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2 = ]} )! (!/ )!]/[!( )!/ [( {1 ) ( n n n n S E

4 r 1 A = E[ p(1 p) r

5 S = αln(1 + ) a ] S( R) = S exp[ a ( R ) 0 R0

7 + = )] 1 [1/( / j S S j

8 = λ = [ ( 1) / ( 1)] D = 1 [ ( 1) / ( 1)] λ = ( / ) = p ( P = / ) D = 1 P

9 PIE = [( / )( ) /( 1)] = [( / )( ) /( 1)] = ( = ( = 1 = 1 ( = [ ( 1) ( ( ) / ( 1) ) / ( 1) )]/ ( 1) ) / ( 1) 1) / ( 1) α = ( P α ) 1/(1 α ) 1 = ( P α ) 1 1 = P = P 1 max 1 mn 1 1 P

10 1 OD = ( P ) 1 P = 1 H' ( P1, P, L, PS ) = C P logp S 1 1 P H' = P logp ( P P + 1 ) H' = P logp

11 VarH ' [ P (ln p ) ( P ln p ) ]/ + ( S = 1) / ' ' ' ' 1/ t = ( H H ) /( VarH + VarH 1 1 ) ' ' ' ' df = VarH + VarH ) /[( VarH ) / + ( VarH ) / ] ( lm ) H= H' mn(

12 = j = Hg( S) = ( / ) H ( S)

13 ( U ) 1/ = ( = ) U = max 1/ U = mn D = ( U ) /( 1/ ) D = ( U ) /( / S 1/ ) mn max 1/ D = ( U ) /{ [( S + 1) + ( S 1)] }

14 J sw = ( P log P ) / log S H ' max = (1/ S)log(1/ S) = 1 (log 1 log S ) = log S J g = (1 P ) /[1 (1/ S) ] ( 1 = P ) /(1 1/ S ) exp( Es = P lnp )/ S E = [exp( P ln P ) 1]/( S 1) h 1 E = [( ) a P ]/[exp( P log P ) 1] G = F,1 (arcsn F,1 / 90),1 G = 3,1 F,1

18 β = [ g( H) l( H)]/ c + β = [ S /(r + S)] 1 β I log( I) [(1/ T) e log( e )] [(1/ T) α j R = ( α )] j

19 T = e = α β = exp( β ) 1 E I β = [ g( H ) l( H )]/ α T + β = β + β ( a, c) ( a, b) ( b, c)

20 Jaccard = j /( a + b j) 66 C J C S = j /( a + b)

21 C = j /( a + b) Ó C = ( an bn ) /( da + db) a b MH da=óan /a db=óbn /b

22 PS = mn( n n ) /( + ) j k j k

23 Alatalo R V 1981 Problems n the measurement of evenness n ecology Okos Beaman J H et al 1990 Dversty and dstrbuton patterns n the flora of Mount Knabalu In Bass P et al(eds ) The Plant Dversty of Malesa etherlands Kluwer Academc Publshers Berger J H et al 1970 Dversty of planktonc Foramnfera n deep seasedments Scence Bray J R &J D Curts 1957 An ordnaton of the upland forest communtes of southern Wsconsn Ecol Monogr Bulla L 1994 An ndex of evenness and ts assocated dversty measure Okos 70(1)

24 Cody M L 1975 Towards a theory of contnental speces dversty brd dstrbutons over Medterranean babtat gradents In M L Cody and J M Damond ( eds ) Ecology and Evoluton of Communtes Cambrdge Harvard Unversty Press Connor E F et al l978 Speces number and compostonal smlarty of the Galapagos flora and avfauna Ecol Mongr 48:19-48 Fsher R A et al 1943 The relaton between the number of speces and the number of ndvduals n a random sample of an anmal populaton J Anm Ecol 1:4-58 Harper J L 1977 Populaton Bology of Plants Academc Press Help C A 1974 ew ndex measurng evenness J Mar Bol Assoc 54: Hll M O 1973 Dversty and evenness an unfyng notaton and ts consequences Ecology Hurlbert S H 1971 The non-concept of speces dversty A crtque and alternatve parameters Ecology 5: Kempton R A 1979 Structure of speces abundance and measurement of dversty Bometrcs 35 :307-3 Kempton R A et al 1978 A comparson of three measures of dversty Bometrcs 34 :5-37 Krebs C 1978 Ecology the Expermental Analyss of Dstrbuton and Abundance ( nd ed) ew York :Harper & Row Publshers Kvalseth T O 1991 ote on bologcal dversty evenness and homogenety measures Okos 6(l) :13-17 Lambshead J et al 1985 Structural patterns of marne benthc assemblages and ther relatonshps wth emprcal statstcal models In Gbbs P E (ed ) Proceedngs of the 19th European Marne Bology Symposum Plyouth Cambrdge Cambrdge Unversty Press Lloyd M et al 1968 On the reptle and amphban speces n a Bornean ran forest Amer atur MacArthur R H 1966 otes on Mrs Pelou's comments Ecology MacArthur R H 197 Geographcal Ecology Patterns n the Dstrbuton of Speces ew York Harper & Row Magurran A E 1988 Ecologcal Dversty and Its Measurement ew Jersey Prnceton Unversty Press May R 1975 Patterns of speces abundance and dversty n M L Cody and J M Damond (eds ) Ecology and Evoluton of Communtes Cambrdge MA Harvard Unversty Press McIntosh R P 1967 An ndex of dversty and relaton of certan concepts to dversty Ecology 48: Mcaughton S J et al 1979 General Ecology (nd ed) ew York Holl Rnehart and Wnston Molnar J 1989 A calbrated ndex for the measurement of evenness Okos 56(3) : Peet R K 1974 The measurement of speces dversty Ann Rey Ecol System 5 : Pelou E C 1975 Ecologcal Dversty John Wley & Sons Inc Preston F W 1948 The commonness and rarty of speces Ecology 9:54-83 Routledge R D 1977 On whttaker's components of dversty Ecology Sanders H L 1968 Marne benthc dversty a comparatve study Amer at Sheldon A L 1969 Equtablty ndces dependence on the speces count Ecology Smpson E H 1949 Measurement of dversty ature

25 Sughara G 1980 Mnmal communty structure; an explanaton of speces abundance patterns Amer at 116 : Taylor L R 1978 Bates Wllams Hutchnson a varety of dverstes In L A Mound and Warloff (eds ) Dversty of Insect Faunas 9th Symposum of the Royal Entomologcal Socety Oxford :Blackwell 1-18 Watkns A J and J B Wlson 1994 Plant structure and ts relaton to the vertcal complexty of communtes :domnance/dvetsty and spatal rank consstency Okos 70(1) Whttaker R H 1960 Vegetaton of the Sskyou Mountans Oregon and Calforna Ecol Monopr Whttaker R H 1965 Domnance and dversty n Land plant communtes Scence Whttaker R H 197 Evoluton and measurement of speces dversty Taxon 1 :13-51 Whttaker R H 1977 Evoluton of speces dversty n land communtes In M K Hecht W C Steere and B Wallace (eds ) Evolutonary Bology Vol 10 ew York Plenum 1-67 Wlson J B 1991 Methods for fttng domnance/dversty curves Journal of Vegetaton Scence :35-46 Wlson M V and C L Mohler 1983 Measurng compostonal change along gradents Vegetato

作为市场化的人口流动

作为市场化的人口流动 Workng Paper Seres No.30 2003 6 1 Lews 1954 Harrs et al. 1970; Felds 1974 50 1949 1957 70% 80% 1958 50 1949 1986 50 20.7% 60 17.0% 70 32.9% 1980 1986 29.4% 45.23% 1988 6 1978 2 Meng 2000 pp. 26-28 Cook