学校编码 :10384 学号 : 分类号密级 UDC 硕士学位论文 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries 论词汇语

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1 学校编码 :10384 学号 : 分类号密级 UDC 硕士学位论文 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries 论词汇语义网络在英汉电子词典的体现李彩霞指导教师姓名 : 陈燕副教授专业名称 : 英语语言文学论文提交日期 : 2009 年 4 月论文答辩时间 : 2009 年 6 月学位授予日期 : 年月答辩委员会主席 : 评阅人 : 2009 年月

3 厦门大学学位论文原创性声明本人呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下, 独立完成的研究成果本人在论文写作中参考其他个人或集体已经发表的研究成果, 均在文中以适当方式明确标明, 并符合法律规范和厦门大学研究生学术活动规范 ( 试行 ) 另外, 该学位论文为 ( ) 课题 ( 组 ) 的研究成果, 获得 ( ) 课题 ( 组 ) 经费或实验室的资助, 在 ( ) 实验室完成 ( 请在以上括号内填写课题或课题组负责人或实验室名称, 未有此项声明内容的, 可以不作特别声明 ) 声明人 ( 签名 ): 2009 年月日

5 厦门大学学位论文著作权使用声明本人同意厦门大学根据中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法等规定保留和使用此学位论文, 并向主管部门或其指定机构送交学位论文 ( 包括纸质版和电子版 ), 允许学位论文进入厦门大学图书馆及其数据库被查阅借阅本人同意厦门大学将学位论文加入全国博士硕士学位论文共建单位数据库进行检索, 将学位论文的标题和摘要汇编出版, 采用影印缩印或者其它方式合理复制学位论文本学位论文属于 : ( )1. 经厦门大学保密委员会审查核定的保密学位论文, 于年月日解密, 解密后适用上述授权 ( )2. 不保密, 适用上述授权 ( 请在以上相应括号内打或填上相应内容保密学位论文应是已经厦门大学保密委员会审定过的学位论文, 未经厦门大学保密委员会审定的学位论文均为公开学位论文此声明栏不填写的, 默认为公开学位论文, 均适用上述授权 ) 声明人 ( 签名 ): 2009 年月日

7 Synopsis Synopsis Based on the related theories in mental lexicon and the cognitive principle that learning is a process of categorization, vocabulary acquisition is the association of new words with the already acquired ones. This association includes phonological, morphological and semantic relations between words. Furthermore, an individual s acquired vocabulary is not alphabetically arranged in the brain like that in a traditional dictionary, but is represented in a way similar to a network consisting of nodes and paths. To represent this organization of one s mental lexicon, the lexical semantic network is so far the most satisfactory model. In a lexical semantic network, words are represented as nodes, connected to one another by virtue of having phonological, morphological or various semantic relations, with the distance between the nodes determined by different degree of association between words. Vocabulary learning is not only a process of learning new words, but also a process of establishing the relationship between words. Therefore, applying a lexical semantic network in a learner s dictionary to reveal various relations between words will maximally benefit learners in their vocabulary acquisition. However, due to limited space and technology in printed dictionaries, it is quite difficult, if not impossible, to construct a well-organized lexical semantic network in them like that in the mental lexicon. Both alphabetically and conceptually arranged dictionaries nowadays only provide a fragmentary lexical semantic network. On the other hand, electronic dictionaries, having almost unlimited space and many technological advantages, can set a good example in applying the lexical semantic network to the dictionary. Actually, many English monolingual learner s dictionaries (CD-ROM version) have achieved fruitful results in this regard. But the English-Chinese electronic dictionaries produced in China s mainland still have much room for improvement in the representation of a complete and well-organized lexical semantic network. At the same time, some researches and studies (Shao Xiaoxia, 2007; Wu Mei, 2001) have explored the applications of semantic network in foreign language learning, but their studies are mainly concerned about constructing the word links within a i

8 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries schemata during the teaching of text materials, while neglecting the phonological, morphological and semantic relations among words. Besides, so far, few people have done researches in the representation of lexical semantic network in electronic dictionaries, especially in English-Chinese electronic dictionaries. Therefore, under the guidance of related theories of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and lexicography, this thesis first improves existing lexical semantic network, and clarifies its components and relations, which are in turn used as standards to analyze and evaluate the practices adopted in the Big Five (CALD, COBUILD, LDOCE, MEDAL and OALD) to construct lexical semantic networks. By referring to these practices, it then tentatively suggests some methods to represent a complete and well-regulated lexical semantic network in English-Chinese electronic dictionaries. Key Words: lexical semantic network; English-Chinese electronic dictionary; mental lexicon; sense relation; referential relation ii

9 摘要摘要根据学习即范畴化的认知规律和心理词库的相关研究成果, 词汇学习是新旧知识的联结, 这种联结包括词汇之间形似音似和语义关系的联结人们已习得的词汇, 是以类似网络的形式, 存储在大脑中, 而不是像词典中的词汇, 以字母顺序来排列其中词汇语义网络被认为是目前反映心理词库组织最理想的模型在词汇语义网络中, 词用接点来表示, 接点和接点之间通过词的形似音似和各种语义关系而相互连接接点之间的距离由词汇之间联结程度的强弱决定由于词汇的学习不仅仅是学习新词汇, 更是学习词汇之间的各种关系, 因此, 在学习词典中应用词汇语义网络提供词汇的各种关系将大大有利于学习者的词汇习得然而, 纸质词典由于空间和技术的限制, 很难提供完善的词汇语义网络, 无论是按照字母编排还是按照概念编排的词典在提供词汇语义网络方面都存在不足之处电子词典由于其自身的优势, 例如几乎没有空间限制, 多方式搜索, 可应用超链接多媒体等技术, 可以提供较为完善的词汇语义网络事实上, 英国五大学习词典 ( 光盘版 ) 在这方面已经有了卓有成效的尝试而国内研制的英汉电子词典则在提供词汇语义网络方面远远不足与此相关, 一些研究已经提出在阅读和词汇教学中应用语义网络的成果, 但这些研究主要是探索如何在课本教学中根据图式理论构建词汇的宏观网络, 很少涉及词汇之间由于形似音似和各种语义关系构成的词汇语义网络研究在英汉双语词典中应用词汇语义网络及其具体编纂方法的更是少有提及因此, 本文在语言学心理语言学词典学和计算机技术等学科的相关理论共同指导下, 改进当前的词汇语义网络的语音形态和各种语义关系, 据此分析和借鉴英国五大学习词典 ( 光盘版 ) 提供词汇语义网络的方式, 探讨如何在英汉电子词典中体现较为完善的词汇语义网络, 并提出具体的编纂建议和实例关键词 : 词汇语义网络 ; 英汉电子词典 ; 心理词库 ; 意义关系 ; 所指关系 iii

10 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries Contents Synopsis...i List of Figures......ix List of Tables... xi List of Abbreviations... xi Chapter 1 Introduction Research Background and Goals The Significance and Status Quo of the Study Need for the study The status quo of English dictionaries Printed English dictionaries English electronic dictionaries Framework of the Thesis...5 Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of the Study of Lexical Semantic Network Semantic Field Theory Mental Lexicon The concept of mental lexicon The organization of mental lexicon Hierarchical model Spreading activation model The Organization of L2 Mental Lexicon Representational models The difference between the organization of L1 and L2 mental lexicon Summary of mental lexicon models...20 iv

11 Contents Chapter 3 An Improved Lexical Semantic Network: Components and Implications The Deficiencies of Current Semantic Network Models The Components and Relations in an Improved Lexical Semantic Network External network Internal network The Implications of Lexical Semantic Network for Lexicography and Foreign Language Learning...26 Chapter 4 Methods of Constructing Lexical Semantic Network in Monolingual English Learner s dictionaries (CD-ROM version) The Electronic Dictionary and Its Advantages Large content and multifunction Speedy retrieval of lexical information Varied access and search methods Flexibility Methods of Constructing the Lexical Network in the Big Five Providing homophones in pronunciation search and study pages Providing compounds in index Methods of Constructing the Semantic Network in the Big Five Pictorial illustrations Thesaurus Wordfinder and Activator Study pages Metaphor The Internal Network in the Big Five Sense division Sense arrangement The Combination of the External Network with the Internal Network Summary...52 v

12 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries Chapter 5 The Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries Fragmentary Lexical Semantic Network in Current English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries Fragmentary external network Insufficient internal network Tentative Suggestions on Representing the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries The representation of the external network The representation of phonological relation The representation of morphological relations The representation of hyponymy and meronymy relations The representation of activation relations Tentative principles for the arrangement of category members According to the sequence of prototype relation According to the sequence of the hierarchy of words The representation of the internal network The combination of the external network with the internal network The Modularization of Lexical Semantic Network Summary...77 Chapter 6 Conclusion Major Findings Implications Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies...81 Bibliography...83 Acknowledgements...88 vi

13 目录目录摘要 i List of Figures...ix List of Tables....xi List of Abbreviations.....xi 第一章引言研究背景与目标研究意义与现状本研究的必要性英语词典的现状纸质版英语词典英语电子词典论文框架...5 第二章词汇语义网络研究的理论基础语义场心理词库心理词库的概念心理词库的组织形式分级网络模型扩散的激活模型二语心理词库的组织形式表征模型源语和二语心理词库组织形式的差别心理词库模型小结...20 vii

14 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries 第三章一个改进的词汇语义网络组成和意义现有的词汇语义网络模型的不足改进的词汇语义网络 : 组成成分和关系外部网络内部网络词汇语义网络对词典编纂和外语学习的意义.26 第四章英语单语学习词典 ( 光盘版 ) 提供词汇语义网络的方式电子词典及其优势容量大功能广词汇信息的迅速获得多种检索途径适应性强五大学习词典构建词汇网络的方式在语音检索和研习专页中提供同音关系在索引中提供复合词五大学习词典构建语义网络的方式图解概念词库联想活用专栏研习专页比喻专栏五大学习词典的内部网络义项划分义项排列外部网络和内部网络的联结小结. 52 第五章词汇语义网络在英汉电子词典的体现...53 viii

15 目录 5.1 现有英汉电子词典中词汇语义网络的不足外部网络不足内部网络不足英汉电子词典中词汇语义网络的体现外部网络的体现同音关系的体现形态关系的体现上下义和整体部分关系的体现联想关系的体现同一范畴成员的排列原则根据原型关系的顺序根据词汇的等级关系顺序内部网络的体现外部网络和内部网络的联结词汇语义网络的模块化小结...77 第六章结论主要研究成果本研究的意义本研究的局限性与未来研究方向. 81 参考书目...83 致谢 ix

16 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries List of Figures Figure 2.1 A hierarchical network model Figure 2.2 A spreading activation model Figure 2.3 A part of the lexical network Figure 2.4 Three types of bilingual representation Figure 2.5 Concept mediation model Figure 2.6 Word association model Figure 2.7 The revised hierarchical model Figure 2.8 The shared distributed asymmetrical model Figure 3.1 Components and relations in the lexical semantic network Figure 3.2 A radial network between the senses of the word block Figure 3.3 Processes of sense extensions of the word block Figure 4.1 Pictorial illustration of the different parts of flower in OALD Figure 4.2 Pictorial illustration of the different kinds of vehicles used for construction in OALD Figure 4.3 Illustration of diamond 1 in MEDAL Figure 4.4 Pictorial illustration of diamond in CALD Figure 4.5 Thesaurus of diamond 1 in CALD Figure 4.6 Thesaurus of student 1 in MEDAL Figure 4.7 The Wordfinder of bird in OALD Figure 4.8 Metaphor of the concept WANT in MEDAL Figure 4.9 Metaphor of the concept HAPPY in MEDAL Figure 4.10 A radial network of the senses of the word machine Figure 5.1 Illustrational interface of Kingsoft Electronic Dictionary Figure 5.2 Illustrational interface of Kingsoft Electronic Dictionary Figure 5.3 Illustrational interface of the Lingoes Translator Figure 5.4 Illustrational interface of the Youdao Desktop Dictionary Figure 5.5 Components of external network Figure 5.6 The practice of pronunciation search Figure 5.7 Illustration of morphological relation x

17 Degree papers are in the Xiamen University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Database. Full texts are available in the following ways: 1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on and submit requests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library. 2. For users of non-calis member libraries, please mail to etd@xmu.edu.cn for delivery details.

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学校编码 :10384 学号 : 分类号 密级 UDC 硕士学位论文 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries 论词汇语

学校编码 :10384 学号 : 分类号密级 UDC 硕士学位论文 On the Representation of the Lexical Semantic Network in English-Chinese Electronic Dictionaries 论词汇语