, T 0 ( 4) ; 4 1, T 0, q0,,,, s = q T - q0 T = w + q 0 0 T - q 0 T = w 0 T + q 0 1 T - 1 = 0 (1-2) T 0 w,, w = wk - wp,, ( 1-2 ) wmin = q0 T - 1 (1-3) T 0 ( 1-3 ) :, q0,, ; T T 0,,,,,,,, T = T - T T0 T, K ; 10 T, K ; T 0, K ; T0, K = T 0 - T0 1-2

11 , T T0, 1 1, ( T - T0 ) > ( T - T 0 ) ( 1-3 ), q0, 1-2, a b c d, q0 ( 4-1- f-e- 4 = d- a- g-e- d ), q = q0 q = q0 + w + w,, w = w - w = q - q (1-4), 1-2 w, s1 s2, s = s1 + s2 = q T - q 0 T = 0 (1-5) 0 s = s 1 + s 2 = q T - q0 T > 0 (1-6) 0 ( 1-5 ) q 0 T = q, ( 1-6 ) 0 T ( 1-4 ) ( 1-7 ) s = q T - q T = 1 ( q - q) (1-7) T w = T s (1-8) ( 1-8 ), :,,, q0,, w = q0 w (1-9) COP ( Coefficient of Performance ),, 1-2, = q0, = w w + w, w > 0, >, q0 T 0, q0 11

12 ,,,,, ( ),,, T0 0 T 0, w 0, T T 0,,,,,,,, = q0 w = T0 T - T = 0 c ( 1-10) ( 1-10) :,, T T 0, T T 0,, T 0 1K T 1K - T 0 = T T 0 ( T - T 0 ) 2 T = T 0 T ( T - T 0 ) 2 T T T > T 0 0 < T 0 T,,,,, (, ),, c,,,, = c ( 1-11) c ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ) t = 25, - 20

13 11. 63kJ, ( 1-10) = T0 T - T = ( ) - ( ) ( 1-3 ) w = q0 = T = = 2. 07kJ T , T T0 w T = = 308K, T0 = = 243K 10, w = = kj T T0 w = w - w = = 1. 04kJ 10, = q0 w + w = = 3. 74,,,,? 1-3, b - g, Tb Tc Tb ; Td, Td Ta T d e e d d e e a d d a a e d d e e, f g d e f,,,, b c d a b, a d d a a, b c d a b, b c d a b,, f g d e f, 1-3, :,,, 13

14 , ; = L ( 1-12) L, 1-4,, i = d q0 dqk - = T0 i d s dq0 T i d s - T0 i d s = a b c d a i = q0 qk - q0 = b a d T 0 i d s T i d s c - d a T 0 i d s T0 i T i - T0 i = T0 m Tm - T0 m T0 m Tm,,, Tm ( 1-13) ( 1-14) T0m,,, 1-5 q0 T0, qh, qk Ta ( ) qk = qh + q0 ( 1-15) 1-5,,, qk Ta = q H T H + q 0 T0 ( 1-16) 14

15 q0 qh = T0 Ta - T H - T a T0 T H ( 1-17),,, 0 0 = q 0 qh ( 1-18) ( 1-17), 0 = T0 Ta - T H - Ta T0 T H ( 1-19),, Ta T0 0 T H Ta ( T H - Ta )/ T H, 1,, 0 0, ( 1-19 ),, T H T0 1-6 ( ) ( 1-19) 1-6,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,,, 1-6,,,,,,,, W ( k W), Q0 ( kw ), Q0 15

16 , q0 = Q 0 W ( 1-20), ( ),,, w ( kj/ kg), Q0 = q 0 w gm, kg/ s; V, ( 1-21) Q0 = gm q0 = qv V ( kw ) ( 1-22) qv = q0 v1 m 3 / s ( kj/ m 3 ) ( 1-23) qv,,, k J/ m 3 ; v1, m 3 / kg,,,,, (1 ) ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, = Q H W QH, k W; W, ( 1-21) k W ( 1-24) = QH W = 1 + ( 1-25),,, 1,, 16

17 ,,,,,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,, ( ), ( 1-7 ),,,, ( 0. 5m/ s ),,,,, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; : 1-7, ( ), ( ) 1-7 ( b ) ( c), ,,, tk pk, ( 2 3 ) ( t2 ) ( t3 tk ) (3 4) tk 4 5,, 17

18 , h4 = h5,, ( ) 5 1, p0 t0 1-7, ( ) q0 qv 1kg ( ), k J/ kg lg p-h 1 5, q0 = h1 - h5 = h1 - h4 ( kj/ k g) ( 1-26), 1m 3, kj/ m 3, q0, qv = q0 v1 = h1 - h4 v1 ( kj/ m 3 ) ( 1-27) v1, m 3 / kg ( ) wk 1kg,, k J/ kg, wk = h2 - h1 ( kj/ kg) ( 1-28),, wk ( ) qk 1kg, ( ) = w kj/ kg 1-7 qk = ( h2 - h3 ) + ( h3 - h4 ) = h2 - h4 ( kj/ kg ) ( 1-29) = q0 wk h1 - h4 = h2 - h1 ( 1-30), ( ) ( ) Q0, 18 kw G = Q0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q0 ( kg/ s) ( 1-31) Q0 = qv V s ( kw ) ( 1-32) Vs = Gv1 ( m 3 / s ) ( 1-33) Qk = Gqk ( k W) ( 1-34) Pa = Gwk ( kw ) ( 1-35) ( ),,

19 , 2 3 ( ),, ; ( ),,,, = = h 1 - h4 c h2 - T - T 0 h1 T0 c ( ) ( 1-36),,, T T 0, 30-15, wp N H kj/ kg, R k J/ kg, R kJ/ kg,, T T 0, ( 1-7 ) : q0 = q 0 + q 0 = h7 - h8 ( kj/ kg) w = wk - wp ( k J/ kg ) : q 0 = h7 - h5 ( kj/ kg) w = wk ( kj/ kg) wp = 0, wk,, 1kg, q = q q= q0 + w = ( q 0 + q 0 ) + ( wk - wp ) ( kj/ kg) q = q 0 + wk q = q q 0 = wp,,, wp, 1-7 ( b ) T-s, , wp, ( ) , h4 = h5, a d 8, q 0 = q 0 wk = q 0 wh - wp 0 + q 19

20 >,,, - = = q 0 + q 0 - q 0 wk - wp wk q 0 + q 0 wk - wp ( 1-37) w = w - w = wp = q 0 q 0 + wk = T( s3 - s4 ) q 0 + q 0 = T0 ( s3 - s4 ) ( 1-37), = T T w p 0 wk = T T w 0 w k ( 1-38) ( 1-38), T T 0, p ( w) x = 0, c, wp,, c,, wk r, w w k, ( 1-38), T0 = T T 0 f c r ( 1-39), T T, T0 T0,, T0, ( ) 1-7 ( b ), T T ( ), (1 ) (2 ) s( ) = q - T ( s 3 - s4 ) T - q 0 = 0 T0 20 (3 ) (4 ) s( ) = q T - q 0 > 0 T0 s( ) = ( s 3 - s4 ) > 0 q= q - T ( s 3 - s4 ) = w + q0, q = w + q 0 (5 )

21 w = w - w = q - q= T( s 3 - s4 ) = T s( ), ( 1-8 ) , tk = 30, t0 = - 15, N H3 R22, 1-8, 1-1 c = T0 T k - = 258 T = t 1 = t 0 / t 4 = t k / p 0 / k Pa p k / k Pa h 1 / ( kj/ kg ) h 2 / ( kj/ kg ) h 4 = h 5 / ( k J/ kg) q 0 = h 4 - h 5 / ( k J/ kg) w k = h 2 - h 1 / ( kj/ kg) = q 0 w k N H R N H 3 = R 22 = = = kw,? GN H 3 = Q 0 GR22 q0 = Q0 q0 = = = ( kg/ s) = ( kg/ s ) PN H 3 = Gwk = = 2. 48( kw) PR 22 = Gwk = = ( kw ),,,,, q0,,, t4 = tk t7 ( 1-9 ) tg = ( t4 - t7 ) : q0 = h1 - h4 ( kj/ kg) wk = h2 - h1 ( kj/ kg) 21

22 : 1-9 q0 = h1 - h7 ( kj/ kg) wk = h2 - h1 ( kj/ kg),, q0 c, k J/ kg; t7,, g = q0 = h4 - h7 = c ( t4 - t7 ) ( kj/ k g) ( 1-40) h1 - h7 h2 - h1 = ( h1 - h4 ) + ( h4 - h7 ) h2 - h1 = + c tg wk ( 1-41) c, 1-9 T-s, c,, wk,,, 1, 0. 45%, wk R %, 0. 9%, Q0, q0, G P,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1-10) ( 1) 1,,,, 7 9, : G

23 1-10,,, QR = G( h7 - h9 ) = G( h1 - h1 ) ( kw ) ( 1-42) QR = Gc ( t7 - t9 ) = GcP ( t1 - t1 ) ( k W) ( 1-43) cp t1 ( t0 ) c,, ( ), q0, Q0, G,,,,,,,, q0 R = h1 - h9 = ( h1 - h7 ) + ( h7 - h9 ) = q0 + q0 ( kj/ kg) ( 1-44) wk = h2 - h1 23

24 q0 wk R R = q0 R wk R = h1 - h9 h2 - h1 = q0 1 + q0 + q0 = q0 wk + wk, 1 + w k wk ( 1-45) q0 q0 > w k, qv, qv wk Q0 Vh, m 3 / s ;, qv R = q o R ( 1-46), Q0 = qv V h ( kw ) ( 1-47) v1 = q 0 + q0 v1 + v, q0 v > q0 v1 ( kj/ m 3 ) qv, k J/ m 3 ; q0, q 0 v > q v ( 1-48) k J/ kg k qv R,,, ( 1-46) (1-48 ),,, q0 = h1 - h1 = cp ( t1 - t0 ) T1 v = v 1 - v 1 = v 1 ( T1 - T0 ) T0 wk = cp [ ( T2 - T1 ) - ( T 2 - T0 ) ] = cp = cp T2 T1 T0-1 T1 - ( 1-46) (1-48 ) T0 T 2-1 T0 T0 T 2-1 ( T1 - T0 ) = w k ( T1 - T0 ) cp q0 T0 T0 > 1 ( 1-49),,, R502 R290 R600a R134a, R717,,,, :,,, ;, 24

25 ,,,,, R113 R114 RC318, T-s,,,,, t 0 / t / / tk = 35, t0 = - 15, 25, 1-11, : h1 = kJ/ kg; h2 = 2020kJ/ kg; h4 = h5 = kJ/ kg; h6 = h7 = kJ/ kg = q0 wk = h1 - h4 h2 - h1 = = = q 0 = h 1 - h6 wk h2 - h1 = = % = 100% = 4. 3% ,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, T-s,,,, 1-12, 25

26 T-s T-, 1-14,, T2, (, T3 ), (, T4 ), T3 T4 T3 T4,,,, T ( 6),, T6, 6, 6 ( 0 ), T0,, T0 T6 T0 T6, 1-14 T T-,,,,,,, 26

27 ,,, n v = v 0 i i ( 1-50) i = 1 v 0 i i, ; i i, n h = h 0 i i ( 1-51) i = 1 n s = s 0 i i ( 1-52) i = 1 v 0 i, h 0 i s 0 i i, ; i i,, n p = p 0 i x i ( 1-53) i = 1 p 0 i i, ; xi i,,, ( 1-26) (1-35 ),, :, ;, ; ;,,,,,, a b c 2 d e f g a, a,, a 1,,, h1 = ha a b,, pa = pb b c,,, c 2,,, hc = h2 27

28 2 d e ( e ),, 2 e e f e e,,, e f g,,, pf pg ( 1-16 lg p-h ) g 1,, p1 pg :, a b c 2 d e f g 1,,, ,, p2 = pk ;, p1 = p0,, 1 2, ,,,,,,,, : tk ( ), t0, pk/ p0, : (1 ) pk/ p0,, ; (2 ) pk/ p0,, ; (3 ) pk/ p0, ; (4 ) pk/ p0,,, 8 10, 8, 10,, 28

29 , , R717 R22 R134a pk, p0,,,, ; pk pm, p0, ( ) 1-17 lg p-h T -s 1-17, :, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1-17 A ; B ; C ; D ; E ; F 1-17 lg p-h T -s, ,

30 ( ) ,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( R717) 1-18 lg p-h T -s,,,, :,, ;, 1-18 A ; B ; C ; D ; E lg p-h T -s, tq tm 3 5, lg p-h ( T-s ) Q0, tk 30

31 t0, t1 tb lg p-h p k p0, pm tm lg p-h ( T-s ), : h v1, ( ) Q0, 4. q0 = h10 - h8 ( k J/ kg ) ( 1-54) qmd = Q 0 v1, 5. pe d = wd = h2 - h1 ( kw ) ( 1-55) q0 = Q0 h10 - h8 kw kj/ s ( k g/ s ) ( 1-56) qvd = qmd v1 ( m 3 / s) ( 1-57) qm d wd = d m 3 / kg Q0 h10 - h8 d, d = id m d ; id ; - h1 h2 d md ( ) 6. V hd = 3600 qvd = 3600 d h10 Q0 ( kw ) ( 1-58) - h8 v1 ( m 3 / h ) ( 1-59) d d 90%, 1-17,, ( qm g - qmd ) h5 + qmd ( h5 - h7 ) = ( qm g - qmd ) h3 7. qmg h3 - h7 = qm d h3 - = Q0 h3 - h7 h5 h10 - h8 h3 - h5 h7, t7 3 5 ( kg/ s ) ( 1-60),, 3 h3 = qmg h3 + qmg ( h2 - h3 ) qm g 8. ( qmg - qm d ) h3 + qm d h2 = qmg h3 = h3 + h3 - h5 h3 - h7 ( h2 - h3 ) ( kj/ kg) ( 1-61) 31

32 9. wg = h4 - h3 ( kj/ kg) ( 1-62) pe g = qm g wg = g Q0 h3 - h6 h10 - h8 h3 - h5 h4 g, g = ig 10. m g - h3 g ( kw ) ( 1-63) V hg = 3600 Vg = 3600 g qm g v3 g g ; = 3600 Q0 h3 - h7 h10 - h8 h3 - h5 v3 g v3, m 3 / kg ( m 3 / kg) ( 1-64) Qk = qm g ( h4 - h5 ) ( kw ) ( 1-65) a = Q0 qmd wd + qm g wg = ( h2 - h1 ) + h10 - h8 h3 - h7 h3 - h5 ( h 4 - h3 ) ( 1-66) 13. pr = qm d wd Q0 d + qm g wg g ( ) ( 1-67),,, 1-18 qm d h2p r + qmd ( h5 - h6 ) + ( qmg - qmd ) h5 = qm g h3 h2 pr - h6 qmg = qmd h3 - h5 = Q0 - h6 h1 - h6 h2 h3 - h5 h2 pr, k J/ kg, ( kg/ s ) ( 1-68) pe g = qm g wg = g Q0 pr - h6 h1 - h6 h2 h3 - h5 h4 - h3 g ( kw ) ( 1-69) V hg = 3600 V g = 3600 q m g v3 = 3600 g g g ; Q0 h1 - h 2p r - h6 h6 h3 - h5 v 3 g v3, m 3 / kg ( m 3 / h) ( 1-70) Qk = qm g ( h4 - h5 ) ( kw ) ( 1-71) ( ), 1-19 lg p-h,,,, ( n > 1),, 32

33 ,,,,,,, 1-19 A ; B ; C ; D ; E ; F ; G ; M ; P ; H 1-19, 9 ; / n n,, ( h10 - h9 ) n = 3 4 pp = qm A ( h10 - h9 ) ( kw) qm A, kg/ s, qm A = nqm d A, h10 pp = qm A ( h10 - h9 )/ A qm d ( h1 - h8 ) = qm A ( h11 - h9 ) qmd ( h1 - h8 ) = nqm d ( h11 - h9 ) h11 = h9 + Q0 h1 - h8 n ( k W) ( kj/ kg) ( 1-72) Q0 = qm A ( h11 - h10 ) Q0 = nqm d ( h11 - h10 ) ( kw ) ( 1-73) ( 1-73) (1-74 ) Q0 = qm d ( h1 - h8 ) - nqmd ( h10 - h9 ) Q0 = nqm d ( h11 - h10 ) - Pp qm d = Q0 + Pp h1 - h8 ( kg/ s) ( 1-74) 33

34 Pp, qmg ( kg/ s ), qm d h2p r + qmd ( h5 - h7 ) + ( qmg - qmd ) h5 = qm g h3 qmd = qm d h 2p r - h7 h3 - h5 ( kg/ s ) ( 1-75) h2 pr,,, 1. (1 ) pk p0, pm = pk p0 tm (2 ) tm, 1 2 ( 5 6 ), lg p-h ( T-s ) (3 ), (4 ) -tm, tmopt, pm opt 2. tmopt, pmopt,, pmopt : = h0 - h8 h 2 - h1 + h 10 - h6 h10 - ( h 4 - h3 ) h5 ( 1-76) 3.,,, R717 tm ( ) tm = 0. 4 tk t0 + 3 ( ) ( 1-77) pm, pmopt , R717, R22 R40 ( CH3 Cl),,,,, : 34

35 , ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, tk t0,,,, ( tm ),,, -tm,, ( tm ),, - 60,, R717, ts = tf = tc = pc = MPa,, t0 = ; t0 = ,, t0 ; kpa,, ; - 70, 9m 3 / kg, R22 R134a - 60,, ts = , tf = - 155, tc = 25. 6, pc = M Pa R23, t0, p0,,, tk 30 60, R23, 1. 6MPa, - 60, ( ) ( ) ( ) 35

36 , ( ), ( ),, ; ( ),,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, ,,, / - 60 R22-R23 R22 -R23 R22-R23 R22 -R23-80 R507- R23 R507 -R23 R290- R23 R290 - R23 R22-R23 R22 -R R507- R23 R507 - R23 R22-R1150 R22 -R1150 R507- R1150 R507 - R1150 R22-R1150 R22 -R R507- R1150 R507 - R1150 R22-R23-R50 R22 -R23 -R50 R507- R23- R50 R507 - R23 -R50 ( ) T-s R23, R22 ; , R22 R507;, R23 R , lg p-h

37 1-20 T-s 1-21 a 1 ; a 2 ; a 3 ; b ; c 1 c 2 c 3 ; d ; d 12 ; e 1 - ; e 2 - ; f 1-22 lg p-h 3., R22 R507, R23, R50, R1150 R lg p-h 1-23,, 37

38 a 1 a 2 a 3 ; b ; c 1 c 2 c 3 ; d ; d 12 d 23 ; e 1 e 2 - ; g 1 g ( ),, : ; ;,, ( ),, 5 10,,,,,,,, 5 ( ), : ; - 80, ,,,,,,,,,,, 38

39 ,,,,,, ( ),, R22 R290 R1270 R134a R23 R14 R1150 R170, R ; R R170 R23, R1150 R23 R14,, R22, R23 R22 R23 R14, R290 R1270, R1150 R170,, 1-3 ( ), ;, ;,, , - 80, ,,,,,, - 60, - 110,, - 110, - 90,, ( ) 1.,, , t = 5 2.,, 7% 18% 6% 12% ,,,, 4. - ( ),, 39

40 12 63, -, - 5.,,,,,, Vp ( m 3 ) : Vp = ( mx vp - V xt ) v x v x - vp ( m 3 ) ( 1-78) mx ( ), kg; V xt ( ), m 3 ; vp,, m 3 / kg; vx,, m 3 / kg,, kpa 6.,,,, kpa,,,,,,,,,, R22 R23,,,, ( ) ( ) ; 1-24 : ( R22 R23 ), ( ) R ,, ; R23, ( ) R23, R23, R23,, R23, 40

41 , R22 R23, R23,,,,,,,,,, 41

42 ,,,,,,,,,, 80, ( 1834 ), ( ) 34. 5,,,,, ( Charles Tellier ), , 1866, ( Windhau sen) CO2 1870, ( Carl Linde) N H3, N H3 1874, ( Raul Pictel) SO2 CO2 SO2 CO2, 8M Pa,, CO2, 50, 1955,,,, ; SO2 60, - 10,, ( ), ( F reon) 18,, ( Thomas Midgley) , CF2 Cl2,, ( Du Pont Co. ), 12, R , 1963, 98%, 20 50, 20 60,,,, CFCs ( ), 42

43 , ( Sherwood Rowland ) ( Mario Molina),, ( Stratosphere, ) ( Ozone, O3 ),,, 1995, ( American Society of H ea ting, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers, AS HRAE) R22 R23,, 1988 CFCs, CFCs,, CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons C R C11, CR C12, C RC114 H CFCs H yd rochlorofluorocarbon s HCFC22, HCFC123 H FCs H yd rofluorocarbons H FC134 a, H FC23 ( 90 % ), ; ; ;, ;, CFCs,,,,, , 36 10, CFCs 1992, 1993, , CFCs H CFCs (1 ) CFCs, CFC11 CFC12 CFC113 CFC114 CFC115, ( CFCs 0. 3kg/ ), 2010 (2 ) HCFCs, HCH C22 HCFC123 HCFC142b, 1996, 2004, 2020, 2016, , CFCs,,,,, 43

44 H FC ( ) (1 ),,, ( ) ;, ;, (2 ) q0 qv, q0, ; qv,, (3 ) w w v, (4 ),,, (5 ) (6 ) ( ) 1. 2.,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,, ;, 2.,,,,,,,, : 250 ;, 460, %, 830 ; R , ODP GWP ( ) 4. 44

45 ,,, 2%,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5.,,,,, ;,,, 6.,,, 25, R134a 0. 11% ( ) 0,,,,, (25 ) / % ( ) R R R134 a R R R R142 b R R152 a R143 a R ,,,,,,, 7., 45

46 ,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 8.,,,, 9.,,,,,, ISO A NSI/ ASH- BAE34 92,, 6, ASHBAE34 92 TL V s, TL V s, < A1 B1 LFL > 0. 1kg/ m 3, < 19000kJ/ kg A2 B2 LFL 0. 1kg/ m 3, 19000kJ/ kg A3 B3 T L Vs, T h res hould Limit Valu es, LFL,,, kg/ m 3 : A1 A2 A3 ; B1 B2 B3 2-4 R 22 A1 R124 A1 R134 a A1 R290 A3 R 23 A1 R125 A1 R142 b A2 R500 A1 R 717 B2 R744 A1 R143 a A2 R502 A1 R718 A1 R152 a A2 R600 a A3 10.,,,,,,,, 46

47 ( ), : N H3 CO2 H2 O ; ( ) ( R12 ) ( R134a) ( R22 ) ( R11 ) ( R123) ; ;, ; R500 R502 R507 ; R400 R402 R407,, ( ), R R ( Refrigerant), 1. R7 ( ),, N H3 CO2 H2 O R717 R744 R C m H2 m + 2 ; C m H n F x Cl y Br z ( 2 m + 2 = n + x + y + z), R( m - 1 ) ( n+ 1 ) ( x) B( z),,, 2-5,, R600 R600a 2-5 m, n, x, z CFCl 3 m = 1, n = 0, x = 1 R11 CF 2 Cl 2 m = 1, n = 0, x = 2 R12 CF 3 Br m = 1, n = 0, x = 3, z = 1 R13B1 CH F 2 Cl m = 1, n = 1, x = 2 R22 CH 2 F 2 m = 1, n = 2, x = 2 R32 CH 4 m = 1, n = 4, x = 0 R50 C 2 H F 3 Cl 2 m = 2, n = 1, x = 3 R123 C 2 H F 5 m = 2, n = 1, x = 5 R125 C 2 H 2 F 4 m = 2, n = 2, x = 4 R134 a C 2 H 6 m = 2, n = 6, x = 0 R170 C 3 H 3 F 5 m = 3, n = 3, x = 5 R245 ca C 3 H 8 m = 3, n = 8, x = 0 R R4 ( ), 47

48 , 00,,, R400, R401 R402 R407A R407B R407C 4. R5 ( ),, 00 R500, R501 R502 R : RC, R1,, 600,, 9 ( ),, R6,, R610, R611, R630, R R10 CCl 4 R11 CFCl 3 R12 CF 2 Cl 2 R13 CF 3 Cl R13B1 CF 3 Br R14 CF 4 R20 CH Cl 3 R21 CH FC l 2 R22 CH F 2 C l R23 CH F 3 R30 CH 2 Cl 2 R31 CH 2 FC l R32 CH 2 F 2 R40 CH Cl 3 R41 CH F 3 R50 CH 4 R110 CCl 3 C Cl 3 R111 CCl 3 CF Cl 2 R112 CFCl 2 CFC l 2 R112a CF 2 ClC Cl 3 R113 CF 2 ClCFC l 2 R113a CCl 3 CF 3 R114 CFCl 2 CF 3 R114a CF 2 Cl 2 CF 2 R114B2 CF 2 BrCF 2 Br R115 CF 2 ClCF 3 R116 CF 3 CF 3 R120 CH Cl 2 CCl 3 R123 CH Cl 2 CF 3 R124 CH FClCF 3 R124 a CH F 2 CF 2 Cl R125 CH F 2 CF 3 R133 a CH 2 ClCF 3 R134 a CH 2 FCF 3 R140 a CH 3 CCl 3 R142b CH 3 CF 2 Cl R143 a CH 3 CF 3 R150 a CH 3 CHC l 2 R152 a CH 3 CH F 2 R160 CH 3 CH 2 C l R170 CH 3 CH 3 R218 CF 3 CF 2 CF 3 R290 CH 3 CH 2 C H 3 R50 CH 4 R170 CH 3 CH 3 R290 CH 3 CH 2 C H 3 R600 CH 3 CH 2 C H 2 C H 3 R600 a CH (C H 3 ) 3 CH 2 CH 2 R1270 CH 3 CH CH 2 R610 C 2 H 5 OC 2 H 5 R611 HCOCCH 3 R630 CH 3 N H 2 R631 C 2 H 5 N H 3 48

49 R400 R 22/ 114 ( 80/ 20) R401A R 22/ 152 a/ 124 ( 53/ 13/ 34) R401B R 22/ 152 a/ 124 ( 61/ 11/ 28) R401 C R 22/ 152 a/ 124 ( 33/ 15/ 52) R402A R125/ 290/ 22 ( 60/ 2/ 38 ) R402B R125/ 290/ 22 ( 38/ 2/ 60 ) R403A R 290/ 22/ 218 ( 5/ 75/ 20 ) R403B R 290/ 22/ 218 ( 5/ 56/ 39 ) R404A R125/ 143 a/ 134a ( 44/ 52/ 4 ) R405A R22/ 152 a/ 142b/ C318 ( 45/ 7/ 5. 5/ ) R406A R 22/ 600 a/ 142b ( 55/ 4/ 41 ) R407A R 32/ 125/ 134 a ( 20/ 40/ 40) R407B R 32/ 125/ 134 a ( 10/ 70/ 20) R407 C R 32/ 125/ 134 a ( 23/ 25/ 52) R408A R125/ 143 a/ 22 ( 7/ 46/ 47 ) R409A R 22/ 124/ 142b ( 60/ 25/ 15) R410A R32/ 125 a ( 50/ 50 ) R411A R1270/ 22/ 152a ( 1. 5/ 87. 5/ 11 ) R411B R 1270/ 22/ 152a ( 3/ 94/ 3 ) R500 R12/ 152 a ( 73. 8/ 26. 2) R501 R22/ 12 (75/ 25 ) R502 R22/ 115 ( 48. 8/ 51. 2) R503 R23/ 13 (48. 2/ ) R504 R32/ 115 ( 48. 2/ 51. 8) R505 R12/ 31 (78. 0/ ) R506 R31/ 114 ( 55. 1/ 44. 9) R507 R125/ 143 a ( 50. 0/ ) R702 ( ) H 2 R704 He R717 N H 3 R718 H 2 O R720 Ne R728 N 2 R O 2, 0. 78N 2, 0. 01Ar R732 O 2 R740 Ar R744 CO 2 R744 N 2 O R764 SO 2 R C316 C 4 F 6 Cl 2 R C317 C 4 F 7 Cl R C318 C 4 F 8 R1112a CF 2 CC l 2 R1113 CFCl CF 2 R1114 CF 2 CFl 2 R1120 CH Cl CC l 2 R1130 CH Cl C HCl R1132a CH 2 CF 2 R1140 CH 2 CH Cl R1141 CH 2 CH F R1150 CH 2 CH 2 R1270 CH 2 CH CH 2,,,, R CFC, R HCFC, R H FC, R HC,, R12 CFC12, R22 H CFC22, R134a H FC134a,,, ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) ODP, R11 ( CFC11 ), ODP, ( Global Warming Potential, GWP ) R11 ( CFC11), 1. 0, H GWP,, 1. 0, GWP

50 GWP 2-1 ODP HGWP 2-7 GWP ODP ODP G WP ODP GW P ODP G WP R R R R R R R R134a R R23 0 R142b R600 a 0 0 R R143a R R R152a R R50 0 R R GWP H GWP, : ( ), ( T otal Equivalent Warming Impact, TE WI) TE WI : ( Direct Warming Impact),, GWP ; ( Indirect Warning Impact), ( ),, TEWI,, TE WI,, 20%,,,, TEWI,, TEWI 50

51 , R11 R12 ODP, GWP,, CFCs ( NIST ) ( McLinden), 860, H FCs, H FC134a ( R134a) R12, HCFC123 R11 HCFCs,, HCFC123 R12 R134a, ODP 0, GWP ( GWP = 875),,, R717 R600a R290 CO2,,, HCFCs, R , R22 H FC32 H FCs,, R407C ( H FC32/ H FC125/ H FC134a) R410A ( H FC32/ H FC125),,,,, ( ) , 0,,,,, 35, 25m 3 / kg, 5. 63kPa; 5, 147m 3 / kg, 0. 87kPa,, ,, MPa, MPa, , ,,,,,,,, B2, 0. 5 % 0. 6 %,, 11 % 14% ( ) ; 16% 25% : 51

52 0. 02mg/ L,,,,,,,,, 1%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 1% :,,, - 65, ( ) :, ;, ; ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;, ;,, ; 1. R12 (, CF2 Cl2 ) R12, ODP GWP,,, R12,, R12 52

53 R12, , ;, - 70 R22, ;, R22 R22 R12,,, 20% R12, 20%, ; 30%,,, R12 R12 400, R12, R12, R % R12, R12 R12, 2% R12, R12 R12,, B E R12, R12,,, : - - -, 2. R22 (, CH F 2 Cl) R22, HCFC ODP 0. 05, GWP 1600, R22 R12 65 % R , - 160, R12,, R12,,, - 80 R22,,,, R12,, A1 R12, R12, ;, 0, R % ( ), R12, R22, 0. 01%, ( ) ;,, R22, R12, ; Q F ( E ) QZY R22, ( ) R22,,, R22 53

54 ;, R22, R22, R22,,,, ( ),, R22,,, R22,, R22,, R22,, R22, R22,, R22 R12, R12 R22 H CFC, R22 ( ) ( ), ( ) 3. R13 ( CF3 Cl) R14 ( CF4 ) R13 R , R13 R14,,,, R13 ODP 1. 0,, R13, ( ), 1.,, 2-8 ( ) 2-8 / % / / / R500 R12/ 152 a 73. 8/ / R501 R22/ / / R502 R22/ / / R503 R23/ / / R504 R32/ / / R505 R12/ / / R506 R31/ / / 3. 5 R507 R125/ 143 a 50. 0/ / (1 ),,, ( ),, 54

55 ,,, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ),,,, R502 R , R502 R22,,, R502, , R22,, , R22, R502, R22 2.,,,, ( T- ),,, A,, B,, ( Bl ) ( Bg ), bl b g C,,,, ( Tempera ture glide), ( T- ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, 2-9,, 55

56 ,,, 2-9 / % / / ODP GW P R401 A R22/ 152 a/ / 13/ R12 R401B R22/ 152 a/ / 11/ R12 R402 A R22/ 290/ / 2/ R502 R402B R22/ 290/ / 2/ R502 R403 A R22/ 218/ / 20/ R502 R403B R22/ 218/ / 39/ R502 R404 A R125/ 143 a/ 134a 44/ 4/ R502 R407 A R32/ 125/ 134 a 20/ 40/ R502 R407B R32/ 125/ 134 a 10/ 70/ R502 R407C R32/ 125/ 134 a 30/ 10/ R22 R408 A R22/ 143 a 45/ R502 R410 A R32/ / R22, ( Near azeotropic mixture refrigerant),,,, 3 3. (1 ) R502 R502 R22 R R ,, R22 R502 R22, R22, 150, R502 R22 R115,, R502 R ,, ;, R502, - 50, R502, ( - 40 ) R502 R , 82, 82, R502 R502 R115, ODP, (2 ) R500 R500 R12 R152a R500, R12 R152a R500 R12 R22 R500 R12,, 20% (3 ) R503 R503 R13 R23, R503-88, 6,, 56

57 , ( ) R134a ( H FC134a, C2 H2 F4, ) R134a R12, R12 ODP 0; GWP ; R12, R12 ( COP R12) R134a, R12 R12 R134a R12 R12, R12, R12, R134a, 17, R134a,, R134a R12, R12, R134a,, R12 Al, R12, R134a, R12,, R134a R12 35% 40% 25% 35%, R134a R12 R134a, R12 R22, 65, R134a R134a, PA Gs ( Amides) R134a ;, POE R134a Cl,,,,, R134a, R12,,, CO CO2,,, R134a, R12, R134a, X H-7 XH-9 R134a, R134a,,,, R134a,, R134a R12,, H FC, R134a,, R134a, R134a,,, R134a, R134a ( ) R152a ( H FC152a, C2 H4 F2 ) R152a ODP 0; GWP 105, R134a R152a 57

58 , R134a : R152a 4. 5% ( ) 21. 8% ( ),, % ( ), R152a 0. 6mJ, 10 R152a R500 ( R12/ R152a ), R12 R152a - 25 R12, R152a,, ( ) R23 ( HFC23, CH F3 ) R , R13, R13 R23 R13, R503 ( ) R13, R23 R13 ( ) R507 ( HFC125/ H FC143a) R507, R502 ODP , R502, R502, R502, R502, R502, R502, R502, R507 ( ) R407C R407C, R22, , , R22 H FC, R407C,, ( 7 ), R407C R22 5%, R22 R407C,,, R407C R22 ( < - 30 ), R22, R22 20%, R407C,, ( ) R410A R410A 0. 2,, H FC, R410A, R22 R22 R407C, R407C, R22 60 %, R22 5% ;, R22 R407C,, R410A ( ), R410A R22, R410A, R22 ( ) :,,,,,,, 58

59 ,,, ;, ; R22, R13, ( ), - 150, ,, R12, R600a (i-c4 H10 ), R600a , - 160, ,, CFCs, R600a R134a R12 ( GWP ),, ( ) R600a R12 R600a R12 R12, R12 18, R12, R600a R12, R12 R12, R12, R600a,, A3, R600a ( ),,, R600a,, R600a,, R600a,,,, R600a, R600a, R600a,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Secondary Refrigerant) 59

60 ,, :,,, ;, ;,, (, ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 0, 0,, 7,,,, 0 ( ),, ( CaCl2 ) ( NaCl) ( MgCl2 ) 2-3 ( T- ) T W E, EG, E TE E < E,,, = E, TE, > E,, CaCl2 NaCl 60

61 MgCl ,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( 5 8 ),, 2-3 ( T- ),, ( Na2 Cr2 O7 2 H2 O ) ( p H ) ( NaO H ) 1m kg kg ; 1m kg kg,,, ( ),, 1. ( C H3 O H ) ( C2 H6 O H ) - 97, - 117,,,,, 2. ( ),,,, - 60 ( 0. 6 ), 3. R30 ( CH2 Cl2 ) R1120 ( C2 H Cl3 ) - 100,,,, ( ), 61

62 ,,,,,, ;,,,, :, ;,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, 2-10,,,,,,, 2-10 ( 1) ( 2) (1 ) (2 ) ( ) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),,, R22 R502 ( A1kylbenzene) ; R134a R32 ( ) ( PolyalkyleneGlyco1 ) ( Polyol Ester ), P AG,, POE PAG H FC,,,,,, POE PA G H FC, H FC, 62

63 , PA G, ( ), ( ) ( mpa s ) ( mm 2 / s ),,,,,,, 2-11, ISO, ISO 32, mm 2 / s ( mm 2 / s ) ISO / ( mm 2 / s ) R R134 a ( ),,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, - ( ) ( ),,,,,,, ( ), 63

64 ,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,, 10 15,,, ( ), 64

65 ,,, ( ), ( ),,, 25kV 65

66 ,,,,,,,,,, , ( ),,, ( ) 66

67 3-1,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, m 3 / s, r/ min , kPa, 2M Pa, 2 30,, Pi ( ) Pa, i ( 67

68 ), G = Q 0 q0 t = P a Pi Pi = P a = G ( h 2 - h1 ) i i ( kg/ s ) G = V n ( kg/ s) v1 (3-1) (3-2) G, kg/ s ; Vn, m 3 / s; v1, m 3 / kg; t, t, ( 3-4 ) ( 3-5 ) ; t0,, ; b t = t + bt0 (3-3), b = ;, b = ;, b= t = T0 Tk (3-4) T0, K ; Tk, K t = a Tk T1 + b (3-5) T1, K ; fi, = T1 - T0, K ; a,, a ; b, i a = , b= , ( 3-4 ) wi, wi = fi mp ms ( J/ r ) (3-6) fi, m 2 ( ) ; 68 mp, Pa/ m; ms, m/ m

69 3-2 NH R22 wi,, wi = spi F ( J/ r) (3-7) z, n, Pi Pi = wi n z 10-3 = V h pi 10-3 ( kw ) (3-8) pi, Pa ; F, m 2 ; s, m; Vh, m 3 / s 69

70 3-4, Pe,,,, Pf Pi, m, m = P i Pe = Pi Pi + Pf (3-9) Pf, kw pm, pm : Pf = pm V h 10-3 ( k W) ( 3-10) Pa pm = kPa ; pm = kPa ; pm = kPa, ( ), 70% 80%, 20% 30%,, k = i m k , P0, n, n = P e Pg Pe ( 3-11) 70 Pg = P e n n : n = , n = ( 3-12),,

71 , 10% 15%,,,,,, V W S ( ) Y ( ),, ( 3-2 ) 3-2 / cm 8A S17 8 ( A) S ( ) 17 6 FW7B 6 ( F ) W 7 ( B) 3 F Y5 Q 3 ( F ) Y ( ) 5 ( Q ),,, (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ), (6 ),,, ( ) 3-5 8FS10,,,, 3-6 8FS10, 71

72 3-5 8 FS FS10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; ,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ), (, ),,, 72

73 ,,, ( ),, 3-7 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12,,, ( 3-7 ),,, 2., (1 ) ( 3-8 ) 2F10 4F10,,,,,, (2 ) ( 3-9 ),, ( ),,,,, (3 ) ( 3-10),,,, 73

74 3-8 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,, ( 3-10 ) ( 3-11) 3-10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 3. (1 ) ( ),,, 74

75 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 (2 ) ( 3-12),,,,,,, (3 ) ( ),,, 3-11,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),, 4., ( ),,, 75

76 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; , 3-13,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 76

77 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,, ,,,,, ( ),,,,, 3-14 R22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 77

78 ,,,, ( ), 1g ( K O H) ,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18,,,,,, 2, V 90 2, V 2 3 4, ,,,,,, ( ) ( ),, 1/ 10, ;, 78

79 ,,,,,,,, ( ) 3-16,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;

80 ( ) ( 3-17),, [ 3-17 (a) ],,, [ 3-17 ( d ) ],, [ 3-17 ( f) ],,,,, p pk ( ), p pk p p k,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 10, 20,, ( ), (a) V, (100% ),, Vb,, 15% 100%,,,

81 3-3 / mm / kw ( k cal/ h ) K A20-50 ( K ) 200 ( A ) ( ) BF ( B) 125 ( F ) 46. 5( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, (a), 3-20 ( b) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; (a) 3-21 ( b) R ,,,, 81

82 3-21, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 9 ; 8 ; p 1 ; p 2 ; p m ( ),,,, 1kW, , 3, O, ( ),, 7,, ( A B ),,,,,,, 82

83 3-23 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; ( ),,, EER 20%, 40%, 1/ 3, 50%, 5dB( A) ( ), ( ) ,,,, 83

84 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,,,, 1 15 kw, 40%, 15 %, ( 5 ),, 2 3dB ( A), EER,,,,,,,, 3-4,,,, : 2 40k W ,, - 50 R22 R404A R717,,,,, , A,, ; B,,,,, A B 84

85 ,,, C A,,,,, z,, z , 20 30,, 1200k W, 3-27,,,,, 104r/ min,,,, ( 3-28 ),, ; 2 ; 3 ; ( 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; ),, 8 ; 9,, ( ),,, 85

86 3-28,,, p,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200kW ( ),,, ( ) Q0 1. t0 Qj,, 5, 7 10, 10 ;, 10, 8 10,,

87 2. tk, ts1 ts2, tk = ( 5 7 ) + ( ts1 + ts2 )/ 2, tk = ts + (5 10 ), ts ( ) 3. tg, 5 4. t1,, / ,, 3 7, 15, tz j pz j tz j = 0. 4 tk t0 + 3 ( 3-13) pz j = pk p0 ( 3-14) tk t0, ; pk p0, M Pa ( ) pk/ p0, 8, > 8, 10, > 10, ( ),,, ( ),, ( ),, 2. 6, , 3,,,, t0, 87

88 ( ) Q0,, Q0 = qv Vh ( kj/ h ) ( 3-15) qv, k J/ m 3 ; Vh, m 3 / h ; ( 3-15),, Vh, qv ( ), 3-1 8S-12. 5, R22 tk = 30, t0 = - 15, t5 = 25, t1 = 15 Q0 D = 125mm S = 100mm 960r/ min Z = 8, l g p-h ( 3-29), 3-6, t k t 0 p k p 0 t 1 t 5 h 1 h 2 h 5 = h 6 v 1 / / / k Pa / kpa / / / ( kj/ kg ) / ( kj/ kg ) / ( kj/ kg) / ( m 3 / kg) l gp-h (4 ), ) : ( 1) ( q0 = h1 h5 = = kJ/ kg Vh qv ( 2) = q0/ v1 = / = k J/ kg ( 3) = 4 D2 SnZ 60 = = m 3 / h = p k p0 1 n - 1 = (5 ) 8S-12. 5, R22 Q = = kJ/ h = kW ( ) - 1 = ,,,,,, 88 Q01 = 1 Vh qv ( kw ) ( 3-16)

89 Q02 = 2 Vh qv Q01, Q02 1 2, k W; 1, ; Vh, m 3 / h; ( kw ) ( 3-17) qv1, qv2 1 2, kj/ m 3 Q02 = Q01 2 qv2 1 qv1 ( kw ) ( 3-18) 3-2 R22, tk = 40, t0 = - 10, t = 10, t = k W, tk = 35, t0 = - 20, t = 5, t = 30 tk1 = 40, t01 = - 10, t 1 = 10, 1 = ; tk2 = 35, t02 = - 20, t 2 = 5, 2 = R22 qv1 = h 1 - h5 v1 qv2 = h 1 - h5 ( 3-18) Q02 = Q01 v1 2 qv2 1 qv1 = = = ( ) = kJ/ m 3 = kJ/ m 3, 1. tk Q0, = kW t02, (1 ) p01 (2 ) tk ( pk ), t02 ( p02 ) p01, l g p-h, (3 ) Q0 Q0 = V h qv 3600 = Vh q vl qv t02, kj/ m 3 ; q02 t02, Vh, m 3 / h ; ; vl, m 3 / kg kj/ kg; ( k W) ( 3-19) 3-3 : 8S-12. 5, 566m 3 / h ; : 4V-12. 5, Vh = 283m 3 / h Vh = tk = 40 ( pk = kPa), t02 = - 40 ( p02 = kPa), t = - 25,, 5 89

90 , pz j = pk p0 = = kpa, t = t01 = - 12 ( t, 5 10, ) p01 = kPa,, p = kPa, 1 = ; p01 = kPa, 2 = p01 -, = 0. 5, p01 = 244kPa l g p-h ( 3-30 ) p01 - ( 3-31 ), lg p-h 3-31 p t = , p = k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = kpa t = , p = k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = kpa t 1 = t v 3 m 3 / kg h 1 k J/ kg t v 1 m 3 / kg h 4 k J/ kg t t h 2 k J/ kg h 5 k J/ kg v 2 m 3 / kg t 6 = t t 3 = t h 6 k J/ kg h 3 k J/ kg = = t = , p = k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = kpa p k p 0 p 01 p n - 1 = = n - 1 = = = = = = G = V h v G = = G = = = h 2 - h 6 h 3 - h = = = =

91 t = , p = k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = kpa 5 G = G ( 1 + ) G = = G = = V h = G v V h = = V h = = = V h = = = = V h : p = 244kPa ( = ), t1 = t = - 25, h1 = 1440k J/ kg, v1 = 1. 6m 3 / kg, p02 = kPa, tk = 40, pk = 1557 kpa, t6 = t = , h6 = k J/ kg = qv = q 02 Q0 v1 = h 1 - h6 v1 = p01 p n = = kJ/ m 3 = qv Vh = = kJ/ h = 98. 3k W = 0. 78,, (1 ) ( tk t02 ), ( p = pk p0 ), V h = Q 0 q02 v 1 ( m 3 / h ) ( 3-20) Vh = v3, ; Q0 (1 + ) v3 ( m 3 / h) ( 3-21) q02 = ( h 2 - h3 ) + ( h5 - h6 ) h3 - h5 m 3 / kg; Q0, kj/ h;,, kg/ k g; h3, h2, kj/ kg; kj/ kg; ( kg/ kg) ( 3-22) h5, h6, kj/ kg (2 ),,,,,, 91

92 Q0 ( ),,,, ( ) Q0 Q0 G ( kg/ h ),,,, G, Q0 Q0,,, G, ( ), :,,, W ( k J/ kg ), pe = e ),,,, GW ( kw ) ( 3600 e,,, p k p0 = k k+ k 1, 3 ( ) ( k ),, ( ) qv ( kj/ m 3 ) qv = h 1 - h5 v1 ( kj/ m 3 ) ( 3-23) h1, k J/ kg; h5, k J/ kg; v1, m 3 / kg qv,,,,,,, 92

93 ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 10k W,,, 1.,,,,,,, 70mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, O,,,,,,,, 8 2, 25 % 50 % 75 % 100%,,,,,,, 93

94 , 2., 3-32 :, 1,, 3,,, 5 2,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,, 3,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 10% 100%,, : ; ;, 40% 40%,,, 3-33,,,,,, ,

95 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, ,,, 95

96 ( ),,,,, n, n,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 10 1, 2%,, 80% 90%,,, VS, kW,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, 96

97 ,,,, (2 ) 20 80,,, 1 kw,,,,,,,,,,,, n = 60 f( 1 - s)/ p ( 3-24) f, H z; s ; p, ; n, r/ min, f,, 4. (1 ),, T ur bo,, 30%, 40%,, (2 ) 5 7,,, ( ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ) H z, 20 1, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),,,, 97

98 ,,,, 30% 40%, - - ( - - ) - ( - ),,,, 20 80,,,, : ; ; ; ; ;,,,, 98

99 ,,, :,, ;,,, ( ), ( ),, ( ),,, ( ),,, 4-1 ( ) 1., 4-1,,,,, 99

100 4-1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2), ) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( ( 2) ( 4-2 ),, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 51mm 3. 5mm 38mm 3mm, 2., ,,,,,,, (,, 4 6 ),,, ( ),,,,,,, 100

101 25mm 32 mm 38mm, 25mm 2. 5mm, 2. 75, 40% 25 mm 2. 5 mm, 90,, 9mm, 0. 8mm, 65% , 10%, 4-5,, ( 16mm 1. 5 mm, mm, 1. 64mm, 16 / in, ),

102 m/ s, 40, R22, W/ m 2, K W/ ( m 2 K) ( ), 16 / in 19 / in 26 / in 40 / in ( 1in = m), 50%,,, ( C ),, 70%, 70%, 40% 3., 4-6,,,,, 4-7, [ 4-7 (a) ] [ 4-7 ( b) ], 102

103 [ 4-7(c) ],,, ( ),,,,,,,, 1. :,, ; 103

104 , 4-8 ;,,,, 4-8,,,,,, 2. ;,,,,, 5% 10 %, ;,, ;,, ; ,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 104

105 4-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; ,,, ( 4-9 ),,,,,,,, ( 4-10) ( ),,,, ,

106 ,,,, ;,,, , 6 20mm,,, mm,,,,,, ,,,, 20% ;,, 65% ; ( ), 85%,, mm, 0. 2mm, 20 R22, 60%, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 4-1, 106

107 ,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ) Qk ( kw ),, Qk = Q0 + Pi ( kw ) (4-1) Qk, k W; Q0, k W; Pi, k W, Qk = G( h2 - h3 ) ( kw ) (4-2) G, kg/ s ; h2, kj/ kg; h3, kj/ kg, Qk, Qk = Q0 ( k W) (4-3),, (2 ) K[ W/ ( m 2 ) ],, q f ( W/ m 2 )

108 K / [ W/ ( m 2 ) ] 4-2 K qf q f / ( W/ m 2 ) (1 ) (2 ) t m = 4 6 (3 ) 2 3 (4 ) m 3 / ( m 2 h) (1 ) (2 ) t m = 4 6 (3 ) 4 6 (4 ) m 3 / ( m 2 h) (5 ) m/ s (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) t m = 4 6 (2 ) 3 5 (3 ) m/ s (1 ) (2 ) m 3 / ( m 2 h) (3 ) 10 % 12 % (4 ) 24 (1 ) (2 ) m 3 / ( m 2 h ) (3 ) m 3 / ( m 2 h) (4 ) 5 % 10 % (5 ) t m = 2 3 ( ) (1 ), 3. 5 ( R22, R134 a, R404 a) (2 ) t m = 7 9 (3 ) m/ s (4 ) 4 6 ( R22, R134 a, R404 a) (1 ), 3. 5 (2 ) t m = 8 11 (3 ) m/ s ( R22, R134 a, R404 a) 6 10 ( ) (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) (2 ) t m = 8 12 (3 ) m/ s (4 ) 15 (1 ) ( R22 ) (2 ) m 3 / ( m 2 h ) (3 ) m 3 / ( m 2 h) (4 ) 5 % 10 % (5 ) t m = 2 3 ( ) (3 ) tm, tm = t1, ; t2, ; 108 t2 - t1 ln tk - t1 tk - t2 ( ) (4-4)

109 tk, 4-2 (4 ) A, q f, 2. A = Qk K tm = Q k q f ( m 2 ) (4-5) W/ m 2, 4-2 (1 ) Gs, a, Gs = 3. 6 Qk a cs ( t2 - t1 ) kg/ m 3, a = 1000 kg/ m 3 ; ca, kj/ ( kg K), ca = kJ/ ( kg K) ; t1 t2, (2 ) Ga, a, Ga = 3. 6Qk a ca ( ta2 - ta1 ) kg/ m 3, a = kg/ m 3 ; ( m 3 / h) (4-6) ( m 3 / h) ( 4-7) ca, kj/ ( kg K), ca = k J/ ( kg K) ; ta1 ta2, (3 ) 4-2 (4 ) 4-2, 1kW m 3 / h, m 3 3.,,,,,,,,, ( ),, =, m/ s; Gs, m 3 / h ; z ; di, m; n 4Gs z 3600 d 2 i : p = f z p, Pa ;, kg/ m 3, = 1000kg/ m 3 ; L di n ( m/ s) (4-8) ( z + 1) ( Pa) (4-9) 109

110 , m/ s; L,, m; di, m; f,, f = bdi ; b, b= , b= ( ),,,, AT C ( ), 4-3 ( - ) ( )/ kw ( )/ kw A T C A TC ( R717) / / kpa / kW, ( R717 ) kw Qk = 1000kW kw = 1300k W 4-4,

111 4-5 R22 R134a / / k Pa / a Q k = = 1807kW 4-3, ATC-440, 1896k W, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,, ( ) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 2/ 3, 111

112 , 2.,,,,,,, 20% 30%,, 3.,,,,,,, Q = 1163W/ m 2, 2. 5%, 8141 W/ ( m 2 K ) 4071W/ ( m 2 K),,,,, 4.,,,, ( ),, ( 6% 7% ),,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), (1 ) (2 ),,, m/ s, 2 4m/ s 112

113 (3 ),,,,,,,,, ( ) Qk ( k W),,, Qk 1., 1,,, ,, 4-2 R22, 60% ( 0. 6) 4-14 R22 R502 20? 4-6, 0. 6 ( : 40, 25 ) 20 : tk, tk = 35, t0 = 0, tk 1, 2%,, 2., ( S. Tezuka), K, K = cg L ( 4-10) c ; L G 113

114 0. 22, 2 = 1. 16, 1. 16,,,, 3., ( 4-10 ),, K 28%,,,,,,,,, : m 2 / kw : L/ ( s k W) : m 3 / ( s kw ) : Pa : 1. 5L/ ( h kw ) :, 50%, 2. 2L/ ( h kw ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 95%,,,,,,, ( ),, (10%, 1kg 0. 5g),,, 24h,,, 1% 5% 15 min,,, 114

115 ,, 20 70,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ,,,,,,, 115

116 ,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) (, ),,, ( ) 4-6 ( ),,, ( ) ( ) 1.,,,, 4-16,,,,,,,, 70 % 80%,,, ;,,,,, 0,,,,, 4-17, T 10 T, 2. 2, 50% 116

117 4-6 U ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2), ( 1), ( 2) ( ) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 3 ) ( 4) ( 5) ( 1) ( 3 ) ( 4) ( 1 ),, ( 2), ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2), ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1), ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4), ( 1) (2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1), ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1), ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) 117

118 ,,,, 35% 40 %, 1/ 2 1/ 3,,, 4-18 ( a),,,, 4-18 ( b) U,,,,,,,,,, 5% 10%,,,, ( PAG), 3000 h, 118

119 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ) 1., 4-19 ( a),,,,,,,, 4-19 (c),,,,,,,,,,,,, 119

120 m/ s,,,,,,,,,,, ( b), ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 120

121 ,,,,,,,, 3. ( ) ( ), 4-20,, ( ),,,, ( ) ( 4-21 ) ( 4-22) ( ) ( ) U, ( U ) ( ),,,, ( ), ,,,, 6 10mm 2 4mm 121

122 ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ;,, ( ) ;,,, 4-6 ( ) 1. (1 ) Q0,,,, (2 ) K[ k W/ ( m 2 ) ] qf K,, K qf ( kw/ m 2 ) 4-7 (3 ) tm, tm = t1, ; t2, ; t0, tm 4-7 (4 ) A, t1 - t2 ln t1 - t0 t2 - t0 ( ) ( 4-11) qf, 2. Gz A = Q0 K tm = Q0 qf ( m 2 ) ( 4-12) kw/ m 2, 4-7, Gz = 3. 6 Q0 s cz ( t1 - t2 ) Q0, kw ; 122 s, kg/ m 3 ; ( m 3 / h) ( 4-13) cz, kj/ ( kg K), cz = kJ/ ( kg K) ; t1 t2, Gza,

123 a, h1 h2, Gza = 3. 6Q0 a ( h1 - h2 ) kg/ m 3, a = kg/ m 3 ; kj/ kg ( m 3 / h) ( 4-14) ( ) ( R22 ) ( ) ( R22 ) ( R22 R134a R404 a) ( R22 R134 a R404 a) 4-7 K qf K/ [ W/ ( m 2 ) ] q f / ( W/ m 2 ) ( 1) t m = 4 5 ( 2) m/ s ( 1) ( 2) t m = 5 7 ( 3) m/ s ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) t m = 5 7 ( 2) m/ s ( 1) ( 2) t m = 4 6 ( 3) m/ s ( 1), 3. 5 ( 2) m/ s ( 1) 12 mm ( 2) t m = 5 7 ( 1) ( 2) t m = 4 8 ( 3) m/ s ( 1), 3. 5 ( 2) m/ s ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) 4 8 ( 2) t m = 8 12 ( 3) m/ s,,,,,,, :,,,,, 123

124 , ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 124

125 ,,,,, R12, 70%, R22 90%,,,,,,,,, ( ), : 25%, ;,,, ;, 20% 40% ; ;, ; ;, :, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, ( ) ( ) 4-23, 125

126 ,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) MPa , ,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 126,,,

127 ,, ( ) 4-25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 5m/ s m/ s 3 5 K = W/ ( m 2 K) ( ),, 127

128 4-26,,,, ( ) : m/ s;, m/ s 1., F = Qm K tm ( m 2 ) ( 4-15) Qm, W; tm, ; K, W/ ( m 2 K) ; : K = W/ ( m 2 K) ; : K = W/ ( m 2 K) tm = t1 - t2 ln t1 - t01 t2 - t01 ( ) ( 4-16) t1, ; t2, ; t01, 2., D = 4Vh d v2 wv1 Vh, m 3 / s ; d ; w, m/ s; v1, v2, m 3 / kg; m 3 / kg ( m ) ( 4-17),,,,,,,,, 4-27, : 8 12 m/ s ( ) ; 128

129 4-27, F = Qr K tm ( m 2 ) ( 4-18) Qr, W; tm, ; K, W/ ( m 2 K) K, 8 10m/ s m/ s, W/ ( m 2 K) tm = ( t1 - t2 ) - ( t2 - t1 ) ln t 1 t2 - t2 - t1 ( ) ( 4-19) t1, ; t2, ; t1, ; t2, - -,, - : ,,,, W/ ( m 2 K) -,,, - -, 5 10,, W/ ( m 2 K) 129

130

131 ,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,, 10 % 30 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, 131

132 ,,,, 5-1,, ( ),, ,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-3,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ( ),

133 ,,,,,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18, ,, ( ), p,, p0,, W,,,, : p = p0 + W 133

134 R22 ( R22 ), 5 ( p0 = 0. 58MPa), A B,,, A B, 5 B C,, 10, C 5 10, p R22 10, p = 0. 68M Pa W = 0. 10M Pa,,,, B,, 10, p,,, p0, C,,, B, 10, p,,,, C,,, p0,,,,, 5-7,, ( ), ta, tb,, ta,, tb,,,,, a b ,, 134

135 ,,,,, 5-8,,, p0, p R22, M Pa, A 5, M Pa, B p 0 = = MPa, t 0 = 0 C 5, 5, p M Pa, W = MPa,,, p0 + W = = M Pa, MPa, R22 9, ( ),,,,,, ( ), mm,,,,, ;,,,,,, 135

136 , ;,, 5-9, ,,,,,, a a,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-10 a 2 2 3, 3, t0, p : mm, 5. 5m,,,,, :,, 5-10 a 1, 136

137 a 2 3 d L, p, ( ) p0 p0, G p0, p 2 p0 p0,,, G, p0 c > p0 p0, 1., m ; ;, ( 5-1 ), p i = - G g F u i - pi i ; G, k g/ s; F, m 2 ; g, m/ s 2 ; ui, m/ s; di, m; um j, m/ s; Li ;, L = e d i G 2 gfd i u m j Li (5-1) Re e/ di, e/ di = ; Re = u di v T = L 1 3, X, ( p i ) Li, Li 2.,,,,, ( ), 5-11, R22 R12 R22 Q0 = W, G = kg/ s, A B C,, L 0. 86m 1. 9m m, di 0. 7mm 0. 8mm 0. 9mm,,, ;,,, 137

138 , R22 R12,,,, 5%,, 25% 3.,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 138

139 ,, ( ) :,, 50kPa,,,,,,,, , 20 90,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 139

140 ,,, ( ) 5-13 (a), ;,,, ( ),,, 5-13 ( b ), ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,, ( ),,, : ; (a),,,,,,,,, 140

141 ,,,, 5-14 ( b) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; (a),, ( ),,, 5-15 ( b) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ;

142 SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4,, ,,, 240 ; 1440,,,,,,, 5-16,,,,,, ( ),, w ; 2 w ; ( 1 w - 2 w ) 5-17,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 142

143 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 32% ; 30%,, ( ) ( P MV ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;, 5-18,,,,,, R MPa, 1. 8MPa, 5-19,,,, 143

144 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-18, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; : 8, ( ) ;,,, ( ) 5-19, ZZH A-3 ZZHB-3 ZZHC-3 ZZH D-3 : ;, A B, C D, A C, B D ; 3 3mm 5-1,, ;,,,,,, 144,

145 5-1 ( ) / MPa ZZ H A ZZ HB ZZ H C ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ; ( ) 5-20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3mm, ( ) 5-21,,,,,,, 145

146 ,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,, 5-22,, 90, 5-22,, :, ;,,, ;, ;,,, ;,, ;,, 380V 220V 36V, 220V 110V,,,, 146

147 ,,, 5-23,,,, A,,,,,,,,,,,, B,,,,, 5-23, 1 A ; 2 B ; 3 1 ; 4 2; 5 ; 6 ;, 7 11 ; 8 ; 9 ;, ; 12 ; 13 E ;, ( ) ; 15 ( ) ; ( ) 1 ; 2 3 ; 4 ; 5 6 ; 7 147

148 5-25 ( ),, :, ;,,,, 5-26, 2, ( ),,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,, 2,,,, 148

149 ,,, ( ), 5-26, 2 3, 4,,,,,,,, 5-27,,,,, 5-27,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 22 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 O ; 20 ; 21 ; 23 ; 24,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 149

150 ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( 5-28) ( 5-29) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; ; ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ( ) 5-28,,,, 9 12,,, ;,,, 11 10, 10, 150

151 ;, ( ) 5-29,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 5-30,,,,,,,,,,, mm, mm, m/ s, 80% 85% ( ), 5-31,,,, ;,,,,,, 151

152 ( ) 5-32 (a ) ( b ) 5-32,,,,, 0. 5m/ s 152

153 ,,, 96% 98%, ( ), 5-33,,,, ( ),, D = 4Vh v v1 w Vh, m 3 / h ; ; v2, v1, w, ( m) (5-2) m 3 / kg; m 3 / kg; w = m/ s 5-33 m/ s w = m/ s,,,,,,,, 5-34, 230kW, 159 mm 1 ; kw, 325mm 1 2 ; 1160k W, 325mm 2, 500mm 1, ( ),,,, ;,,,,, ( m), m, 153

154 , ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; , 0. 5m/ s, D = Vh ( m ) (5-3) w D = Vh, m 3 / s ; ; 4 Gv w G, kg/ s; ( m) (5-4) w, m/ s, w = 0. 5m/ s ; v, m 3 / kg [ ( ) ], 5-36,,,, 5-36 (a) 154

155 ,,,, [ 5-36 ( b) ], U,, U b c U,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 5-38, / 3 1/ 2, 70%, 10%, 80% 155

156 5-38,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, 80 %, 70%, 10%, G, kg/ h ; v,, 5-2 ; V = Gv ( m3 ) (5-5) m 3 / kg;, = 0. 7,, V = G v ( m3 ) (5-6) G, v, m 3 / kg;, = kg;

157 t t t 0. 5,,,,,, 2.,, ;,, ;,,,,, 70% ;, 30%, 15 20min,, 5-39,, ,, :, ; (1 ), D = 4V h 3600 w n Vh, m 3 / h; ; = Vh w n ( m) (5-7) w, 0. 5m/ s, 0. 8m/ s;, 1, 0. 3 ; n (2 ),,, ; Vq, m 3 ; V h, m 3 V = ( Vq Vh ) ( m3 ) (5-8) 157

158 ,,,,, : V = (0. 2 V q Vh + Vb ) ( m 3 ) (5-9) V q, m 3 ; 158 Vh, m 3 ; Vb, m 3 ;

159 1, min, 15 20min, ( ), ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ),,,,,,,, 159

160 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 7 ; 5 ; 6, ,

161 5-45, ( ),,,,,,,, CN-5. 5/ ; 2 4 ; 3 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 5-47, qv qv = ngv ( m 3 / h ) ( 5-10) g, kg/ h; n ; v, m 3 / kg,,, n 3 4, 5 6 n

162 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( ) ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; MPa,, / m ,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 5-48 ( ) 1 m 3,, 5-49 (75 ),,, 162

163 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 163

164

165 ( ),,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. C,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 167

166 ,,,,,, - 18, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 1., 10, 4-2,,,, 2., - 18, 3.,, 0, - 18, , 4.,,,,,

167 0,,, , ( ),,,, / / > < - 30 ( ) H ACCP H ACCP H azard Analysis and Critical Control Point, H ACCP ( H A ) ( CCP ),,,,,,,,, H ACCP, 20 60,, ( WH O) ( N ACMCF ) 1992 H ACCP : ; ; ; ; ; ;,, H ACCP,, ( ) , 169

168 ,, ( ) ( 6-2) 6-2 / / % ( ) d ( 47 % ) d ( 35 % ) d (100% ) d (67 % ) d m d w ( ) w d ( ) w m ( ) w m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-3) 6-3 / / % d d ( ) d d d d d m d d ( ) d ( ) d m d ; 170 m

169 ( ) ( 6-4) 6-4 / / % ( ) w w w m ( ) d m m ( ) w m m m m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-5) 6-5 / / % ( ) m ( ) m m w w m m w w m w w w w d w w m w w d d w w m 171

170 / / % w m ( ) d w m w m d m ( ) w m d m m m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-6) 6-6 / / % m ( ) m m w m w w d w m m w m d d d d ( ) m m ( ) w 172

171 / / % d w m m w m d m d m w ( ) w m m ( ) m ( ) w d m ( ) m w ( ) d m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-7) 6-7 / / % ( ) w m 10 % m m, d A ( 3. 7 % ) m d m m 173

172 / / % m m m m (45 L ) w m w m m m m m ( ) m m m m w m m m m d ; w ; m ( ),,, 0,,,,,,, 6-1, tl ta, ta = 20, = 80%, tl = 16. 5, 5 7, ta = 6, = 80 %, tl , tl = 3, 174

173 6-1 tl ta,,,,,,

174 6-8 ( ) kPa, 100, 0. 66kPa, 1,,, 6-2,, 6-2,, kpa, 1, 2496k J/ kg,, 1, 2% 4%,, 20 30min; 4 6h; 12h; 15 24h 6-2,,, 1mL, Pa 0, 21,,,,,,, 6-3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 176

175 6-3 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 177

176 3. 6-5,, 2 4kPa,, , m/ s,,, 4 6 h, 2h 70m 2,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 178

177 ( ) 0 3,, : ( ) ( ) 6-10,,,,,,,, 6-9 ;, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;, ;, 4 ; 5,

178 ,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 334 kj/ kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0,, ( ),, - 40 ( - 95 ), ,, ( ) ( ) 1.,,,, / ( m/ s ) / [ W/ ( m 2 K ) ] / % : 7. 5cm / ( m/ s ) / [ W/ ( m 2 K ) ] / % ,, 180

179 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, ,,,, 4. ( ),, 6-12 ( ) : 0, 10, v, v 5 20cm/ h;, v 1 5cm/ h;, v = cm/ h,,, cm/ h, ; 5 10cm/ h, cm/ h, ( ),,, ( ) ( ) 181

180 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 5 ;,,, ,, 8 40min, ( ),, ( ),,, SDS( ) -300 SDS( ) -450 SDS ( ) -550 / ( kg/ h ) / min ( )/ ( )/ / R717/ R22 R717/ R22 R717/ R22 ( 35 / - 42 )/ kw / kw / ( t/ h) / t ,,, ( ) ( ) 3,,,,,,, 182

181 6 20min 2. 5h,,,, 6-14, ( ),,, 6-15,,, 6-14 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ( ) ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 7 ; 5 ; ( ) 183

182 6-11 ( ) / ( kg/ h) / min / / / / kw / mm SL D R SL D R / k W ,,,,,,,, ( 30m/ s ),, 20 90,,, 15m/ s, ( ) ; 1 4 ; 2 ; 5 ; / ( kg/ h ) / min / / / / kw / kw / m SDS : 4.,,,, :, ;, ; ( IQF ), ;, (1 ) ( ),,,,, 184

183 , ;, ,, (, 490Pa ) t/ h ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 (2 ), ( ),, 6-18 MA,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 185

184 (3 ) ( ) 6-19,, ( ),,,,,,, m/ s m/ s, 5 10min :, ( Pa), 6-19 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ),,,, 7 30kPa, W/ ( m 2 K), ( ) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 186

185 ( ),,, ( 5 6 ) 6-21, kJ/ kg, kJ/ ( kg K), k J/ kg, , 182kJ/ kg,,,, 4,,, 50mm, 10 30min - 30, kg kg ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,, 6-13,, 4, 8. 6,,,,,,,,, 187

186 / ( kg/ m 3 ) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ W/ ( m K) ] / ( m 2 / s ) ,,,,,, ( ) - 5,,,,,,, : ;,,,, TBA ( ) K ( ),, ( ) ,,, ;,,, ( ), 1. ( ) ( ) ( 4 ), 4 5d 2., % ( ), 1m/ s, 14 24h

187 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 3.,,,, 98 %, , m/ s,, 6-23, 6-24,,,,,, ( ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ), 4.,, MPa, 15 20, m/ s :,,,,,,,,,,, 25 5 ( ),, 1., 189

188 , 0. 25m/ s, 5min,,, h; m/ s, 4h, 6-25,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 20kg 15cm ( ) 0. 5m 0. 5m m, 15h 2.,, ( 30 60min),,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10

189 3.,, 6-27,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ),,,,,, 6-28,,,, 2. 3kPa, 20,, 2450kJ/ kg, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ),,,,,, 191

190 1.,,,,,,, 2 25m,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, ( 1 50MHz) 10M Hz, ( 300MHz 30G Hz) 2450M Hz 915M Hz 6-29,,, 5 14,,,,,,, - 2-3,,,, 30kW ( 1t/ h, 5-15 min, ),, 13M Hz 3.,,,,,,, 2450M Hz 915MHz,,, 2450M Hz, 6kW,, 50% 55 % 915MHz, 85%, 30 60k W ; 2 ; 3 5 ; 4 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; ,

191 , Hz 6-31,,, 2 3,,,, ; 2 ; 3 5. ( V),,, 0-3,,,, - 1-3, 7 kg, h, ( ) 1.,,,,,, ,, 200M Pa,,,, ;, ( ), 6-32, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 ; 5 ( ) ; 6,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 100mm 200mm, 10, 180 min; 120M Pa 200MPa, 20min 11. 5min, 193

192 ,,,, 1811,, 50, 1.,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. :,, :,, ;,,,,, ;, (1 ),,, / / ( )

193 (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,, 2% 5% (4 ),,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. :, ( ),,,,, ( ) 2., ; 2 ; 3 ;, 4 ; 5,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 195

194 ; 2 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; ; 2 ; 3 1.,,, 196

195 ,,,, ( ) 2.,,,,, GTM SALVY,,,,,,,, 3., ;,,,,,, ( ) ( Controlled Atmosphere, C. A. ),,,,,,,,,,,, 20. 9%, 0. 03%,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 197

196 ,,,,,, ( ),,, 1. (1 ) ( Modified Atmosp here, M. A. ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ), 0. 12mm mm,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, 3% 5%, 3% 5 % (3 ),,,, 198

197 C4 H8 + 6O2 + 24N H2 O + 4CO2 + 24N2,,,,,,,, (4 ),,, : ; ( ),, 6-37,,, 1 2, 260 ( 320 ), ( ) 5, 4,, 580 ( 780 ),,, 580,, ( ), 3,, 7, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 199

198 , 400,,, 90%, 5 %,,,,,,, 6-38 : 1, 2 3, MPa, 5, A B,, 8, 9, 10,,, 11,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 10 ; 5 ; 6 7 A B ; 8 ; 9 ; ; 12 ( ), ( 6-39),,, 100 m,, 6-39,,,, ( ),, ; ( ),, : 1

199 , 2, ; 3,,,, 5, 6,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),, ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 6-41 :, 8, 9 6, B,,, 3 10,,, B, A ; B, A, 5 ( 0. 5% ) 2 A,,, 7,, ( ), 1957, 40,

200 A B ; ; 5 ( ) ; 8 ( ),,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ( ) ( C2 H4 ),,,, ( ),,,,, ,,, 202

201 ( ), , 250,,,,,, :, 99% ;, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 1,,,,, 0. 5, 0. 5, 30 50,,, :,,, 500t,, 1000t,,,,, ( ) ( 70 % ),,, 90% 95 %,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 203

202 ,,, 6-44 CO ( : CO 2 ) 204

203 ,,,,,,

204 ,,,,,,,, ( ), 7-2,, ; 2,,,, ;,,,,, ;, ; ( ),,,,,, 6m 6m, 12m 6m 18 m 6 m 1000t 6 m; 1000t 4. 8m,, 7 8m; 4. 8m 6m, ( ),,,,, ( 7-3 ), mm,, 1 2,, 20 mm

205 ,,, < 5, 240mm 120 mm, ( ),,,, ( ) ;,,,,,

206 ,,, ( ), ( ), ;,, 7-6 ( ), 7-5, ( ) ( ) 7-6 : ; ; ;,,,, 7-7,,,,, 208

207 ( ),,,, ( ),, 7-7, mm,,,, ( ), ( P EF ) / ( kg/ m 3 ) / MPa / [W/ (m K) ], 3 8 mm, 25mm 50 mm mm 100mm, 914 mm, 305mm,,, , : 2000 mm 1000 mm ( ) mm; 1000mm mm ( ) mm,,,,,,,, PEF,,, ,,,,

208 / ( kg/ m 3 ) 7-2 / [ W/ ( m / [ W/ ( m / [ kj/ ( kg / [ W/ ( m 2 / 10 5 [g/ ( m / ( m 2 / h ) K ) ] K) ] K ) ] K ) ] h Pa) ] < 80 < PE E kg/ m 2 P EF,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1. ( ),,,,,, 2. ( PE ) ( PVC),,,,, 0. 13mm, 0. 2mm,, 210

209 721 XY404,, 641 XY405, / ( kg/ / [ W/ / [ ( m K)/ / 10 3 / [ k J/ / [ W/ / 10 3 [ g/ / [ ( m 2 / mm m 3 ) ( m K ) ] W] ( m 2 / h) ( kg K ) ] ( m 2 K ) ] ( m h Pa) ] h Pa)/ g] (350 ) ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( 7-8 ), = 2 w t3 t2 - t1 - t3 D1 ln D1 D2 ( m) (7-1) t1, ; t2,, ; t3,, 1 2 ;, W/ ( m K) ; D1, m; D2, m; w, W/ ( m 2 K), W/ ( m 2 K),, 7-8, 7-1, 108 mm, ( ) - 40, 35, = W/ ( m K ) w = W/ ( m 2 K), = W/ ( m K) t1 = - 40, t2 = 35, t3 = tl = = 31 = D1 ln D1 D2 - t1 = 2 w t3 t2 - = 0.25 t3 211

210 , 0. 25,, 108mm,, = 82mm,, W/ ( m K) W/ ( m K ) W/ ( m K) W/ ( m K), w 8. 14W/ ( m 2 K),, /

211 ( ),,, 5, 7-9: ; 2 ; ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; mm,,,,, l 2, 1 2,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 5m 8mm, A B,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 213

212 ,, :,,,,,, ( ), (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) 50h (4 ),, nl / Pa / / ( m/ s ) /

213 / Pa / / ( m/ s ) / ( ), / % 95 % % 90 % , : 0,,, :, ( ) ;, ;,, ; ; ( ) ( ), G, t ; V, m 3 ; G = V 1000, 7-7 ( a) 7-7 ( b) ;, kg/ m 3, 7-8 ; 1000, kg/ t (7-2) 215

214 7-7(a) / m 3 / m ( ) ( ) > : 1., ;, (b) / m / m > / ( kg/ m 3 ) / ( kg/ m 3 ) ( ) ( ) 500 ( ) ( ) 300( ) 250 ( ) ( ) 750 ( ) 400 ( ) G, t ; G = V 1000 V, m 3 ;, kg/ m 3 ;, 7-7 ( a) 7-7 ( b) ( ) s, W; 216 1, W; 2, W; 3, W; 4, W; 5, W; (7-3) s = 1 + P (7-4)

215 P P 1. 3, 1 ( ) j = n1 1 + n2 2 + n3 3 + n4 4 + n5 5 R (7-5) j, W; n1, 1; n2 ; n3, ( ) ; n4 ; n5 ; R, 1. 07, n ( 7-7, ) ; ( 7-7, ) ; 1 n4 n5, n4 n5 n 4 n 5 n 4 n : 1. n 4 1 ; 2. ( ) 1. 1, W ; Kw, W/ ( m 2 ) ; Aw, m 2 ; w, ; n, ; 1 = Kw Aw ( w - n ) (7-6), 7-10 Aw ( 7-10 l1 l2 l3 l4 ) ( 7-10 l5 l6 l7 l8 ) 217

216 D > D > D > 4,, D > 4,, D > 4, D D :, ( 7-11 h1 h2 h3 ) ; ( 7-11 h4 h5 ) ; ( 7-11 h6 h7 ) :, ( 7-11 h8 h9 ) ; ( 7-11 h10 h11 ),,,, 10,

217 7-11, 1 2 ;, 2. 2 = 2 a + 2b + 2 c + 2 d = 1 h1 - h2 ) m( 3. 6 t + mbb Cb ( 1-2 ) t + m( + ) + ( mz - m) (7-7) 2 2, W ; 2 a, W ; 2b, W ; 2 c, W ; 2d, W ; m, kg; h1, h2, kj/ kg; kj/ kg; t, h, 24 h, ; Bb ; Cb, kj/ ( kg ) ; 1, ; 2,, ;,, mz, kg; W/ kg; W/ kg; 219

218 1 1 kj/ h W : 2 c 2 d ;, ( 7-7 ) m : ;, 8% ;, 5% ;, 5% ;, ; 5%, ;, ; Bb Bb B b 0. 1 ( ) ( ) 0. 3 ( ) 0. 3 ( ) :,, 7-12 ; ,, : 35, 4 ; ;, ; 15 ;, ;, 220

219 3. 3 = 3 a + 3b = ( h w - hn ) nvn n + 30 nr n ( hw - hn ) (7-8) 24 3, W ; 3 a, W ; 3b, W ; hw, hn, kj/ kg; kj/ kg; n 2 3 ; Vn, m 3 ; n, kg/ m 3 ; 24 1 d 24h ; 30, m 3 / h ; nr : ;, 3b, 4. 4, W ; Pd, k W; 4 = 1000 Pd b (7-9), 1; 0. 75; b, 1, 5., 8h, b= 8/ 24 5 = 5 a + 5b + 5 c = d Ad n k nk Vn ( hw 24 - hn ) M n nr r ( 7-10) 5, W ; 5 a, W ; 5b, W ; 5 c, W ; d 2. 3W/ m 2 ; 4. 7W/ m 2 ; Ad, m 2 ; n k ; nk, ; Vn, m 3 ; hw, 7-12,, kj/ kg; 221

220 hn, kj/ kg; M, 0. 5;, 1 ; n, kg/ m 3 ; 3, 3h ; 24 nr ; r ( W ), - 5, 279 W; - 5, 395W : ( ) 3000m 3 ( 7-13) 7-13 / 1 50t t t t 1 100t t 1 100t t / ( W/ t) ( ) 1. ( 7-14 )

221 / 7-14 / ( W/ t) / h / , 0, - 2 ( ) : 1., 2., 7 % 2. ( 7-15 ) Q 2 P ( 1. 3 Q 2 ) 7-15 / ( W/ t ) / t t t t t t , ;, ;,, ; ; ; ; ; ;, 223

222 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, U, ;,, U,,,,, ( GB ), ( 20mm ), (YB ),, (GB ), ( GB ), ( GB ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) : ; 224

223 ; 0. 02,,,, 7-13, U, U ( ), U,,, ( ) 7-16 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 225

224 , ( ) A,, ; B,,,,, A B,, 7-18,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90,,,, ;,, 7-18, B,,, :, U,,, 7-19,,, , ( ) 226

225 7-20 ( ) 7-21 ( ), U,,, 7-22,, 7-23 (a), U,,, ( ), ( b),, ; 2 ; 3, 7-24,,,, 45,, 227

226 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6, ( ),, ( ),,,, 0. 01,,,,, U,, U,,,,, 7-25,, 7-25 U ; 2 U ; 3 ; 4 3 m,, 7-26,, 8m, 228

227 ,,, 45 Y, 7-27 Y ;,,, Y 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 Y ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, :,,, 7-29 ;,,, ( ),,,,,, 229

228 , 7-31, 0. 5m/ s,, 0. 01,, 200mm,,, 7-32, 0. 5m/ s 200mm, 400mm ; 2 ( ) ( ),,,, 0. 5m/ s, 1/ mm;,, ,,, 230

229 600mm 0. 5m/ s, 1/ 50,, Pa,, Pa, 600mm,,,,,, 480mm,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (1 ),, 7-35 ( a) 231

230 U,, 2m U,,, U (2 ),, 7-35 ( b) : ;,, ;, 7-35 ( ),, 7-36,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,, 7-38,, 232

231 ; 3 ; 2 ; ; 3 ; 2 ; 4,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 7-39, ,, 45, ; 2 ; ; 2 ; 3 233

232 ( ),, 7-40, 0. 01,, 45, 7-40,, ( ),,, 0. 5m/ s, 300 mm 7-41, 0. 5m/ s, 7-41, 300mm 0. 02, 0. 8m/ s ; ; 2, 7-43, ( ),,, 7-43, 0. 5m/ s, 0. 02, 300mm,, ( ), ( ), ( 234

233 ), mm ( ) ; 2 ; ; 2 ( ),,, 1. 2m, 20mm, ; 2,, 7-46 ( ),,,, ,,,, ( ),, 235

234 ; ( ) 1 ; ( ) 1 ; 2 ( ), ( ),,,,,, 50m 5m, ( ),,, 236

235 ,,,, - 20,,,,,,,,, ( COP ),,,,,,,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ,,, 237

236 ; 2 ; 3,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( : ), ( ),,,,, 2.,, ;,,,, 3.,, : CaCl2,, ( ), , 238

237 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ;,, ( ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( )

238 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 1.,,,, ( 15M Pa),, 2.,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, 60, 30,,,, ( ), 240

239 , ( 1 ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, ( ),, 2 20t,,, 20t,,, 3. 5m,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 400mm;, mm, mm; 400mm ; 1200 mm,,,,, 241

240 ( ),, :, ;, mm ; ;, ;, ;, ;,,,, ( ),,, : ( ) ;,, ( ) ;, ;, ; ; ( ),, : ( ) ;,, ;,, ; ;, ;, ; ; ( mm) ; ; ( ),,,,, :, 242

241 ( ),,, 1. 2m 10mm,,, 200mm ( ),,, ( ),, N 2mm, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 (1 ), ; ; 0. 5m, 0. 5m (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, ;,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, 243

242 (6 ),,,,,,, (7 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) 17m 2,,,, (8),,,,, (9 ), (10),,, ( ), Qq, W; Q1, W; 1, 1. 1; Q2, W; Q3, W; Q4, W; Q5, W; Qq = 1 Q 1 + PQ2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 ( W ) ( 7-11) P 1. 3, 1,, :, Q1 K, W/ ( m 2 K) ; F, m 2 ; Tn,, Q1, Qq = 1 Q 1 + PQ2 + Q4 ( W) ( 7-12), Q1 = K F(32 - Tn ) ( W) ( 7-13) Q1 = K F ( Tw - T n ) ( W) ( 7-14),, = 1. 3, = ;, = 1. 53, = 1. 87; T w, ;

243 T n, ( ),,,, 1. 1, ( ) Qj = Q1 + PQ2 + Q4 ( W) ( 7-15), 1 ( ) ;, 1 ( ),,, 7-54 (a) ( b) ,,,,,,,,,,,, 245

244 ,,,,,,,, O2, O2, O2,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,, :,,,, 0. 1mm, ( 5mm),, mm,,, 2.,,,,, 7-55 (a) 28 #, ; (c),,,,, ;, ( b) ,,

245 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) mm,,, 7-57, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 5 ; 6 (2 ), 50mm,,, 0. 7mm,, 7-59 (3 ), 247

246 ,,,,, ,,, 7-61 ( ), ( ), ; 2 ; 3 ;,,, 4 ( + ) :, ; ;, 600mm 760mm,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 500cm 500cm, 500cm,,, 248

247 7-62,,, ( ), CO2,, ( 7-63 ) ( ),,,,,, 7-62 ( ) 0. 5, mmh2 O,, 20mm H2 O, 196Pa ( 25mmH2 O, 245Pa),, ( ULO) O2,,,,

248 ,, 25mm,,,, CO2 : 28 m 3, 6. 45cm 2 : CO2 CO2 ( ), 1. 5% 0. 5,,,, 100mm ( 7-64) mm,, 0. 07mm, m 3,, 2 2 ( ),,,, 6mm, ( ),, GB , ( ) :,, :, 100Pa ( 10mm H2 O),, 250

249 10min 50Pa (5mm H2 O), 10min, p tmin, Pa ; p,, Pa ; t, min; ( 7-16), p = pe - t ( 7-16) = lg p t p ( 7-17) p p t ( 7-17),, 0. 07,, ( ), ( 100Pa),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, t,,, 2 3, 10,,, ;,, :, t,, 20 30t,,,,,, 19, 200,,, 251

250 ,,,, ( ) 1., :,,,,,, 3 5, 2.,,,,, (1 ),,,, ( ) (, ),,, (2 ),, 0. 5 ;, 0. 5% ; ; 90 % 95 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, 24,,,,,,,,, 252

251 ( ) (1 ), : 100Pa 50Pa, 10min (2 ),,, (3 ),,,, ( ), 1.,,,,, 2.,, ;,,, ;,!,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1. 2m 253

252 ,,, 7-16,,, 7-16 / mm ( ) ( ) ( ) ( + 100) , , ( ),, : 1. 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( )

253 (1 ) SLM,, ,, e SLM ( SLM ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; / mm ( ) ( ) ( ) , A B C, B C (2 ) Z,,, 7-67,,, 255

254 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 2.,, ,, 5 mm, 5mm, 3. ( 7-69 ) 7-68 (1 ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, 7-70,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 7-19 PSMA / mm : 1500mm (2 ), HSM, 7-71, 256

255 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; HSM ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15,,,,,,, 257

256 , 45mm, m/ s 120W (3 ),, 4.,,,,,,,,,, PDM PDMA : 380V 50H z 0. 4kW 1380r/ min; 50 1; 12. 7mm, 8. 5mm; 0. 2m/ s 7-72, 7-73, PDM / mm ,,,,,, PVC, 7-74, PVC,, 258

257 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7-74 : ; ;, ( ), 7-75,, PVC P VC PVC PVC,,,,,,,, 3m,,,,,,,,, ( ),, H t 0 v0 H t, 0 v v0, 15m/ s,,, 7-76,

258 7-21 / m / 0 / ( ) , 400 mm, 100mm A, 0. 6 m/ s ( ),, 7-78,, W/ ( m 2 K), ;,,,,,, 260

259 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,, ;,,,,, 13600kg ;,,,, , :, 7-80,, 1. 83m 2m 2. 13m; m, 400mm,, 261

260 , 3% 15%, 3% ;, 7% ;, 10% ;, 10% ;, 15% :, 7-80 ( ) 1. (1 ) 200mm 150mm,,, 400kg ; (2 ) 64mm,, 12 16, ; (3 ), 250mm 200mm, 6, 12, ; (4 ),,,,, 2., ( ),,,,, ( ),,

261 7-22 1,,, 4 m 2,, 2/ 3, 3,,, 4, 14m,, 5 14m,,, 6,,, 7, 10m,, 263

262 7-23,,,,, 6 8 m 14 m,,,, 30m,,,,,,,, 12m,,,, 10 m,,,,,,,,,, 7-81( a) 7-81 ( b ) 7-81 (c) 7-81( d )

263 ,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, - 5,,, ( ),,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7-24, 265

264 7-24 / mm / mm / mm ,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, , 4, 3 3, - 18, - 15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3mm,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 266

265 ,,,,,,, 2% ( 50 ), 0. 3% 0. 4 %,,,,, ( ) 1., :, 1. 5% ( ) 2. 5%, ;,,, 2%,,,,,,, ;, 2 1, 1 9, 7 ; 2% 2. (1 ) 0. 3% 0. 4% ( 1L 16 % 20 % 20g ),,,,,,, ( ),, 30L 3. 5kg, 70L 2. 5kg 25%,,, (2 ) 2% 4%, 2 %,, (3 ) 3 5mL, 1 2,,, 3.,,,,,, 1m 2 300mL,,,, 1 3d,,,, 4.,, 1W, 3h, 267

266 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( O),,,,,,,,,,,,, 40 mg/ m 3, 1 2mg/ m 3, 3mg/ m 3,,, ( ) 5 % 10% 5% 20 %, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 268

267 , 1m 3, 25% 0. 7 kg, 35% 0. 5kg,,,,, : 100g, 20g, 0. 05g,,,, cm,, 2cm, 269

268 ,, ( ),,, 0. 35W/ ( m 2 K),,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 20,,, ( ),,, ( Cold Chain ),, :, ;,, ; 270

269 , ;, ( ),, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) (1 ), 271

270 (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ),,,,, ; ( ),, B11 B8 B6B 170mm, 196mm,,, 8-2,,, 0 0 0,, 0,,, ( ) 0, 0, ( NaCl ),, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; ,, 6 7, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :, ; 0 6 ; ; 11 13,,

271 8-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 1., B19,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,, ;, 20m, 64k W, ; 5kW,,, 15 2., (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (2),,, 273

272 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 75k W,,, 40min,,, ( ),,,,, ;, ( ),,,,, - 196, - 196, kJ/ kg,, k J/ kg,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ATP ), : 0. 4W/ ( m 2 K ) < K 0. 7 W/ ( m 2 K) ; K 0. 4 W/ ( m 2 K) A K 0. 4 W/ ( m 2 K) ; B 0. 4W/ ( m 2 K) < K 0. 6W/ ( m 2 K) ( tw ) 30, ( tn ) : A tn = 0 12 ; B tn = ; C tn =

273 ; D tn 2 ; E tn - 10 ; F tn - 20 tw 30, tn : A tn 7 ; B tn - 10 ; C tn - 20, 12, 12 h, : A - 10 ; B - 20 ( ),,, 8-4,,,,,,,,,,,,, R22 R502 R500,, ( ),, ,, 8-5,,,,,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 275

274 650,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ( ),, mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3,, R22 R502, 8 10, ,,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ), (2 ),,,, 276

275 (3 ),,, (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) O2 N2 CO2,,,,,, : , , (, ft, 1ft = m) - 30 ( ) 12 ( ), : 6058 mm 2438mm 2591mm mm 2438 mm 2896 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ,,,,,,, 7 14d,,,, 70% 277

276 ,, ;, ;,, ( ) 1.,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, 5m 3 / h, : ( ISOCELL ) ; ( F reshtainer ), 1m 3 / h,,,,,, 2., ( 1), N2 CO2, O2 CO2,,, O2, CO2, O2, O2,, CO2,,,, CO2 Transfres h Tectrol CA, U S 700, : ( ) ; ( ) ; CO2,,, CA ( Controlled Atmos phere), MA ( Modified A tmosphere) (2 ),,, CO2 8-1,,,, 8-2 ( 1995 ) 278

277 8-1 Freshtainer Intac 401 / mm m / kg , ( ) O 2 1 % ( + 1 %, % ), 0. 02m 3 / h CO % ( %, - 1 % ), m 3 / h R H 60 % 98 % ( 5 % ) 0. 12m 3 / h, mg/ h 8-2 CA CO 2 CO 2 F res hcon DM F res htainer U S Carrier T ra nsicold U S DM14000 Graaff 2 DM DM38500 Iso cell DM80000 T ra ns fres h US U S 1450 Conair-Plus DM Porthole- slot, Cronos Cont ainers Cronos 2m 2m 0. 2m,, 0. 8m 3, O2 CO2,,,,, 279

278 ,,,,, :,,,, 5 ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ),, W/ ( m 2 K),,, m 2 3,,,,,, 8-7,,,,,,,,, 15 5,,, 280

279 8-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 8 ; 7 ; 9 ; 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ; ; ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :, 281

280 ,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1/ 30, 7 d 15h ( ), ;, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 282

281 ,, ( ),, (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), mm 500 L,,, ( ),,,, 8-8,,, 8-9,,, 8-8,, ( ),,

282 ,,,,,,,,, ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, : ;, :,,, ;,,,, 284

283 ( ),,,, :,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,, :,,, ;,, ;,,,, 3 ; 3 10,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 285

284 ,,,,,,,,, 0, ;,, ( ) ( ),, 3 mm, 5 mm 5 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0 286

285 9-2,,, ;,, ;, 615 ( 60M Pa ), - 5 ; ( M Pa), kJ/ kg, 335kJ/ kg,, 1kg 80kcal kJ, 0 1kg, 0, kj, / / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] ,,, = 917kg/ m 3,, 9%

286 9-4 / ( ) / ( kg/ m 3 ) / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] 0 ( 32) (20 ) ( 0 ) ( - 20) (60 ) , T, K c= T [ k J/ ( kg K) ] (9-1), 0-20, c = 2. 1kJ/ ( kg K), 4. 2kJ/ ( kg K),,,, = 2. 43W/ ( m K), t/ / [ W/ ( m K) ] ,, t/ / ( kgf/ cm 2 ) : 1 kgf/ cm 2 = kpa 0 = m 2 / h,, 20, 24mg/ L, 0 36mg/ L,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 0. 25M Pa 8cm, 3 4,, ) 288 (

287 ( ) M Pa 6cm,,,, kg 0. 4m 3 / h ( ), 50 80mg/ L, :,, 180mg/ kg, 4, 11mg/ kg,,, ;,,,,,, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 289

288 9-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 :,,, ( ) :,,, ( N acl), ( CaCl2 ) 1., / ( 10 3 kg/ m 3 ) / % / ( NaCl ) / % / ( CaCl 2 )

289 , ( Be ) 20 = 20 20, g/ cm 3 ; x x 9-8 ( g/ cm 3 ) (9-2) / ( g/ cm 3 ) / ( g/ cm 3 ) / ( g/ cm 3 ) / ( g/ cm 3 ) , 6 8 ( N acl) - 16 ; ( CaCl2 ) - 50 ( ) 4., ;, 0 5%, ( CaCl2 ) ;,,, p H,,,, 18 20%, mm, ( ), 8mm 70 (, ),, ph 7 9, ; 18 24, ( CO2 ),, ;,,,,, ph,, 291

290 p H 9,,, ( N H3 Cl2 ),,, ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) ( NaO H ), ( CaCl 2 ) (NaCl) ( CaCl 2 ) ( NaCl ) 100kg (73 % ) 100 kg / ( 10 3 kg/ m 3 ) / kg / ( 10 3 kg/ m 3 ) / kg ( ) ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) ( CaCl2 ) kg/ m 3, 23 1m kg ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ),, ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) 27% ( NaO H ) ( N acl) kg/ m 3, 21 1m kg ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) 5. 4kg (N ao H), p H = 8. 5 ( ) (1 ) 21. 1, 19 (2 ), (3 ) p H (4 ), ( ) 3. 2 kg;, 1 2,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( p H ) 7. 5 ( 7 ) 292

291 ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( ) 1. ( ) m ( ), t/ d; m = P/ ( n) (9-3) P ( ) ( ), t ; n, d,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2 3, 2. ( ) (1 ) V, m 3 ; P, t ; r, t/ m 3 ;, 0. 8 (2 ) V = P (9-4) r S = V H (9-5) S, m 2 ; V, m 3 ; H,, m ;, 5 10m, 16m ( ) 3. t = A ( + B) (9-6) ty 293

292 t, h; ty,, ;, m; A B, A B n = m( t + t0 ) g = m g ( t + t0 ) (9-7) n, ; m, t/ d; g, k g; t, h ; t0, h) 5., 9-11 h ( 9-11 / kg / mm / mm / kg ( ),, P ( ) 1. P = t + t0 24 m (9-8) Q1 = F K( tn - ty ) ( kw ) (9-9) Q1, kw ; F, m 2 ; 294

293 K, W/ ( m 2 K) ; K = 0. 5W/ ( m 2 K), K = 2. 0 W/ ( m 2 K) ; tn,, ; ty, 2. Q2 = 1000 G[ C1 ( ts - 0 ) + L + C2 (0 - tb ) ] ( kw ) ( 9-10) 24 Q2, kw ; G, t/ d; ts, ; L, kj/ kg; C1, kj/ ( kg K) ; C2, kj/ ( kg K) ; tb,, 2 3. Q3, kw ; G, t/ d; W, ts, ; Q3 = GWc( t s - ty ) 1 g + n 1 w1 c ( kw ) ( 9-11) kg, 9-11; ty,, - 10 ; g, kg; n1, ; w1, kg; c, kj/ ( kg K) 4. Q4, kw ; Nz, 5. Q5, kw ; kw 900, kg/ m 3 ; Fb, m 2 ;, Q5 Q4 = 860 Nz ( kw ) ( 9-12) = 900 Fb Q1 g m, m ( kw ) ( 9-13) Q = ( Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 ) R ( k W) ( 9-14) R,

294 ,, 25 30, 7000, W/ t ; G, t ( ) Q = 7000 G ( W ) ( 9-15), ( ) :, V,,,,,, ( ) F = Q qf = Q K tm Q,, k W; K, W/ ( m 2 ) ; qf, W/ m 2 ; tm, tm = t 1, ; t 2, ; t0, t 1 - t lg t 1 - t0 t 2 - t0 ( 9-16) ( 9-17), 4-7 L, m 3 / s; L = wy f ( m 3 / s ) ( 9-18) wy, m/ s, 0. 7 m/ s, 0. 5 m/ s ; f, m m/ s, ;,, 296,

295 , 5 ;,, 8,, ( ),, Gs, kg; Vs, m 3 ; s, Gs kg/ L, 9-12; s V, m 3 ; V1, m 3 ; V2, = V s s s 1000 ( 9-19) V s = V - ( V1 + V2 ) ( m 3 ) ( 9-20) m 3 V2 = Fd ( m3 ) ( 9-21) F, m 2 ; 1t m 2 d, m; 1. 1, 10% 9-12 NaCl CaCl 2 Na Cl CaC l s / ( kg/ L ) s / % ( ), ,, ( ), ; 9-1 ( ) 9-1, :, ( ) ( L) L = l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 + l5 ( 9-22) 297

296 L, m ; l1, m ; l2 ( ), m; l3, m ; l4 ( 2 ), m; l5 ( 1m), m ( ) ( B) B = nb+ ( n - 1 ) b1 + 2b2 ( m) ( 9-23) B, m; n, m; b, m; b1, m; b2, m ( ) ( H ) h1 ; h2 ; h3 h H = h1 + h2 + h3 ( m ) ( 9-24),, 4 5m 2 :, : tn = - 4 : tn = - 8 ; tn = - 12 ; tn = - 20 : 6m, ; 6m 6m,, ;,,,, ;,,, 9-13,,,,,,, ;, 298

297 9-13 / mm / mm / % / mm / % / mm / kg : 1.,,,, 2., 1970, AJB-15/ 24, ( ) AJB-15/ 24 AJB-15/ 24, 15t/ d, 110min, 24 h 13, 15t 9-3 AJB-15/ 24 : 172mm 268mm, 198mm 288mm, 1180mm 11, 50kg/ : ; 25 ; 6 10 ; k W; - 11 ( ),, ;, ; (, ),, ( 2. 5h ) ; ( ) ;,,,, ; 15t 15t ( 9-14) ( ) 1937,,, 9-4 ( 50 mm),, 3 4m 15min 299

298 9-3 AJB-15/ 24 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; t 15t 15 t 15t 9t 15t 23 m 2 70 m 2 3t ( ) 1. 8h 16 24h 2. 5h 1. 5d 20 % 100 % /,,,,,,,,,,

299 9-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; ; 24 ; ; 29 30, 3 4, 1 2,,,,,, ( ),,, ,,, 100kg, 301

300 9-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 12 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 13 ( ),, ;, 10 15min, 2 4mm ;,, :, - 10 ;, ;,,,,,, :,, ( ) 1923, 68% 28 % 2 % 2% ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15

301 ,, ( ) ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 9-8, 15mm, 303

302 ,, ( ), ( 40mm 40mm),,, - 18 ;, min, 1 2min, 20 25min, 3 4 min, 0. 5min 5 25mm 31400kJ/ h ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ;,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,

303 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 305

304 1 R717 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ]

305 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ]

306 308

307 3 R22 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ]

308 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ]

309 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ]

310 312

311 5 R134a t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( dm 3 / kg) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ]

312 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( dm 3 / kg) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ]

313 315

314 1,,.. :, :, :, ,.. :, ASH RAE. ASH RAE Handbook Refrigera tion. Atlanta GA : Inc Gosney W. B., 2001, Principles of Refrigeration, Cambridge : Cambridge U niversity Press 7 Clive V. J. Dellino. Cold & Chilled Storage Technology. Maryland : Aspen Publishers, Inc ,.. 2. :, ,,.. :, :, ,,.. :, :, ,,.. :, :, ,.. :, ,.. :, :, ,.. :, :, :, GB :, :, GB :, , ,,. MAP CAP., ,, , ,.. :, :, Stringer M & Dennis C. Chilled Foods (2nd ). New York: CRCP ress Kennedy C. J.. Managing Frozen Foods. New York: CRCP ress