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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 79 83 86 91 94!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 100 104!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 111 2

ρ = m V 1 1980 H 1963 55% 45% 150 1984 95

2 1 2 0 3 nm 1 6 10 21 m 400 m 3 4 5 A B

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 C D 6 A B C D 7 檿 3 8

4 90% 1 kg 1 kg 69 6 139 2 130 109 33 1 98 10 27 2 10 27 99 8% 1 2 3

A 50 mg B 50 g C 0 5 kg D 1 kg 10-2 - 2 g /g 100 50 10 1 1 2 7 ~ 8 10 1 = 0 5 kg = 1 2 500 g 50 g 10-2 - 2 B = + 100 g A 1 + 50 g 1 + 10 g 2 + 4 g = 174 g 174 B C D 1 C 2 10-2 - 1 3 1 7 6 kg = mg 2 67 kg = t 6 0 10 21 t = kg 4 80 10 45 60 6 10-2 - 1 5 A B 5

6 C 10-2 - 3 D 11 6 A B A 2 10 5 g B 2 10 6 mg C 2 10-3 kg D 2 10-5 t C D 7 12 26 g A 0 5 g B A 25 5 g B 26 5 g C C 25 g D 27 g D 13 E F 50 g 20 g 10 g G 10-2 - 4 10-2 - 4 8 g A B C D 9 10-2 - 4 14 10 A 10-2 - 3 g B C /g 50 20 10 1 2 1 D

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 15 2 500 1 5 kg 1 5 kg 2 500 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 1 25 10 3 kg /m 3 ~ 1 29 10 3 kg /m 3 檿 7 1 000 /

8 P 12 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 1 m 3 1 0 10 3 kg A B C D A B ρ = m V C m = ρv D 14 A B ρ = m V C D 15 ~ 25 ρ = m V C

620 m3 = = 12 4 10-3 - 1 V 50 m 3 ρ > ρ 10-3 - 1 A B C D ' " V 1 V 2 V= m ρ V > V 3 4 A g cm 3 g /cm 3 5 A 1 : 2 B 2 : 1 9 C 4 : 1 D 1 : 4 m = m - m = 186 g - 70 g = 116 g 1 ρ = 2ρ m = 2m V = m 116 g = ρ 1 0 g /cm 3 2 V = m = 116 cm 3 ρ 3 V = V = 116 cm 3 ρ = 0 85 10 3 kg /m 3 527 t V 0 = m ρ = 5 27 10 5 kg 0 85 10 3 3 = 620 m3 kg /m V 0 13 70 g 186 g 162 8 g 1 m m = m - m V ρ = = m ρ = 1 1 V m m ρ 2 2 = 1 = 162 8 g - 70 g 4 4 D = 92 8 g ρ ρ 50 m 3 = m = 92 8 g V 116 cm 3 527 t = 0 8 10 3 kg /cm 3 1 2 3 4 V = 50 m 3 m = 527 t = 5 27 10 5 kg 1 7 9 10 3 kg /m 3 2 7 10 3 kg /m 3

10 g /cm 3 2 8 9 10 3 kg /m 3 3 7 9 10 3 kg /m 3 12 1 kg 1 kg 4 40 g 50 cm 3 A B g /cm 3 C D 80 g 13 g /cm 3 kg /m 3 4 5 2 A 2 A B 2 B C 2 C D 14 D 5 72 kg /m 3 3 6 31 6 g 4 cm 3 4 A B C D 11 64 g 56 g g ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 g /cm 3 g /cm 3 10 5 7 9 8 9 2 7 8 4 2 3 7 A B C D 8 8 g A 8 g B 9 g C 10 g D 11 g 9 ρ < ρ < ρ < ρ A B C D 10 500 g 250 g 15 12 g 32 g 28 g

16 A 50 m 3 B 50 dm 3 C 50 cm 3 D 50 mm 3 17 A B ρ 1 ρ 2 A ρ 1 ρ 2 ρ 1 + ρ 2 B C 2ρ 1ρ 2 ρ 1 + ρ 2 D ρ 1 + ρ 2 2 ρ 1 ρ 2 2ρ 1 + ρ 2 2 18 27 g 10 30 43 g cm 3 ρ = 2 7 10 3 kg /m 3 ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 19 m mgvcm 3 V g /cm3 1 1 54 20 2 7 11 2 2 108 40 2 7 3 1 108 216 4 2 10 20 0 5 0 2 kg 1 0 01 kg 2 1 2 25 1 3 2 3 2 4 1 4 21 10-3 - 2 3 10-4 m 3 20 6 L 10-3 - 2 5 L 9 L 1 1 000 kg

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 檿 V 1 m V 2 V= V 2 - V 1 m ρ = V 2 - V 1 12 10-4 - 1 10-4 - 1

1 V 1 V 2 V = V 2 - V 1 10-4 - 2 V = m ρ ρ = m V 1 m 2 m + 10-4 - 2 3 2 m + 13 V 1 4 ρ = m + - m ρ m + - m V 2 V = V 2 - V 1 10-4 - 3 V 1 V 2 V= V 2 - V 1 1 m 10-4 - 4 2 m 3 4 m + 10-4 - 3 10-4 - 4 m ρ 5 ρ = m + - m

14 G 1 2 m 3 ρ = V 1 3 4 120 g V 2 10-4 - 5 m ml 5 ρ = V 2 - V 1 10-4 1-5 g kg /m 3 2 m 3 V 1 4 V 2 m 5 ρ = V 2 - V 1 1 10-4 - 6 g 10-4 - 6 cm 3 10-4 - 5 2 A V B m 0 m 1 C m D ρ E m 2 F 0 10-4 - 6 4 kg /m 3

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 5 48 g 10-4 - 7A cm 3 kg /m 3 10-4 - 7B 10-4 - 7C 10-4 - 7 B 15 C 6 S ρ 1 2 7 2 7 10 3 kg /m 3 0 1 m 0 2 m 0 3 m 3 kg 21 6 kg 54 kg 檿 A D 2 30 1 A B C

16 D 2 1 kg A m A : m B = 1 : 1 B m A : m B = 2 : 3 A B C 1 L C m A : m B = 3 : 2 D m A : m B = 5 : 3 8 D 3 A B A B C D C D 9 100 g 4 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 50 g 10 g A 500 ml 10 ml 10-1 B 100 ml 2 ml C 250 ml 5 ml D 50 ml 1 ml 10 1 10 14 t /m 3 33 5 cm 3 10-1 A 62 4 g B 62 6 g C 62 2 g D 62 8 g A 3 35 10 12 kg B 3 35 10 9 kg C 3 35 10 6 kg D 3 35 10 5 kg 11 A B C D A 1 B 2 6 C 3 D 6 A 12 1 kg B ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 C ρ = 1 8 10 3 kg /m 3 ρ = 13 6 10 3 kg /m 3 ρ = 1 18 10 3 kg /m 3 D A 1 kg B 1 kg 7 C 1 kg AB m A m B D 1 kg A B 13 450 kg

ρ = 0 9 10 3 kg /m 3 A 4 5 m 3 B 4 5 m 3 C 0 05 m 3 D 0 05 m 3 14 8 g ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 A 8 g B 10 g C 6 4 g D 9 g 15 ρ = 8 9 25 30 cm 3 178 g 10 3 kg /m 3 ρ = 2 7 10 3 kg /m 3 2 7 10 A 89 : 27 3 kg /m 3 8 9 10 B 27 : 89 3 kg /m 3 C 1 : 1 D 1 : 2 2 22 16 17 108 g 48 cm 3 g /cm 3 g kg /m 3 18 500 ml kg kg ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 ρ = 0 85 10 3 kg /m 3 19 24 g 64 g g 24 25 6 26 8 20 24 2 5 kg ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 20 5 kg 26 4 1 000 ml 21 3 kg /m 3 92% 1 3 10 3 22 5 mm 2 91% 2 5 10 3 4 45 kg m ρ = 8 9 10 3 kg /m 3 8 0 10 3 23 ρ 1 ρ 2 4 5 10 3 17

1 4 10-6 m 3 cm 3 g cm 3 cm 3 kg /m 3 2 2 10-2 kg 18 27 2 28 1 16 6 12 27 29 50 g 10 g 10-2 g ρ = 8 9 10 3 kg /m 3 cm 3 10-2 28 10-3 1 2 3 10-3

1 10-4 30 10-4 A B C D 2 19 A B C D

20 1 14 710 7 15 210 1 7 1543

1536 1540 Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 ~ 1543 5 24 1543 1473 2 19 1491 1495 21 1495 1503 1515 1525

22 1 A B C 2 D 3 4 A B C A D D 5 A B C A B C D 6 A B C D 7 B D A B C D

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 8 12 11-1 - 1 9 10 11-1 - 1 A B C D 11 23 檿

m /s m /s 0 001 5 18 0 02 24 1 28 1 4 174 5 250 8 5 550 24 2 000 m v = 4 m /s v = 2 m v > v v = 2 m /s v = 7 2 km /h 800 ~ v = 900 m /s 7 2 km /h =2 m /s v > v 40 m /s km /h 1 m /s = 3 6 km /h 1 m /s > 1 km /h 1 km = 3 6 m /s 30 min 6 km 10 min 20 100 4 km 10 min 1 5 m /s 2 5 m /s 5 m /s 18 m

8 km 2 km v = s = 8 000 m 4 m /s 6 km 3 m /s t 2 500 s = 3 2 m /s v = v 1 + v 2 4 m /s + 3 m /s = = 3 5 m /s 2 2 20 min 10 min 20 900 m v = v 1 + v 2 2 = 50 min = 3 000 s 5 min 900 m 5 s 15 m v = s = 9 000 m t 3 000 s = 3 m /s A B C 15 min D 25 40 km /h 60 km /h v = s = 900 m t 5 60 s = 3 m /s v = s = t 15 m 5 s = 3 m /s v = v C 1 t t 0 = 15 min = 1 4 h 8 km 2 km 4 m /s 6 km 3 m /s s = v t = v t + t 0 8 km v t 0 t = v - v s = 8 km = 8 000 m 40 km /h 1 4 h = t = t 1 + t 2 = s 1 + s 60 km /h - 40 km /h 2 v 1 v 2 = 0 5 h = 2 000 m 4 m /s + 6 000 m 3 m /s = 2 500 s 2 t = 20 min + 10 min + 20 min 0 5 h

26 s = v t 0 = 40 km /h 1 4 h A 4 m /s B 4 8 m /s = 10 km C 5 m /s D 6 m /s v = v - v = 60 km /h - 40 km /h = 20 km /h 6 1 min 40 m 1 min 30 m 190 m 4 min t = s v = 10 km 20 km /h = 0 5 h 1 3 : 2 2 : 1 400 km /h 200 km 8 min 3 : 2 9 : 4 2 10 s 80 m m /s 5 min km 3 108 km /h 300 m 10 m /s 40 m 1 min 5 km A 10 s B 5 s A B C D 4 A B C D A 11 200 m 36 km /h B 0 5 km C D 5 4 m /s 6 m /s A 1 min B 120 m 0 5 m /s C 1 min 1 min D 0 m /s 7 9 20 m /s C 20 s D 30 s 10 10 m 10 m

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 12 15 m /s 2 4 m 14 6 cm 27 13 6 m /s 7 5 m /s 100 m 510 m 檿

28 5 8 120 116 22' 120 3 38' 15 1583 15 1967 1967

1 ~ 2 cm 1 mm 1 m 1 dm 1 cm C 11-3 - 1 1 5 m 1 m 1 dm 1 cm 1 mm 0 000 571 μm = m 7 200 s = h A B C 0 000 571 μm = 5 71 10-4 μm D = 5 71 10-4 1 μm = 5 71 10-4 10-6 m = 5 71 10-10 m 7 200 s = 7 2 10 3 s = 7 2 10 3 1 s = 7 2 10 3 1 3 6 10 h = 2 h 3 18 80 cm 1 1 1 1 18 52 cm +18 51 cm +18 49 cm +18 51 cm l = A 1 m B 1 dm 4 C 1 cm D 1 mm 11-3 - 1 18 52 cm18 51 cm18 80 cm 18 49 cm18 51 cm cm = 18 51 cm 18 5075 cm 0 1 cm 29

0 01 cm D 8 1 60 10 6 μm A B C D 30 2 mm 1 28 45 cm A cm dm mm nm μm B dmcm mm μm nm C mm μmcm dm nm D μm mm dm cm nm A 28 54 cm B 28 25 cm C 28 43 cm D 28 56 cm 2 60 h = s 76 min = s 5 8 m = dm A 0 12 mm 10 6 nm = m B 1 2 mm 3 C 0 0012 mm 1 16 2 8 D 12 mm 11 3 75 A 4 32 B 4 19 38 cm C D mmmm 5 5 32 3 mm32 2 mm32 3 mm32 3 mm 32 1 mm mm 6 1 dm A B C D A 32 cm B 32 1 cm C 320 6 cm 7 D 32 06 cm 13 20 A 1 mm B 1 cm C 1 dm 9 1 mm 10 100 1 20 cm 12 1 mm 320 6 mm 1 cm A 20 20

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 B 5 110 110 C 5 100 D 14 15 90 1999 8 18 檿 2005 31 30 6 068 10 13 N 1 039 10 16 N 9 254 10 13 N 1 658 10 16 N 1 245 10 15 N 4 360 10 13 N 2 155 10 13 N 1 662 10 16 N 1 960 10 26 N 11 786 185 980

32 1643 1 4 1 36 kg 1 85 2 1661 1665 1667 18 1667 1669 1672 1696 1703 1705 1727 3 20

A B C D C 11-4 - 1 33 11-4 - 1 A A B B C C D D C C 1 11-4 - 2 a b a b

34 11-4 - 2 8 2 A B C 9 D 3 A B 10 C D A 4 B C A B D 11 C D 5 A B C D 6 11-4 - 3 4 N 7 11-4 - 3

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 檿 1178 32 20 1912 4 14 11 40 37 s 35 1912 4 11 270 m 46 328 t 1 316 891 62 40

36 45% 60%

11-5 - 2 1 2 3 4 11-5 - 3 11-5 - 1 m 1 m 2 m 1 > m 2 37 A A B C B C D D 11-5 - 1 11-5 - 3 A C A B B D C A 11-5 - 2 B C

38 D A B C D C 6 A A B B C C D D 7 A B B CD A C D 8 10 m /s 1 A 2 B C 3 D 4 9 11-5 - 4 m 1 m 2 A B C D 5 11-5 - 4

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 A m 1 < m 2 B m 1 > m 2 C m 1 = m 2 D 10 A B C D 11 A B C D 12 檿 A B C D 13 11-5 - 5 11-5 - 5 14 11-5 - 6 11-5 - 6 39

40 5000 11-6 - 2 11-6 - 1 11-6 - 1 6 km 6000 11-6 - 2a C O 11-6 - 2b 11-6 - 2c 11-6 - 2d

0 5 m /s 1 m /s F 1 F 2 A F 1 F 2 10 N B F 1 F 2 10 N D F 1 F 2 10 N F 1 < F 2 F G A F 1 = G = 10 NF 2 = G = 10 N B F 1 = F 2 = 10 N C C D B A 41 1 11-6 - 4 C D 11-6 - 3 A 11-6 - 3 B C C F 1 F 2 10 N D 11-6 - 4 A B D 2 200 g 11-6 - 5 C N C 11-6 - 5 10 N g 10 N/kg

42 3 2 m /s 1 10 4 N A 6 N N 4 m /s B 10 N C 6 N N 4 10 4 10 4 N 5 10 3 N A A 4 10 4 N B 5 10 3 N C 3 5 10 4 N D 4 5 10 4 N B C 11 11-6 - 6 G B = 4 NG C = 6 N A D C 1 000N D 0 6 F G Q N f A Q G B G F C F f D Q N 7 A B 12 G P C D MN 11-6 - 7 8 OO' P A B C D D 10 N 5 1 000 N 2 m /s 11-6 - 6 1 A 2 A B D A 1 000N B 1 000N 9 10 N 6 N

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 11-6 - 7 13 11-6 - 8 C D 43 4 4 2 46 cm 2 45 cm 2 47 cm 2 47 cm 11-6 - 8 3 45 1 A 1 5 m ~ 1 7 m B 1 5 cm ~ 1 7 cm C 15 mm ~ 17 mm D 150 dm ~ 170 dm 2 1 cm A B C D 3 72 km /h 18 m /s A B A 2 46 cm B 2 462 cm C 2 4625 cm D 2 463 cm 5 11-1 檿 A B 11-1

44 C D 6 A B C A B C D 7 11-2 800 km /h A B A 0 km /h B 800 km /h C C 800 km /h D 800 km /h D B 11-2 C 8 D 13 A 1 s 2 m 1 s 3 m 1 s B 4 m A 2 s 3 m /s C B 2 s 2 m /s C 3 s 3 m /s D D 2 s 4 m /s 14 9 11-3 4 m /s 6 m /s 11-3 A B C D 10 D 11 12 A A 4 m /s B 4 8 m /s C 5 m /s D 6 m /s 15 A B C D

1 25 16 24 h = s 12 min = h 4 9 10 8 nm = m 1 08 km = m 3 6 m /s = km /h 7 2 km /h = m /s 17 40 18 1 30 2 6 27 11-4 19 20 11-4 28 11-5 m 45 s14 2 13 7 13 9 11-5 21 4 5 m /s km /h 29 11-6 8 1 km mm min 22 23 11-6 850 N 30 11-7 50 N N N 25 20 N 30 N 26 cm m 24 1 000 N 100 N N 200 N 11-7

7 14 31 8 m /s 500 s 20 m /s 100 s 1 34 11-9 11-9 2 1 32 200 m 2 h 144 km 1 6 km A B C D 2 11-10 46 33 6 34 4 10 33 11-8 1 2 cm s cm/s s 1 = 80 00 t 1 = 2 8 v 1 = 28 6 s 2 = 40 00 t 2 = 2 0 v 2 = 20 0 s 3 = s 1 - s 2 =40 00 t 3 = t 1 - t 2 =0 8 v 3 = 11-10 A B C D 11-8

47

48 1 2 3 4 12-1 - 1 N 0 2 N 2 4 N 12-1 - 2 12-1 - 1 12-1 - 2

4 12-1 - 4 2 4 N F 1 < F 2 a b c 0 2 N 2 4 N - 0 2 N = 2 2 N = 4 cm F 1 = l 0 0 5 N l 1 = 5 cm l 1 - l 0 = 1 cm F 2 = 1 N l 2 l 1 - l 0 l 2 - l 0 = F 1 F 2 l 2 = 6 cm 1 cm l 2-4 cm = 0 5 N 1 N 12-1 - 4 5 12-1 - 5 4 0 N 1 49 A 4 0 N B 4 0 N 2 C 4 0 N D 4 0 N 6 12-1 - 3a 3 12-1 - 3a N N b F 12-1 - 3b N N 7 12-1 - 5 12-1 - 3

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 50 檿 g = 9 8 N/kg g g g 9 78 N/kg g 9 83 N/kg g 9 806 65 N/kg g = 9 8 N/kg g = 10 N/kg g 9 8 N/kg G = mg 1 m kg G N 2 g = 9 8 N/kg 1 9 8 N 1 kg 9 8 N 3 G = mg

1 2 4 G = mg m G 15 t 15 t 4 9 10 4 N G = mg G = mg = 1 5 10 4 kg 9 8 N/kg = 1 47 10 5 N 1 47 10 5 N > 4 9 10 4 N 1 6 kg 51 N 2 490 N g kg 3 A g A B 1 kg 9 8 N B C g = 9 8 N/kg 9 8 N = 1 kg C D g 1 kg D 9 8 N G = mg g = G 4 = 9 8 N/kg 1 m A 9 8 N A B B N kg C C g D 9 8 N/kg 5 1 N D A B A B 4 9 10 4 N C 12-2 - 1 D 12-2 - 1 6 100 N kg

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 52 kg kg g 10 N/kg 7 3 : 2 8 1 6 1 6 108 kg 9 0 5 kg 5 N 檿

12-3 - 2 15 12-3 - 1 12-3 - 2 53 12-3 - 1 100 N 10 N N 20 N N 40 N 10 N

54 2 m /s 10 N 4 m /s 20 N 6 12-3 - 4 40 N 15 N 12-3 - 4 12-3 - 3 3 N A 20 N 2 kg A 1 2 7 A 12-3 - 3 B C D 20 N 8 20 N A B A C D 1 5 N 9 N A 2 B C D 3 10 4 2 N A B N C D 5 20 N 2 m /s 11 6 N A

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 B C D 12 10 N 0 2 10 N A 4 N B 2 N C 10 2 N D 12 N 13 20 N 30 N 100 N 100 N 14 100 N 55 a b c d e f g h 12-4 - 1 1 12-4 - 1 O I 2 B OB OI 8 100 N 8 100 N 8 800 N 檿 8

56 L 1 L 2 L 1 L 2 L 1 L 2 20 N 35 N 1100 1 1 m m F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 3000 F 1 = 20 NF 2 = 35 N L 1 : L 2 = F 2 : F 1 = 35 : 20 = 7 : 4 L 1 + L 2 = 1 1 m L 2 = 4 7 L 1

L 1 = 0 7 m 12-4 - 2 A F 1 F 2 F 3 A A F 1 B F 2 C F 3 D B A B C D 12-4 - 4 A L = OA OB < L < OA L < OB D 12-4 - 2 57 12-4 - 2 F 1 O F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 5 : 1 F 1 1 12-4 - 5 G 1 5 F 2F 3 O F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 F 2 7 : 1 F 2 G 1 7 F 2 12-4 - 3 800 N 12-4 - 5 2 O 3 12-4 - 6 12-4 - 3 50 g F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 1 4 N 2 2 12-4 - 6 12-4 - 4 O N 3

4 4 12-4 - 7 B 12-4 - 7 A C D 5 12-4 - 8 2 m 20 kg 0 5 m 8 12-4 - 11 AOB O AO = OB A G AO N B F 1 BO B F 2 58 A F 1 < F 2 B F 1 > F 2 12-4 - 8 C F 1 = F 2 D 6 12-4 - 9 F O l M A F l M B F l M C F l M D F l M 12-4 - 11 9 12-4 - 12 12-4 - 9 7 12-4 - 12 A B 12-4 - 10 12-4 - 10 B B A C C A D C A 10 12-4 - 13

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 12-4 - 13 D 111 12-4 - 14 12-4 - 15 13 12-4 - 16 1 2 A 2 B 3 C F 1 F 2 N l 1 mn l 2 m Nm Nm 1 0 49 0 20 0 98 0 10 0 098 0 098 2 1 96 0 10 0 98 0 20 0 196 0 196 3 0 98 0 15 1 47 0 10 0 147 0 147 12-4 - 16 59 1 2 12-4 - 14 A 檿 12-4 - 14 12 12-4 - 15 A 1 a b 2

G A F 12-5 - 1 G F = R - r G 2R R r R 60 12-5 - 1 12-5 - 1 R r L F G F = R - r G 2L L R 12-5 - 2 12-5 - 3 12-5 - 1 R r O

2 A 12-5 - 6 G = 200 N F = N 40 N F = 12-5 - 2 12-5 - 3 s 1 = 2 h 12-5 - 6 F = G 2 = 100 N 12-5 - 4 F = G + G 200 N + 40 N = = 120 N n 2 61 s = 4 m 12-5 - 4 h = s 2 = 2 m 12-5 - 4 12-5 - 7 M 1 m 2 m M 10 N M m M F' 12-5 - 5 F 1 = 20 N A 20 N B F 2 20 N C F 3 20 N D F 3 20 N F 1 = F 2 = F 3 = G 12-5 - 5 N s = 4 m h = m L 1 L 2 2 2 F 1 = F 2 2 L 1 = 2L 2 12-5 - 7 A M B C D m M 10 N m M 20 N m F' 10 N

m M 2 C 10 N M D 20 N M 2 12-5 - 9 M 20 N M m F 1 F 2 C A F 1 = F 2 B F 1 < F 2 400 N C F 1 > F 2 12-5 - 8 900 N D 12-5 - 9 12-5 - 10 62 s = 4 m 12-5 - 8 h = m 4 12-5 - 11 1 000 N 200 N n F F F = G + G 12-5 - 11 s = nh N n 5 12-5 - 12 900 N 400 N n = G F n = G F = = 2 5 = 3 B A n = 2 G = 2F = 2 400 N = 800 N D n = 4 G = 4F = 4 400 N = 1 600 N 3 12-5 - 10 G = 100 N F = N 20 N F = N F = 50 N f = N C v = 5 cm /s v = cm /s 12-5 - 12 1 6 12-5 - 13 A 40 N F 1 = B N F 2 = N F 3 = N

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 12-5 - 13 7 12-5 - 14 A 100 N F A0 1 m /s 0 5 m F 5 N A N 10 12-5 - 17 m 12-5 - 14 8 12-5 - 15 20 N N 5 N N 5 s 0 5 m m /s 9 12-5 - 16 12-5 - 15 2 5 kg 7 5 kg 20 60 kg g 10 N/kg 10 m 12-5 - 7 63 11 檿 12-5 - 16

64 2 24 1 D 8 0 1 m /s A 10 N B 0 5 m /s C D 2 B 10 N A C 10 N B D C 9 12-1 D 3 600 N A B A B C D 4 200 g A 0 196 N B 196 N C 19 6 N 7 A B C A 10 N C D D 1 96 N 12-1 5 10 A B C D A 6 B C A D B 11 12-2 C 5 N D 10 N A 5 N B 10 N

C 15 N D 20 N C 5 s F 2 m D A 6 N 12-4 2 6 15 12-5 12-2 12 12-3 B 20 N A B 10 N A A 5 N B 10 N C 15 N D 20 N 12-5 16 12-6 65 12-3 2 4 12-6 13 17 12-7 A A 10 N 6 N B C 5 N 5 N D 12-7 14 12-4 F A 0 2 m /s 3 N A A 6 N B 5 s F 1 m

66 18 19 1 20 6 14 18 12-8 N N N 12-9 3 12-93 12-8 21 ~ 32 1 33 34 19 2 31 21 60 t N 22 m m mkggn N/kg N/kg 1 0 1 0 99 9 9 2 0 2 1 96 9 8 3 0 3 2 91 9 7 1 G 2 m 3 20 12-9 4 cm 1 N 25 200 N 1 L 1 F 1 L 1 L 2 F 2 L 2 F 1 cm NcmF 2 Ncm Ncm N 1 23 24 40 N 2 m /s N 26 12-10 F 1 : F 2 = 2 3 2 12-10 27

34 12-14 28 12-11 F 1 F 2 F 3 1 000 N 600 N N 12-11 29 12-12 AB = 3OB B 20 N A F F 10 N 12-14 12-12 35 50 N 67 30 15 cm 10 N 5 N 10 N cm 5 N N cm 31 260 N 10 N N 32 3 000 N 600 N 33 200 N 12-13 48 N F N 12-13 35 37 4 36 6 38 7 21 36 12-15 500 N 3 m

38 12-17 15 m 10 N 400 N 8 m 500 N A B 12-15 12-17 68 37 D 150 N 1 2 m 10 cm 1 A B C 2 12-18 12-16 G 1 O O 12-16 12-18 2

69

70 1 100 mm2 8 10 07 m 5 4 m 416 t 20 1 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 G = mg 150 t 100 56 8 0 03 mm 2 0 75 cm 2 15 N 1 2 13-1 - 1 13-1 - 1 2004

S 1 = 0 75 cm 2 = 0 75 10-4 m 2 S 2 = 0 03 mm 2 = 0 03 10-6 m 2 p 1 = F 1 15 N = S 1 0 75 10-4 m 2 = 2 0 10 5 Pa p 2 = F 2 15 N = S 2 0 03 10-6 m 2 = 5 0 10 8 Pa F Pag 10 N/kg 4 2 500 2 500 A B C 2 0 10 5 Pa 5 0 10 8 Pa D 71 5 13-1 - 2 7 10 4 Pa 2 000 N 0 3 m 2 p = F A B S C D F = ps = 7 10 4 Pa 0 3 m 2 = 2 1 10 4 N 6 13-1 - 3 4 : 2 : 1 F = G + G G = F - G = 2 1 10 4 N - 2 000 N A a b = 19 000 N C c d 19 000 N 1 2 5 N 1 cm 2 Pa 2 10 4 Pa m 2 3 48 kg 120 cm 2 N B b c D b d 13-1 - 2

72 C 3 10 3 kg /m 3 13-1 - 3 D 2 10 3 kg /m 3 7 13-1 - 6 11 S > S A F < F p < p B F > F p > p 0 025 m 2 1 8 cm C F = F p = p D F > F p = p 2 10 5 Pa 8 13-1 - 4 1 A B C D 10 N 4 10 3 Pa A 5 10 3 kg /m 3 B 4 10 3 kg /m 3 2 g 10 N/kg 13-1 - 4 9 A B 13-1 - 5 12 2008 A B A 3 0 m 1 5 m 0 3 m 1 : 3 A B 2 8 10 3 kg /m 3 B 12 : 1 A B 1 13-1 - 5 A 2 : 3 B 3 : 2 C 1 : 3 D 3 : 1 10 13-1 - 6 0 1 m 1 m 2

2 4 5 15 13-1 - 8 10 4 Pa g 10 N/kg 13 13-1 - 7 2 3 1 2 13-1 - 7 73 3 20 30 14 ρ = 7 8 10 3 kg /m 3 A B : : = 4 : 2 : 1 cmcm 2 4 20 10 3 1 2 3 13-1 - 8 1 16 ρ = 8 9 10 3 kg /m 3 cmcm 2 1 20 10 2 20 20 5 20 20 6 20 30

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 ρ = 8 9 10 3 kg /m 3 cmcm 2 7 10 10 8 10 20 9 10 30 74 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 6 442 m 2 113 m 3 1 7 2 8 3 2 708 m 1 621 m 9 6 5 4 280 m 34 m 5 m a 5 000 175 m b 62 m 113 m 5 113 m 檿 1994 4 17 9 20 2 m 38 5 m 3 m 850 1 000 N 45 2 m 5 67 22 h 2003 5 21

13-2 - 1 A B B A B 13-2 - 1 13-2 - 3 13-2 - 3 ρ h S 75 h m = ρv= ρsh G = ρgsh F = G = ρgsh p = F S = G S = ρghs S = ρgh U U 13-2 - 4 13-2 - 2 13-2 - 2

13-2 - 4 F = ps = 1 2 10 3 Pa 2 10-3 m 2 = 2 4 N 2 F = G = G + G = 0 5 N + 3 N = 3 5 N p = F S = 3 5 N 2 10-3 m = 1 75 2 103 Pa 13-2 - 5 A B C D 76 2 m 2 Ng 10 13-2 - 5 N/kg 3 20 m 5 7 Pa 1 03 10 3 kg /m 3 g 10 N/kg 4 h A > h D > h B > h C h C = 0 10 4 m p A > p D > p B > p C 30 cm 13-2 - 6 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 3 N 15 cm F = ps 1 p = ρgh = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N/kg 0 15 m = 1 2 10 3 Pa 1 10 m Pa 2 20 m Pa 10 3 kg /m 3 g 10 N/kg Pa 1 03 5 13-2 - 7 0 5 N 20 cm 2 g = 10 N/kg 13-2 - 6 1 2 13-2 - 7

6 13-2 - 8 A ρ > ρ > ρ A B B ρ > ρ > ρ p > p > p p = p = p C ρ < ρ < ρ p = p = p A p A = p B B p A > p B C p A < p B D A p 1 > p 2 B p 1 < p 2 C p 1 = p 2 D D ρ < ρ < ρ p < p < p 10 A B C D 11 a b 13 13-2 - 8-2 - 11 7 13-2 - 9 a b p 1 A a b p 2 B a b C a b D a b 77 13-2 - 9 8 60 m 1 01 10 3 kg /m 3 A 1 01 10 5 Pa B 5 05 10 5 Pa C 6 06 10 5 Pa D 7 07 10 5 Pa 13-2 - 11 12 13-2 - 12 h 1 = 1 m h 2 = 60 cm S = 20 2 g 10 m 10 N/kg g = 10 N/kg A 12 N 4 10 3 Pa B 20 N 4 10 3 Pa C 20 N 1 10 3 Pa D 12 N 6 10 3 Pa 9 a b c 13-2 - 10 13-2 - 10 13-2 - 12 13 13-2 - 13 5 : 4 4 : 3 1 : 1 2 : 5

15 1 10-2 m 2 12 N 1 13-2 - 13 A 1 : 1 B 1 : 2 2 C 4 : 3 D 2 : 3 2 10-4 m 3 14 13-2 - 14 24 cm 1 78 16 13-2 - 15 2 U 13-2 - 14 A 6 cm B U g 10 N/kg 13-2 - 14 13-2 - 15

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 檿 1654 5 8 13-3 - 1 37 cm 79 13-3 - 1 8 16 16 1 0336 kg 12 ~ 15 t 8

80 76 cm 1 013 10 5 Pa 13-3 - 2 13 6 13 6 10 2 m 13-3 - 2 50 cm 2 500 N 50 kg 1 m 2 10 t 2 10 4 N 12 ~ 15 t p = F S S = F p = 2 104 N = 0 2 1 01 10 5 m2 Pa 0 2 m 2 13-3 - 3 13-3 - 4 8 cm 2 10 cm 13-3 - 3 1 N p 0 = 1 01 10 3 Pa g = 10 N/kg 10 cm 10 cm p = ρgh = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N/kg 0 1 m = 1 0 10 3 Pa

ABCD 1 m 125 6 N Pa 13-3 - 4 p = p 0 + p = 1 01 10 5 Pa + 1 0 10 3 Pa = 1 02 10 5 Pa F = F + F = ps + F = 1 02 10 5 Pa 8 10-4 m 2 + 1 N = 82 6 N A B 1 02 10 5 Pa 82 6 N C D 13-3 - 5 13-3 - 6 8 13-3 - 6 9 81 C 1 D 10 0 27 m 2 2 A 2 7 10 2 N 3 B 2 7 10 3 N C 2 7 10 4 N D 2 7 10 5 N 4 11 5 mm A B C D 12 6 m A m B 7 C 13-3 - 5 E 0 2 m D A B

82 13 A B C 13-3 - 8 D 14 13-3 - 7 A B C D 17 13-3 - 9 1 2 13-3 - 7 15 13-3 - 9 A B C D 16 13-3 - 8 18 3 1 4

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 13-3 - 10 13-3 - 10 2 13-4 - 1 13-4 - 1 83 檿 1738 1903 12 17

84 13 1-4 - 2 1867 4 16 1871 8 19 20 1894 1896 13-4 - 2 1900 1902 1000 200 1 13-4 - 3 1903-1 12 14 17-1 4 36 m 12 s 13-4 - 3 260 m 59 s A B 2 13-4 - 4 a 1 3 13-4 - 4b 1

2 3 13-4 - 5 13-4 - 4 1 13-4 - 3 A B C 85 D 2 5 cm 25 cm 13-4 - 3 A B 3 1 2 13-4 - 4a 4 13-4 - 5 3 13-4 - 4b 1 2 3

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 5 30 cm 13-4 - 6 5 6 cm 30 cm 13-4 - 6 86 13-5 - 1 13-5 - 1 檿 3 1

20 N 20 N 13-5 - 2 20 N 2 1 3 ~ 1 2 87 13-5 - 2 3 8 ~ 15 m 30 ~ 50 s 13-5 - 3

88 638 kg 2 200 m 3 13-5 - 3 1 29 kg /m 3 g 10 N/kg 1 80 kg 2 10% F = G = ρ gv = 1 29 kg /m 3 3 0 01 10 N/kg 2 200 m 3 = 28 380 N 10 3 kg /m 3 4 5 1 10 3 kg /m 3 1 2 13-5 - 4 1 8 9 N 7 9 N 2 50 cm 2 90% 1 2 m m 3 g F = G 1 13-5 - 4 10 N/kg F = F + F = ρ gv + ρ gv = ρ g 0 9 m + ρ ρ g m ρ G = G + G = m g + m g 23 1 2 3 m = 0 1 m = 0 08 kg ρ - 1 1F = G - G ρ = 8 9 N - 7 9 N = 1 N

2F = ρ gv V = F ρ g 1 N = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N/kg = 10-4 m 3 V = SΔh Δh = V S = 10-4 m 3 50 10-4 2 = 0 02 m m Δp = ρ gδh = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N/kg 0 02 m = 200 Pa B C D 5 13-5 - 6 6 4 9 N 3m = G g = 8 9 N = 0 89 kg 13-5 - 6 10 N/kg V = V = 10-4 m 3 A F < F < F ρ = m B F 0 89 kg > F > F = V 10-4 m 3 C F = F < F = 8 9 10 3 kg /m 3 D F = F > F A 4 9 N 89 B C 9 8 N 1 D 4 9 N 7 A B C D A 2 13-5 - 5 B C D 8 A B 13-5 - 5 C A D B 3 C A D B 9 C 13-5 - 7 D F 1 F 2 4 A F 1 > F 2 B F 1 = F 2 A C F 1 < F 2

1300 m 3 90 13-5 - 7 D 10 11 12 19 2 N > = < 1 N 13 1 500 N N 1 400 N N 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 N 20 2 m 3 10 N 14 1 29 kg /m 3 500 g 4 5 N N m 3 kg /m 3 15 16 17 150 cm 3 N g 18

檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿 檿 21 13-5 - 8 F h 13-5 - 8 22 13-5 - 9 0 5 N g 10 N/kg /N /N /N /N /N /N 13-6 - 1 91 13-5 - 9 13-6 - 1 27% 1 3 10 3 kg /m 3 1 03 10 3 kg /m 3 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3

92 ρ < ρ ρ = ρ 100 g 100 ml 200 ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 g 10 N/kg A B C D V = 200 ml - 100 ml = 100 ml F = ρ gv = 0 8 10 3 kg 10 N/kg 10-4 m 3 = 0 8 N G = mg = 0 1 kg 10 N/kg = 1 N > F = 0 8 N A 16 000 t 4 000 t 1 2 F = G 1 F = G = G + G m = m + m m = m - m = 16 000 t - 4 000 t = 12 000 t

2 F = ρ gv V = F ρ g = m = 1 6 107 kg 5 = ρ 10 3 kg /m 3 1 6 10 4 m 3 2 000 t 6 13-6 - 2 A 6 8 cm B 8 cm A 25 cm 1 12 B B 10 3 kg /m 3 C A B A B D A B A B F = G F 1 = F 2 ρ gv 1 = ρ gv 2 S ρ gsl - L 1 = ρ gsl 1 - L 2 ρ = L - L 1 ρ L - L = 2 25 cm - 6 8 cm 25 cm - 8 cm 103 kg /m 3 = 1 07 10 3 kg /m 3 < 13-6 - 2 7 1 12 10 3 kg /m 3 93 A B C D 1 9 N 8 6 N A N 0 B N C 2 D 9 3 6 N 5 N ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 ρ > ρ A 4 5 N 5 B 10-4 m 3 C Ng 10 N/kg D

94 10 A B C D 2 26 11 49 N C N D Pa 46 06 N 2 A 12 2 dm 2 4 m 3 0 6 10 3 kg /m 3 5 50 kg g 10 N/kg A 5 10 2 Pa B 5 10 3 Pa 1 A kg B J B C D C 5 10 4 Pa D 5 10 5 Pa 4 A B 13 C D 5 1 08 1 10 1 12 1 14 1 15 g /cm 3 14 18 22 5 26 5 29 A /% B C D 6 13-1 U A 13-1

B C 180 D 13-3 7 11 A A B B C D C 8 D 13-2 W S 12 13-4 ρ 1 ρ 2 A 78 cm B 76 cm A ρ 1 = ρ 2 C 74 cm D 75 cm B ρ 1 = ρ 2 C ρ 1 > ρ 2 D ρ 1 < ρ 2 95 13-4 100 cm 200 cm 300 cm 13-2 a b c 13-5 9 A 13 A B C 400 cm B C D 13-5 A A B C 10 A B C D 13-3 B C c C A a D

96 14 24 1 N 2 34 14 N 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 24 13-8 0 1 m 15 1 5 m 10 N/kg p = Pa 16 175 m ρ = kg /m 3 393 150 m 25 13-9 Pag 10 N/kg 17 3 m 0 15 m 2 N g 10 N/kg 18 0 06 m g = Pa F = N 19 13-8 13-9 26 20 13-6 p 1 p 2 2 5 10 4 Pa p 1 cm 2 kg p 2 13-6 4 cm 2 27 1 000 cm 3 600 cm 3 13-10 kg /m 3 13-10 N 13-6 13-7 13-10 21 13-7 28 1 10-4 m 3 40 g 90 g 0 9 N N kg /m 3 0 8 g 10 3 kg /m 3 g 10 N/kg 22 29 4 9 N 0 6 dm 3 150 cm 3 N N 23 5 N 2 22 1 N 30 13-11

33 13-14 13-11 31 13-12 97 13-12 2 1 3 34 3 35 5 2 36 5 37 5 18 34 3 c d 32 13-13 13-13 13-14 1 13-13

35 13-15 a 37 13-16 ρ 1 m 5 5 N 0 1 m 0 03 m 2 K 1 13-15 2 98 36 14 7 N 9 8 N 100 cm 2 3 1 2 13-16 3 1

/ g / 20 40 60 80 100 125 1 159 8 178 8 207 8 239 6 2 31 6 64 0 110 0 169 0 246 0 34 0 40 0 45 0 51 1 56 7 1 g /cm 3 獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉 獉獉獉獉獉獉 3 O 2 21% 16% 1 64 g /cm 3 400 ml O 2 4 000 ml 4 000 4 O 2 g 1 KMnO 4 2 2 H 2 O3 Na 2 O 2 CO 2 1500 t 40 m 3 30 Na 2 CO 3 O 2 100 m 1 1 03 10 3 kg /m 3 99

90 120 100 2 5 50 40 m 2 s 1 A N B kg C m /s D kg /m 3 2 9 A 1 dm B 1 cm C 1 mm D 1 nm 3 5 10 7 mg A B C D 10 4 A A 1 m /s B 40 m /s B C 100 m /s D 15 km /h C 5 D cm 11 1 5 g / cm 3 A 7 1 B 11 2 C 2 58 D 15 2 6 12 210 cm 80 A B C D A 40 m /s B 20 m /s C 10 m /s D 5 m /s A 7 C 262 5 m D 290 m B C D A 1 5 kg /m 3 B 0 75 g / cm 3 C 3 g / cm 3 D 1 5 10 3 kg /m 3 A 1 680 m B 168 m A 13 8 kg /m 3 B C A 8 kg /m 3 B 6 kg /m 3 D C 4 kg /m 3 D 2 kg /m 3 8 8 s 14

A 50 m 3 B 50 dm 3 C 50 cm 3 D 50 mm 3 A 5 34 m /s B 5 m /s 15 3 3 39 21 ρ 1 ρ 2 A ρ 1 = 3ρ 2 B 3ρ 1 = ρ 2 C 9ρ 1 = ρ 2 D ρ 1 = ρ 2 22 16 ρ = 8 9 g /cm 3 ρ = 11 3 g /cm 3 23 A 17 26 64 cm B 26 65 cm 26 46 cm 26 67 cm C cm cm D 24 17-1 30 km /h km 101 23 0 cm A 23 B 23 1 2 C 6 67 m /s D 4 m /s 21 ~ 31 2 32 ~ 34 C 22 D 22 1 2 18 10 m 10 m - 1 A 25 1 h 3 600 m B 0 5 h 0 5 h 1 440 m C m /s D m /s 19 2 26 0 5 h 72 km /h 2 5 20 min 25 km 10 min km A 5 B 1 25 27 2 C 0 8 D 0 2 20 2 000 m 150 s 28 4 m /s 0 3 g

102 37 7 g 37 4 38 5 9 g 37 29 50 N N 30 1 000 N 2001 10 21 N 2539 K51 T12 T35 31 200 N 150 N 17 11 22 20 20 00 13 30 6 53 11 52 10 00 18 00 N 0 17 11 22 20 20 00 13 30 32 376 22 32 2 31 4 : 3 1 : 49 36 497 0 28 4 02 0 31 18 00 33 42 12 39 4 : 1 2 : 7 643 6 09 6 53 21 1463 10 00 34 350 g 11 52 500 g 300 g kg /m 3 2 4 35-2 A cm B cm - 2 36-3 38 1 1 10 3 kg /m 3 10 L 12 kg - 3

8 39-4 3 1 A 5 10 B 1 C Cl - A 2 B - 4 C D AgNO 3 15 30 45 60 75 cm50 86 6 100 86 6 50 2 45-5 A - 5 B C D 103-4

90 120 104 2 26 A 1 B A N B Pa C kg D L 2 A 4 N B 40 N C 400 N D 4 000 N 3-2 6 A B A B C C D D 7 4-1 A - 1 9 5-2 C D B C D 8 A B C D

A C B D C D 10-3 - 3 11 14-5 1 000 m 105 A B C D 12 6 N A B C D - 4 3 6 2 13-4 - 5 A B B 15-6 A B O A 0 1 m A M N 4 N B B B A 300 Pa A A A 2 N B A 5 N B C B 1 A

1 N D B 1 A 1 N 2 F 1 L 1 F 2 L 2 /N /cm /N /cm 1 0 49 10 0 98 2 2 2 94 6-6 16 17 2 18 19 20 1 16 16-7 F O 106-7 17-8 1 000 N 4 000 N - 10 20-11 0 5 N - 8-9 18-9 3-11 1 a N a d N 2 b e 2 24 191 21 48 kg - 10 N 22 10 N 5 cm 10 N

23 40 N 40 N 110 16 N 5 6 m N N m 24 3 000 N 6 N 25 0 06 m 3 45 N N 650 N 26 5 10 7 N 1 3 10 8 N t 4 10 7 N - 14-15 N 32-15 27 4 9 N 29 4 NN 33 4 34 2 28 2003 6 1 8 10 135 m33 2 m 2 50 m Pa 107 N 29-12 78 g cm 3 34-12 30-13 OA = 2OB 3 kg F 10 N N kg /m 3 1-13 31-14

2 2 37-17 1648 g = 10 N/kg 1 108 35 36 4 37 38 6 20 35-16 200 N 10 s 30 kg 4 m 2 1 200 cm 2 4-16 - 17 36 38-18 60 kg A ρ = 1 29 kg /m 3 80 cm 30 2 A B 400 g C

600 g 2 dm 3 O C O B 6 1 8 2 12 20 1-18 1 2 2-19 1 2 C 2 1 2 109 3 3-19

110 1 2 4 8 10 11 1 2 10 9 3 4 3 40 42 1 05 10 3 5 A 4 64 20 3 2 10 3 5 20 2 4 10 3 B 6 D C 61 m 7 m 8 m + 2 ρ = m + - m l = m + - m 1 2 3 7 6 10 6 6 7 10-2 6 0 10 24 201 200 2 1 2 10 3 kg 211 1 10-4 m 3 2 2 5 10 3 kg /m 3 1 2 GFCAED m - m 2 V m ρ 4 mg kg t 1 D 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 A 6 C 7 C 5 D 6 B 8 C 9 B 10 A 11 C 12 B 13 D 14 C 7 AEDCBFG 8 C 15 B 9 10 105 5 16 17 2 25 54 2 25 10 3 11 D 12 A 18 0 425 0 4 19 56 20 7 13 102 6 14 A 1 21 22 100 15 1 n m n 9 7 C Sρ m = m n n 2 M 23 N = M m = nm m n 1 2 8 9 3 1 m 3 7 9 10 3 kg 4 0 8 0 8 0 8 10 3 5 D 6 C 7 B 8 C 9 C 10 1 : 1 2 : 1 11 24 12 A 13 CD 14 1 43 kg /m 3 15 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 16 B 17 B 18 30 191 0 5 23 4 3 2ρ 1 ρ 2 ρ 1 + ρ 2 24 3 125 25 205 261 1 0 10-2 kg 2 1 125 10-2 kg 27 124 6 14 28 cm 3 g cm 3 cm 3 kg /m 3 20 156 80 60 7 8 10 3 4 1 3 2 5 29 1 2 4

5 6 2 D 3 CD 4 D 5 ACD 30 1 2 1 D 2 A 1 2 3 1 30 2 8 2 4 3 C 4 D 5 B 6 D 6 1 7 3 : 4 8 3 : 2 1 BE 111 9 A 10 A 2 2 2 N 11 70 s 12 600 m /s 13 3 1 10 4 1 10 4 14 4 B 5 D 6 C 7 D 8 D 9 A 10 B 11 12 N 24 N 12 B P P P B 1 km 13 1 F 1 2 F 2 F 1 > F 2 F 1 < F 2 1 B 2 2 16 10 5 4 56 10 3 58 10-3 31 cm 2mm 3 cm 4 dm 4 1 mm 193 0 8 5 32 2 1 A 2 D 3 A 4 A 5 B 6 D 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 D 11 C 12 B 13 C 14 C 6 B 7 A 8 B 9 B 10 A 11 B 12 B 15 B 13 C 14 16 8 64 10 4 0 2 0 49 1 08 10 3 12 96 2 15 17 cm 18 1 19 2 20 3 4 21 16 2 30 22 23 850 24 100 200 1 25 26 27 0 1 0 0226 1 7 8 9 10 A 11 4 B 5 A 6 C 7 B 8 9 1 2 3 10 ABD 4 A 5 C 6 B 7 D 8 A 9 D 10 C 11 11 C 12 D 13 12 14

112 28 0 118 29 0 74 30 2 31 4 000 m 10 m /s 32 72 km /h 0 025 h 331 50 0 2 34 2 1 AB 2 F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 3 10 5 21 3 1 4 5 200 N 0 5 m 1 B 2 C 200 N 1 2 3 5 0 2 3 0 0 2 N 4 F F 5 C 7 D 8 B 9 C 10 6 2 2 N 0 8 N 111 F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 2 2 3 N 2 2 N 12 13 A 7 1 C 2 A D C 4 C 5 C 6 10 10 7 3 : 2 8 176 4 N 9 1 5 2 3 4 2 5 20 N 6 N 6 N 0 6 2 15 N 3 N 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 ACD 11 B 12 B B A 13 141 cedfg 2 6 C F O l M M 3 50 60 2 4 400 5 100 1 58 8 2 50 6 40 20 80 3 C 7 15 1 5 f = 3F = 1 5 N s = 3s = 15 m A 8 20 55 0 3 9 300 N n = 3F = G 3 = 300 N G = gm B 10 3 3

F = G n n 20 n F 1 L 1 F 2 L 2 F 1 L 1 L 2 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5 NcmF 2 N Ncm Ncm cm 11 1 1 8 8 2 4 8 2 2 16 32 4 8 32 3 4 4 16 1 16 16 2 = 3 F 1 = 5 N L 1 = 4 cm F 1 L 1 = 5 N 4 cm = 20 Ncm 1 D 2 D 3 C 4 D 5 C 6 A 7 C 8 A F 2 = 2 N L 2 = 32 cm F 2 L 2 = 2 N 32 cm = 64 Ncm F 1 L 1 F 2 L 2 9 B F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 F 1 ' = 2F 1 L 1 F 2 L 1 ' = 2L 1 B 21 5 88 10 5 10 D 11 A 3 22 n = 3 3F = G + G = 15 N F = 5 N 12 A B 20 N 23 24 25 40 26 4 : 1 10 N A L 1 = 10 cm L 2 = 40 cm f = F = 10 N 27 B 10 N 15 N A 28 113 f 5 N 29 13 ACD 30 5 cm L 14 AC 2 F s = 2s = 2 0 2 m /s 5 s = 2 m L = F L L = F = 5 N L F 10 N = 1 2 L + L = 15 cm 15 4 16 5 L = 5 cm 10 2 5 31 180 N 3 F = G + G 260 N + 10 N = = 90 N 180 N 3 3 32 5 n = 3 000 N 600 N = 5 33 16 N 3 F = 1 3 f = 1 3 48 N = 16 N 4 17 6 5 34 100 F = 1 2 G = 1 2 1 000 N = 500 N 500 N 3 N = G - F = 600 N - 500 N = 100 N 100 N 35 7 5 6 18 0 ~ 60 2 N63 6 191 2 8 3 7

36 p 1 = 2G 1 8S = G 4S p 2 = 2G 4S = G 2S F = G = 500 N S = H = 3 m p 3 = 2G 8S = G 4S p 4 = 2G 4S = G 2S b d 2 F = 1 2 G + G = 1 7 D 10 N + 500 N= 255 N 2 s = 2H = 6 m 3 2 8 A p = p p = F S = G S S < S G < G p = F S = G S = ρgh ρ > ρ h < h 9 B A B p 1 A p 2 B p 3 G A 114 8 8A F 1 = 260 N 8B F 2 = 170 N L G L = G L L = G L = G 400 N 4 m, = 3 2 m B B 500 N 3 2 m B L B G L = 0 01 m 2 = 40 N G L B G = F + F = 40 N + 10 N = 50 N G 7 5 m - L B = G L B L B = 3 3 m ρ = G /gv= 50 N /10 N /kg 0 001 m 3 1 A 2 9 2 F = 8G p 1 S A G A = = = 1 p 2 G A + G A G A + G B 3 S A, G A G B = 1 2 37 F 1 L 1 = F 2 L 2 p 1 = = S B = 1 F 2 = F p 1 L 2 G A + G B G A + G B S A 3 S B = 1 S A 1 1 150 N 1 2 m = = 1 800 N S L 2 0 1 m B S 38 B A, = 1 S B 3 G A ρ A hs A = ρ B G B hs B G A S A G A = G A G B S B S A = 1 2 3 1 = 3 2 10 A F = ps = 4 10 3 Pa = 5 10 3 kg /m 3 11 2 10 4 N 2 t 121m = 3 78 t 2 S = F p = G p = 9 3 78 10 4 N 4 5 10 4 Pa = 0 84 m2 13 141A B 2A 1 B 3A B 2 5 10 4 2 5 10-4 3 480 2 10 4 151 4 D 5 B 6 D G S 2 3 p = 2G 4S = G 2S 1612 1 4 2 5 3 63

4 cm 4 a 10 16 m 15 C 16 b 17 1 d S = π d 2 ( 2 ) 1 1 10 5 2 2 10 5 4 10 5 3 2 06 10 5 2 4 1 03 10 8 F p = 5 F π d 2 ( 2 ) 18 6 B 7 C 8 B 9 D 10 A 11 A 12 B 13 D p 1 p 2 p 1 p 2 = ρ 1 gh 1 ρ 2 gh 2 = 5 3 4 3 = 5 3, F 1 F 2 = p 1 S 1 p 2 S 2 = 5 3 2 5 = 2 3 14 p 1 = ρ 1 gh 1 = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N /kg 0 24 m 1 D 2 = 2 400 Pa 3 p 2 p 2 = p 1 = 2 400 Pa p 2 = ρ 2 gh 2 ρ 115 2 = p 2 = 2 400 Pa /10 N /kg 0 3 m 4 gh 2 = 800 kg /m 3 15 1 p 1 = G S = 12 N 1 10-2 m = 1 2 2 103 Pa 1 m 2 5 2 10-4 m 3 h = V S = 2 10-4 m 3 1 10-2 2 = 0 02 m m p = ρgh = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N /kg 0 02 m = 200 Pa 2 1 B 2 C 3 A 4 D 5 D 6 B 7 D 10-4 m 3 0 200 Pa 8 C 9 B 16 10 B C 11 12 > = 13 200 14 0 5 0 5 0 5 10-4 10 10 3 15 1 2 3 4 16 17 1 5 150 5 760 6 10 2 10 2 7 4 000 8 C 10 2 m 9 B 10 C F = ps = 1 0 10 5 Pa 0 27 m 2 = 2 7 10 4 N 11 D 12 D 13 C 14 A 10 2 m 10 300 m 3 = 9 27 10 6 kg = 9 270 t 18 F = G ρ gv = ρ gv V : V = ρ : ρ = 0 9 10 3 kg /m 3 : 1 03 10 3 kg /m 3 = 0 9 : 1 03 V : V = 0 13 : 1 03 V = 1 03 1300 m 3 /0 13 = 10 300 m 3 M = ρ V = 0 9 10 3 kg /m 3

116 19 1 1 2 20 F =25 8 N G = F - G =25 8 N - 10 N =15 8 N 21 A A 11 ABD 12 C 13 D 14 A 15 1 5 10 4 16 1 5 10 6 17 4 5 10 3 22 18 19 20 224 56 21 50 22 1 5 23 4 0 24 600 6 600 25 / N / N / N 26 / N / N / N 27 600 4 28 0 1 0 9 10 3 29 4 9 2 5 2 0 0 5 1 1 5 0 5 11 71 4% m + m g = 49 N m + m = 3 ρ ρ 10-4 m 3 m = 3 57 kgm = 1 43 kg 4 ρ m = 5 kg m = m a 3 57 kg 3 = = 71 4% m 5 kg 12 F = ρ gv= 1 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N/kg 5 2 10-2 4 m 3 = 4 000 N G = ρ gv= 0 6 10 3 kg /m 10 N/kg 5 2 10-2 4 m 3 = 2 400 N 3 n = F - G 4 000 N - 2 400 N = = 3 2 50 kg 10 N/kg G 50 kg 3 = 4 9 10-2 m 13 G p F' F = G - F' = ρ gv G = 9 B 10 A A 30 311 abc 2 de 3 32 1 3 9 2 331 2 3 3 4 5 34 5 2 10 7 N 6 C 7 C 8 D 9 B 10 D 35 1F = G = m g = mg 2 G = mg 3m = m 5 p = mg a 2 36 1 F F = 14 7 N - 9 8 N = 4 9 N 2 F = G = ρ gv, V = F ρ g = 4 9 N 1 0 10 3 kg/m 3 10 N/kg =4 9 10-4 m 3, V = V = 4 9 10-4 m 3 3 h h = V S = 4 9 10-4 m 3 1 10-2 m 2 p = ρ gh = 1 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N /kg 0 049 m ρgv gv= G ρ G - F' = ρ G ρ = 490 Pa 37 1 F = G 4 G ρ = G - F' ρ 5 ρ gv= ρ gv G - F' ρ = 4 ρ 5 ρ = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 2 F = G - T 1 D 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 D 6 A 7 B G = ρ gv 8 C = 0 8 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N /kg 1 10-3 m 3 = 8 N

F = 8 N - 5 N = 3 N V = F ρ g h = 5 10-4 m 3 0 02 m 2 = 2 5 10-2 m p = ρ gh = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N /kg 2 5 10-2 m = 250 Pa 1 4039% 2 560 2 1 p = ρgh = 1 03 10 3 kg /m 3 9 8 N/kg 100 m = 1 01 10 6 Pa 2 F = G = mg = 1 500 10 3 kg 9 8 N/kg 3 2 78 43 = 1 47 10 7 N 16 11 1 D 2 A 3 N = 1 A 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 C 6 D 7 D 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N /kg 8 A 9 D 10 D = 3 10-4 m 3 11 C 3 12 C V 1 = 8 10-4 m 3 5 13 D V F 10-4 m 3 B 14 ABC 15 BD 1 L O F A F = ps = 300 Pa 0 01m 2 = 3 m A 3 N 2F A 4L 0 = F B 2L 0 F A = 1 2 F B = 1 2 4 N = 2 N A G = F + F = 5 N 3B 1 F A 4L 0 = F B 3L 0 F A = 3 4 F B = 3 N A 1 N 4 A 1 N B D 117 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 D 5 B 6 C 7 D 8 D 9 D 10 B 11 D 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B 16 D 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 B 21 22 23 26 46 26 65 24 2 5 25 1 0 7 26 11 27 1 : 1 : 1 28 37 4 29 50 30 1 000 31 50 32 4 : 1 33 34 4 10 3 35 1 80 2 6 36 10 11 17 12 n = G F = 4 000 N 1 000 N = 4 10 37 T35 110 4 km /h 38 10 kg 391 245 45 3 12

118 18 5 N 0 2 N 3 6 N 3 6 N 191 2 5 0 98 201 5 0 5 2 B 3 21 480 22 20 C 23 16 f = F = 16 N D 24 500 N F 6 6 = 3 000 N 35 1 n = 2 = 500 N 6 2 25 600 F = G = mg = 30 kg 10 N/kg = 300 N ρ gv =1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N / kg 0 06 m 3 =600 N 3 26 1 8 10 4 G = G + G = 5 10 7 N + 1 3 10 8 N = 1 8 10 8 N F = G = 1 8 10 8 N m = F g = 1 8 104 t 1 4 10 8 27 28 5 10 5 1 10 6 p = ρgh = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N / kg 50 m = 5 10 5 Pa F = ps = 5 10 5 Pa 2 m 2 = 1 10 6 N 36 V = m 60 kg = 29 78 ρ 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 G + G F G + = 6 10-4 m 3 G = F 1 F 2 F = ρ gv G = F 2 G = F 1 - F 2 = 1 29 kg /m 3 10 N / kg 6 10-4 m 3 V = m = 7 74 10-3 N = 78 cm 3 ρ 37 30 10 3 10 3 F A L OA = F B 1 p = ρgh L OB F B = 2F A = 20 N = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N / kg 3 4 m + 0 6 m G = F B + F F = G - F B = 30 N - 20 N = 10 N V = F ρ g = 1 10-3 m 3 ρ = m V = 3 kg 1 0 10-3 m 3 = 3 103 kg /m 3 31 180 2 8 n =2 G + G =2F G =2F - G =2 110 N - 40 N =180 N h = S 2 =5 6 m =2 8 m 2 32 19 6 = 1 G + F 1 = F 1 2 1 0 103 kg /m 3 10 N/kg 2 10-3 m 3 G + F 2 = F 2 = 10 N F 1 - F 2 = F 1 - F 2 G C = m c g = 0 6 kg 10 N/kg = 6 N = 29 4 N - 4 9 N = 24 5 N F C = F C - G C = 10 N - 6 N = 4 N G = 24 5 N - 4 9 N = 19 6 N 33 1 F B = F A + G A + G B 2 F A = ps A = 1 0 10 3 kg /m 3 10 N/kg 0 8 m 30 10-4 m 2 = 24 N 3 F B = 24 N + 4 N = 28 N F B > 6F C A 341 2 A h = 4 m s = nh = 2 2 m = 4 m 4 v = n = 4 m t 2 s = 2 m /s 5 v = n V = 2 2 m /s = 4 m /s 6 G = 2F - G = 2 200 N - 300 N = 100 N = 4 10 4 Pa 2 F = ps = 4 10 4 Pa 0 12 m 2 = 4 8 10 3 N 38 1 2 B C 6 F B L OB = F C L OC F C = 1 2 ρ gv C F B = 6F C B F B

3 S A 21 4P + 5O 2 2P 2 O 5 2 A B C 3 V 1 V 2 V 1 1 V 2 119