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21 CONTENTS AStudyoftheDevelopmentofRegionalCurrency MarketsinLateQingChina:TheCaseofGuolu YininYingkou WangFangYan HongzhongandGaoYu (97) lengeintheform ofharassmentfrom Japanesepirates.Oneimportantdecisionit madeinre- sponsewastoestablishdiplomaticrelationswiththeryukyukingdom.thusthediaoyuislands acquiredthreedefinitions:theywereislandsnavigation markersandboundaryindicators.the establishmentinthe50softhediaoyuislands terminologicalshiftfromnavigationmarkersto territorialindicatorsmarksthedefinitionofchina sterritorialwatersseapowerandefective jurisdiction.thehistoryofthediaoyuislandsdemonstratestheprocessbywhichchinafroma traditionalsocietytotheconstructionofamoderncountry. Guolu yinorfurnacesilver( )wasadistinctiveregionalcurrencythatdevelopedinthe YingkouareainthelateQingperiod.ItwasoneofthemainformsthroughwhichChina smo- netarysystem wastransformedfromasilverweight-basedcurrencytoonebasedonaccounting andcredit.thesystememergedaroundthe860s-870sandremainedinregularuseasastable currencyfromthe880stothe900s.thereafterundertheimpactofforeignincursionsand governmentalinterventionsitsuferedrepeatedcrisesandinstitutionaladjustments.theguolu yin wasestablishedandmanagedbythegongyihui( Council)alocalmerchantorganiza- tioninyingkou.itimprovedontheexchangemechanism modelsuppliedbytheshanxipiaohao ( draftbank).operatinginthecurrency marketbyprovidinglargetradepaymentsplus short-termloansandbankdraftsandcushioningtransactionriskstheguolu yinservedasame- diumofexchangeandacreditinstrumentfortradeinyingkouandtheareacoveredbyitsmar- ket.theoperatingmechanismoftheguolu yinreflectsthemainelementsandthebasiccharac- teristicsofthelateqingcurrencymarket. LocalGovernmentBondsundertheNationalistGovernmentasSeenThroughtheFiscalRelationship betweenthecentralandlocalgovernments PanGuoqi () Keepingin mindtheover-issueoflocalgovernmentbondscausedbythedysfunctionalna- tionalandlocalfiscalsystemsunderthebeiyanggovernmentoncethenationalistgovernment tookpowerin Nanjingitconcentratedonthedivisionofrevenueandexpenditurestandardsfor thecentralandthelocalgovernments.thisresultedinagradualimprovementinthesystem of localgovernmentbonds.between97and9totalgovernmentbondsissuedbyalprovinces amountedtoaround808.7 milionyuan.someofthiswasinvestedineconomicdevelopment andpublicundertakingsbutmostwenttoshoringuplocalgovernmentdeficits.howeversince boththecenterandlocalgovernmentswereconfrontedbyconstantwarfareandlimitedsourcesof revenuebothlevelsofgovernmentfacedmountingdeficits.theapparentsuccessofthesystem fordivisionofrevenueandexpenditurewasbeliedbyitsfailuretobefulyimplemented.theac- tualdivisionoffiscalpowerdependedentirelyontherelativestrengthofthecentralandlocalgov- ernments.thiskindofgamingcanbeclearlyseenintheissuanceoflocalgovernmentbondsand 90

22 HISTORICALRESEARCH NO.06 thecenter smanagementandreceptionofthesebonds.thethird NationalFinancialConfer- enceresolvedtodoaway with provinciallevelfinanceandlocalgovernments righttoissue bonds.thismarkedtheestablishmentofahighlycentralizedfinancialsystem andatemporary halttothestrugglebetweencentralandlocalgovernments. Lugalzagesi ssexagesimaldatingmethodandthechronologyofsouthern MesopotamiaintheLate EarlyDynasticPeriod WangXianhua () Recentlyfoundearlycuneiformtextshavemadepossibletherethinkingofthehistoryofthe Mesopotamia searlydynasticperiodincludingresearchonlugalzagesi sreignoverumma. Thedatedmu-ititextsweretraditionalyviewedashavingbeenunearthedfromtheUmmaregion afterlugalzagesi sreignandthemonth/yeardating methodwasseenasaborrowingbylu- galzagesifromthelagashdating method.howevernewevidenceshowsthatthe month/year datingmethodwastraditionalinummaintheearlydynasticperiodsotheoriginofthedating methodinlugalzagesi stimeshouldbetracedbacktourukratherthanlagash.thisapproach indicatesthatthe king intheextantummamu-itilandrecordsfor Year7ofLugal-za -ge-si ensi shouldbeen aku anainsteadoflugalzagesi.previousresearchonextantmaterialonlu- galzagesiandthetimingoftherelationshipbetweenhimandurukaginathusneedstobereconsid- eredwhichmeansthattherelativechronologyofthekingsofsouthern MesopotamiaintheEar- lydynasticperiodwilneedtobereordered. Theoriesand Methods AFewPointson MyPhilosophyofHistory J rnrüsen (9) Asadisciplinehistoriographyinsistsonempiricism;thatistosayitisonlythroughcer- tainresearchmethodsthatwecanproduceknowledgeandthencenegateaphilosophyofhistory. Ontheotherhandprofessionalhistoriographyisalwayspremisedonexistingunderstandingal- waystreating history asasubjectareaandtakinghistoricalthinkingasaformofdedicationto knowledge.howeverthecognitivepaternofthesepreconditionsandtheassociatedmethodolo- gycannotbefulydeducedfromlogicalreasons.onthispointthedisciplineofhistoriography needstoreflectonitsfoundationareflectionthatnecessarilybringsitclosertophilosophy. Therearefundamentalculturaldiferencesinthewaysthatpeopleunderstandthepresentantici- patethefutureandstudythepastsohistorians workliesindealingwiththetensionbetweeni- dentificationanddiferenceoftheother.thereforethematerialdimensiontheformaldimen- sionandthefunctionalistdimensionconstitutedbyhistoricalthinkingarethepreconditionsfor ourconductofhistoricalresearchtoday. Historical Notes IfJizhuisheng( )isnotcaie ( )Then WhoisHe ZengYeying (66) Liberty or Privilege :Studyonthe Libertas inthemagna Carta LinZhiqiang (78 ) 9

56 ; ; ; 70% % % ( ) ~ 3 7~ (1722) ( 1) 1 21 (10 ) 4 (1582~1586) 3 ( )

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( ) 瑏瑠 瑏瑡 瑏瑠 瑏瑡 : : 95 ; 95 : : 9 : : 98 : : 98 : (9 96 ) 99 : 007 : 005 : : 009 ; : : 0 : 0 ; 0 ( ) ( 998

( ) 瑏瑠瑏瑡瑏瑠瑏瑡 : : 95 ; 95 : : 9 : : 98 : : 98 : (9 96 ) 99 : 007 : 005 : : 009 ; : : 0 : 0 ; 0 ( ) ( 998