770!! q Dual Hiding in QR Code Applications of Image Processing Wei-Jen Wang Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cent

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1 µ QR code ðñ æ 769 ² QR code íî ã h w u o r u o o h r o ë q f k íî Àf» ñ kàf» o ~x² m ²d ú ² o ë À x QR code z k ÀÎ x QR code t ii 0 1 Åu À iz» vector quantization, VQ ë À } È ÀÎ f» o f»ã ~x² t Àf» i» k À û i m ² Þ ~x² i À k Àk sâmik 256 À Æ Þ ~x² k i k íî À k ÀŽ Ò À~x² ñmšs VQ f» QR code i k À QR code z qf ˆÂ wè sjwang@mail.cpu.edu.tw 2011/06/ /11/11 òë 2012/05/15

2 770!! q Dual Hiding in QR Code Applications of Image Processing Wei-Jen Wang Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University Cheng-Ta Huang Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University Hsiang-Wei Huang Department of information Management, Central Police University Shiuh-Jeng Wang Department of information Management, Central Police University Abstract In this paper, we proposed a scheme of double type data hiding, where the security, imperceptible, and high embedding capacity are achieved. In our scheme, the secret data are firstly processed into QR code with encrypted. Then, the QR code of the secret data is embedded into the cover image in VQ technique. Compared to the basic data hiding scheme, there are two merits gained in our scheme, imperceptibility and encryption using the secret key of QR attribution. Overall, our scheme can embed more secret and increase the security whenever an intruder would like to illegally steal the secret behind the images. Keywords: Information hiding, QR code, bar code, vector quantization Corresponding author. sjwang@mail.cpu.edu.tw 2011/06/13 received; 2011/11/11 revised; 2012/05/15 accepted

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10 778!! q (b) secret key mt }déf ³ m 256 ñ Data secret key QR code Ë s ñ ë secret key À QR code QR code só ñ QR code Þ ý ïxx QR code t is 0 1 Åu ñšsxê³ kàf» ý»} Index table I, codebook C, QR code S. k QR code À step 1. y Þ Šs VQ step 2. Šs z s Þ 8 step 3. é w codeword Æ ð T Š s VQ s codeword é ³ codeword â Æ ð step4 step 4. mi QR code log2 bits ð À codeword j é QR code Þ Þ 2 Ë eðþ 2 À codeword j step 5. } r step 2 é codeword k Øië (a) k QR code(b)šs QR code k Data (a) Â oì k Þ Œn l QR code step À yþ w step 2. Šs z s Þ 8 step 3. é w codeword codeword Æ ð T Ë š QR code bit w é ³ codeword â Æ ð

11 µ QR code ðñ æ 779 (b) step 4. step 5. step4 À codeword g ãzà codeword Šs eð s QR code bit À ³ k QR code Ë step 2. QR code Ó Šs QR code ë ô À secret key } 8 é³ secret key r Ëm QR code ú Š ú 8 ˆ À ñ s Quick Mark ³ À d À Þ úþ 1024 ñ}ik Æ Þ iccl À QR code 9a iãz ú rk À QR code 9b ñ s h Þ 10 h âþ Þ d 1024 Þ 8 Æ ð T Þ 2500 q ˆ QR code À w} ³ sà} fþ UTF-8 Þ òrú Þ M

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13 µ QR code ðñ æ 781 PSNR log 10 = (1) MSE ñ QR code Å 3 mi ñmi À QR code i Í iëô{ø ñ Æ ð Í È À codeword jôqà codeword Àû d no ñšs z Àf ³ À codeword k ÅôqÀ codeword f m À ³ Image k À QR Å 2 QR code e É } e pixel * * * * *121 Å 3 z À Í m QR code ñ PSNR m QR code ñ PSNR m QR code ñ PSNR Lena Baboon Sailboat Peppers Airplane Boat Þ z À h 11(a)Þ VQ ô h Þ (b)Þ QR code À h Þ (c)Þ

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15 µ QR code ðñ æ 783 { QR code mi j f»ã { s m zà { zà f» í k Â ÀŽ Ò z À~x²d ² j ã À~x²d ²Ø j è This research was partially supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China under the Grant NSC I , NSC E MY3-, NSC E MY2, NSC E , the Software Research Center, National Central -University, and ž z ~ ë. ƒf Chang, C.C., Pai, P.Y., Yeh, C.M. and Chan, Y.K. (2010), A high payload frequencybased reversible image hiding method, Information Sciences, Vol. 180, No. 11, pp Hsieh, C.H. and Tsai, J.C. (1999), Lossless compression of VQ index with search-order coding, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp Lin, C.C., Chen, S.C. and Hsueh, N.L. (2009), Adaptive embedding techniques for VQ-compressed images, Information Sciences, Vol. 179, No. 1-2, pp Linde, Y., Buzo, A. and Gray, R. (1980), An algorithm for vector quantizer design, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp Goodchild, M.F. (2009), Geographic information systems and science: today and tomorrow, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp SimpleAct Inc. (2011), Quickmark, available at (accessed 27 May 2011). Tsai, P. (2009), Histogram-based reversible data hiding for vector quantisationcompressed images, IET Image Processing, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp Wang, W.J., Huang, C.T. and Wang, S.J. (2010), Side-match prediction scheme in data hiding, In Fourth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (ICGEC 2010), Shenzhen, China, December 13-15, pp Wikipedia (2011a), Bar Code, available at Code (accessed 27 May 2011). Wikipedia (2011b), QR code, available at (accessed 27 May 2011).

16 784!! q Yang, C.H., Wang, W.J., Huang, C.T. and Wang, S.J. (2011), Reversible steganography based on side match and hit pattern for VQ-compressed images, Information Sciences, Vol. 181, No. 11, pp Yang, C.H., Weng, C.Y., Wang, S.J. and Sun, H.M. (2010) Varied PVD + LSB evading detection programs to spatial domain in data embedding systems, Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 83, No. 10, pp

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