酿酒分析与检测

Transcription

1

2 ( ) 039 (CIP) / :, ( ) ISBN Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 1 2 Ⅳ TS262 3 CIP (2005) : : : : ( ) :(010) (010) :(010) htp: 720mm 1000mm 1/ ISBN :39 00,

3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ;,,,

4 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 10!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 14!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 15!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 18!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 19!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 21!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 21!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 21!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 21!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 21!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 22!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 22!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 27!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 27!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 28

5 ph!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 29!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 29!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 30!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 33!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 36!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 37!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 37!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 38!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 38!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 39!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 39!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 51!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 51!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 51!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 55!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 65!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 68!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80 ph!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 81!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 81!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 82!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 82!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 82!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 82!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 83!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 83

6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 85!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 86!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 87!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 88!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 89!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 91!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 91!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 93!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 93!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 96!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 96!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 96!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 97!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 99!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 99!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 101!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 103 ph!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 106 ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 107!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 107!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 110!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 111!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 112!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 118!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 118!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 118!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 118 ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 118!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 120!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 120!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 120!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 121!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 123!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 125

7 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 127!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 130!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 133!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 134!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 135!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 137 ( C)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 137!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 139!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 140!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 142!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 144!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 145 ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 148 ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 151!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 156!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 158!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 159 ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 159 ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 161!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 162!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 162!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 163!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 164!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 164!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 164!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 166!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 168!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 169!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 169!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 169!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 170!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 170!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 171!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 171!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 171!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 172!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 176

8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 178!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 179!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 181!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 182!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 182!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 183 ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 187 α!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 187!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 189!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 192!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 194!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 194!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 195!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 196!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 197!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 198!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 199!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 200!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 202!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 202!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 204 ph!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 205!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 206!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 208!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 211!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 213!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 214!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 215!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 217!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 217!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 218!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 218!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 218!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 218!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 220!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 221 ph!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 222

9 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 222!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 223 β!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 227!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 228!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 230!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 230!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 230!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 232!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 239!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 242!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 243!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 244!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 245!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 245!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 245!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 247!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 249!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 249!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 250!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 251!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 251!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 253!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 255!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 257!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 257!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 258!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 259!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 260!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 260!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 260!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 261!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 263!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 263!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 264!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 264!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 264!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 264

10 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 264!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 264!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 265!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 265!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 266!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 267!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 270!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 270!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 270!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 271!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 272!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 273!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 276!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 279!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 282!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 283 (KMnO4 )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 285!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 288!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 288!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 288!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 290!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 292!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 292 (BOD5)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 295 (CODCr)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 298!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 302!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 303!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 305 α!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Plato 328!!!!!!!!! 2 2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! 339 ( 1000)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 343

11 ( 1000)!!!!!!! 344 (g/l) (%, ) (20 )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ( )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (20 )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ( )!!!!!!!!! 364!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 365

12 , 2%~5%, 4 1 1,, 0 5~1kg, 1~2kg 200~250g, 40 ( ),, 100~ 250g 1 1 /t /kg ~ ,, 2 (1) 10kg, 2mm, 1

13 ( 0 1g) (ma), (mb) (2) 4 5g, 6g, 27%, 65% 6g : =2 5 (g) = %=0 08% 1,,, (1) 100~105, (2) 2g ( g), 100~105, 100~105 3h,, 30min, 1h,, (3) m0,g; = m1-m2 m1-m0 100% m1,g; m2,g 2 (1),, ;,,,,,,, 2

14 , 1,, (2) 1 a : (CuSO4 5H2O)69 3g 1L b : 346g,NaOH100g 1L 2 2% ( )HCl : 4 5mL, 100mL 3 2g/L : 100~105 2h 2g ( g),, 5mL, 1L 4 10g/L :1g 100mL 5 200g/LNaOH (3) 1 : 5mL 250mL, 20mL, 24mL2g/L, 1mL,, 2min, 2 2g/L 1min V(mL) : 10mL (F) F=V C C,g/mL; V,mL ( 1 1) V 10mL (F1) (f)= F F1 2 : 1 5~2g ( g) 250mL, 2% ( )HCl 100mL,,, 1m, 3h, 200g/LNaOH ph6~7 ( 11mL, ph ), 500mL,, 3 a : 5mL 250mL, 20mL, 2,, V (ml) 3

15 b : 5mL, (20+25-V )ml (V -1)mL, 2min, 2,, V(mL) (4) = C 100 f m % f ; C ( 1 1), 100mL,g; 500 m,g; 0 9 (5) 1, 2,, 3 (1),,, (2) 1 : [Pb(CH3COO) 2 3H2O]250g, 500mL, 2 : (Na2HPO4 12H2O)70g, (K2C2O4 H2O)30g, 1L (3) 1 : 2~3g 250mL, ( ) 250mL,,, 50mL 100mL,,, 2 : 4

16 (4) = G 100 f m % G V 1 1,g/100mL; m,g; 4, (1) (Kjeldahl),,,,,,, 400, (2) 1 2 :10g (CuSO4 5H2O) 100g 3 400g/LNaOH 4 20g/L : (H3BO3)20g 1L 5 : 0 1% 10+4 ( ) 6 0 1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) : 2 8mL, 1L, 0 1mol/LNaOH (3) 1 : 2g ( g), 250mL 10g 20mL,,,,,, 5

17 30min, 100mL ( 20mL ),,, 2 : 50mL 500mL, 200mL, 50mL20g/L 5 250mL, 40mL 400g/L NaOH,,,, 100mL 3 : 0 1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ),, H2SO4 V(mL) H2SO4 V0(mL) (4) (,%)=(V-V0) c m w c ( 1 H2SO4 2 ), mol/l; mL1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) ; m,g; w,% (,%)=6 25 (%) 5, (1), (Soxhlet),,,, (2) (,, ) : 1L 50g,,, 6

18 (3) 2~5g ( g), ( 15cm 8cm, ),, 2/3 ( ) 80 4h 1h 6~8,,,, 100~105 1h, 1h,, (4) = m1-m0 m 100% m1,g; m0,g; m,g 6 (1),, (2) % ( ) : 7 1mL,, 1L g/LNaOH : 12 5gNaOH, 1L 3 4 (3) 1 : 2~3g ( g), 500mL, 100mL,, 50mL, ( ) 2 : 500mL, 200mL1 25% ( ), 30min, 1 3 : 200mL12 5g/LNaOH 500mL, 30min,, 100~105 (m1), 7

19 500~550 (m2) : 50g/LNaOH (1+3)? (4) m,g; m1-m2,g =(m1-m2) 1 m 100% HCl, ( ) ( ),, Cl - SO 2-4 NO 3 -,,,,,,, ( d), 1L 10mg / d 4~8 8~18 18~30 >30 EDTA 1? 1 3 ( ) 8

20 ph10,edta ( ), T EDTA T, EDTA,, T, mol/L EDTA : 3 72gEDTA (EDTA Na2 2H2O), 1L : 0 8g ( g), g ( 3mol/L, 24h), 100mL, 6mol/L HCl, 1L,,, 25~30mL 250mL, 10% 10mLpH 10 50mL, 0 2g T, EDTA m c= ( ) V 1 c EDTA,mol/L; V1-V2 m 1mL ( ),g; V V1 EDTA V2 EDTA ZnO,g/mmol; ,g/mmol 2 ph10 : 20g, 500mL, 100mL, 1L 3 T : 0 5g T, 100g, ( 200mg) 3 1 : 50mL 250mL, 10mLpH10, 0 2g T, 0 01mol/LEDTA V1 9

21 2 : 50mL 250mL, 10min,,, 4 V2 ( d)=c V V 1000 ( d)=c V V 1000 c EDTA,mol/L; V1,V2 EDTA mL1mol/LEDTA ; V,mL = -,,, ( ) ph (25 ):5 0~7 5; (25 ): 0 50mS/m; (105 ±2 ): 2 0mg/L 1 ph ph ( ), ph, 2, 3 500mL, ( ) 50mL,, 105 ±2 100mL, 5~10mL 2~3,, 105 ±2, 10

22 ,,,, 200g,, 12%~13% 14%, 100~105, 1 :100g 1mmolNaOH 1 100g 1mL 1mol/LNaOH g/L : 0 5g, 100mL75% 2 0 1mol/LNaOH : ( 105 2h)0 5~0 6g ( g), 250mL, 50mL, 2, NaOH c NaOH (mol/l)= m V 1000 m,g; 204 2,g/mol; V NaOH,mL 3 1 : 10g ( 0 01g), 250mL, 11

23 100mL, 30min ( 10min 1 ), 2 : 20mL 250mL, 20mL,2, 0 1mol/LNaOH 4 =c V c NaOH,mol/L; V NaOH ,mL 1 α, α 1,4, α 1,4, 2 1 a : 11g 22g, 500mL, b : 2mL, 20g, 500mL, 2 20g/L : 2g ( 0 001g), 50mL, 70mL, 20mL,, 100mL, 3 ph6 0 : (Na2HPO4 12H2O)45 23g, (C6H8O7 H2O)8 07g, 1L 4 a : g g, 12

24 500mL b : 40mg T, 100mL c : 41mL 4 5mL 3 1 5% : 10g ( 0 01g)[ (g)=10 1/(1- )] 500mL, mL 40 1h, 15min 1, 5~10mL, 2 :, 20mL20g/L 5mL ph6, 60 10min, 1mL, 0 5mL 1 5mL,,,, (t), 2~3min, 4 :1g 60 ph6,1h 1g 1 (U/g) (U/g)= t ,g; ,g; t,min; 60 1,,, 2 3, 20mL 5mL, 60 10min, 1mL,, 5min 1mL 5mL,, 13

25 14, 660nm, 10mm (A) 1 2, (c) (U/g)=c c,u/ml; ,g; 5,min; 60 1 ( α β ),,,, g/L : 2 1g/L : 100~105 1g ( g),, 5mL, 1L 3 a : 15g (CuSO4 5H2O) 0 05g, 1L b : 50g 54gNaOH 4g, 1L 4 (ph4 6) a 2mol/L : 118mL, 1L b 2mol/L : 272g (CH3COONa 3H2O), 1L a b, ph mol/L : 28 3mL, 1L 6 1mol/LNaOH 3 (1)5% 5g (

26 ), 250mL, (90-5 %)ml, 10mL, 30 1h, 15min 1, 5mL, 50mL (2) 20g/L 50mL 100mL, 35 20min, 10mL,, 35 1h 3mL1mol/L NaOH,, : 20g/L 50mL 100mL 1mol/L NaOH 3mL, 10mL,, (3) 1 : 5mL 5mL 150mL, 1g/L ( 0 5~1 0mL ),, 1min, V(mL) 2 : 5mL, V0(mL) 4 :1g 35 ph 4 6, 1h, 1mg 1 (U/g) (U/g)=(V0-V) c V0 5mL V 5mL c,g/ml; ,g; 1000 mg 1 15

27 ,, ph (ph2 5~3) (ph7 ) (ph8 ), ph, ( ),, (Folin) ( ), 2 1 : 50g (Na2WO4 2H2O),12 5g (Na2MoO4 2H2O) 1000mL, 350mL 25mL85% 50mL, 10h, 25g (Li2SO4) 25mL,, (99 9%), 15min, ( ) 4, 500mL mol/L : 42 4g, 1L 3 0 4mol/L : 65 5g, 1L 4 10g/L : 1g (, 0 001g), 100mL, 40mL 2~3, ph7 5 ( ) 100mL, 3 5 ph7 5 a 0 2mol/L : 31 2g (NaH2PO4 2H2O) 1L b 0 2mol/L : 71 6g (Na2HPO4 12H2O) 1L 28mLa 72mLb, 1L, ph7 5 6 L (100μg/mL): 105 L g, 60mL1mol/L HCl, 100mL, 1mg/mL 0 1mol/L HCl 10, 100μg/mL 7 (ph3 0) a 80%~90% 10 6g, 1L 16

28 b 70% 16g,, 1L a 8mL b 1mL, 1, 0 05mol/L 8 NaOH (ph10 5) a 0 1mol/LNaOH b 0 2mol/L : 19 08g, 1L 400mLa 500mLb, 1L, ph10 5 NaOH :, ph 3 (1) 8 25mL, 100μg/mL 0mL 1mL 2mL 3mL 4mL 5mL 6mL 7mL, 10mL 1mL, 8, 5mL 0 4mol/LNa2CO3 1mL 40 ±0 2 20min, 680nm,1cm, 0,, 1 ( μ g), K K 95~100,, K (2)5% ( ) 10g ( 0 01g), 200mLpH7 2, 40 30min,,, 0 2~0 4 ( ), (3) 1mL, 10mL ( ), 40 ±0 2 5min, 20g/L 1mL,, 10min, 2mL0 4mol/L,, 15min ( ) 1mL, 5mL0 4mol/L 1mL,, 40 ±0 2 20min (4), 1mL 2mL 20g/L 1mL 15min, 17

29 18, 680nm,1cm 4 :1g, 40 ph,1min 1μg 1 (U/g) (U/g)=K A m K 1 ( ); A ; m,g; ,min 1, CO2, 2 1 :, 250mL 2 5mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) : 14mL, 50mL, 100mL 3 0 1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) : 12 7g 40g,, 1L 3 (1) 50g, 250mL,, 1~2h, 60 15%, 50mL 60, 60 3~4h, 90,, (2) 150mL 250mL,,,, 98kPa 15min (3) 25,

30 1 00g, 10mL5mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ),,, 25 48h,, ( CO2,g/100g)= m1-m2 m 100 m1,g; m2,g; m,g 1,,,, ( ph ),,,, 1g 30~32 100h (mg) 2 (1) 1 0 1mol/LNaOH 2 0 1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) 3 1% 20% ( ) : 1mL (AR ) 100mL, 20% ( ) (2) 1 : 100mL1% 250mL, 5g, 30~32 100h 50mL,, 100mL ( ) 2 : 50mL, 2 5g/L, 0 1mol/LNaOH 0 1mol/L NaOH 19

31 20 25mL, 30min, 0 1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) (3) (mg/g)=(c 1 V1-c 2 V2) m c 1,V1 NaOH,mol/L, c 2,V2 ( 1 H2SO4 2 ), mol/l, 144 1mL1mol/L NaOH,mg/mmol; m,g (4) : 5mL, 0 1mL2%, 0 5~1μL, 3 (1) 1 ph4 6 : 2 100mg/100mL 20% ( ) (2) 1 : 100mL 500mL, 5g 10mLpH4 6, 30~32 100h, 40mL, 100mL,, 100mL 40mL 100mL, 2 : 50mL, 250mL, (3) (mg/g)=(c 1 V1-c 2 V2) m (mg/g)=(c 1 V1-c 2 V0) m

32 V0 H2SO4 = 100%,,, 1%,, 1/4 3/4, 5,,,, 1 (1) (2) 5g,, (250W) 14~16cm,, 15min, 3min,, 2 3,, 21

33 ,, 1 :10mL NaOH (1) (2) 2mL, 150mL, 20mL,5g/L 2, 0 1mol/LNaOH (3) =V c c NaOH,mol/L; V NaOH 2,mL 2 (1), (2) (3) 1 : 5mL, 150mL, 10mL 1g/L 9mL, 1min, V0(mL) 2 : 5mL, 150mL, 5mL, 5mL,,,,, V(mL) (4) (g/100ml)=(v0-v) c V0 V c,g/ml; 5,mL 22

34 3,, ( ) 1mL ( ), : 100mL CO2 (g) 2g 25mL,,, 1 2 (1), α 1,4,, (2) 1 (ph4 6): mol/L 3 0 1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) 4 0 1mol/LNaOH 5 200g/LNaOH 6 2mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) : 5 6mL, 80mL,, 100mL 7 20g/L : 8 10g/L : 20g/L 1 (3) 1 : 1~2g ( g) 23

35 1mL, 50mL,, 3~4,, 100~250U/mL 2 a : 50mL, 20g/L 25mL 500mL, 40 ±0 2 5min ( ) 2mL, 30min, 200g/L NaOH 0 2mL,, ( ) 2mL b : 5mL, 0 1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) 10mL, 0 1mol/L NaOH 15mL,, 15min, 2mol/L ( 1 ) 2 H2SO4 2mL, 0 05mol/L 3 :1g 40 ph4 6,1h 1mg, 1 (U/g) (U/g)=(V0-V) c n 2 V0 V c,mol/l; mL1mol/L, mg/mmol; n ; 2 30min 1h 3, 24

36 , 32~40, 30~32,, 1 (1),, 4 5%~5%, 2, 8%, (2) 1g ( g), 50mm 30mm, 103 ±2 5h, 30min, (3) m,g; = m1-m2 m1-m 100% m1,g; m2,g 2 (1),, (2) 1, g/L 3α 4 5 : 25

37 6 : 10% 7 4mol/LNaOH (3) 1 2 : 1 0g, 38~40 20g/L 16mL, 32 1h 3 : 200g 2000mL, 100mL, 600mL, ph 6~6 5, 100U α,, 70~85 30min,, 1000g 4 :, 0 1MPa 1h,, 60 5 : ph 4 5, 150~200U, 60 60min,, g ( ) 500mL 6 : 2mL,, 32, 40 65h 7 : NaOH ph6~7, 1000mL 100mL,, 1~2 100mL ( ), 95mL 8 : 100mL,, 20 ( 1 3) (4) x= c w 1 100% 1-w1 x 100g ( 96% ),%; c 20,%; % 96% ; 50,g; w,%; w1,% 3 26

38 (1),,, (2) 1 2 : 0 025g 0 9g 0 042g 0 048g 0 02g 1g,, 100mL (3) 0 1g ( g), 38~ 40 20mL, 32 1h 0 1mL, 0 9mL, 10min, (4) x1= A1 A1+B1 100% x1,%; A1, ; B1, 4 (1),, (2) ,, (3) x2= A2 A2+B2 100% x2,%; A2, ; B2, 100% = x2 x1, 27

39 ( ),,, 2cm, 3~5,,,,, 250g,, 60,,, 1,, ;,,,,, 105~110, 2 (1) 4~5g,, 105~110, 6h,, 30min, 100~105 2~3h,, ( 0 004g) (2) 10~15g, (1) 3 w= m-m1 100% m-m0 w,%; m,g; m1,g; m0,g :,, 1, 28

40 ph 1 ph,, ph, ph 2 ph 3 5 0g, 100mL, 50mL, 30min, 30min, ph ph 1,, (K2HgI4, ) 425nm,, (NH3), Ca 2+ Mg 2+, 2 1 : 10g 7g, 50mL360g/L NaOH,, 100mL,,,, 1 2 :50g 100mL,, 1/3, 100mL 3 : gNH4Cl, 100mL N 1mg/mL 4 : 10mL 1L N 10μg/mL, NH3 12 2μg/mL 3 (1) 1~5g ( 0 01g), 100g/L 29

41 , 25mL,, 10min ( ), 1mL ( ) 50mL, 1~2 1mL, 10min 0, 425nm (2) (10μg/mL )0mL 0 5mL 1 0mL 2 0mL 4 0mL 6 0mL 8 0mL 10 0mL, 50mL,, (N) 4 (,mg/100g)=c 25 n 1 m w c, μ g; 25 n,, n=1; m,g; 1000 μ g mg ; w,% 5,,,,, 1,,,, 2 1 : 0 56g 400mL, 12 5mL1mol/L HCl, 500mL, 2 : 5g 42mL ; 8mL 82mL, 30

42 3 : 1g (SnCl2 2H2O) 40mL 1mol/L HCl, 4 : 9cm 0 2mol/L HCl 4~ 5h,, 0 2mol/L HCl, 60 5 : 110 2h (KH2PO4)0 2195g,, 1L 50μg/mL 6 : 25mL 250mL,, 5μg/mL 3 (1) 2 00g 50mL, 20mL, 30min, 5min 1, 0 1g,, (2) 1mL, 25mL, 1~2 5mL (,,, 2 5mL, 1mL ), 25mL, 2mL 3, 15min, 2cm 680nm, 0 (3) 0mL 0 5mL 1 0mL 2 0mL 3 0mL 5 0mL, 25mL 2mL 3,,,, 4 (mg/100mg)=m1 1 V m w m1, μ g; V m,g; w,% 5 31

43 32 1, 2, 3, 1,,,, 2 Na3Co(NO2) 6+2K + K2NaCo(NO2) 6 +2Na + 1 : 28 5g, 1L mol/L : 6 7mL 1L mol/L 3 200g/L : 10g, 50mL, mol/L : 0 6g, 1L 3 1 : 2 500g 250mL, 100mL, 1h, 15min 1 1, 100mL 3~4,, 3~5mL, 3,, 500, 2 :, 25mL0 1mol/L,, 50mL, 10mL 200mL, 10mL,, 20, 2 ( ),, 0 01mol/L 0 01mol/L

44 10, 2mL 95% 5, 2mL, 110 1h, 4 K2NaCO(NO3) 6 H2O, K2O=17 216% x=m m w x ( K2O ),mg/100g; m1,g; m,g; mg ; w,% 1,,,,, 2K2Cr2O7+8H2SO4 +3C 2Cr2(SO4) 3+2K2SO4+3CO2 +8H2O K2Cr2O7+6(NH4) 2Fe(SO4) 2+7H2SO 4 Cr2(SO4) 3+3Fe2(SO4) 3+6(NH4) 2SO4+K2SO4+7H2O 58%, 90%, (100/90=1 1) (100/58), 2 1 : mol/L ( ): 80g (NH4) 2SO4 FeSO4 6H2O,, 30mL6mol/L, 33

45 mL : 10mL, 250mL, 50mL 10mL6mol/L 0 1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) c= c1v1 10 c,mol/l; c1 ( 1 KMnO4 5 ), mol/l; V1,mL 4 : 200g, 250mL, 500mL, 1L. 500mL, 1000mL 5 5g/L : 0 5g (FeSO4 7H2O) 100mL, 2 0 5g,, 3 0 1~0 3g ( 0 001g), 18mm 160mm, 10mL, 185~ 190 ( ) 170~180,,,, 5min 250mL,, 50~60mL 2~3, 0 2mol/L, 4 x=(v0-v) c m 1 1-w 100% x,%; V0 V c,mol/l; mL1mol/L ; 1 1 ; %,

46 (100/58=1 724); m,g; w,% 5 1, 7% ~15%, 0 1g; 2%~4% 0 3g; 2% 0 5g 2,,, 3, α,, 5%, 30~40mg,,, 250g, 100g NaOH (mmol),, 35

47 1, 2 (1+4)HCl 3 (1) 5 0g ( 10 0g) 250mL, (1+4)HCl 100mL,, 1m, 30min, 500mL (2) 1 : V0 (ml) 2 a : 5mL, 250mL, 10mL 2,, 2g/L, V1 (ml) b : 5mL, 250mL, 10mL,, [ (ml)=10+(v0-v1)] (V1-1)mL2g/L, 2min, 2, 1min V (ml) 4 =(V0-V) c m % V0 V c,g/ml; ; m,g 36

48 1 (1), ( ) (2) (25mL) (3) 1 : 100g, 500mL, 200mL,, 100mL, 100mL, 2 : 25mL,, 15,,, 20 ±0 1, 20,,,, (4) d= m2-m m1-m d 20 ; m,g; m1,g; m2,g, 1 3, 2,,,,,, 1 4, 20 1,,, 0 02% : 37

49 3CH3CH2OH+2K2Cr2O7+8H2SO 4 2 3CH3COOH+2Cr2(SO4) 3+2K2SO4+11H2O 1 0 1% ( ) : 0 1mL, 100mL, 2 20g/L : 2g,, 100mL : 6 10mL, 0mL 1mL 2mL 3mL 4mL 5mL0 1% ( ), 5mL 1mL20g/L 5mL,, 10min,,, 600nm,1cm, 2 : 5mL, 25mL, 1mL20g/L,5mL,, 4 (ml/100g)=v m 100 V,mL,, 0 001,mL/mL; m,g 500, 4, 1 ( 500mL/ ), 2, 2, 500, 6, 1 ( 500mL/ ), 3, 3 38

50 1 (1) 1 : 100mL, 500mL 100mL,, 100mL ( ) 95mL,,, :,,, 0 15%~0 45% ( ),, 2 : (2) ( ) 100mL, (1), (2) 50mL, 100mL, 100~105 2h 30min 1h, 30min, (3) (g/l)=(m-m1) m,g; m1,g; 50,mL 3 (1),, NaOH 39

51 , (2) 1 5g/L 2 0 1mol/LNaOH (3) 50mL 250mL, 2, 0 1mol/LNaOH (4) (,%)=V c c NaOH,mol/L; V NaOH mL1mol/LNaOH,g/mmol; 50,mL 4 (1) ( ) 1 :, ( ), 2 a 5g/L b 0 1mol/LNaOH c 0 1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) : 3mL,, 1L : H2SO4 25mL 250mL, 2, 0 1mol/LNaOH : c1= cv 25 c1 ( 1 H2SO4 2 ), mol/l; c NaOH,mol/L; V NaOH 25 H2SO4,mL 3 : 50mL 250mL, 2, 0 1mol/LNaOH ( ), 40

52 0 1mol/L NaOH 25mL ( ),,, 30min, ( 1, 0 1mol/L H2SO4 2 ) NaOH,, 0 1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) 4 (,%)=(c 25-c1 V) c NaOH,mol/L; mol/LNaOH c1 ( 1 H2SO4 2 ), mol/l ; mL1mol/L NaOH, g/mmol; 50,mL (2) 1 :, 2 a ph8 0 : 46 1mL0 1mol/L NaOH,25mL 0 2mol/L 100mL, b ( ph ) 3 : 0 1mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ), ph9 0 4 : 5,,,, (1) 41

53 ,, > >,, (1+4) (2) 1 5g/L : 0 5g 100mL,, 2 : 200mL, 0 25g, 2h, 100mL 0 1mL,, 3 : 0 08g 0 02g ( 0 26mL 1 04mL ) 100mL, 50mL, 1mg/mL, 4 : 5mL 50mL,, 0 1mg/mL (3) : 6 10mL, 0mL 0 1mL 0 2mL 0 3mL 0 4mL 0 5mL, 1mL, 2mL5g/L,, 15min,, 2mL,, 520nm,1cm, 1mL 10mL, 0 3mL 10mL (mg) (4) (g/l)=m V2 V m,mg; V2 10 V1,mL (5) 1, : 50mL 42

54 , 0 25g, 1h,, 50mL 10mL 10mL, 50mL 2,,, 6,,,, (1) 1 :,, (,Schif), 2 a : 3g, 15mL85% 70mL 100mL, b : 5g 7g 2, 100mL (1+1), 100mL c : 0 1g, 60mL80, 10mL100g/L ( 1g, 10mL ) 1mL, 100mL,,,, d : 1 000g g/mL 1 26mL, 100mL, 10mg/mL e : 10mL 100mL, 1mg/mL f : 300mL95%, (1g ) (1 5g ),, 50mL, 200mL, 60% 0 3mL, 43

55 3 a : ( 30% 1 0mL,40% 0 8mL,50% 0 6mL,60% 0 5mL), 25mL, 5mL,, (mg) b : 6 10mL, 0mL 0 2mL 0 4mL 0 6mL 0 8mL 1 0mL, 0 5mL60%, 5mL 2mL,, 10min 2mL,, 5mL,, ( 20~40 ) 30min 1cm 2cm, 590nm, ( ) 4 (g/l)=m 1 V m,mg; V,mL (2) 1 :, (Na2S2O5),,,,, 2 a : b 100g/L :100gNa2S2O5, 1L c : 0 1g 10mL,, 90mL90% ( ), 1 d 10g/L : e : 3 :, 4~5 2mL, 25mL 1mL, 15min 44

56 100g/L 0 6mL,, 10mL,, 70 ±1 20min, 10min 1cm 570mn,, ( ) 4 : 7 (1) 1 :, ph 8 5~9 0, (dithizone), 2 a (1+1) b 6mol/L HCl c :1g/L d 200g/L : 20g, 50mL, 2, (1+1) ph8 5~9 0 (, 2 ), 2, 6mol/L HCl, 100mL e 200g/L : 50g, 100mL, 2, (1+1) ph8 5~9 0,,, 2, 250mL f 100g/L g :1g/L,, 0 5g, 50mL, 250mL, (1+99) 3, 100mL, 500mL, 6mol/L HCl, 2~3 20mL,,,, 50, h : 1 0mL, 100mL i : g, 10mL1% ( ) 45

57 , 100mL, 1mg/mL j : 1mL, 100mL,, 10μg/mL 3 a : 20mL 250mL,, 5~10mL, 10mL,, 10mL,,,, 20mL, 2 100mL,,,, b : 20mL, 125mL 0mL 0 1mL 0 2mL 0 3mL 0 4mL 0 5mL, 125mL, 20mL 2mL200g/L,1mL200g/L 2, (1+1) 2mL200g/L, 10mL, 1min,, 1cm,, 510nm,, 4 (mg/l)=(m-m0) 1 V2 1 V1 V m, μ g; m0, μ g; V1 V2 V,mL 5 a,,, 46

58 , : ph8 5~9 0;, ;, ;, b ph 6 8~8 0, ph< 6 8,, c : 4mL, 50mL,, 10mL (1+1)HCl,, 2mL10% ( ) HCl,, 20mL (2) 1 :,, 283 3nm, 2 a 0 5% ( ) : 1mL, 200mL b : (99 99%)1 0000g, 6mol/L ( 37mL) 1L, 1mg/mL c : 10mL, 100mL, 0 5% ( ) 1mL 100mL, 0 5% ( ) 1μg/mL d, 3 a 2mL, 100mL 0 5% ( ), b 0mL 0 5mL 1 0mL 2 0mL 3 0mL 4 0mL (1μg/mL), 100mL, 0 5% ( ), c : 7 5mA, 283 3nm, 0 2nm, 7 5L/min, 1L/min, 3mm, (, ) 4 47

59 (mg/l)=(m-m0) 1 V1 1 V2 V m, μ g; m0, μ g; V2 V1 V,mL 8, (1),, : (2) HCl : 350mL, 500mL 2 :,, 184, 3 50% 4 :,, 162, 0 87mL, 50% 100mL,1mL 10mg 5 : 1mL, 50% 100mL,1mL 100μg (3) 1 : 6 50mL, 0mL 0 1mL 0 2mL 0 3mL 0 4mL 0 5mL, 50% 48

60 25mL 0μg 10μg 20μg 30μg 40μg 50μg 2 :, 50%, 50%, : V= c V 10 10mL; 50,%; c,% V (ml) 10mL 50%, 95% 50% 35%, V : 10 50=35 V +95(10-V ) V = =7 5 (ml) V ml, 95% 10mL V ( V ml) 50mL, 10mL 15mL50%, 25mL 3 :, 1mL 0 25mL 1 125,, ( 20 ) 20min, 1cm, 510nm,,, (4) (mg/l)= m V m, μ g; V,mL 9 (1),, DNP ( PEG20M ), (2) 49

61 1 2% ( ) ( ) 50% ( ) 2, a DNP :Chromasorb W AW DMCS,80~100 : (DNP)(20%), 80 (7%) :2% ( ) 50% ( ) b PEG20M :Chromasorb W AW DMCS,80~100 : 2 (20%) :2% ( ) 50% ( ) (3) a : 3mm, 2m, b : 1mL2% ( ) 1mL2% ( ), 50% 50mL, : f= A1 d2 A2 d1 f ( ) ; A1 ; A2 ( ) ; d1 ; d2 ( ) c : 10mL, 0 2mL2% ( ),, (4) c=f A A4 c ( ),g/l; f ; A3 ( ) ; A4 ; 0 352,g/L 50

62 1 (1) 200 0g ( 0 1g),,, (2) 200 0g ( 0 5g),,, (3) 40 0g ( 0 1g), (,g)= 40 0 n w w,%; n 2 (1) 105~107, (2) 1 2, 106 ±1 3, (3), DLFU (Bühler Ming), 0 2mm, g, 51

63 106 ±1,, 3h,30min, 1h, 2mg, (4) (%)= m1-m2 m1-m m,g; m1,g; m2,g (5),,, 3 (1),,,,,,,,,,, (2) 1, ( Tecator Kjeltec ) 2 400g/LNaOH 3 40g/L 4 0 1mol/L HCl, NaOH 5 : , 6 : g/L 1g/L (3) 1 : g, 250mL, 10g, 20mL,,,, 20~30min 52

64 2 : 500mL 50mL,, 100mL, 40g/L 25mL 0 5mL, 80mL400g/L NaOH,, 1/3,, 3 : 0 1mol/L HCl, HCl (ml) (4) (,%)=(V-V0) c m w (,%)= 6 25 V0 HCl V HCl c HCl,mol/L; mL1mol/L HCl,g/mmol; m,g; w,%; 6 25 (5) 1, 30min 2,, 4 (1),, (2) 1 EBC : 1mm, 2 Soxhlet :, 3 4 (3), 100~105 3h 53

65 10g,,, (m1), 2/3,,, 5h ( 50 );, ( ), 105~ min,, (m2) ( 0 001g ) (4) m,g 5 (,%)= m 2-m 1 m 100 (1),,, (2) (3) 1 : 100g, 400mL, 20 2~3h,,,, g 2 : 85%~90% 25g, 100mL,, 14~18 15h 70 1h,, 250g,, 2 1 (4) (%)= 4[ w 2 ( w 4 -Dw 1 ) 100-w w -Dw ] = ( w)w 2-400Dw w w w 1 100g,g; w 2 100g,g; 54

66 D ; w 100g,g; mL, 70, (5) 1 2 (>300WK) α, 4 5%~5% 1 (1) 1 DLFU (Buhler Ming), 0 20mm,, 2, 3,, 80~ 100r/min (2) 55g, DLFU, 50 0g ( 0 1g) (500~ 600mL ), mL, 45 30min 1 /min, 25min 70, mL; 70 1h, 10~15min,, 450 0g, 100mL, (3), 4h 2 3 (1),, 2 1,, 55

67 (2) 1,25mL 2, ±0 1 (3) 1 15, ( ), 20 ±0 1, 20,,,, 4 2, 2~3,, 1, 20, 2 1 G : (,%)= ( 800-w)G 100-G w G,g/100g; w,g/100g (4), 20, 4 (1), EBC ( SD ),,, (2) 1 EBC ( SD ) 2 25mm 40mm 3 (Hartong ssolution): (K2Cr2O7)0 100g (Na2[Fe(CN) 5NO] 2H2O)3 500g, 1000mL, 24h (3) 1 : 40mm,, 15EBC,, : E= 15E1 E2 E ( ),EBC ; 56

68 E1,EBC ; E2,EBC ; 15,EBC 2 :,,, ( ),, :, 25mm 0 25EBC 5 ph (1), ph, ph (2) 1 : ph0~14, 0 02pH 2 ph (3) ph,, 6~8,, ph (4), 0 1mol/L HCl, 6 (1), 0 1mol/LNaOH, ph9 0, NaOH (2) 1 : 0 02pH mol/LNaOH (3) ph, 50mL,,, NaOH, ph9 0, NaOH 57

69 (4) 100mL 100g 1mol/L NaOH ml (ml/100ml )=V c V (ml/100g )=V c E V1 DG c NaOH,mol/L; V NaOH V1 E,%; D ; G,g/100g (5), ph, 7 (1),, (2) 1 a A ( ): (CuSO4 5H2O)69 278g, 1000mL b B ( ): 346g NaOH 100g, 1000mL 2 : 1g, 100mL, 3 2g/L : g (105 2h) 250mL (3) 1 : 250mL A B 5mL, 20mL, 2g/L 24mL, 2min, 2, 2g/L, 3min f1= V 58

70 f2= V f1 10mL,g; f2 10mL,g; V,mL 2 :, 10~20, 15~50mL 250mL A B 5mL, 20mL, 5min,, 1~2,, 3 : 250mL A B 5mL, 20mL, 1mL, 2min 2, (V) (4) (,g/100ml)= f2 n V 100 n (5),, 3min 8 : =1 100-X 100 X 100,g 9 β (1) β ( 10 3 ~10 4 u), ( ph ), β 0~100μg, β (Beer slaw) (2) ph 4 0 1mol/L (ph8 0) 5 100mg/L 59

71 6 100μg/mLβ (3) 1β : β 0mL 0 1mL 0 2mL 0 3mL 0 4mL 0 5mL 0 6mL, 2mL, 4mL, 20 10min ( ) 550nm, 0, β ( μ g),, 1 β ( μ g) K ( ) 2 : 5mL ( 10mL), 100mL 2mL, 4mL, 10min, 2mL, (4) β (mg/l)=a K (10) K ; A ; (10),mL 10 α (1) α,, α, 570nm,, α (2) 1 2, ±0 1 3 : (Na2HPO4 12H2O)10g (KH2PO4)6g 0 5g 0 3g, 100mL, 4 : (KIO3)2g 600mL, 96% ( ) 400mL, 60

72 5 : g 100mL, 6 : 1mL, 100mL 2mg/L (3) : 1mL, 100mL 7, mL;4 2mL,5 6 2mL 1mL,, 16min 20 ±0 1 20min 5mL,, (4 ), 570nm, 30min (4) MF1= A1 2 n A2 MF1 α,mg/l; A1 ; A2 ; 2 α,mg/l; n MF2=MF1 E DG MF2 α,mg/100g ; MF1 α,mg/l; E,%; D (20 ) ; G,g/100g (5),,,,, 11 (1), : 61

73 (C6H12O6) n nc6h12o6 : CH2OH(CHOH) 4CHO+I2 +2NaOH CH2OH(CHOH) 4COOH+2NaI+H2O,, I2( ) +2NaOH NaOI+NaI+H2O NaOI+NaI+H2SO 4 Na2SO4+I2+H2O I2+2Na2S2O 3 2NaI+Na2S4O6 (2) 1 :, 2 : ± mol/LNaOH 4 0 5mol/L 5 (0 1mol/L): (Na2S2O3 5H2O)25g 0 2g, 600~700mL, 10min,, 1000mL, 6 0 1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) : 12 7g 35g,,, 1000mL,, 7 20g/L : 10 0g, 400mL,, 500mL 8 (ph 4 3):28 8mL 1L; 34g (CH3COONa 3H2O) 500mL;, ph 4 3±0 1 (3) 1 : 20 0g ( 0 1g), ~480mL 40 ±0 1, 1h,,, 520 0g,, 200mL, 50mL 2 : 4 200mL 20g/L 100mL,1 2 5mL, 4 20 ±0 1 30min 62

74 1 2 5mL, 20 ± min ( ) 1 2 1mol/L NaOH 4mL, 3 4 1mol/L NaOH 2 35mL, 5mL, 4, 3 : 4 50mL 4 250mL, 0 1mol/L 25mL 1mol/L NaOH 3mL, 15min 0 5mol/L 4 5mL, 0 1mol/L (4) :100g 20,pH4 3, 30min, 1g 1 (WK) 100g (WK)=(V0-V) c 342 c,mol/l; V V g, /50 500/5 100/20, mL1mol/L 0 171g 100g (WK)=(V0-V) c w w,% 12 (1),, (2) (3) 1 : : TN(%)=(V-V0) c m w TN,%; V0 HCl V HCl 63

75 c HCl,mol/L; mL1mol/L HCl,g; m,g; w,% 2 : 25mL,, 2~3mL, : SN=(V-V0) c E GD 100% SN,%; V0 HCl V HCl c HCl,mol/L; E,%; G,%; D 20 ; mL1mol/L HCl,g/mmol (4) (KB) KB= SN TN 100% 13 (1),,,, A B C (2) : 4 16g/L 5 500g/L : 92mL, 54 3mL 64

76 (3) 1, 2 : 100mL 200mL, 180~185mL, 4mL 1 4, 20 15~20min 10mL,, 3 : 100mL 200mL, 75mL, 10mL, 20 15~ 20min 10mL 1 4,,, (4) A = - 100% B = - 100% C = 100% (5), 20, 1 (1) 600g,, 1 :,,,, 250mm, ( ), 50~100mm 30g, ( ),,, 2 :,,, ( ) ( ), 25~ 50g,,, 65

77 (2) 1 :,, 300g,,, 150g, ; 6~8g, 15g α 2 :,, 300g,,, 150g, ; 30g, α 2 (1) 103 ±1, (2) 1 2, 103 ±1 3, (3) 5 000g,, 103~104 1h, 2mg, (4) = m 1-m 2 m 1 -m 100% m 1,g; m 2,g; m,g (5), 3 α (1) α, 275nm 325nm 355nm, α (2) 1 2,5000r/min 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 66

78 5 6mol/L NaOH : NaOH 31 2mL 100mL 6 : 100mL 0 2mL6mol/LNaOH, (3) 1 : 5 000g, 250mL, 100mL,, ( )30min ( 30min 0 3g, ) 5min 2 a A : 5mL, 100mL b B : A 3mL, 50mL c : 5mL, 100mL, 3mL, 50mL 275nm 325nm 355nm, 10mm B,, (4) = =0 667 α (%)=0 667(-51 56A A A275) α (,%)=α (%) 1 1-w A275,A325,A nm,325nm,355nm ; w,% (5),, 4 β (1) β, 275nm 325nm 355nm, β (2) α (3) α (4) β (%)=0 667(55 57A A A275) β (,%)=β 1 1-w 67

79 68 A275,A325,A nm,325nm,355nm ; 5 w,% (1),α β,, 275nm 325nm,, (2) α (3) α (4) (HSI)= A275 A325 A275,A nm 325nm 1 5~10min, 2000mL 2, 3 ph ph 4 (1) (EDTA Na2) ph 10, T T ph8~11,, EDTA T, EDTA,EDTA T, T, (2) 1 ph10 : 27 0g, 175mL, 500mL,, mol/LEDTA : 3 723gEDTA Na2 2H2O

80 , 1000mL 3 T : NaCl 105~107 3~4h, 1 0g T 100gNaCl,, 0 5g T 10mL, 100mL, mol/L : 1 627g 110 2h, (1+1)HCl 20mL, 1000mL (3) 1 EDTA : 10mL 250mL, 50mL, 5mLpH10 0 2g T,, EDTA c= c1v1 V2-V3 c EDTA,mol/L; c1,mol/l; V1 V2 EDTA V3 EDTA,mL 2 : 50mL, 5mLpH10 ( ph 10), T 2~3 ( T 0 2g) EDTA (4) :1L 10mg 1 ( d) ( d)=c V c EDTA,mol/L; V EDTA mL1mol/LEDTA,g/mmol; 10 ( d) ; 50,mL (5) 1mL50g/L, 1mL10g/L 5 (1),, (2) 69

81 (3) 100mL, 5min,,,, 100mL, 6 = - 7 (1) EDTA, EDTA ph>12,, EDTA, R,, (2) mol/LEDTA ( ); 2 1mol/LNaOH ; 3 R : 105~107 3~4h, 0 5g R ( ) 100g,, (3) 50mL [ 5~10mg,,, (1+1)HCl, 1min, ] 250mL, 2mL1mol/LNaOH, ph 12~13, 0 2g, EDTA (4) (mg/l)=v c c EDTA,mol/L; V EDTA mL1mol/LEDTA,mg/mmol; 50,mL 8 (1) T, ph 10 EDTA,, ph12 5 EDTA, (2) (3) (4) 70

82 (mg/l)=(c1v1-c2v2) 24 V c1,v1 EDTA,mol/L, c2,v2 EDTA, mol/l, mL 1mol/L EDTA, mg/mmol; V3,mL (1),,,, (ph6 5~10 5) (2) 1 0 1mol/L : 500~600 30min,,,, 1 461g, 250mL 2 50g/L 30 1mol/L : 17g, 1000mL (3) 1 : 25mL 25mL, 1mL50g/L, c= c 1V V2-V1 c,mol/l; c 1,mol/L; V V1 V2,mL 2 : 100mL, ph 6 5~10, 71

83 , NaOH, 1mL 50g/L, (4) (mg/l)=v c c,mol/l; V mL1mol/L,mg/mmol; 100,mL (5) ( 10mg/L), 200~ 300mL, 100mL 10 (1),, (2) 1 0 1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) : 1 58g 500mL : 0 15g ( 105 2h), 250mL, 20mL, 20mL1mol/L, 75~85, : m c= V c ( 1 KMnO4 5 ), mol/l; V m,g; mL1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ),g/mmol mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) : 0 1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ), 72

84 3 0 02mol/L ( 1 Na2C2O4 2 ) : 0 67g, 1000mL 4 1mol/L : 14mL, 250mL (3) : 100mL, 20mL, ( 1 5, 0 1mol/L KMnO4 ) 10mL 10min, 80~90, 0 02mol/L ( 1 Na2C2O4 2 ) 10mL, 80~90, 0 01mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) ( 60 ) (4) (O2,mg/L)=(V2-V1) c c ( 1 KMnO4 5 ), mol/l; V1 V2 40 1mL1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ),mg/mmol; 100,mL 11 (1),, ph 3~9,, (2) mol/L 3 (200μg/mL): 1 404g, 70mL (20mL 50mL ), 1L (10μg/mL): 5mL, 100mL, 4 100g/L :50g, 500mL 73

85 ( ) 5 200g/L :200g (NaAc 3H2O) 1000mL 6 :0 5g, ( 80~90, ), 500mL 7 50g/L : 10g,, 200mL (3) 1 : 100mL 8, 0mL 0 25mL 0 50mL 1 00mL 2 00mL 3 00mL 4 00mL 5 00mL, 1mL 1mL, 75mL, 10mL,,, 10min, 2cm, 510nm,,, 2 : 100mL 100mL 250mL, 2mL 1mL, 25mL,, 100mL,, 10mL 5mL 1 5mL 10mL,,, 10min 2cm, 510nm, (4), ( μ g) (mg/l)= (ml) 12 (1) 103~105, (mg) (2) (3) 103~105 30min,,, 50mL,, 103~105 1h, 30min,, 74

86 (4) (mg/l)=(w2-w1) W1,g; W2,g 13 (1) ( NaOH ),,, 0~20mg/L, (2) 1 2 : 150mL, 5~6 6mol/L NaOH, ph 10, 1/3, 3 EDTA :50g 10g NaOH 60mL, 100mL 4 :100 0g 70g, 180gNaOH 500mL, 1000mL,,,, 5 :100gZnSO4 7H2O 1L 6 : 3 819g 105, 1000mL 7 : 10mL 1000mL, 1mL 10 0μg 12 2μg (3) 1 : 0mL 0 2mL 0 4mL 0 6mL 0 7mL 1 0mL 1 4mL 1 7mL 2 0mL 2 5mL 3 0mL 3 5mL 4 0mL 4 5mL 5 0mL 6 0mL 50mL, 50mL, 2 0mL,,30min 425nm 1cm, 2 : 100mL, 2mL, 6~7 6mol/LNaOH ph10 5,, 3 : 50mL 50mL, 1 EDTA 2 0mL,,30min, 425nm 1cm 75

87 , (4), ( μ g) (N,mg/L)= (50mL) (5) 1,, 2, 100mL 1mL,, 0 4~0 5mL6mol/L NaOH, ph 10 5,,,,, 25mL 3,, 1mg/L, 14 (1), α,,, (2) 1 2 :1000mL 1mL 0 2mL (100mL 36 4g ), 2mL (1L 400mg), 15min, [1 (NH4) 2C2O4 H2O900mg] 3 EDTA : 500mgEDTA 100mL 4 : 600mg 70mL,, 20mL, 100mL 5α : 600mgα 1mL, 100mL, 6 : 0 246g 1000mL, 10mL, 1000mL,, 1mL 0 500μg, 7 2mol/L : 16 4g 100mL (3) 76

88 1 : 50mL : 0mL 0 1mL 0 2mL 0 4mL 0 8mL 1 0mL 1 4mL 1 8mL 2 0mL 2 5mL, 50mL, 1mLEDTA 1mL, 3~10min, 1mLα 1mL,,10~30min, 520nm, 1cm, 2 : 50mL 100mL, 1mL EDTA 1mL,3~10min 1mLα 1mL,,10~30min,, 520nm (4), ( μ g) (N,mg/L)= (ml) (5) 1,, 2, 100mL 2mL100g/L,,, 15 (1),,, (2) 1 2 :0 44g 100mL, 1mL 1mg 3 : 25g 150mL, 75mL,, 2h, 6h 4 : 721 8mg, 1000mL, 100mg/L 50mL,, 2mL, 500mL, 1mL 10μg (3) 77

89 1 : :0mL 0 1mL 0 3mL 0 5mL 0 7mL 1 0mL 1 5mL 2 0mL 3 5mL 6 0mL 10 0mL 15 0mL 20 0mL 30 0mL 50mL, 2mL 6~7mL, 50mL, 410nm, 1cm, 2 : 100mL,,,,, 3 : 10mL,,, 2mL, 20mL,,, 6~7mL, 50mL,, 50mL,, 410nm 1cm, (4), ( μ g) (N,mg/L)= (ml) (5) 1, 100mL 2mL100g/L,,, 2,,, 16 ICP AES ( ) ICP K Na Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn Al Si Sr Ba Li B (1),,, (2) 1 2, 78

90 3 3% ( )HNO3 ( ) 4, Al Si ( SiO2 ) 100mg/L, 1000mg/L 3% ( )HNO3 5 (3% HNO3 ):K,10mg/L;Na, 100mg/L;Ca,100mg/L; Mg,40mg/L; Fe Cu Zn Mn Al Sr Ba Li B, 0 5mg/L;Si,10mg/L, 3% ( )HNO3 6, 18 2MΩ/cm (3), 3% ( )HNO3,,, 94%~105%, 3 0% (4) 1,, 2 17 F - Cl - NO 2 - Br - NO 3 - H2PO 4 - SO (1),,, (2) 1, 2, 18 2MΩ/cm 3 : 1 696gNa2CO gNaHCO3, 2L 4 :4mL 2L 5 :F - Cl - NO 2 - Br - NO 3 - H2PO 4 - SO mg/L 6 :F -,10mg/L;Cl -,100mg/L;NO 2 -, 10mg/L; Br -,10mg/L;NO 3 -, 50mg/L;H2PO 4 -, 20mg/L;SO 2-, 4 140mg/L (3),,, 30min,, 79

91 , 3 0% 30min,,,, 24h 20, 2 1, ph, ph, EBC, 1 α,,, 1cm 275nm, 2 1 : 3000r/min 2,125mL 3, 1cm 4 3mol/L HCl 5 : 10mm,, 275nm, 80

92 ,, 3 5mL, 5mL 1mL3mol/L HCl 20mL, 15min,,,3000r/min 15min 1cm,275nm, 4 =A A nm 50mL, : (ml/100ml)=2cv c NaOH,mol/L; V NaOH 2 100mL 1,, (s),, 2 1 Hoppler 2 20 ± Hoppler,, 20 ± , 1 ( 15 81mm), 2 2, 0 007mPa s cm/(g s), 81

93 ,,, 180,,, 4 ( η,mpa s)= (s) ( - ) 20mL 500mL, ( 0 2%~0 5% ), 1, : 15~20 300mL 750mL ( 1L),,, ( ), ( ),,, ( ) : 15~20 300mL, ( ), ( ), ( ) :, ( ) 2, 20 ±0 1,, 2h 82

94 1 (Formazin),, EBC 2 1 : 0~5EBC, 0 01EBC 2 : 100g/L 25mL, 10g/L 25mL,,, 24h 1000EBC, 2 3 : 0mL 0 2mL 0 5mL 1 0mL mL, EBC 3,, 20 ±0 1, ( 5min ),, ( 4 90,, 4 ) 1 (1) 20,,, 2 3,, % ( ) (2) 1,500mL 2, ±0 1 3,25mL 50mL (3) 1 a : 100mL 100mL, 83

95 50mL 3,,, 100mL ( ), ( 20 ), 96mL ( 30~60min ),, 20, b : 100 0g, 0 1g, 500mL, 50mL,, 100mL ( ), ( 20 ), 96mL ( 30~60min ),, 20,, 100 0g, (, ) 2 A:,, ( 2mg, ) 15, ( ), 20 ±0 1, 20, 5min,, 3 B:, 3,, A (4) (20 ) : d= m 2-m m 1 -m d (20 ) ; m,g; m 1,g; m 2,g 2 3, [% ( )], 2 AntonPaar (1) AntonPaar, 20, PT100,,,, (2) 1 AntonPaar 84

96 2 : 200mL, 15min 20 (3) 1 2 A P, ; 3 A P,, % ( ) % ( ) 3 SCABA (1) SCABA, U, ;, (2) 1 SCABA 2 96% 3 : 4 3 5% ( ) : 96% 46mL, 1L 5 7 0% ( ) : 96% 91mL, 1L (3) 1 2, 3 5% ( ) 7 0% ( ) 3, % ( ) % ( ) 1 (1), (2) 1,500mL 2, ±0 1 85

97 3,25mL 50mL (3) 1 a : ( ), 20, 100 0g, 100 0g ( 0 1g), 1/3, 20, b : 2 1, 100g (g/100g), Plato ( P) % ( ) 2 : (4), : = ( A E) A A,% ( ); E, P % ( ) 2 2 b, : =2A+E-b A,% ( ); E, P % ( ); b 2 AntonPaar AntonPaar :,, 0 01% 3 SCABA SCABA :, 0 01% 50mL, : (ml/100ml)=2cv c NaOH,mol/L; 86

98 V NaOH 2 100mL 1, 2,3, 335nm,, ( ) :2000mL ( 3000mL) 3 : 10mm 4 4mol/L HCl : 33 5mL, 100mL 5 10g/L : 0 100g, 4mol/L HCl, 10mL,,,, 6 ( ) 3 1 :,, 25mL ( ), 1~2 100mL, 5 100mL,,,, 25mL ( 3min ), 2 : 10mL, 1 0 5mL, 2 ( ),, 20~30min, 1 4mol/L HCl 2mL, 2 4mol/L HCl 2 5mL,, 10mm, 335nm,, ( 20min ) 4 (mg/l)=a A nm, 10mm ; 87

99 2 4 (RDF,%)= A A+E A,% ( ); E, P % ( ) 1 ( ),, ( ), 2 1, Digox5, 2 ( ): 99 99% 3 1 ph3~9,, Fe 2+, 505nm,, : 1 5g 500mL 3 (1mg/mL): 3 512g,, 0 1mL, 500mL 4 :, 88

100 3 1 : 10mL 100mL, 0 1mg, 0mL 2 5mL 5 0mL 10 0mL 20 0mL 30 0mL 6 100mL,, 0mg 0 25mg 0 50mg 1 00mg 2 00mg 3 00mg 25mL 50mL, 2mL 25mg,, 60, 15min, 505nm,, 2 : 25mL 50mL, 2mL 25mg, 2mL 25mg,, 60 15min,, 505nm, 4 (mg/l)=c C,,mg; 25,mL 1,,, : 100mg, 250mL, 200mL, (1+1)HCl 40mL,,,, 15min 3 : 38% 5mL, 1L, 4 : 27 2g 11 7g,, 1L 5 10g/L 6 ( ) 89

101 mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) : 13g 35g,, 1000mL,, 8 0 1mol/L : 25g, 0 2g, 1000mL, 10min,,, 3 1 : g ( 0 2mg), 0 1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) 50mL,, 5min 1mL 1mL, 0 1mol/L, 1mL 0 1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) 3 403mg SO2 ( 5 203mgNaHSO3) A:, 10mgSO2/ ml (8 6~9 0gNaHSO3/500mL) B: 100mL 500mL, 1mL A,, SO2 20μg/mL 2 : 10mL, ( SO2 )10mL 8 100mL B0mL 1 0mL 2 0mL 3 0mL 4 0mL 5 0mL 6 0mL 8 0mL, 0μg 20μg 40μg 60μg 80μg 100μg 120μg 160μgSO2, 25mL 8 50mL, 5mL,, 5mL,, 25 30min,, 550nm, SO2 ( μ g), 3 : 2mL 0 1mol/L 5mL 100mL, 10mL, 0 1mol/LNaOH 15mL,, 15s 0 1mol/L 10mL, 25mL 50mL 5mL,, 5mL,,, 25 30min,

102 , 550nm, : 10mL 100mL, 0 5mL, 0 05mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ),,, 25mL, 4 SO2 (mg/l)=c C, SO2, μ g; 1000 μ g mg; 10,mL 5 ( ) ( ),,, 1, ECD 2,3,,, 2,3, 2 1 PE HS 40,PE Autosystem, ECD,PE 1022, 30m 0 32mm i d, 0 5μm, Carbowax20M 2 20mL 3 (5000mg/L): 0 500g (FLUKA) 91

103 100mL, 0~2, 1 (50mg/L): 1mL 100mL, 4 2,3 2,3 (Aldrich ): 3 1 : 10,,, 10mL 4g 20mL, 10μL 2,3,, 50s, 100mL 400mL,, 5, 10mL 4g 20mL, 10μL 2,3, 50s 90 30min ( ) HS 40 2 a HS 40 : 35, 40min b :,55 ;,150 ;, 200 ;, ( %) 3 : 10mL 4g 20mL, 2,3 2,3 10μL,, 4 :, 4, (mg/l)=rpad Fd c 2,3 (mg/l)=rpap Fp c (mg/l)= -,RPAd RPAp 2,3 ; Fd Fp 2,3 ;c, mg/l 92

104 1,, 2 1 PE Autosystem, FID,HS 40, SGE, FFAP 3 1% ( ) : 1mL ( ), 50% ( ) 100mL 3 1 :, 10mL 4g 20mL, 10μL1% 50%,, 2 a : 60, 35min b : 35 5min, 10 /min 190 c 150, 200 d 4, Xi=Cs fsi Ai As Xi,mg/L; Cs,mg/L; As ; Ai ; fsi,fsi=fi/fs 1 93

105 94,,, :α 666 γ 666 β 666 δ 666 p,p DDE o,p DDT p,p DDD p,p DDT , (ECD) 4 : 30~ g/L 6 : 4 p,p p,p p,p o,p (α 666 β 666 γ 666 δ 666 p,p DDT p,p DDD p,p DDE o,p DDT) 10 0mg,, 100mL,, 100μg, :, 0 01μg/mL 3 1 : 200g, A, 50mL, 1min, 40mL, 1min B, 30mL A, 20g/L 150mL, 1min,, 50mL,, 2 : ( 10 1),,,, 1~2 ( ), 20g/L 100mL, 1min,, 5~10g,,,, 20mL 3 :

106 a : 3~4mm, 1 2~2m, OV 7 (15%) QF 1 (20%) 80~100 b Ni :,215 ;,195 ;,225 ; ( ),90mL/min;,0 5cm/min 4,,,, : Xi=Ai 1 V1 1 V2 m Xi, mg/kg; Ai, μ g; V1 V2 m,g 95

107 1 (1),, (2), (3), 2 (1),,, m1,g; 100% = m2 m1 m2,g (2), m1,g; 100% = m2 m1 m2,g (3) = m - m1 m 100% m,g; 96

108 m1,g 3 100, ( 0 1g), 4 ( ),,, : = m1 m 100% = m1+m2 m 100% m1,g; m2,g; m,g :, 100g, % ( / ), 20 1 :, ; 90%,, ;, (1), (2),,,,,,, 97

109 98, 50%,, 0~50 50%,, 50~80, (3) (20 ),, ( ) 20, ; ( ), (1) 1 :,,, 2 a 0 05mol/LNaOH : 2gNaOH, 1000mL : 105~ g ( g), 50mL, 2 (10g/L), NaOH,30s, : m c NaOH (mol/l)= (V-V0) m,g; V NaOH V0 NaOH mL1mol/LNaOH,g/mmol b 10g/L : 1 0g, 95% ( ) 100mL 3 : 5mL, 250mL, 50mL, 2, NaOH, 30s 4

110 (,g/l)=(v-v0) c f V c NaOH,mol/L; V0 NaOH V NaOH V1 f 1mL1mol/L NaOH ( 3 2) (2) 1 : NaOH ph9 0, NaOH 2 a 0 05mol/LNaOH b : 0 01pH c 3 :, 95%~ 105% 5mL 100mL, 50mL,,,, NaOH, ph 8 0,, ph9 0 4 : 5 a ph, 7 0, ph9 0, (, ph) b,

111 1 (1) 20 ±0 1,, (2) 1 2 ( ±0 1 ) (3),, (m1) 30min 15, ( ), 20 ±0 1, 20, 10min,,, (m3) (m2) 3 3 ( 1000) (4) = m2-m1 m3-m1 m1,g; m2,g; m3,g (5) 1, 20, 2 ( ) m1 m3,, m2 2, 1 060~1 090, :, ( 3 4) 20, ;

112 ( 1000) 1070, , = , ; ( 1000) 1070, , = , , 0 990~0 996,, 1, ~ (1),, (2) 1 : 803 9g/L,, 2 (A): 5 100mL 1mL 2mL 3mL 4mL 5mL, 100mL (B): 5 10mL 10mL (A), 0 5mL, 3 : ( ):2m 2mm 3m 3mm :Chromosorb103,60~80, 15%PEG20M (3) 1 : 4 ( ), 10mL 10mL, 0 5mL, 2 a :100 ; b :150 ; c ( ):40mL/min; d :40mL/min; e :500mL/min,,, 1min 101

113 3 : 0 3μL B,, ( ) 4 : 0 3μL, (4) ( ),, 2 (1), ( 3 5), 20 (2) 100mL 100mL (20 ) 500mL, 50mL, 100mL ( ),, 100mL, 20 30min,, (3) 20 : d= m3-m1+a m2-m1+a d0 A= ( m2-m1) d d 20,g/L; m1,g; m2 20,g; m3 20,g; d0 20,998 20g/L; A ; d kPa, 1 2g/L; ,g/L :d1, , 3 (1), 102

114 , 20 (2) ( ) 5min, 3 6, 4 (1),, (2) : (3) 1 :, 25mL,,,,,,, 2 :, 45mL,,,, :,, (4),,,, : [%( )]= 100-S 0 62 E 100 E,% ( ); S,% ( ), 103

115 ,,, (, 0 1~0 2g/L) 1 (1),, (2) 1 : 18MΩ 0 45μm 2 (75+25): ( ), 0 45μm 3 ( g/L): 1 500g ( 0 001g), 100mL, g/L 4, : 150mm 5 0mm, Shim packclc NH2 5 :0 45μm, 6 ( ) (3) 1 : 45g/L, 0 45μm 2 : ; : + (75+25); :2mL/min; :20μL 3 :,, (4) Xi= Ai Csi n Asi X1=G+P 104

116 X2=X1+1 05Z X1 ( ),g/l; X2 ( ),g/l; G,g/L; P,g/L; Z,g/L; 1 05 ; Xi i (i=g P Z),g/L; Ai i ; Asi i ; Csi i,g/l; n, 0 5g/L, 2g/L 2 (1), (2) 1 a A : (CuSO4 5H2O)69 27g, 1000mL b B : 346g, 100g, 1000mL c : A B 5mL 250mL, 50mL,,,,, 2,, : A B 5mL 250mL, 50mL 1mL,, 2min, 2, 1min, d F= m 1000 V 105

117 F A B 5mL,g; m,g; V,mL 2 (1+1)HCl 3 200g/LNaOH 4 2 5g/L : g ( g) 105~110 3h, 1000mL 5 10g/L : 1 0g,, 100mL (3) 1 a : (V1) 100mL ( 0 2~0 4g), 5mL (1+1)HCl, 20mL, 68 ±1 15min,, 200g/L NaOH ph6~7, 20, b : (V1) 100mL ( 0 2~0 4g), 2, A B, (V3), A B, (4) X1=F 1 V2 1 V3 V X1 ( ),g/l; ph F A B 5mL ; V1 V2 V3,mL ph 3 3~3 5, ph, 106

118 ph<3 0, ph ph, 1 2, 4 01, ph :, ( ) ( ) 90%,,,,,,,, ( ) 1,, % : 1mL30% ( ), 100mL 2 25% : 295mL85%, 1000mL mol/LNaOH : 50mL0 1mol/LNaOH, 500mL 4 : (1g/L) 107

119 (1g/L) : A ;B ;C ;D ; E ;F ;G ;H ; I ( ) 6 ( ) ,,I ( ),D (G) (H), G 20mL0 3% H 5mL0 3%, 3, 0 01mol/L NaOH,,, A 2 20mL20, C A, 10mL, C A 3 ( ), 1000~1500mL/min, 10min G, 0 01mol/L NaOH,,,H,, 108

120 , 4 (mg/l)=(v-v0) c c NaOH,mol/L; V NaOH V0 NaOH 32 1mL1mol/L NaOH, mg/mmol; 20,mL 5,,, ( ) 1,,, : I2+SO2+2H2 O 2I - +SO H (1+3) : mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ) 13g 35g,, 1000mL, : 30~35mL,, 150mL, 0 1mol/L, 1mL (5g/L), : ( 1 2 I2,mol/L )=(V-V0) c 1 V1 V V0 c,mol/l; V1,mL 109

121 3 5g/L 3 50mL20 250mL,, 1mL 10mL, 30s, (V),, 4 (mg/l)=(v-v0) c c,mol/l ( 1 I2 2 ); V V0 32 1mL1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ), mg/mmol; 50,mL, 60%~70%, ( ), ( ) 1,,,, NaOH,,, 2 ( ) 3 ( ), G F A, A,, ( ) 110

122 4 ( ), ( ) 1,, 2 100g/LNaOH ; ( ) 3 25mLNaOH 250mL, 25mL20, NaOH,,,, 15min, 1mL 10mL,,,30s, (V), 4 (mg/l)=(v-v0) c c,mol/l ( 1 I2 2 ); V V0 32 1mL1mol/L ( 1 I2 2 ), mg/mmol; 25,mL 1, 400~ 760nm, 420nm 520nm 620nm 420nm 520nm 620nm, 420nm,520nm,620nm, 111

123 2 1 ph a A :0 2mol/L 3 56g 100mL b B :0 1mol/L 2 1g 100mL A B ph ( 3 1) 3 1 ph ph A /ml B /ml ph A /ml B /ml ph, 2mL, 25mL, ph, 1cm 420nm 520nm 620nm 3 4 1, 0 45μm 2 2mL, 1mL,, ( ) 1,, 280nm 112

124 2 1 ph ( ) ph 2mL, ph 100mL, 280nm 4 =na A 280nm ; n μm, 30~60,, ( ) 1,,,,,, : A420 A520, 2, : E 1% 1cm= A W A ; W 100mL,g ( ),,,,, 113

125 114 ;, 1 1 :,,, 2 a 0 1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) : 3 3g, 100mL, 15min, 1000mL, 4 : 0 2g ( g) 105~ mL, 100mL (8+92), 60~70, : ( 1 m 5 KMnO4,mol/L )= (V V0) m,g; V V mL1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ),g/mmol b 0 05mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) : 0 1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) 1/2 c ( ): 1 5g, 50mL, 1000mL d 3 : 100mL,,, ( ),, 3~4,, Ⅰ 50mL 100mL, 2g, 5min, 50mL,

126 , Ⅱ 10mL Ⅰ, 1000mL, 500mL 10mL, 0 05mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ) V1 Ⅱ10mL,, V2 4 (,g/l)=(v1-v2) c V 1000 V1 Ⅰ V2 Ⅱ c ( 1 KMnO4 5 ), mol/l; V mL1mol/L ( 1 KMnO4 5 ),g/mmol 5 a, b c ( ),, ( ) d, 2 1,,,, 2 a (Folin Denis) : 750mL, 100g (Na2WO4 2H2O) 20g (H3PO5MoO4) 50mL, 115

127 2h,, 1000mL b : 100mL 20g, (Na2CO3 10H2O), c : g, 100mL (5mg/mL) d e 3 a : 10 00~20 00g ( ) 250mL, 50mL, mL, 30mL, 80 20min, 30mL, 80 20min 3~4, 10g/L, b : 0mL 0 5mL 1 0mL 1 5mL 2 5mL 5 0mL 7 5mL 10mL 50mL, 1mL 70mL 100mL, 5mL 10mL,, 30min, 760nm ( 650nm),,100mL c : 1~2mL ( ) ( ), 70mL 100mL, 5mL 10mL, 100mL, 30min, 760nm ( 650nm), 4 (,g/l)=c 1 V m 1000 c,mg/100ml; V ( ) 250,mL, 250; 1000 mg g; m,g 116

128 5 a 25min, 3h b 650nm 760nm, ( ) 1, (Folin Ciocalteu), 2 1 (Folin Ciocalteu): 100g (Na2WO4 2H2O) 25g (Na2MoO4 2H2O), 700mL, 2L, 50mL85% 100mL,, 10h ( ) 50mL, 150g (Li2SO4 2H2O) ( ), 15min,, 1000mL, 2 200g/L : 200g 1L,,,24h 3 5mg/mL : 0 500g ( ),, 100mL : 0mL 1 0mL 1 5mL 2 0mL 2 5mL 3 0mL 5 0mL 100mL, ( ) 0mg/L 50mg/L 75mg/L 100mg/L 125mg/L 150mg/L 250mg/L 1mL 100mL, 60mL,, 5mL, 30s 8min 15mL200mg/L,,, 20 2h, 765nm ( 650nm)1cm, 0, 2 :, 1mL 100mL, 1mL, 117

129 , 10mL 100mL, 1mL, 4,, ( 10) ( ) 1 90%, 118,,,,,, mol/LNaOH 2 10g/L g/L A ;B ;C ; 4 ( 3 2) D ;E 3 118

130 : a 20mL, ; b 20mL 0 1mol/L, 99 5%; c 20mL0 1mol/L, 0 5% (A), (B) 3cm, B 20 10mL 1mL B, 10mL20%, B A, (D), (E) 250mL ( 100mL ) (E), ( C), 1min C, B 100mL, C,,,, 2, 0 05mol/L NaOH,30s, NaOH (V1) 4 (,g/l)=v1 c V c NaOH,mol/L; V1 NaOH mL1mol/LNaOH,g/mmol; V,mL, H=X-(U J ) H ( ),g/l; X,g/L; U,g/L; J,g/L; ; = - 119

131 5, A B 1 : (B) (C) 2 : 2~ 3min, 3, 100mL C B 4,, ( ),, 14~60g/L 1,, : mL, 80 1/3,, 2,

132 4 (g/l)=jz-tz JZ,g/L; TZ,g/L 5,,, : :R= 8T E :R= 8 (T+S-1) 7(E-S) R ; T ( ),%; S,g/L; E,g/L : ( / ) 4 5, ; ( / ) 6 5, 1,,, Polyspher@OA KC,, 2 1 ( ) 2 : 0 05g, g, 50mL, 1g/L : 0 05g/L 0 10g/L 0 20g/L 0 40g/L 0 80g/L 3 1% :2mL 198mL 4 1% :2mL 198mL 121

133 5 1 5mol/L :8 5mL, 100mL mol/L : 1 5mol/L 5mL, 1000mL 7 0 2μm 0 45μm 8 : :FetigsauleRT300 7,8Polyspher@ OA KC MERCK,PN: :Supelclean TM LC SAX SPE (3mL)PN: :ALLTECH PN: (0 5mmi d 50mm) 3 1 :, 2~ 3mL, ( 4~6 /min),, 2~ 3mL,, 2~3mL1%, 1mm, 2 : 2mL, 1mm, 4mL,, 4mL1%, 10mL,, 8g/L NaOH ph 6, 10mL 3 a :55 ; :0 0075mol/L ; :0 3mL/min; :210nm; :20μL b : 0 3mL/min,, ( ),, 122

134 4 (g/l)=nc C,g/L; n 1, Polyspher@OA KC,, 2 1 : :Fetigsaule RT 300 7,8Pilyspher@ OA KC MERCK, PN: : 0 05g, g, 50mL, 1g/L 0 20g, g, 50mL : 0 05g/L 0 10g/L 0 20g/L 0 40g/L 0 80g/L 0 20g/L 0 40g/L 0 80g/L 1 60g/L 3 20g/L 3 : 0 05g, g, 50mL, 1g/L : 0 05g/L 0 10g/L 0 20g/L 0 40g/L 0 80g/L 4 1% :2mL 198mL 5 1% :2mL 198mL 6 1 5mol/L :8 5mL, 100mL mol/L : 1mL1 5mol/L, 1000mL 123

135 mol/L : 1 5mol/L 5mL, 1000mL 9 80g/LNaOH : 4gNaOH 50mL 10 :SupecleanTM LC SAXSPE (3mL) PN: (1) (2) 1 : 2mL, 1mm, 4mL, 10mL,, 80g/L NaOH ph 6, 10mL 2 : 10mL, 4mL1%,, 8g/LNaOH ph 6, 10mL 3 a : :Fetigsaule RT 300 7,8 Pilyspher@ OA KC MERCK,PN: :30 :0 0015mol/L :0 3mL/min :210nm :20μL 30, 0 3mL/min,,, ( ),, b : :Fetigsaule RT 300 7,8 Pilyspher@ OA KC MERCK,PN: 124

136 :55 :0 0075mol/L :0 3mL/min :210nm :20μL 55, 0 3mL/min,,, ( ),, 4 Xi=nCi Xi,g/L; Ci,g/L; n,,,,, 400~600mg/L, 650~950mg/L 1 SO 2- Ba 2+,, mol/L HCl 2 200g/L 3 (1) 40mL min 125

137 , (m1) 30mL 50mL, 2mL2mol/L HCl 2mL200g/L,,, 5min 10mL2mol/L HCl,,6000r/min 10min, 30mL, 40mL, 105 1h,,, (m2) (2) 500mL 25mL,1mL,100mL,,,, 75mL,, 100mL (3) 30mL 50mL, 10mL2mol/L HCl 2mL200g/L,,6000r/min 10min, 15mL 40mL, 100 1h,, (m 0 ) 4 ( K2SO4,mg/L)=[(m2-m1)-(m0-m1)] V m 2,g; m 1,g; m 0,g; ,g/mol; ,g/mol; V,mL 5,, 126

138 50mg/L,, 100mg/L, 5mg/L,, 10mg/L,,,,,, ( ) 1,, 248 3nm, % 2 0 1mg/mL : 0 702g [(NH4) 2Fe(SO4) 2 6H2O] 0 5mL, 1000mL, (10μg/L): 10mL 100mL, 0 5% 3, 3 1 : 0mL 1mL 2mL 4mL 5mL ( 0μg 10 0μg 20 0μg 40 0μg 50 0μg ) 5 100mL, 0 5%,, 248 3nm,, 0, ( ) 2 : 0 5% 5~10,,, ( ) 4 127

139 (mg/l)=na A,mg/L; n 5,, ( ) 1,,, g/L : 100g, 1000mL, 2 (1+1)HCl 3 (ph 4 8): 272g (CH3COONa 3H2O), 500mL, 200mL, 1000mL 4 2g/L (, ): 0 2g, ( ), 100mL 5 (10μg/mL) a : 25mL,,, 550 ±5,, 10mL (1+1)HCl, 2mL, 5mL, 50mL,,, b : 1mL ( ) 10mL,,, 1mL ( ) 1mL,,,, 10mL 3~ 5min, 128

140 2 : 0mL 0 2mL 0 4mL 0 8mL 1 0mL 1 4mL ( 0μg 2 0μg 4 0μg 8 0μg 10 0μg 14 0μg ) 6 25mL, 10mL, 5mL ( ph 3~5) 1mL,, 5min, 1mL, 30min 510nm, ( ) 3 : 5~10mL 25mL, 10mL,,, ( ) 25mL,, 5mL ( ph 3~5),, ( ) 4 1 (mg/l)=(c-c 0 ) 1 V V1 1 1 V c, μ g; c 0, μ g; V V1 V2,mL 2 (mg/l)= A-A0 V A, μ g; A0, μ g; V,mL 5 1,,, 3~5min, ( ) 2 ph3~9,, 129

141 ph,, ph 4~5,, ph3 0~5 2,, ph 4 0, ( ) 1 (ph8~10 5), g/L 2 (1+1 5) 3 (10μg/mL) 3 : 0mL 0 5mL 1 0mL 1 5mL 2 0mL 2 5mL ( 0μg 5μg 10μg 15μg 20μg 25μg ) 6 25mL, 5mL,, 0 5mL, 480nm, 5mL ( ) 25mL, 25mL, 480nm, ( ) 4 (>0 8mg/L),, ( ) 1,, 324 7nm,, % 130

142 2 (0 1mg/mL): 0 393g (CuSO4 5H2O), 1000mL, (10μg/mL): 10mL 100mL, 0 5% 3 : 3 1 : 0mL 0 5mL 1 0mL 2 0mL 4 0mL 6 0mL ( 0μg 5μg 10μg 20μg 40μg 60μg ) 6 50mL, 0 5%,, 324 7nm,, 0,, ( ) 2 : 0 5% 5~10,,, ( ) 4 (mg/l)=na A,mg/L; n ( ) 1 (DDTC), mol/L ( 1 H2SO4 2 ) : 56mL, 500mL, 1000mL 3 (EDTA Na2) : 5g 20g, 100mL 4 (1+1) mol/LNaOH 6 1g/L : 0 1g ( ),, 100mL,, 131

143 7 0 5% 8 (10μg/mL) 9 1g/L : 0 1g 4 3mL0 1mol/L NaOH, 100mL : 0 0mL 0 5mL 1 0mL 1 5mL 2 0mL 2 5mL ( 0μg 5μg 10μg 15μg 20μg 25μg ) 6 125mL, 2mol/L 20mL 10mL 3, ph ( ), 40mL, 2mL 10mL, 2min,, 2cm 440nm,, ( ) 2 : 10mL 125mL, 125mL (, 2mol/L, 20mL, ),, ( ) 4 1 (mg/l)=(c-c 0 ) 1 V1 1 V2 V c, μ g; c 0, μ g; V V1 V2,mL 2 (mg/l)= A-A0 V 132

144 A, μ g; A0, μ g; V,mL 5 1,,,,, 2 Cu 2+, Fe 3+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Ni 2+, EDTA, 3 ph 7 5~8 5,, ph 7 5~8 5, (ph 6 5~8 0, ),, ph, 1, 768nm, 2 1 : 100, g, 1000mL 10mL 100mL 1mL 2mL 4mL 6mL 8mL 10mL, 100mL, 1mg/L 2mg/L 4mg/L 6mg/L 8mg/L 10mg/L, 2 : 3 (1), 10mL 50~200, (T) (2),,, 740nm (Tb) 768nm (T ) 796nm (Ta) 3~5 (T ;Tb ;Ta ) 133

145 134 (3), 1~ 10mg/L,, : 4 :X =T - Ta+Tb 2 :Y =T - Ta+Tb 2 (mg/l)=nc c Y,mg/L; n 5,, : = (X) = (Y) 1, 589nm, 2 1 : 100, g, 1000mL 10mL 100mL 1mL 2mL 4mL 6mL 8mL 10mL, 100mL, 1mg/L 2mg/L 4mg/L 6mg/L 8mg/L 10mg/L, 2 : 3, 50~100, (T),, :Tb=570nm,T = 589nm,Ta=610nm

146 4 (mg/l)=nc c Y,mg/L; n,,, ~0 165g/L, EDTA,,, ( ) 1,, 422 7nm, 2 1, 2 100g/L :26 738g (LaCl3 7H2O), 100mL 3 :2 500g, 1000mL, 1mg/mL : 20mL, 1L 20μg/mL 3 1mL 2mL100g/L 20mL,,,, 20, (mg/l) :422 7nm 135

147 :0 4nm :20mA :0 2MPa :0 03MPa : 0mL 2mL 5mL 8mL 10mL, 20mL, 2mL100g/L,,,, ( ) 1, ph11, 0~3 0mg/L, ph, 8 ;, 2 1 ph 11 :3 6g 900mL, 1000mL 2 :1 0g8 5mL, 40mg, 100nL, 3 : g, 1000mL : 5mL 1L, 5μg/mL 4 50g/LEDTA : 0mL 0 2mL 0 3mL 0 4mL 0 5mL 0 6mL,, 1mL ( 0 0mg/L 1 0mg/L 1 5mg/L 2 0mg/L 2 5mg/L 3 0mg/L) 5mLpH11 0 5mL, 25 10min, 575nm, 2 : 20, 1mL, 1mL,,, 136

148 3 :, 1mL,, 1 EDTA, EDTA EDTA,,,, : 20 2h 2 :, ( C) C,,,,, 1 2,6,,, g/L : 10g 1000mL 2 0 1mol/L ( 1 KIO3 6 ) : 3 6g 1000mL : 25mL,, 2g, 5mL 20% ( )HCl,, 5min, 150mL, 0 1mol/L, 1mL, 137