( CIP ) /. :, ISBN CIP (2004) ( 520 ) ( 520 ) ( 18 ) 850mm 1168mm 1/

Transcription

1

2 ( CIP ) /. :, ISBN CIP (2004) ( 520 ) ( 520 ) ( 18 ) 850mm 1168mm 1/ ISBN

3 ,,,,,, 5,,,, : ; ; ( ) ; ; ( ),,

4 1,,,,

5 1 1 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) (11) (13) (16) (16) (20) (20) (26) (29) (32) (40) (40) (43) (51) (53) (56) (61) (73) (73) (75)

6 2 (83) (85) (85) (94) ( 102) ( 106) ( 113), ( 115) ( 119) ( 124) ( 129) ( 132) ( 136) ( 142) ( 146) ( 149) ( 153) ( 160) ( 165) Fe 3 + Al ( 168) I3 - = I - + I2 ( 174) ( 178) ( 180) ( 183) ( 190)

7 3 ( 192) ( 201) ( 209) ( 218) ( 221) ( 226) ds ( ) ( 229) ( ) () ( 238) ( ) ( ) ( 243) ( 247) ( ) ( 250) ( 253) ( 258)

8 1,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ; ; ;,,,

9 2 : (1 ), ; (2 ), ; ; (3 ), (4 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,

10 3,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),

12 5 4 ),, (5 ),,,,, (6 ), (7 ),, (8 ), (9 ),,,, 70%,,,,,,,, 30%, : 1. ( ),,,,,

13 6 2. ( ),,, 3. ( ),,, 30% 4. ( ),, 60%,,,,, (, ) 5. ( ), 50%,,,,,,

14

15 9,,,, ;,,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),

16 10 5 ) (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 )( ),,, (),, (4 ),,,, ( ), (5 ),,,, ( ),,,, (6 ), ( ) (7 )( ), (8 ),,,

17 11,, (, ) (9 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ) ( ) (5 )

18 12 6 ) (7 ), (8 ) (9 ), (10),, :, ( ),,, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 )( ),,,,,, (4 ),, ;,, ( ),,,,

19 13,,,,, ( ),,, O O, Cl O, = N Cl, N = C,, : 1., 2. 6, 18, 1g,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2M

20 14,,, 2. (1 ), ; 60% 70 %, 85% 72. 4% (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, (5 ), (6 ),, (7 ),! 16, (8 ), (9 ),, : (1 ) (2 ) ; (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) ( ) - (6 )

21 15 7 ) (8 ) (9 ); (10) (11) (12) ; (13), (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) 3.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), :,,,, (4 ) (5 )

22 16,,,,,,,,,, AsH3 CO Cl2 NO2,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,

23 17 2 ),,,,,,,,,,, (3 ), : : : : : 2.,, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ) 75%,,,, (3 ) :,,, :,,

24 18,,,, : ( K Na),, 2 % ( ),, 2%,, 2 1 ;,, 2%, 1 ( ), 4 20% 1 (1M ) (4 ), (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ;

25 19 ; ; ; ;,,, : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), ml, (4 ), 3% 5% 1 500, (5 ),, (6 ),,,,,, (7 ),,,

26 20,,,, kg/ cm kg/ cm 2,,, kg/ cm 2,, 3 4,,,,,,,,, (, 0. 01% ),,,

27 21 1, a 10-7 /, 25, ; ; ,,,,,,,,,, , GG 17,,,,,, 65 81%,,,,,,,,,,,,,

28 22, (),, ( ), ( ),,,,, ( ): : K2 O xsio2 + (1 + y ) H 2 O = 2KO H + xsio2 Y H2 O N a2 O xsio2 + (1 + y ) H2 O = 2NaO H + xsio2 Y H2 O ; ; ;,,,,, GG 17 ( Pyrex ),,,,, : N a2 SiO3 + 2H 2 O = 2NaO H + H 2 SiO3 2NaO H + CO2 = Na2 CO3 + H2 O

29 23,,,,,, ; ,, ;, : ; 30%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1., ;,

30 24,,,, 96 %, 2., (80% ) (11% 12% ),,,,,, 520, , 600,,, GG , ( SiO2 CaO N a2 O) ( SiO2 CaO K2 O Al2 O3 B2 O3 ),,, ,,,,

31 25,, p H , ( 74% ) ( 10% ) (7. 5 % ) : /, ( ),, (10 19 ),,,, ( 300 ),,,, ;, ( ), :,, (625 ) :,,,

32 26,, :,,, ;,,, : ; ; ;,,, (1 % ),, ;,,,, ;,, 40%

33 27 : : 100, 20, 4 : 10g, 10g, 12g,,,,, 40%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ), ( ), ( ),, ( ), 10 %

34 28,,, : : 6g 2. 2g 60ml 30ml 8 ml20%,,,,, 500ml,,, : 1. 4g 0. 1ml 20ml, 20min, 30ml,, 10 20min, 10 1,, ( ),1m ml 40 50ml,,,,, ( ), 1mM(10-3 M ),,,, ph,,

35 29, ( ) p H,,,,, , 24h,, 6M 20min, 12 h,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 24h,,,,,, ( ),,, (, 58%, 42% 44 %, %, ),,

36 30,,,,,, ,,, (),,,,,,,,, DB DB DB B2 O3, PbO,, DB 404,, DM DM DM ,, DM - 346, DW DW DW PbO,, 95, DW 211, GG 17

37 31 5, DW , ,,, 2mm10mm ( ),,,,, 2h,, 10%,,,,,, 2., , DM 305, DM 308,,,, ( 60g 15ml 500ml) 300ml 70 ml ( 100 ), ( 140ml 60ml 100ml ) 5min 3.

38 , 3380DW 211 GG 17 95,,,, 4.,,, ( 550ml 250ml 200ml ) 5min, 20 % 15min,,, 5., 700,,,,,, 1.,, g/ cm 3,

39 33 1dm 3 1kg, 3. 98,, 1L 1kg, 1dm 3 1L 1L dm 3,, ,,,,,, ;, : W0 = W + d( W/ d1 - W/ d2 ) ( 1), W0 ; W ; d; d1 ; d2 (1 ),,,, 20 V 20 = Vt Vt (20 - t) ( 2), V ; Vt t ;

40 ( - 1 ) (1 ) (2 ) 2.,,, (), 25ml 250ml, 10 25ml 250 ml, ;,, 250ml,,,,,,, 2 1,, ( ),, 2 2:,,

41 35 ml m/ m m/ m m/ m m/ m 20 35s 30 45s s s 15 35s 20 40s s s 1., ml 50ml,,,, ( 1 ) ( 2 ),,,

42 36,,,,,, 22, 50ml g, 20 d2,22 d g/ ml, 8. 4g/ ml; d g/ ml (1 )W0 : W0 = ( ) = g : / cm 3 50cm = 0. 14cm 3, ( 2 ) 20 V20 : V20 2. = (20-22) = ml,,, ( 1 ) ( 2) 3.,,, (1 ) (2 ),,,,

43 37,,, ; ; ,, : t = K n( t1 - t2 ),, t( ) ; n ( ) ; t1 ; t2 (, 1/ 2, ) K, t1 t1 = 0-150, K = t1 = , K = t1 = 300, K = , :, 30, 190 ( t1 ), t2 65,? t, n = = 160 1/ = 110, K = t = ( ) = = ,

44 , ( ) ( Cor),190, 190 ( ) 190 ( uncor), ( ),, : s 154 a a- 96 s S S a N, N ,,, :,,,,

45 39,,,

46 40,, 109 ( 93, 16 ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( )

47 41,, * CGS RS PU RE UP IOR * * SSS SP OR SSP UV OA R GC GLC OAS IND * * * PT GR MAR AR US CP RI LR PU RITY FMP ( ) BR CR FBP BC BS P H FCP AAS [ ] * : % 99, 999%, ( ) 0. 01% %, * * : ( ) %

48 42 0ppm, 6, * * * :,,,, % % 3 2 GR (, ) AR ( ) CP ( ) LR ( ) EMK TS BDH LIGH T CCCP USA JAP CA RLO - ERBA R P FLUKA PURISS-PA HUNG GR UCB PAPOUR-ANAL-YSE GR AR AR GR Xy A R ACS GR GR LAB BENST, LR STR CP YIA CP LAB PU RISS PSS CP EP PURE PEIN, LR LR, LC LREP Y EP, PVRE R P RACT EP PURE. TOVT-PUR PURE Tex GVARAN T EEDREA GENT S ANALYIC ALREAGE N TS C H EMIC LPVRE LABORA T ORYR EAG ENT S,,,, :

49 43 GB H G ; HGB ( ),,,,, 500g, 500ml,, ( ml), g ( ml), g( ml),, g ( ml), kg,,

50 44,,, O2 CO2 H2 O, N O2 Br2 H2 S SO3 HCl 1., (1 ),, : Br -, Cl -, SO4 - ( ), SCN - (), N O3 - ( ), COO H ( ), SO3 H ( ), O H ( ) (2 ) : R CO ( ), H N = ( ), R SO2 ( ) (3 ) : S2 O3 = ( ), SO3 ) = ( ), C H O( ), NO( ), SH ( (4 ) : C = C ( ), C C( ), C H O( ) (5 ) : O H - (), ( R4 -N) + O H - ( )

51 45 2.,,,,, ;,,, 40,,,, , ( ) ( ) (),,,,, 34. 5,,,,,,,,,, 1, ; 1, ,,,, ,

52 46,,, 3., (1 ) :, NO2 Br2 SO2 H2 S, ; :, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, :, N H3 HCl H2 S NO2 SO3, ( ),,

53 47,, ; ;,,,, Na2 H PO4 12 H2 O Na2 SO4 10H 2 O ;,, ;,, : ( )() ( ) ( ),,,, (2 ), 25, 25 % 3d, 95% ; 9 12d, 80 % ( ) 25, , 1 15, ( - 10 ), ( > 40 ),,,,

54 48,, (3 ),, 10 ; ;,, : ( ), ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,

55 49,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,, 4.,, ;,,, (1 ), ; ;, ; (2 ) ; (3 ), (4 ),,

56 50 ;, : 50% 13% 0. 5 % 36% 0. 5%,,, 75%,,, (5 ), ;,,,,, (6 ),,,,, (7 ),,,, N H3,,, 1 1 ; ; ;, ;,, 20min,

57 51, %,,, 0. 02%,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ), (5 ) ( ),, ( ),,,,

58 52 (6 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 20,,,, 0,,,, 2070%,,,

59 53,,,, 1.,,,,,,, ;,, Fe ( ),,,,, ; ; ;,,, 9,,

60 54,,,, ; 2.,,,, [ Fe ( CNS) ( H 2 O) 6 ] 2 + Ba 2 + Sr 2 +,, ;, S r 2 +,, Ba 2 +,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1. :,,, 10 20ml,,,,,, 0. 5 %,,, , 77 : : (1 ) %,,, (2 ) 1%

61 55 3, 1, 5% 2, 2, :,, 1min,, 4 5,, 1,,, : 1% : 1000ml, 700ml, 200ml 2, ml 3, 1, 100ml20% 1 (,, 1 ), 200 ml g :, 1 : 1,, 0. 5%,, %, 2,,, 45 :,,,, : 3 4, 1% 1, 1, 3,,, :, ( ) : 1 5

62 56 10 : 2% 5%, 1 2,,,, :,,, :, 5%,, 40 : : % 0. 1%, 500ml 25ml 60 ml10% 6 12 h, 64 / 760ml, : % : 1L %, 7g, 25g, 2h : %,, : : 1L, 3 ml 1. 5g 15ml 3g, 15min,, 78 : 10h :

63 57 5% 1500ml, 25g, 2000ml ml,, 2. 5g, 5 6h,,, :, : 5ml 5ml, 20, 4ml, 30min : 10%,,, : , : ( ) :,,, % 2, 6-4 :, 5 %,,, 77 / 760mm Hg : : : 700ml 3g, 20ml 20ml 1M, 10 min,,, / 760mmH g

64 58,,,, : ( 0. 02% ), ml, 10 % 80 / 760mmHg, :, : 3ml 10mg 10ml,, : ( 1) : G R L 2L,, 200ml/ h 50ml, 1L, M :, % (2 ) : GR, ( 2. 5% 2. 5 % 0. 3g/ 1. 5L ). 1. 5L 2L, 15min, 100ml/ h 150ml, 1L :, % (3 ) ( ) 300cm 3, 3kg GR,, 300ml,, 7 10d ( d, d ), 9 10M

65 59 :, % : ( 1 ) : 1. 5L GR 2L,, ml/ h, 150ml, 1L, 2L, 3L,, 100ml/ h, 150ml, 1600 ml (2 ) : GR,,,,,, : G R,, : %,, 1% CrO3 ) : ( 1) : 3L AR 5L, 1%,, 3 ( 1% EDTA, ), 1. 5L, 40,,, 80, (2 ). 2LAR,

66 ml, 2 3g,, 5 6d,, 10% 12 % (3 ) :,, ( ), : 25% : 40g AR 120ml, 2 3ml ( 1 Fe 3 + / ),,, p H = 10,,,,,, 105 :,,, : 100 g AR ml, 2, 150ml,,,,,, h 3h, 200, 12h :,,,,,

67 61,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, O O,, ; O Cl,, ; = N X, ; N = O, ; N = N, ; N = C, :

68 62 N O, ; C C, ; N = C, ; : ( ), ( ) 85 % 70,

69 63 4 [C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 ] 2 N NH 4 Cu2C2 3HgC2 H2O Ag 2 C 2 CBr 3 NO 2 C 6 H 3 OH(NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 5 O 5 N 4 C6H3ONa(NO2 ) C10H6(NO2)2 C 6 H(NO 2 ) 3 (OH) 2 HgN 3 AgN 3 NCl 3 NBr3 C2N6O12 C 12 H 5 O 12 N 7 C 6 H 3 N 5 O 8 NF 3 CH2 N2 C6 H5 N NNHC6 H 5 C 6 H 2 (One) (NO 2 ) 3 C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 ONH 4 N 4 S 4 C 2 H 5 NO 4 C3 H5 N3O9 NH2 C(NH) NHNO2 ( TNT) ( TNB) C6 H2 OH( NO2 )3 ( ) C6 H2 ( NO2 ) 3NH C6 HM2Cl(NO2)3 IBr 3 C(NO 2 ) 3 CN CH 3 C 6 H 2 (NO 2 ) 3 CHN 3 O 6 (CH3 ) 2C6 H (NO2 ) 3 C6 H3 ( NO2 ) 3 C 6 H( OH) 2 (NO 2 ) 3 (NO 2 ) 3 C 6 H 2 N(CH 3 ) NO 2 C6 H2 (CO2 H)(NO2 )3 C 10 H 5 N 3 O 6 NH 2 CONHNO2 CH2 N2 NBr 3 Hg(ONC) 2 HgN 3 CuN 3 HgN6 NH 4 N3 C 14 H 10 O 4

70 64,,,, : : ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, [ ( C2 H5 ) 2 O2 ], ( ), : 1ml 9ml,,,,,

71 65,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, ;,,,,, : 1.,,, B 4 H 10 Al(C2 H 5 ) 3 ( ) Bi(C 2 H 5 ) 3 B( C2 H5 ) 3 P (C 2 H 5 ) 3 Sb( C 2 H 5 ) 3 Sb( C H 3 ) 3 B(C H 3 ) 3 P SbH 3

72 66,, 2.,,,, 3 6,,, ;,, 3.,,,,,,, ; 28, 28 45, ,, ;,, ;

73 67, ;,,, 3 6 C 6 H 5 SiHCl 2 C 6 H 5 SiCl 3 (COCl) 2 C H2 CHSiCl3 C 2 H 5 C 6 H 5 SiCl 3 (C 6 H 5 ) 2 SiCl 2 SCl 2 AlCl3 PCl 3 Si( C 6 H 5 ) 3 Cl AlBr3 P 2 O 5 SbCl 5 POCl 3 C6 H 4 (COCl) 2 PCl 5 LiAlH 4 C H3 SiH Cl2 C H 3 SiCl 3 SiCl 4 NaB H 4 SCl 4 TiCl 4 SnCl 4 Ca Na Ba Bi Rb K Li Sr Cs P Ni CaH 2 NaH KH BaH 2 LiH S 2 Cl 2 C H 3 OC H 2 Cl K( H g) SOCl 2 SO2 Cl2 Ca 3 P 2 KBH 4 CaC2 Zn 3 P 2 Al 4 C 3 AlP

74 68 4.,,,,,, 3 7,,,, ( ),,,,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),,,,,,,,

75 69 7 ( C H 2 ) 5 ( NO ) 2 N 4 C 6 H 4 ( NO 2 ) C 6 H 2 ( NO 2 ) ( OH ) 2 C2 H5 ONa ( NO 2 ) 2 C H 3 N HN 2 CH 3 OC 6 H 3 ( NO 2 ) 3 C 6 H 4 N 2 O 4 (C 6 H 4 SO 2 NHNH) 2 ( NO 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 COCl ( NO 2 ) 2 C 10 H 5 OH C6 H4 O6 N2 ClC6 H 3 ( NO2 ) 2 C6 H4 Cl2 P 4 S 3 C 6 H 10 O 4 P 2 S 5 C 3 H 7 ONa C 10 H 7 OH C 10 H 7 OH C 12 H 10 S C 10 H 7 NO 2 Ce Te Al H f Zr Se Sb Mg Ti (CH 3 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 3 ONa C 7 H 9 N C 6 H 4 ( OH ) NO P 4 Na2 S2 O4 C6 Hg N3 O3 12 C10 H 5 N2 OSO3 H 4 C 6 H 5 SO 2 NH NH 2 NaNH 2 C 3 H 6 O 3 ( C H2 O )3 C6 H3 (NO2 )3 COC6 H2 C8 H12 N4 NO2 C6 H 4 OC H 3 C 10 H 9 N K 2 S NO 2 C 6 H 4 OH C 14 H 10

76 70 (6 ),, ;,,,, (7 ) : > > >,,, Cl 2 Br 2 O 2 Fe 3 + Cu 2 + KMnO 4 MnO 2 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 HNO 3 KNO3 NaNO3 PbO2 H2 O2 H 2 C S 2 - I - Na Al Zn Fe Sn 2 + Fe 2 + CO SO 2 Na 2 SO 3,,

77 71,,,,,,, ( ),, : 200ml 25ml10 % 25ml30%,, : 6CN - + 2Fe / 2O2 + H 2 O Fe[ Fe( CN) 6 ] + 2O H -,,,,,,, : ( KCN) :, HCN 0. 05g,,,, ( As2 O3 ),, ( Ba 2 + ) :,,,,,,,

78 72 H g) :, ;, : ; (),,,, ( ), : ( ) ; ; ; 4 2 ; 2 ; N, N 4 ; 4 ; 1 N 2 2; ; N 4 ; 1 2 ;4 ;4 N,,,,,,,,,,

79 73, ( ) 1., ( ),, ( ),, 2 3,,,, ;,,,,, (0. 9 g/ L),, ( ),

80 74 1 ( ) NaH CO3 Na2CO3 Na 2 B4O 7 10 H 2 O KH CO 3 H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O KHC 8 H 4 O 4 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 KBrO 3 KIO3 Cu As 2 O 3 CaCO 3 Zn ZnO NaCl AgNO3 Na2 C2 O4 C 6 H 7 O 3 NS C 7 H 6 O 2 Na2 CO3 Na2 CO3 Na2B4O 7 10H 2 O K 2 CO 3 H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O KH C 8 H 4 O 4 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 KBrO 3 KIO3 Cu As 2 O 3 CaCO 3 Zn ZnO NaCl AgNO3 Na2 C2 O4 C 6 H 7 O 3 NS C 7 H 6 O NaCl KMnO HClO EDTA EDTA 800 EDTA 270 AgNO KMnO NaNO 2 C H 3 ONa 3.,,

81 75, 0, 100 4, ( 1kg/ L ), 4,,,, 2000,,,,,,,,,,, 1., ;, ( 200ml) ( ),,,,,

82 76,,,,, ;, p H 7, ; ( N H 3 ) ; ( ),,,, : 1L 2ml,,,,,,, 1. 5L,, ph,,,., ,, ,,,, ( mg / L )

83 77,,,, 12h,, 2. (1 ),,,,,, : K + Mg 2 + SO4 2 - Cl - HCO3 - H SiO3 - Na + Ca 2 +,, H +,,, O H -, H + (2 ), ( 1 10 ),,,, 2/ 3 ;,,,,,

84 78 ( 732, 1, ) ( 717, 201, ) ( ) 8 12 % ( 35 50% ),,,, H + O H -, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, (3 ), (30 40 ) 2 3,,,,,, ( 100ml 1g ), 5cm, 24h,,,

85 79 2M 12h, ph 8 9, 2M 4h, p H 4 5 O H -, : R Cl - + Na + O H - R O H - + Na Cl -, 2M,, 200ml, ph 8 9 :, 2M 12 h,,, p H 4 5, 2M ( ) 4h,, ph 8 9 H +, : R N a + + H + Cl - R H + + Na + Cl - 2M,,, ph 5 1.,,,,, ,,,,,

86 80, : ,, 1 5mg/ L, Cl -, N H mg/ L, ( CO2 ) 2. 0mg/ L, p H , ,, , H + O H -, : ( ),,, ( ),, 10 ml,,,,, 2.

87 81 ;,,,,,,, ( T ) 10ml 2 3 ( ph = 10. 1), p H T,,,,, ( ) 10ml, 2 3, M( 1% ),,, ( ), , 0. 05ppm 10ml 25ml, % 2 1 7,,, 50ml, 1. 6ml1 1 5ml10%, 15min,, ph p H 7. 0 ph 7. 0, ; ph 7. 0, HCO3 - p H : 10ml, ph 2, ; 10ml, ph 5,,

88 82 p H ph 100ml, %,, ;, M,, 1 min,, M 0. 1ml HCO3-100ml, %,, HCO3 - ;, 0. 05M,, 0. 5M 0. 2ml N H4 + 50ml, 2ml,, N H4 + ;, ( : mg 48ml 2ml ) Fe 3 + Fe ml, 5ml10% 5ml 1 3, Fe + 3 Fe + 2, N O3 - NO2-1ml, 2% 2 3 ml %, NO3 - N O2 -, SO4 2-10ml, 2, 3ml 0. 5M,, 2 - SO4 Ca 2 +,,.

89 83 24h,, Mg % 6M,, Mg 2 + ;, 3.,, / ( mg/ L),, ppm / ( g/ L),, ppb, ppb r 1 10mg 1,, 1,,,, ( ),, ( )

90 84 1 ),, ph 6 8, (2 ), Cr( O H ) 3, : K,,, 1000ml 10 g,, CrO3,, ; CrO3, (3 ), NaO H ph > 10, CN -, ph > 10,, CN -, CO2 N2 (4 ) ph 8 10, N a2 S, HgS, FeSO4, FeS, HgS,, ; mg L - 1,, (5 ),,,

91 85 1.,,,, ( % ) ( % ) O 2 N 2 CO2 Ar H 2 Ne He Kr Xe ,,,

92 86,, , - 118,,,,,,,, > 99 % ; > 98%,, 50 30%,,,, ( ) ,, 700, 800,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, ;,,,,

93 87,,, 99. 7% 99. 8%,, 70,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,, (180 ) 4., - 196, ( ),,, > %,,,, ;

94 88 ; > %,,,,, 5.,,,, 10% ( ),,,, 6., ;, ;,,, ;,,,, 7., 10%, 7% 13% 30 %,

95 %, 0. 1%,, ( ) 70%,,, 35,,,, 24h,,,,,,, ( ), 8.,,,, ; 90 93%,,, 100%, > 70%,, : 25% 75%,, : ;,,

96 90,,,,,,,, :,,,, 5 2, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( + ) ( + + ) ( + + ) ( + ) ( ) He Ne A r Kr Xe Rn

97 91.,,, : 10 0 ; 0-20 ; ; - 60 F12 F1 2 ( CCl2 F2 ), 12 12, , ,,,,, F1 2,, F % F12, , F12 F12 :, F12, F13 F1 3 ( CClF3 ), 13 13, , - 181, 180 F13, F ,,, F13, 70% 80%, 120kg/ cm 2 F22 F2 2 ( CH ClF2 ), 22, 22, 22-40, F1 2,

98 92, F kg/ cm 2 : 11 ( CCl3 F ) 14( CF4 ) 21 ( CH FCl2 ) 113 ( 1, 1, 21, 2, 2 CCl2 F CClF2 ) 114 ( 1, 1, 2, 2 1, 2 ) 143 ( C2 H3 F3 ) 216 ( C3 Cl2 F6 ) 1. (1 ) 150kg/ cm 2,,,,,,, 5t ( TNT ) :, ,, ( kg/ cm 2 ) ( 2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,

99 93 4 ) ( ),,,,, (5 ),, (6 ),,,,,,, 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ) 1m, 10 m, 35,, 50 m, (, ) (3 ),, (, ), (, ),,, (4 ), ( ),

100 94 ( ) ;, (5 ), 0. 5kg/ cmh 2 2 3kg/ cm 2,,,,,,, (6 ),,,,, ; (7 ) 1 3, ( 30 ), (8 ) 5%, 15 % ( 12 55kg ), 1mm 2mm ( 5 8cm ),,,,,,

101 ,, 95 %,, 3% 5%,,,, 1. (1 ) ,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, ( ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,

102 96, (4 ) ( ),, (5 ),,, ( ) (6 ), (7 ),,,,,,, (8 ),,,,, 1 h, 0. 1mg;,,,,, ;, 2.,,,,,,, 10,

103 97 6h, 100,, (1 ),,,, (1. 5 2M 1 1 )(,, ), 5 10min, ( 1200 ),, 10min,,, ;, ;, ;,, ;, 1 2ml (2 ),, 500mA,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( 1063 ),

104 (1 ) , 700,,,,,, 30 min (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,, 2.,, 1 3,, 1. (1 ) 1453, 900, 700,,,, (2 ) ; ( ) ( )

105 99 3 ),,,, (4 ),, ( 1 20) (5 ) 2., 700,,,,,,, 100,,,,,,, :, 5% 5 % 10min,, min,, ( ), ( ),,,

106 100, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 1700, ,,, 2., 8h,,,,, 4, 15 20min,,,

107 101,,, : 10h,, (105 ) 10h ; : 10% 10 min, 1.,, 1200,,,,,,, :,, 10% 10% 2.,,,, ;,

108 102, ( ) () ( ), , ,,,,,, 250,,,,,,,,,,, 1 3, 8h, 1 3,,, :,

109 103 1., 2AgN O3 + 2N H4 CH O2 2Ag + CO2 + 2N H4 NO3 + H CH O2 : ( ),,,, ( ),, ( 3M ),,,, ( 10% 15% ),,,,,, 12 h,,,,,, 6M,,,,, 7. 5M,, 20% ( 85% ),,,,, : 2 [ Na5 Ag3 ( S2 O3 ) 4 ] + 3Zn Na1 0 Zn3 ( S2 O3 ) 8 + 6Ag

110 104, Zn Zn ( 2000ml 450cm 2 ), 12 h,,,, Zn,,,,,, 1000,,, 20g 10g 8g, h,,,, ( ),, : H PtCl6 + 2N H4 Cl ( N H 4 ) 2 ( P tcl6 ) + 2 HCl, 20%, 50 %,, : ( N H4 ) 2 ( PtCl6 ) 2N H4 Cl + 2Cl2 + Pt 3 ( N H4 ) 2 ( PtCl6 ) 2N H4 Cl + 16 HCl + 2N2 + Pt,,,,,

111 , 357,,,,,,, ( mg/ L, mg, ),,,, 0. 01mg/ m 3,,,,,, ( HgS ) ( ),,,,, Zn Pb Cu Cd Fe,,,,,, ( 0. 2M ),,,,,,,,,,

112 106,, ( HgS ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, X,,,,,,,,, ( ), Rn R n R n,,

113 107,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,

114 108,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 10 % ( 541cm) (1510cm),, 90 %,,,,, 1. : (1 )10% ( ), 10%,8M, 1M, 3% 10% (2 )5 %,10%, 5% (3 )0. 5 %,,

115 109 4 ), Ba 140, 6M Ba ( N O3 ) 2 ; P 32, 3M H N O3 + H3 PO4 ; I 1 31, 56% H I 2.,., (1 ),, 3% 10%, 1h,, 15min,. 99% (2 ), 10 %,, 8M 2h, (3 ),, (4 ), 10% (5 ) (6 ), 6%,,,, 5min,

116 110 (7 ),, 5 % ;, 3M () EDTA

117

118

119 113 (1 ) ; ; (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), ;,, 1.? : : 25g 50ml, 450ml,,,, 2.? :,,, 15ml,,, ( :,

120 114,,,,,,,,, ( ml),,,,,,,, 1/ 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,? : :,,,,

121 , 115, (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (1 ) CO H 2 CH4,,,, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) :, ;,, ; ; (6 ) (7 ), (8 ),,

122 116 1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,, , (3 ),,, cm, 20cm,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1.??? : ( ),, ( ), ; ( ),,, 2.,? :, ;

123 , 117.,,? : :, ;, 4.,,,,? :, 5.,? : :,,,,, : : (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ),, ( 250ml), (, ) (4 ),,,,,,,,, (5 ),,, (6 ),,,

124 118 (1 ), (2 ), 20ml, ( 40min ),,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ), (6 ),,,

125 119 (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ) (4 ),,, ;,,, ;, ;, (5 ) : ; ; ;,, (6 ),,,,,

126 :, : :,, ( ), :,,,, m1, (,, ),,,,,,,,, m2,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, n n + 1, 2.:

127 121 1 ), () 18. 6g, g;,,,,, (2 ) 0 ; 1. 60, , , ,, ,,, (3 ),,,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ), (4 ),,

128 122 5 ),, 0,,,,,, (6 ) :, 200g,, (7 ), (8 ) (9 ), ( ),,,, : (10) 0 10, = : (, ),, (11) ( ) (), (12), ( ),,, 0 10,,,, (13),,,,, 0 (14),

129 123 15) (16), (17) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) ( 200g), (4 ),,

130 124 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), SbCl3 H2 SO4 (5 ),, (6 ) :,, ;, ;,, ;,,

131 125,,, 50ml0. 1mol/ L, 10 ml, 0. 5mol/ L, 1ml, 30 ml, : C = = mol/ L : C = C = = mol/ L C = = mol/ L = SbCl3,? : SbCl3, 2.,?,? :,,,, 3.?,? : :,

132 126,, 1/ 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 4.,,,?? : g, 0. 1ml( 0. 1g ) ; 5.? :,, 2 3,,, 1 2cm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

133 127,, s,,,, 6.? : : (1 ) :,,, 2min,, 180,,,,, 2 3cm, (2 ),, (,,, ),,, 1 2cm, 3 4, 2/ 3,, ( :!), 1cm,,,,,,,,

134 128, 2 3,,

135 129 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) (2 ),., (3 ),, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),, (6 ) : ;,, ;, ;,,,, ; CuSO4 5H 2 O,

136 130, 2 3mm, g ;,, (7 ),, CuSO4 5 H2 O,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 1., 280? : CuSO4 5H 2 O : CuSO4 5H 2 O CuSO4 3 H2 O + 2H 2 O CuSO4 3 H2 O CuSO4 H2 O + H2 O CuSO4 H2 O CuSO4 + H2 O 400, 280,,, CuSO4 2.?? :,,,

137 131.,? :,, ;,,,, 4.??? :,

138 132 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) H 2, (2 ), H 2, 250 ml, 250ml, (3 ) H2 H2 (4 ),,, (5 ), 2mm (6 ),,,,, 250 ml( 500ml)

139 133, 60ml,,, ;,, (7 ) 1) 250ml, 2), 3) 1.,, (20, 0. 1 MPa) H 2 CO NH 3 H 2 S C2 H 5 OH CH 4 C 2 H 2 C 3 H 8 C 6 H ,,

140 134, 2., : ( ),,,, 3 mol L - 1 H 2 SO4 ( ),,,,, ;,,,,, 1.,,? :,,,,,, 2.,,? :,,, CuO. 3.?

141 135 1 ) ; (2 ); (3 ) : ( 1), ; (2 ), ; (3 ), 4. KClO3? : KClO3,, AgNO3, KClO3, KClO3, KClO3

142 136 (1 ) (2 ), (3 ) (1 ) (2 ), PV = nr T, CO2 1% 2% (3 ), (4 ), CO2, ( CO2 2mg, + + ), (5 ),, (6 ) 1) 2),

143 137 ),, 2 3cm 4),, 6mol l - 1, 5), CO2, 6),,,,, (7 ), 250ml, ; ; 400g ;, H Cl CO2, (8 ),,,,,? 1., : (1 ) 250 ml 300g, CO g, CO2, 0. 1g, : = % = %

144 138 CO2 :, g, = %,,,, CO2 (2 ),, 7, CO g, 4,,,,, : 2. (1 ), (2 ), CO2 H2 Cl2,, Cl2, H 2 1., + +??

145 139,,, 0. 5g, g, 0. 5g,, g, + +, + +,, 250 g, 250 ml, g, ml, ml 2.??? :,, :, 3.? : ( ), ( ),,,,,

146 140 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 )( ), ( ), 1/ 3,, ( 6mol/ L) (4 ),,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,, (6 ), ( ), ( ),,,

147 141?.

148 142 (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) 1) 2) ml,,, 3) ml,, 2 ( ) 4), ( ), ( ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ),,

149 143,, (6 ),, (7 ),, (8 ),,, 1, 1 (, ),, (9 ), 25ml ml, ;, 0. 00ml (10) ( ),, 5 10ml, (11) 1 ),,, 2) 3),, 4) 5) 6) 7),,

150 144 8), 9),, 10 ), 11 ),,, (12) 1), N ao H,,, 2),,, ( 0. 5% ) NaO H, 0. 15mol L - 1,, mol L - 1, 50ml 3) ( ) 4),,,,, mol L mol L - 1, ; mol L - 1,

151 145,,,,,,, 1. NaO H H Ac,? (1 ); (2 ), ; (3 ), ; (4 ), : ( 1), ; (2 ),, ; (3 ),, ; (4 ),, 2.,?,? :,,,, CO2,,,,,, CO2, CO2,,

152 146 1.? : :,,,, Na +, K +, Ca 2 +, Mg 2 +, Fe , CO 3 O2, N2,CO2, HCO 3 -, Cl -, SO 4 2 -, 2. : :, H + O H -, H + H O -, H 2 O, Ar SO3 - H +, H + ( N a +, Ca 2 + ), Ca 2 +, Mg 2 +, H + : Ar - SO3 - H + + Na + Ar - SO3 - N a + + H + Ar - SO3 - H + + Ca 2 + ( Ar - SO3 - ) H + H +,,, O H -

153 147 Cl -, SO4 2 - ) O H - : Ar - N + ( C H3 ) 3 O H - + Cl - Ar - N + - ( CH3 ) 3 Cl - + O H - O H -,, ( ), ( ),, H + O H - : H + + O H H 2 O 3.? : :, ( R ) ( G), G = 1 R ( 1) ( ), [ ] ( S) L, ( A) : R l A R = l A ( 2), 1cm, 1cm 2, Cm,, l, ( A ), G = 1 A ( 3) 1/ = G = A l ( 4)

154 148, 1cm 1cm 2, S cm - 1,,, l/ A, K = l/ A G = 1 K ( 5) = K G, K, G (6 ),,,,,,, ( 6)

155 149 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ),, (6 ), (7 ) (8 ),,, (9 ) 1),,, 2),,

156 150 ) 4),,, (10) 1) 2) 3) 250ml( ) 4) 0. 1 (11),?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.?? :,,, 2.? :,

157 151,,, MnO2 H 2 O2, 3.?,? :,,, 4.,,?? :,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,? :, : A., B. C., D.,, : A.

158 152 B.,, C.,, D.,,,,

159 153 (1 ) S2 O8 2 - I - (2 ) (3 ) Cu 2 + (1 ),,,,,, : ( ), KI ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8, KN O3 ( N H4 ) 2 SO4 (2 ),,, :,, ( ),,,,, (, ),,,

160 154 30, 20, : (3 ),, 4 (4 ), :,, ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 ;,, (5 ),,, 2 - (6 ) [ S2 O8, 52ml ] [ I ] [ S2 O3 (7 ), (8 ) ], 1) ( N H 4 ) 2 S2 O8 Na2 S2 O3 ( N H4 ) 2 SO4,, 2),, 3), (9 ) 1) ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 KI,,, 2) % 3) ( N H 4 ) 2 S2 O8 KI Na2 S2 O3 KNO3 ( N H4 ) 2 SO4,

161 155 ) (1 ) Na2 S2 O3,? : (N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 KI, I3 -,,,, N a2 S2 O3, I3 - Na2 S2 O3, N a2 S2 O3, I3 -, Na2 S2 O3 Na2 S2 O3, S2 O8 2 - I -, ( 50m) Na2 S2 O3 S2 O8 2 - I - I2 ( I 3 - ), Na2 S2 O3,, (2 ), m = 1 n = 1, m( n ) 1. 5 m( n) 0. 5 Ea, kj mol - 1 ( 5% ) Ea,,, :,,, ;, Ea,,

162 156 Ea kj mol - 1 (3 ) ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 ph 3,, : 4 (N H4 2 S2 O8 + 3H 2 O 7( N H 4 ) H SO4 + H N O3 + H2 SO4 ( O2, N2 ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8, H NO3 ) ph 3,,, Co 2 + ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8, Cu 2 + Ni 2 + F e 3 +, S2 O8 2 - I -, ED- TA (0. 1mol L - 1 ) K2 S2 O8, ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 K2 S2 O8, 10, 0. 20mol L - 1, K2 S2 O8 ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8, : 1.? (1 ) ; (2 ) ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8, KI ; (3 ) ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 KI : ( 1),,, (2 ) ( N H 4 ) 2 S2 O8, KI, ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 Na2 S2 O3 (3 ) ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 KI,

163 157 N H4 ) 2 S2 O8, 2., KNO3 ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8? :, K NO3 ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8,,, 3.? : :, ( N H4 ) 2 S2 O8 N a2 S2 O3 KI,,,, 4. S2 O8 2 -, I - I3 -, K? : S2 O8 2 -, I - I3 -, VS 2 O VI k( I3 - ) - VI3 -, k( S 2 O ) k( I - ) ( V) : 2 - S2 O8 : + 3I - 2-2SO4 + I3 - v( I - ) = - C( I - ) t = ki - C m ( S 2 O ) C n ( I - ) v( S 2 O ) = - C( S 2 O 2 - ) 8 t = k( S 2 O ) C m ( S 2 O ) C n ( I - ) v( I 3 - ) = - C( I 3 t - ) = ki 3 - C m ( S 2 O ) C n ( I - )

164 158 v S 2 O 8 2 -, K( S2 O ) v( I - ) v( I 3 - ) = ? : v = k C m ( S 2 O CI - lg v = mlg C( S 2 O ) K( I - ) K(I 3 ) C n I - ) + nlg CI - + lg k - ) : ( ), lgv lg CS 2 O 8 2 -, m, CS2O8 2 - ), lg v lgc I -, (, n, m + n 6. Arrhenius? : k T : Ea lg k = - Ea R 1 T + C, R, T K, lg k 1/ T,, ( - Ea/ R)Ea 7.,,? 2N O + O2 2NO2?, 2, :,, 2NO + O2 2NO2,, 2,,, : v( p ) = kc 2 ( N O ) C( O 2 ) v( p ) = k[ C 2 ( N O ) ] 2 2 C( O 2 ) v2 p v( p ) = 8

165 159 8.,? : KI, I2, ph 3,, Cu 2 + Fe mol L - 1 EDTA,,, 10, 10 20

166 160 p H (1 ) (2 ) (3 )ph (1 ), ph S - 2c,,, (2 ) H Ac, (3 ),, ( 25 5ml), (4 ), ( 4 ), H Ac, p H H Ac, p H, p H (5 )H Ac c,, 0. 2., 0. 1, 0. 02, 0. 01mol L - 1

167 161 6 ) 1), 2) p H,, :,,,,,, ph (7 ) 1) ph : ( G. R. ) g, 1L 60ml 100ml 2),,,, 3), 4), 5) 6) ph S 2C,,,, p H = 2( ), p H = 2 p H = 4 ph mv,, 0mV,, (8 ) :

168 162 ) ( ) 2) 3) 4),,,,,, 1% H F 5 10s, ( ) (1 ) p H,, N a2 H P O4 (2 ) : 25ml,,,,, Na2 H PO4,,,,, 1., > 5%, Ki = [ H + ] 2 C?? :, > 5 %, Ki = [ H + ] 2 C > 5%, c-[ H + ] c,

169 163 Ki [ H + ] 2 C - [ H + ] 2. [ H Ac] [ Ac - ]? : NaO H, c, < 5%, [ H Ac] = c- [ H + ] c, p H, [ H + ], [Ac - ] = [ H + ] 3.?? :,,,,, 4.?? : ph, 4 50 ml,,,,,, 2 3, 5. p H,? ; ph,, p H, ( p H = 7 ), H +, 6.,?,? :,, ( ) c :., c,, c,

170 164,, : ln K 2 K 1 = r H m T2 - T1 ( R T1 T2,,,,,,,,,,,, ) ; 7. K = [ H + ] 2 / c? (1 ) ( (2 ) ( ) : ( 1) ( ), K = [ H + ] 2 / c, [ H + ] [ Ac - ], K = [ H + ] [ Ac - ]/ [ H A c] (3 ) ( ), K = [ H + ] 2 / c )

171 165 (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 22 gnan O3 15gKCl, 35ml,, 55ml,, 32 36ml,,, (4 ),,, (5 ), (6 ) :,, ; KN O3,,, K NO3, ;

172 166, K NO3 NaCl ; (7 ) : Na NO3 KCl,, ; ;, 100ml : NaN O3 KNO3, NaN O3 KCl ( 0. 2mol) KN O3, KN O3 0. 1mol, NaNO3, K NO mol 1.? : ( 1),,,, (),, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), (2 ),, ( ),,,

173 167,,,,, Pa( 20 mmhg ), 2.,? :, : NaNO3 + KCl NaCl + KN O3, ( ) ( ),, ,,, ;,,,,,, 3. :,, ( NaCl),,,

174 168 F e 3 + A l (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) 6mol/ L, Fe 3 + Cl - [ FeCl4 ] -, [ FeCl4 ] - E t2 O H +,,,, 6 8mol/ L, (5 ),,,, (6 ),, (7 ) 1) 2) Fe 3 +, Al 3 + 3)

175 Fe 3 + Al ) 1) 100ml 2) 3), 1.? : ( 1) :,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ) 3/ 4 2.? : ( 1), ( :!) (2 ),,, ;, 1) 3 5,, ( ) 2),,,

176 170, 3),,,,, 4),,, 5),, 5, 3.?,,??? : ( 1) ( ), ( 343 ), ( 1. 8% 40% ), (2 ),, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,

177 Fe 3 + Al ,,,,,,, ;, 4.T l 3 +, Cl - [ T lcl4 ] -,, Al 3 + T l 3 +, :, T l 3 + Cl - [ T lcl4 ] - -, ( E t2 O ) H +, ( E t2 O H + ) [ TlCl4 ] - ( Et2 O H + ), Et2 O H + [ T lcl4 ] -,, Cl - E t2 O Tl 3 + H +,,,, Al 3 + Cl -,, Tl 3 + Tl 3 +, H + ( Et2 O H + ) [ T lcl4 ] -, T l 3 +,,,, T l 3 +, T l 3 + Al 3 + : (1 )

178 172 2 ) (3 ) 5.Fe 3 + Al3 +? Al 3 + Fe 3 +? : Fe 3 + Al 3 + : (1 ) ph = 4 (2 )5% K4 [ Fe( CN) 6 ], (3 ),, S, K4 [ Fe( CN ) 6 ], Al 3 +, S Fe 3 + Al 3 +, Fe 3 + Al 3 + Al 3 + H Cl, Cl - ph = 4 Fe 3 + FeCl4 Fe 3 + Al 3 +, Al 3 + Cl - : : - CH3 C H2 OC H2 C H3 ( ) :34. 6 ; :2. 56; : - 45 ; :180 :1. 9 % 36 % ( ) 3. 5%, min

179 Fe 3 + Al ( ) 7% 10%,, ( ),,, ( ),,, ( ),, ( ) :, ( ) :, : ( ) :, :, :,

180 174 I 3 - = I - + I 2 (1 ) I3 - = I - + I2 (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ),, 30min (5 ),, (6 ), (7 ) :,, ; ; ;,, (8 ) : 250ml

181 I 3 - = I - + I ml ; mol l - 1 ; mol l mol l KI 0. 2% 1.? :,, 8. 0ml,, 10ml ( 0. 1ml)100ml 8. 0ml, 1ml, ( ),,? 2.,, : KI,, [ I - ] [ I2 ] [ I3 - ], ( 0. 5 g) KI,,, : 2Na2 S2 O3 + I2 2NaI + Na2 S4 O6 I3 - I - + I2,, I2 I3-0. 5g,, 3 30min, 10min,,, 3 I2, I2 I3 -, KI Na2 S2 O3

182 176.,?? :, KI, I2, 4.,? (1 ) ; (2 )3 ; (3 ), : K [I - ] [ I2 ]/ [ I3 - ] : (1 ), [ I2 ], K (2 )3, [ I2 ], K (3 ),, [ I2 ], K : - I2 ( ), : , :113: ( ), :1 mg/ m 3 ( ) : 1ppm ;, ;

183 I 3 - = I - + I 2 177, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ; ( ) : : :, : ( ) ; ; ;

184 178 (1 )ph (2 ) (3 ) (1 )ph 7( CO2 ) (2 ), 1 2 CuSO4 (0. 1 mol l - 1 ), (3 ) ph 0. 5, ( 0 5 ) p H 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, 4, 4. 6, 5 ph 1; ph 4 5, 4 5, ),,, 2),, 3) p H,, p H,,, p H, ph (5 ) 1) p H : ,

185 179 ) mol l - 1 CuSO ml0. 1 mol L - 1 H Cl 0. 1mol L - 1 NaO H, ml, 100ml Na HCO3 20ml Al2 ( SO4 ) 3,, (, ),,,,,,,,,, ()

186 180 (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) Pb ( NO3 ) 2 NaI 0. 1mol L - 1, (2 ) Mg( O H ) 2, 1,, (3 ) 1) PbI mol L - 1 Pb ( NO3 ) mol L - 1 NaI,,,,,, 2) mol L - 1 MgCl2 MgCl2 6 H2 O ( ),, 3) N a2 S 480gNa2 S 9H 2 O 40gNaO H,

187 ml N a2 S 9H 2 O, NaO H H 2 S, 2 mol L - 1 NaO H H2 S ( Na H S ), NaO H, N a2 S, H 2 S,,, H 2 S : 6mol L - 1 HCl,, ;, p H, NaO H, p H, p H, p H, ph p H 0. 01mol L - 1 Fe 3 +, p H (1 ) 0. 01mol L - 1 Fe mol L - 1 NaO H (2 ) ph (3 ) 25ml, 100ml 0. 02mol L - 1 NaO H, 0. 5ml NaO H, ph, 1ml NaO H, ph, ph (4 ) ph-nao H ( ml) p H

188 182 Fe O H) 3 p H ( ), p H 3. 80( 3. 70) 1. Mg ( O H ) 2, N H4 Cl,?? Mg( O H ) 2, N H4 Cl,, N H4 + N H4 + O H -, O H -, Mg( O H ) 2 2. PbI2, NaNO3 K NO3,, PbI2?? ( NaNO3 KN O3 ) ( PbI2 ),,, Pb 2 + I - Ks p,,

189 183 (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) N H + 4 : 5, 3 6mol L - 1 NaO H ;,, 1 2min, N H + 4 (2 )H NO3, (3 ) (4 ) 0. 2mol L - 1 H N O3, 2mol L - 1 H NO3 KMnO4 (5 ), H 2 C2 O4 : 5H 2 C2 O4 + 2MnO H + 2Mn CO2 + 8H 2 O, Mn 2 + Mn 2 +, F -, Mn 2 +, (6 ) 1),,

190 184 ) H NO3,, N H 4 + Zn H NO3, N H4 (7 ) 1), + 2) 0. 1mol L - 1 ( N H 4 ) 2 F e ( SO4 ) mol L - 1 FeSO4 0. 1mol L - 1 FeSO4 : 50ml 3mol L - 1 H2 SO4, 1L,,,,,,, 3) : 3. 0g 1. 5 g,, 1L 4) :,,, 5) : 0. 5 %,, ( ) 1. ( ), ;,,, NO2, N O, Cu Ag,

191 185 NO,,, N O2 N O N2 O N H 3 ( N H4 NO3 ) H + H N O3 NO2 + H2 O 3H + H N O3 N O + 2H 2 O 8 H + 2 H N O3 N2 O + 5H2 O 2 H NO3 N2 + 6 H2 O N O3 N H3 + 3 H2 O O3 N H4 NO3, N O2, N O N2 O, N H 3,,,,,, H N O3 H N O3 ( 2mol L mol L - 1 ),, N H ,,,,, (1 ) Br2 Fe 2 +, Br2, F e 2 + Br2,, F e 2 + Br2, Na2 SO3 KMnO4,,

192 186 2MnO4 Mn 2 + MnO Mn H 2 O 5MnO2 + 4 H +, :, Na2 SO3 KMnO4, 2 - N aoh, MnO4 : 2-3MnO4 + 2H 2 O MnO2 + 2MnO4, ( O H - MnO4 2 - MnO O H -, ), (2 ) N a2 SO3 KMnO4, KMnO4 N a2 SO3, N a2 SO3 KMnO4,,, Na2 SO3, Mn 2 + MnO4 -, Mn 2 +, MnO2,, Na2 SO3 KMnO4, Na2 SO3, KMnO4 1.Br2/ Br - I2/ I - Fe 3 + / Fe 2 +?? : : Br2/ Br V I2/ I V Fe 3 + / Fe V Br2, I - 2. CCl4, CCl4

193 187 CCl4, CCl4, CCl4, 3. Na2 SO4??? : Na2 SO4 :2 H + + 2e H 2 :2O H - - 2e 1/ 2O2 + H2 O :2 H2 O 2 H2 Na2 SO4 + O2 :, O H - H +, N aoh 4. Cl2/ Cl - Br2/ Br - I2/ I - Fe 3 + / Fe 2 + Cu 2 + / Cu Zn 2 + / Zn?? : Cl2/ Cl - Br 2 / Br - I2/ I - Fe 3 + / Fe 2 + Cu 2 + / Cu Zn 2 + / Zn H +, ; Cl2 Br2 I2, Cl2 Br2 I2, Cl2/ Cl - Br2/ Br - I2/ I -, Fe 3 + Fe 2 + Cu 2 + Zn 2 +, Fe 3 + / Fe 2 + Cu 2 + / Cu Zn 2 + / Zn 5. KMnO4, : : MnO H + + 5e Mn H2 O H +,,,, KMnO4, 6. H 2 O2,?

194 188 H2 O2,, H2 O2, - 1 H2 O2/ H 2 O ( 1. 72V ) O2/ H2 O2 (0. 68V ), H2 O V ( KMnO4 ), H2 O2, H2 O2 O2, H 2 O V ( I - ), H2 O2, H2 O2 H2 O 7.? :, Na + H +, Na + H +, H + Na +,, H + H2, N a + 8.? ( 2 ),, :, ( ),,, : ( - ) Cu CuSO4 ( 0. 01mol L - 1 ) CuSO4 ( 1mol L - 1 ) Cu ( + ) : ( - ) Cu - 2e Cu 2 + (0. 01mol L - 1 ) ( + ) Cu2 + ( 1mol L - 1 ) + 2e Cu ( - ) = / 2lg [ Cu 2 + ] / 2lg0. 01 = ( V ) ( + ) = / 2lg [ Cu 2 + ] / 2lg1 = ( V) : E = ( + ) - ( - ) = = ( V) 9.

195 189 : ; ; ; : ; ; ;

196 190 (1 ) ( ), (2 ) (3 ) (1 ) HgCl2, (2 ) CuSO4, N ao H,, Cu ( OH ) 2, Cu2 ( O H ) 2 SO4 (3 ) 1) AgBr,, 2) [ FeF6 ] 3 - KI, CCl4 [ FeF6 ] 3 -, N H4 F 3) Fe 3 +, N H4 F, n = 1 6 : Fe nf - = [ FeFn] 3 - n N H 4 F, [ FeF6 ] 3 - ( N H4 ) 3 [ FeF6 ], Fe F - + 3N H 4 + = ( N H 4 ) 3 [ FeF6 ( ) 4) CuSO4 K4 P2 O7, Cu2 P2 O7

197 191 K P2 O7, [ Cu ( P2 O7 ) 2 ] 6 -,, CuSO4

198 192 (1 ), (2 ) (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 ) 0. 1 mol L - 1 KClO3 ( ), ( ClO2 ) : ( KClO3, KClO3 ), ClO2 (4 ) 1),,,, 2),,, KI, Br2, CCl4 ( ), 3) KI, Cl2,,

199 193 5 ) 1) Na2 SO3,, 2) Ca( ClO) 2, 3) Pb( Ac) 2 : 10 % ( ),, X - Cl - Br - 1. AgX H NO3 I -, AgX, AgBr AgI 2.AgX AgN O3 X - AgX, 2mol L - 1, Cl - 2 mol L - 1 H NO3,, Cl - AgCl + 2N H 3 H2 O [ Ag( N H 3 ) 2 ] + + Cl - + 2H 2 O [ Ag (N H3 ) 2 ] + + Cl H + AgCl + 2N H 4 + AgX, 0. 5mol L - 1 Na2 S2 O3 AgBr, AgI 2 - AgBr + 2S2 O3 3.X2 [ Ag( S2 O3 ) 2 ] Br - AgX X - X2, CCl4 X2 X - X2,, 1.,

200 194 : 2.,,,,? :,,, IO3 -, 3.,,? :, ;, 4.: (1 ) ; (2 ) : ; (3 ) : ( 1),, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, :

201 195 ( ) (),, : 2. 5, ( ) :1. 0 mg/ m 3 ( 0. 34ppm) ( ) : : (0. 2 ppm ) ( 1. 0ppm) ( 1. 33ppm ), ( 30ppm ) : ( 1000ppm ) :, :, ( ),, ( ),, ( ) : ; ;,

202 196 ) :, ( ) : : ( ) :,, :, 30min, : 20min, :, 250ml,, : Br2 ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,

203 197 ),,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( ),,,,, ( ),,,, 2%

204 198 KClO ( ), : 2. 32, : 3560 ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),,,, ( ), ( ) : :,

205 199 ) :, ( ) :, : :, ( ), : 110, :1. 3,,, ( ) :15mg/ m 3 (10. 2ppm) ( ) ;,, : : ( 38% ) :, ( ),, ( )

206 200 ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ) :, ( ) ;, 5 % : ( ) :,,, ;, 20min ; 20min, ;,, 50ml,,

207 201 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ), ( ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ) SO2 Cl2 SO2,, (4 ) 1) 2), ,,, 3) H2 S ( ) 4), 1.?? :,

208 202 ;,, N a2 S + O2 + 2H 2 O 2Na2 S2 + 4NaO H Na2 S2 + 2 HCl + S + H2 S + 2NaCl,,, 4Na2 SO3 Na2 SO4 + Na2 S 2. 2NaSO3 + O2 2Na2 SO4 (1 ) S2 O8 2 - MnO4 - (2 ) S2 O3 2 - I - : S2 O8 2 - MnO - 4, S2 O8 2 - Mn 2 + MnO4 - S2 O3 2 - I -, S2 O3 2 - I2 I - 3.,, [ Ag( S2 O3 ) 2 ] 3 -? :, 2 -, n( S2 O3 2-2n( S2 O3 ) n( Ag + ) 2n ( Ag + ) [ Ag ( S2 O3 ) 2 ] 3 - ; ), ;, Ag + 2Ag S2 O S2 O3 [ Ag( S2 O3 ) 2 ] 3 - Ag2 S2 O3 Ag2 S2 O3 + H 2 O Ag2 S + 2H SO4 :

209 203 ( ) : 246, ;4. 3 % 46 %, ( ), 10mg/ m 3 ( ) :, 1000mg/ m 3,, : ( 16 32mg/ m 3 ) mg/ m 3, ( ), 100mg/ m 3 ( ), ( ),

210 204 ( ) : : ( ) :,,,,, 2h :, 1 % 3 % ( ), : 2. 3, : - 10 ( ), :15mg/ m 3 ( ) :,, :

211 205 ( yi : ) :, ( ),, ( ), ( ),, ( ) : ( ) : :, ( ) :,, : 2% : 20min ( ), : 1. 8,

212 , : 280 ( ) :2 mg/ m 3 ( ) :, :, :, :,,,, 5ml ( ), ( ),,, ( ), ( ) :, : :,

213 207 ) :, : 2% : 20min : : S8 ( ),, :, :1. 96, :120,, :1. 96, :119,, ( ),, 10%, 10 20g, ( ) :,, : :,,

214 208 ),, ( ) ( ), ( ) :, : : ( ), ;,, 20min

215 209 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) 1., H 2 SO4,,,,, 2., ( ), 3.,, (1 ),, 1/ 3 1/ 4 (2 ),,, (3 ) AgNO3 Cu( N O3 ) 2,,, 6. (1 )

216 210 2 ),,, (3 ) : 0. 1 mol, 500ml, ( ), 500ml H NO3, HgI2 H gcl2 : 17. 5gKI 100ml, 25g HgI2 500ml 105gNaO H 200ml, 1L 1.?? :,, ;, NO3 -, 2.N ah 2 P O4,??? :,,,,,, 3. : ( 1) ( N O2 ), (2 ),

217 211 3 ) KI,, 4.,?? :, 5.? : ph,,, ph : P4 ( ),, (),, :1. 83, : 44. 1, : 280, : 30, ( ),,, ( ) :,2 3d, :,,,,, 10d :,,

218 212, ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,, ( ) :, :, ( ) :,, :, ( ), : 0. 6, : , : ,

219 213 16% 25% ( ), :30mg/ m 3 ( ) :,, 500ppm, 5min : : ( ) ( ),, ( ) :,, : : ( ) :, : 10min : 30min

220 214 ( ), ( 98 % ),,,,,, : 2. 2,, ( ) :5 mg/ m 3 ( NO2 ) ( ) : :, :, ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( )

221 215 ( ) : ( ) :,, : 20min :, 5% H3 PO4 ( ) ( 75% 80% ) :3000 ( ) ( ), :1 mg/ m 3 ( ) : ( 5. 4mg/ m 3 ) ( 3 11mg/ m 3 ) : :,, ( ),

222 216 ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : : : ( ) : :, 30 min, :, 250ml, ( ),, :1. 58, ( )

223 217 :15mg/ m 3 ( ) : 70mg/ m 3, ; 140mg/ m 3 ; mg/ m 3 ; 146mg/ m 3 : ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ) : ( ) : : ( ) :, 24h, 48h :

224 218 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ) :,,, 6 mol L - 1 N aoh, (4 ) 1) 2) Pb( Ac) 2 3) ( ), ( ) 4) :1 % 5) ( N H4 ) 2 S H2 S, N H4 HS : :60gCr2 O3 27g, : 2g 1g 5gN ano3 ( NaNO3

225 ) :,,, :, (, ), 1.?,? :,,, ;,, 2.? N a2 CO3 + SiO2 N a2 SiO3 + CO2? :, Na2 SiO3 + CO2 + H2 O Na2 CO3 + H 4 SiO4 Na2 CO3 + SiO2 Na2 SiO3 + CO2,, 3., :,,, ;

226 220,, ; ;,,,,

227 221 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (1 ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,, (2 ),? :,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, (4 )

228 222 ), 2) 3),, 4) 5) 6) : 10gUO2 ( Ac ) 2 2 H2 O 6ml 30% H AC,, 50ml( A) 30gZn ( Ac) 2 2H 2 O 6ml 30% H Ac, 50 ml( B)70, 24h,,, : (1 ) NaN O2 23g 50ml, 16. 5ml6mol L - 1 H Ac 3gCo( NO3 ) 2 6 H2 O,,, 100ml (2 ), 1.,,,, (1 ) ( ), ppm( )

229 223, ( g), ( ml ), : K4 [ Fe ( CN) 6 ] Fe 3 + 1ppm, 1 ( 0. 05ml), m (, 1ml 1g ) : m = 1/ = ( g) = ( g ) 1mol L - 1 MgCl2 1 4 ( ), I MgCl2 0. 2mol L - 1 I 1, 4,, 0. 04mol L mol L - 1 1, 1 ( ) 2 2mol L - 1 NaO H, (,, ) () Mg 2 + Mg 2 + (2 ),,, ( ),,,

230 224,, 0. 5mol L ml,, mol L - 1 Na2 CO3, 0. 5 ml, 3 ( N H4 ) 2 C2 O mol L - 1 K2 CrO4,? Ba 2 +, N a2 CO3 ( N H 4 ) 2 C2 O4 K2 CrO4,? 2. Ca 2 + Mg 2 +,,,, Ca 2 + Mg 2 + : Ca 2 + Mg 2 + CO3 2 -, CaCO3 MgCO3 (, Mg 2 + Mg( O H ) 2 3MgCO3 ), CO3, [ Ca 2 + ] [ CO3 2 - ] > , [ Mg 2 + ] [ CO3 2 - ] < , Ca 2 + CaCO3, Mg 2 +, Ca 2 + Mg 2 + : 2 - CO3 2 -? CO3 CO H + HCO3 - H + CO3 2 - N H 3 N H4 Cl, H mol L - 1, CO mol L - 1 MgCl2 CaCl2,

231 225 2mol L - 1 N H4 Cl, 2 6 mol L - 1 2mol L - 1 ( N H4 ) 2 CO3 5 2min, 1 ( N H4 ) 2 CO3,, 1,,, 2 1: 2 Mg 2 +, Ca 2 + 2: 6mol L - 1 H Ac,, 2 Ca 2 +, Mg ,?? :,,

232 226 (1 ), (2 ) ( ) ( ) (3 ), (4 ), (1 ),,,, (2 ), (3 ) 1) 0. 5mol L - 1 SnCl4,,, SnCl4 + H 2 O Sn( O H ) HCl Sn( O H ) 4, SnO2 xh 2 O, 1ml, mol L - 1 SnCl4,, -,,, :

233 227 SnCl + H2 O Sn (O H ) Cl + HCl 2),,, ( ), :,,,, ;,, : CH3 CS N H 2 + H H2 O CH3 COO H + H2 S + N H4 + : CH3 CS N H 2 + 3O H - CH3 COO - + S N H3 + H2 O, Na2S ( N H4 ) 2 S,,, 1.? :,,, 2.? : ( ) : 0. 1mol L - 1 AgNO3 6mol L - 1 N H3 H2 O, 3. 1ml,

234 228,?? : H2 AsO Ag ( N H 3 ) O H - ASO Ag + 4N H3 + 3H 2 O Sb(OH) Ag(NH3 ) OH - = Sb(OH) Ag + NH3 Bi Ag( N H 3 ) O H - 4.? : PbO2 + 5H Cl H PbCl3 + Cl2 + 2 H2 O 5.,, :,,,,

235 ds ( ) 229 d s ( ) (1 ) (2 ) (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ) 1) 2) 0. 1mol L - 1 Hg( N O3 ) 2, 20ml,, : 2H g( NO3 ) 2 + H2 O HgO Hg (N O3 ) 2 ( ) + 2 H NO3,,, : Hg2 ( NO3 ) 2 + H 2 O Hg2 ( O H ) NO3 ( ) + 2 H NO3 [ CuCl3 ] 2 -?, : Cu + Cu Cl - 2 [ CuCl3 ] 2 - [ CuCl3 ] 2 - : [ CuCl3 ] 2 - CuCl + 2Cl -

236 230 [ CuCl3 ] 2 -, [ CuCl3 ] 2 -,,,,,,, [ CuCl3 ] 2 -,? : [ Cl - Cu - Cl - CuCl2 ( H 2 O) ] [ CuCl3 ] 2 -, ( NaCl HCl), CuCl : 2CuCl + H2 O Cu2 O + 2 H + + 2Cl - Cu2 O ( : Cu2 O, ),, CuCl, ( ), Cl - CuCl : CuCl + 2Cl - [ CuCl3 ] 2 -,, CuCl O2 CuCl : 4CuCl + O2 + 4 H2 O 3CuO CuCl2 3 H2 O + 2H Cl 1. 8CuCl + O2 2Cu2 O + 4Cu Cl -

237 ds ( ) 231,? :,, Cu + Cu ,,,,? :, [ Cu ( S2 O3 ) 2 ] 3 -, 3.?? :,,,,,, ;,,,, 4.,??,?? :,, Cu Cu + 6Cl - 2[ CuCl3 ] 2 -, Cu +,,,, 5.,

238 232 : ( Na + / Na) = V, ( K + / K) = V, ( Ca 2 + / Ca) = V, ( Mg 2 + / Mg) = V, ( Al 3 + / Al) = V, ( Sn 2 + / Sn ) = V, ( Pb 2 + / Pb ) = V, ( Cu 2 + / Cu ) = V, ( Ag + / Ag) = 0. 80V, ( Zn 2 + / Zn) = V, ( Cd 2 + / Cd) = V, ( H g 2 + / H g) = V, : 6.?? :, 2Cu SO2 + 2Cl H 2 O CuCl + SO4 7.? + 4H + :,,, 8., : :,,,, :, ;,,, 9. : ( )

239 ds ( ) 233,, ;,,,,, : CuCl2 ( ) : 3. 05, : 4980,,, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), 9930 ( ) : ( ) :,

240 234 ( ), : 2. 05, ,,,, ( ), ( ),,,, ( ) ( ), ( ),, ( ) :, :, ( ) :, :

241 ds ( ) 235, ( ),, : 4. 35, 212, :440,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),, ( ),, ( )

242 236, : :, ( ),, 2 %,,,,, H gcl2 ( ) :5. 44, :276, : 302 ( ) ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ) ( )

243 ds ( ) 237 ) :, ( ) : : ( ) :,, :, : :,

244 238 ( ) ( ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (1 ) H 2 SO4 TiO2 V2 O5.,. (2 ), 10ml VO2 Cl. 6mol L - 1 N ao H ph ph < 1, p H = 2, ph = 7, ph = 1 9, ph 13, 1 ml,, 5ml, 6mol L - 1 HCl p H, p H (3 ) Cr( N O3 ) 3 Na2 S? Cr ( O H ) 3 Cr2 S3, 2 3,,,?,?,,, Cr( N O3 ) 3 (4 ) K2 Cr2O7 NaNO2,., (5 ) (1 ) 1g (

245 ( ) () 239 1mol L - 1 H2 SO4 1L 2) 1g ( N H4 VO3 ), 20 ml6 mol L - 1 H Cl 10ml : N H4 VO3 + 2 HCl VO2 Cl + N H4 Cl + H2 O 3) Cr2 O3,,. 4) 1. (1 ),,,, : TiO2 + K2 S2 O7 TiOSO4 + K2 SO4 3% H2 O2, 1 1 H2 SO4, : TiOSO4 + H 2 O2 + H 2 SO4 H2 [ T io2 ( SO4 ) 2 ] + H 2 O (2 ), H3 PO4, 1 3 H2 SO4 1 2 H2 O2, 2. : Na2 O2, AgNO3 : Na2 CrO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2 CrO4 ( ) + 2NaN O3 :,, N2 O2,, 2 3 ANO3,,

246 240? 2-1.Cr2 O7 Cr 3 +? :, CrO4 2-2.Cr2 O7 2 - Cr 3 +,? :, 2-3.Cr2 O7 2 - : Cr2 O7 2 - CrO4 2 - CrO4?, Cr2 O7 2 -, CrO4 2 -, 2 - CrO4 CrO4 2 -? 2 - Cr2 O7 2, Cr2 O7 4.CrO2 - CrO4 2 -? 2 - :, Cr2 O7, Cr CrO2-2 - CrO4,,? 3% H2 O2? :, 2 - CrO4 / CrO2 3% H 2 O2 -, ( ), , 500

247 ( ) () 241,, ( ),, ( ) ( ),,, ( ), ( ), ( ) (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,,, (4 ): (5 ) : ( ) (1 ),,

248 242 (2 ), (3 ),, 50% 60ml,

249 ( )( ) ( ) 243 ( ) ( ) (1 ) (2 ), (1 ) Fe ( O H ) 3 Co ( O H ) 3 Ni( O H ) 3,, CO( O H ) 3 Ni( O H ) 3 Br - H NO3, CO( O H ) 3 Ni( O H ) 3 Br - Br2, CCl4 (2 ) Fe 2 + K3 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ], Fe 3 + K4 [ Fe ( CN) 6 ],,, Fe 2 + K4 [ Fe( CN) 6 ], Fe 3 + : K3 [ Fe( CN ) 6 ], 2K + + Fe [ F e( CN) 6 ] 4 - K2 FeFe( CN) 6 ( ) Fe [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 3 - (), F e 2 + Fe 3 + (3 ) ( NiS ),,,, ( ),,,, (4 ) 1), 95% 2) :,,

250 244, ( ), Fe 3 + K4 [ Fe( CN ) 6 ], Fe 2 + K3 [ Fe( CN ) 6 ], : 4Fe [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 4 - Fe4 [ Fe( CN ) 6 ] 3 () Fe [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 3 - F e3 [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 2 ( ), ( Mossbauer),, KFe[ Fe( CN) 6 ] H 2 O,,,, : Fe [ Fe( CN) 6 ] K + + H2 O KFe[ Fe( CN) 6 ] H 2 O ( ) Fe [ Fe( CN) 6 ] K + + H2 O KFe[ Fe( CN) 6 ] H 2 O ( ) 1.,? 4 - ( CN) 6 :, 2. Fe I2 I -, Fe 2 + : Fe( CN) / Fe( CN) Fe( CN) 6 I2 I - = 0. 36V < I2/ I - = V, I2 I -, Fe 3 + / Fe 2 + = 0. 77V Fe 2 +

251 ( )( ) ( ) 245. [ Co( N H3 ) [ Ni( N H 3 ) 6 ] 2 +, : [ Co ( N H3 ) 6 ] 2 + [ Co ( N H3 ) 6 ] 3 +, [ Ni ( N H 3 ) 6 ] 2 +, [ Co ( N H3 ) 6 ] 2 + [ Ni( N H 3 ) 6 ] 2 +, [ Co( N H 3 ) 6 ] Co( O H) 3 Ni( O H ) 3, Co( ) Ni( ), Co( ) Ni( )? : Co( ) Ni( ), Co ( ) Ni( ),, Ni ( ) 5. Fe 3 + Cr 3 + Ni 2 +,, Ni 2 + :,, Fe 3 +, Cr 3 + Fe( O H ) 3 Ni( O H ) 2, Fe ( O H ) 3, [ Ni( N H 3 ) 6 ] A, B, B 6mol L - 1, C C, D B E, F, F, G B, H, A B C D E F G H, : A : (N H4 ) 2 Fe( SO4 ) 2 6 H2 O B: (N H4 ) 2 SO4 FeSO4 C: F e( O H ) 2 D: N H3 E : KMnO4 F : Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3 G : Fe4 [ Fe( CN ) 6 ] 3 H : BaSO4

252 246 FeSO4 + NaO H Fe( O H ) 2 + Na2 SO4 ( N H4 ) 2 SO4 + NaO H Na2 SO4 + N H3 + H2 O 4Fe( O H ) 2 + O2 + 2H2 O 4Fe( O H ) 3 5Fe MnO H + Mn Fe H 2 O Fe [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 4 - Fe4 [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 3 Ba SO4 2 - BaSO4

253 247 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (1 ),,,,,, (, ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ), 95%,,,,, (6 ) :,

254 248 ph, ph,,,, ph, ;,,, (7 ) : ; Fe 3 + ; SO4 2 -? ; 1.? : ( ) :,, ;, ; ;,, Mg Ca SO4 K + Fe 3 +? :,, SO4 2 -,, Ca 2 + Mg 2 + Fe 3 + Ba 2 +,, ph 1,, HCl NaCl,, 95% 2 3,

255 249. Ca 2 + Mg 2 +, 2 - SO4?? : Ca 2 + Mg 2 +, SO4 2 -, Ba : Ca 2 + Mg 2 + ;

256 250 ( ) (1 )( ) (2 ) (1 ), (2 ) CoCl2, N H 4 Cl,,, Cl - ( N H4 Cl ),, [ Co( H2 O) 2 Cl4 ] 2 - [ Co( H 2 O) 6 ] 2 + 4Cl - [ Co( H2 O) 2 Cl4 ] H2 O ( ) ( ), [ Co ( H2 O) 6 ] 2 + H2 O, [ Co ( H 2 O ) 2 Cl4 ] 2 -, Co 2 +, [ Co ( H2 O ) 6 ] 2 + [ Co( H 2 O) 6 ] 2 +,, CoCl2 6 H2 O, : CoCl2 6H 2 O = CoCl2 2 H2 O = CoCl2 H 2 O = CoCl2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 ) 60 20min, 60 (5 ), ;,

257 ( ) ) (2mol/ L, ), :,, (5 ),, ( 40min),,, (1 ) ,, (2 ) ( ) ( ) : 2[ Co( N H3 ) 6 ] Cl3 + 6NaO H 2Co( O H) N H3 + 6NaCl 1 ) ( 0. 2 g ) 10ml10 % N aoh, 30 35ml 0. 5mol L - 1 HCl 1h, 0. 5mol L - 1 NaO H, 2 ) N H3, 12 ml6mol L - 1 HCl 1g KI, 10min: Co(O H ) 3 + 3H + Co H2 O 2Co I - 2Co I2 I2, Na2 S2 O3, 3) 0. 2g,, 5% K2 CrO4, 0. 1mol L - 1 AgNO3 Cl -,,

258 252 Cl mol L ml, H -, Cl - Cl -, 0. 1mol L - 1 H g( NO3 ) 2, : Hg Cl - H gcl2 ( ) Na2 [ Fe( CN) 5 NO] Hg 2 +, 1 H g 2 + Hg[ Fe( CN) 5 N O] Hg ( NO) 3 Cl - : 1.,,? :, : [ Co ( H 2 O) 2 Cl4 ] 2 - [ Co( N H3 ) 2 Cl4 ] 2 - [ Co (N H3 ) 6 ] ,,?? :,, Co 2 + Co 3 +,, 3.,?? 4. ( ) : ( ) Co 2 + ( ), ( ) ; : Co 2 +

259 253 (1 ) (2 ) (1 ),, (2 ) 5ml ( ) (3 ) Fe 3 + : Fe SCN - Fe(NCS ) 3 ( ) Fe(NCS ) 3 NCS -, F e 3 + I, 1g Fe mg (1000mg) ppm (4 ) (5 ), (),, (6 ),,, Fe 3 +, (7 ),,

260 254 8 ),, FeSO4 ( N H4 ) 2 SO4,, ( ),, (9 ) 1),, 2),,,, Fe 3 + ( Fe 3 + F e 2 + Fe H2 O Fe(O H ) H + F e( O H ) H2 O Fe( O H ) 2 Fe( O H ) 2 + ), + + H + + H2 O Fe( O H ) 3 + H + Fe 3 + Fe( O H ) 2 + F e( O H ) 2 + Fe( O H ) 3,, F e 3 + (, ), Fe 3 + Fe 2 + : 2Fe Fe 3Fe 2 + 3),,,,, 4), 5),,, (10) 1), 2) 25ml, 1 2 3,

261 255 ) O2 O2 : 1 2min,, (, ) 4) : N H 4 Fe( SO4 )2 12 H2 O( ) g, 10ml H2 SO4, mg ml - 1, ml 2ml 3mol L - 1 H Cl 1ml1mol L - 1 KSCN 25ml, 1 ( mg Fe 3 + ) 2 ( 0. 10mg Fe 3 + ) 3 ( 0. 20mg Fe 3 + ), 1. :, K + Al 3 + SO4 2 -, ;, K + [ F e( CN) 6 4 -, K + CN - Fe ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

262 256 ; 3. :,, ( ),,,,, (1 ),, ( Fe3 C Mn3 C Cr3 C2 WC )( ),,, (2 ),,,, ( FeS ) ( Fe2 P Fe3 P ), H2 SO4, H2 S P H3 As H3,,,, H2 SO4,? 1. :,

263 257 2.,? :,,, Fe 2 +,, Fe 2 + Fe H 2 O Fe(O H ) + + H + Fe( O H ) + + H2 O F e( O H ) 2 + H + 4Fe( O H) 2 + 2H 2 O + O2 4Fe(O H ) 3, Fe ? :,,,,,,,

264 258...,, :, ,,. ( ). :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , :, :, , 1990