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1 櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳櫳 :9 7 : ( ) 0 90 (0JDJNJD89) (SJ070) : 99 ; : 997 ; : 00 ; : 00 : : 00 ;HansJ.vandeVenFrom Friendto Comrade:The FoundingoftheChineseCommunistParty90-97 Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress99; AlexanderPantsovThe Bolsheviksandthe Chinese Revolution99-97Honolulu:Universityof HawaiPress000;Wen-hsinYehProvincialPasages:CultureSpaceandthe Originsof Chinese Communism Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress99

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5 : 7 8 : ( ) : 瑏瑠瑏瑠 9 : : : : : : ( ): : MaryLouiseNindeGamewelThe Gatewayto China:Picturesof Shanghai (9)Taibei:Cheng Wen PublishingCo.97pp : : ( ) : 9

6 (Karl Mannheim) : % ; 9 9 : ( ) : Karl MannheimLouis WirthBryanS.TurnerIdeology and Utopia:AnIntroductiontothe Sociologyof KnowledgeLondon:Routledge99p.7. : : : ( ) : 997 Christopher A.ReedGutenbergin Shanghai:Chinese Print Capitalism87-97 Vancouver: UniversityofBritishColumbiaPress00p.7. (printcapitalism) (BenedictAnderson) (ChristopherA.Reed) ( ) ( ChristopherA.ReedGutenbergin Shanghai:Chinese Print Capitalism87-97) : 9 LaJeunesse

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9 0 ( 00 ) 90 ; ( ) 99 ( ) 8 ( ) ( ) 90 ( ) Dispatchno.datedth February9from the Britishconsulate-generalatShanghaitothe British Legationin PekingforwardingtheShanghaiInteligence Reportforthethree monthsendingst December90 FO8/9. Dosier0CShanghaiInteligence Bureau Minutesof MeetingOctober90 FO8/ : : 9 8 ; (9 9 ) : : 979 ; ( ) : : (HansJ.vandeVen) ( HansJ.vandeVenFrom Friendto Comrade:The FoundingoftheChineseCommunistParty90-97p.9) : : 00 0 : :

10 90 ( ) ( ) 90 : ( ) ( ) 90 : : 90 ( 9 ) ( ) : 7 7 ( ) ) (90 ) : ( ) (90 9) M.Persits A New ColectionofDocumentsonSovietPolicyintheFar Eastin90-9"Far Eastern Affairs997no.. (90 ) : ( ) (90 9) 8 ( ) ( ) : ( ) (90 9) : : : 99 ; : 997 ; : 00 ; : ; : 00 9

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16 HISTORICALRESEARCH NO.0 ( )incentralasiaandawel-knownbirdalandui ( )inthetangdynasty.the pronunciationandmeaningofalanmiisakintothesanskritwordārāmaoraranyawhilethe alanduiorskylarkisrelatedtoanindianbirdcaledthekalandaka.futie( )isasinicized nameforthebuddha:fu( )meansbuddhaandtie ()isaphonetictranscriptionmeaningthe Buddha'senlightenment.Thereconstructedpronunciationsystem ofmiddleantiquitydoesnot ruleoutthepossibilitythatfutieisbodhi ( ).Thesenameswerebothimportantsymbolsof thediversityofsogdiancultureandclassicexamplesoftheindirectspreadofbuddhistculture. RegionalManagement:GentrySocietyintheJiningAreaduringtheTransitionfromtheMingtothe QingDynasty SunJinghao(9) AlthoughtheoficialstatusoftraditionalChinesegentrywasusualyconferredbythestate theprofoundchangesinthesocialenvironmentduringthemingandtheqingerascontributedto thedevelopmentofanon-statedefinedcharacter.fromthemiddleofthemingdynastyavariety ofresourcesfrom thenew socialandeconomicenvironmenthadnurturedthelocaly-oriented gentryclassinjining.ineverydaylifeliketheirpeersinthesouthernpartofthelowerreaches ofthechangjiangriverjininggentryinthelatemingmadefuluseoftheiradvantagesinterms ofcultureeducationmoralityandwealthtoshapeauniquelocalculturallandscapehumanist atmosphereandlocalidentityestablishingaculturalandpoliticalhegemonythatdominatedlocal socialrelations.thishegemonyhadacomplexrelationshipofbothconflictandcooperationwith statepower.thedrasticchangesandturbulentsocialenvironmentduringthetransitionfromthe Mingtothe Qing provided astageforthe gentryto maximizetheir multipleroles.their vicissitudesanddilemmasreflecttheirhistoricalnatureplacedastheywerebetweentheimperial politicalsystemandthestructureofsociety. JapaneseCemeteriesinChina(87-9) CaoDachen() ManyJapaneselivedinChinaintheearly modernperiod.afterdeaththey wereusualy buriedwheretheyhadlivedaccordingtocustom.duringthesino-japanese Warof89-89 therusso-japanese Warandespecialyafter9hundredsofthousandsofJapanese were kiledin batlein China.Inordertocolecttheirremainsandofersacrificetotheir holy martyrs"thejapanesebuiltmanypagodasmemorialtabletsandshrinestotheir heroicspirits" intheoccupiedterritories.afterthesecond World WarJapanlauncheda movementforthe releaseofwarcriminalsandcolectionoftheremainsofthefalenfrom overseas.theythen honoredtheremains offourteen Class A warcriminalsin YasukuniShrine.Such acts of afirmationandglorificationoftheirwarsofaggressionsparkedstrongprotestsfromthechinese governmentandpeople. TheFoundationoftheCommunistPartyofChinaand ModernSocietyinShanghai SuZhiliang Jiang Wenjun(0) InJuly9the FirstCongressofthe CommunistPartyofChina (CPC )washeldin Shanghai.AsanindustrializedandinternationalmodernmetropolisShanghaiprovidedthemost suitablegeographicalenvironmentfortheestablishmentofthecpc.thegrowthofthechinese workingclassinwhichshanghaiworkersformedthemainbodyandtheirclassconsciousness laidaclassfoundationfortheparty sestablishmentandshanghai shighlydeveloped media networkfacilitatedtheearlydisseminationofmarxism.withtheburgeoningofthenew Culture 9

17 CONTENTS MovementShanghaibecameagatheringpointandcenterofactivityforprogressiveintelectuals. TheeditorialstafoftheNew YouthjournalandtheMarxistStudiesAssociationbothofwhich hadchen Duxiuasacoreelementprovidedthebasic membershipforthe CPC sshanghai launchinggroup.thisgroupinfactplayedtheroleof Temporary CentralCommitee"in seting up the Party. The establishment ofthe CPC in Shanghai was the result ofthe modernizationofthecity.thecpc sestablishmentanditsearlyactivitiesinshanghaiconstitute agloriouschapterofshanghai'searlymodernhistory. Historiansand Historiography ABriefAnalysisofLiuDanian sresearchonthemodernhistoryofchina Zhang Haipeng ZhaoQingyun() LiuDanianmadepioneeringcontributionstothestudyofthehistoryoftheUnitedStates aggressionagainstchinathehistoryoftaiwanthehistoryoftheanti-japanese Warandother fields.hissystem ofinterpretationofchina s modernhistorytakesanti-imperialistandanti- feudalactivitiesasitsmainthreadwithoutignoringtheeconomicchangesespecialythehistory ofcapitalistdevelopmentfromthenineteenthcenturyon.volumeivofthedraft Historyof ChinaandtheDraft Historyof Modern Chinaforbothofwhich Mr.Liu waschiefeditor take revolution" astheir basic note butendeavorto overcome biasproviding a valuable explorationofasystem for writing a generalhistory of modern China. He advocated and supported the theoretical study of Western historiographyclosely folowed cuting-edge advancesinresearchonmodernhistoryandpromotedapracticalandrealisticstyleofstudy.asa pioneerofmodernchinesehistorymr.liualwaystriedtotakechinaasthemainobjectofhis studyand narrativerefusingtoslavishlyfolow Westernideas. Hisresearch methodsand orientationshouldbeinheritedandcarriedforward. Academic Review TheOriginandSpreadoftheWorshipofApolo LiYongbin GuoXiaoling() Apoloisconsideredas themostgreekofthegods."howeverhedidnotactualystartout asa Greek god.an examination ofancient Greek recordscombined withthefindings of etymologyandarcheologyleadstotheconclusionthatapolowasagreekgodformedfromthe merging of multiculturalelements. The culturalexchanges and integration underlying the formationoftheworshipofapoloreflectgreekcivilization sabsorptionofitsneighbors.onthe onehandexaminingtheoriginandspreadoftheworshipofapoloconstitutesa micro-study withinthematrixofresearchonculturalexchange;ontheotheritprovidesspecifichistorical evidenceforresearchonthehistoryofexchangesbetweencivilizations. Historical Notes HenryFarquharsonandtheDevelopmentofModernScienceinRussia Wu He LangYuan(8 9

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