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1 10.11 Nanomaterials

2 (1-100nm) 10~ nm

3 Fullerene --- (Nanoparticles)--- (Quantum Dots) (Nanostructures) t t ) (Colloidal gold) (Silver, Iron, Platinum nanoparticles)

4 Fullerene Buckyball (C 60 ) 70(C 70 )

5 Nature 318, 162 (1985) Kroto, Curl, Smalley 1996 Buckminster Ball FIFA , Fullerene Richard Buckminster Fuller ( ) Bucky Albert Expo 1967 (Montreal)

6 Carbon Nanotube, SP 2 - σ S.Iijima, Nature, 354, 56 (1991)

7 100 1/6 1/7 / >

8 4000 C60 C60

9 Centrifuge ( ) tube with a solution of carbon nanotubes, which were sorted by diameter using density-gradient ultracentrifugation

10 800~1200

11 ( ): : + ; : (1999) ;

12 Potential applications space elevators ( ) electrical circuits ( ) paper batteries ( ) Solar cells ( ) Ultracapacitors ( )

13 (Quantum ( Dots) 2-10 nm, nm 2.5nm 3nm 4nm 5.5 nm CdSe

14 +

15 E. Schrödinger 1932, Nobel Prize

16 1D Particle in a box

17 Colloidal synthesis ( ) Self-assembling ( ) MBE( ), MOVPE ( )

18 quantum computation Biology, imaging photovoltaic cells light-emitting diodes, QD-WLED

19 Colloidal gold <100nm ( ) (staining glass) the Lycurgus Cup( 4 ) stained glass, 13, Reims Cathedral

20 1. 2. Faraday Faraday? R. A. Zsigmondy 5. Sevdberg 6. Mie Michael Faraday Zsigmondy, 1925 Ultramicroscope cranberry yglass

21 H[AuCl4] +, + Alzheimer SERS ( Raman ) for SEM)

22 Colloid = + + =?? a) b) PH PH

23 Colloidal crystals 3D 2D 3D Opal,

24 1 100nm

25 % % / / 1. ( ) 2.

26 2 20

27 3 4

28 10.2

29 Information materials?

30 1.

31 Photoresister ( ) Camera Light meter streetlight photoelectric control

32 Photoresister ( ) (, 1K ) (, 1 )

33 : CdS ( ), PbS,InSb ( ), Ge:Cu ( ) ms~s

34 Photodiode ( ) CD-ROM Drive (compact disc read-only memory ) photodiodes Photodetector

35 PN junction PN Photoconductive mode P N = (100 nm) 2.

36 Photovoltaic mode = 0 Ma Jie:

37 Si

38 photodiode Remote controls infrared LED Smoke detector ( )

39 Charge-coupled device (CCD) CCD (2.1M pixel 210 ) fax machine ( ) CCD

40 1 CCD CCD 2 Charge amplifier 1. pixel 2. CCD 3. ADC pixel 3 Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 4 ADC

41 CCD (Bayer filter) R= G= B= (1, 240) CCD

42 CCD sensor 1969 Bell Lab W. Boyle G. E. Smith CCD 2006 IEEE Charles Stark Draper 2009 Willard S. Boyle (1924-) George E. Smith (1930-)

43 CMOS CCD CMOS sensor Camera Phone ( ), Sharp, 2000 Webcam ( ) Digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR, )

44 (TLR) (DLR) ( ) 1. Rangefinder camera 2.

45 CMOS APS sensor active-pixel sensor (APS) Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS)

46 CMOS sensor pixel CCD sensor ADC pixel CMOS sensor ADC 1. CCD 2. CMOS ADC 1. CCD 2. CMOS

47 piezoelectric materials ( ) cm 3 2 Piezo ignitor ( ) 1.25

48 ( ): PZT

49 Metal disk with piezoelectric disk attached, used in a buzzer ( )

50 Transducer ( ) Hydrophone ( )

51 37.5 khz

52 A 103 9

53 Quartz clock ( ) 3-4 mm, 0.3 mm 2 15 = 32,768 Hz. Tuning Fork

54 STM, AFM

55 2.

56 Optical Fiber ( ) >10 <10 n=1.48 n=1.46 (4.5 ) )

57 Charles Kuen Kao ( ) 2009 for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication

58 3. (Hard Disk Drive)

59 Optical l disc

60 Ferroelectric (RAM) Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) lead zirconate titanate (PZT)

61 Computer Memory Computer Memory 64MB DDR-266

62 4.

63 10.3

65 21

66 (solar cell) (solar cell) (Photovoltaic cell)

67 1849 photovoltaic ( - ) 1839 A.E.Becquerel % Charles Fritts 1905 Einstein Nobel Russell Ohl 1954 Chapin p-n

68 (conversion efficiency) E =1.1 1eV E g ev : ev (ev) η E EAE ( ) g g = 0 E I ( E ) de I( E) de Si Eg=1.1 ev A(E)=1 η=44%

69 PN nm P N % 15% 85%

71 Rechargeable battery (NiCd) NiOH Cd (NiMH) NiOH LiFePO 4 Li

72 2 10t 3 10J

73 (Fuel Cell) 70% ( )

74 (wind power) % :

75 (Geothermal Energy)

76 MJ/Kg, 3 : + -

77 C

78 Carbohydrates ( ), Synthesized hydrocarbons, Ammonia, Amine borane complexes, Formic acid, Imidazolium ionic liquids, Phosphonium borate, Carbonite substances

79 10.4

80 (biomedical materials) biomedical material

82 Contact lens ( ) (OK )

83 Prosthesis ( ) Oscar Pistorius O. Pistorius, 100 m: s

84 (artificial pacemaker) In 1958, Arne Larsson ( ) became the first to receive an implantable pacemaker.

85 Vascular Stent ( )

86 Science i

87 : bioinert bioactive bioactive biodegradable

91 (IEEE) (Russ Prize) (Gordon Prize) (Charles (Charles Stark Draper Prize) ( Nobel Prizes of (1933-) Engineering ) (1919-)

92 prosthesis MRI EEG

93 10.5 (Smart materials)

94 Smart materials (external stimuli) (stress) (temperature) (moisture) (ph) (electric field) (magnetic field) (in a controlled fashion)

95 (Piezoelectric materials ) 1. Piezo ignitor ( ) 2. ( ): buzzer ( ) PZT

96 Dielectric elastomers ( ) 1. (striction capability) (10-30% vs %). 0.3%). 2. PMMA-based electrostrictive polymers 3. low stiffness high dielectric constant, high electrical breakdown strength 4. actuators actuators

97 (Magnetostrictive materials) λ = / (10-6 =ppm, parts per million) ( ) ( ) S N S N S N S N N S S N

98 Ferrofluid ( ) :

99 Magnetorheological fluid ( - - ) rheology:, (flow) (deformation) 1. Ferrofulid 2. 3.

100 (Shape memory alloys) :

101 Two-way way shape memory

102 (pseudoelasticity) Dental braces ( ) 1

103 Martensite bcc austenite FCC, C ( C ( )

104 Cu-Zn-Al-Ni, Cu-Al-Ni, Ni-Ti Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd Cu-Al-Ni 14/14.5 wt.% Al and 3/4.5 wt.% Ni Cu-Sn approx. 15 at.% Sn Cu-Zn 38.5/ /415wt.% t%zn Cu-Zn-X (X = Si, Al, Sn) Fe-Pt approx. 25 at.% Pt Mn-Cu 5/35 at.% Cu Fe-Mn-Si Pt alloys Co-Ni-Al Co-Ni-Ga Ni-Fe-Ga Ti-Pd in various concentrations Ni-Ti (~55% Ni) Ni-Ti-Nb

105 Science i

106 Chromogenic systems change colour in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes Electrochromic ( ) Thermochromic ( ) Photochromic ( ) Liquid crystal displays (LCD, ) 40 Light sensitive sunglasses ( ).

107 Magnetic shape memory alloys ( ) change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field. ph-sensitive polymers (ph ) swell/collapse when the ph of the surrounding media changes. Halochromic materials ( ) change their colour as a result of changing acidity. Photomechanical materials: change shape under exposure to light.

108 Temperature-responsive polymer 1. undergoes a physical change when external thermal stimuli are presented. 2. analytical techniques, especially for separation chemistry ( ). 3. poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) or poly-nipaam 4. stationary phases, extraction compounds, surface modifiers, drug delivery ( ), and gene delivery. Self-healing ( ) materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime

109 10.6

110

111 (Piezoelectric materials ) 1. Piezo ignitor ( ) 2. ( ): buzzer ( ) PZT

112 Photoresister ( ) CD-ROM ( ) Photodiode ( ) Photoconductive mode Photovoltaic mode

113 Light-emitting diode (,LED) GaAs( ), AlGaAs( ), GaAsP( ), InGaN/GaN( ), Laser pointer AlGaInP( ), ZnSe( ), InGaN( ) PN < 1 mm 2

114 1. (themoelectric) , CPU B A Seebeck Peltier

115 (magneto-optic) 3X3. optic) 3X3. E E Faraday : Voigt k E Magneto-optic Kerr, NdFeB

116 1. n Acousto-optics effect 2. fused silica, arsenic trisulfide, tellurium dioxide and tellurite glasses, lead silicate, Ge 55As 12S 33,, mercury(i) chloride, lead(ii) bromide 2π/λ m2π/λ

117 rheology:, (flow) (deformation) 1. Magnetorheological fluid ( ) 2. Electrorheological fluid ( ) 2. 3.

118 10.7

119 90, Ecomatarial, Environmentally Conscious Material Ecological Material,

120 :

121 (Rich Mineral Paper, RMP)

122 3. ( ) ,

123 10.8

124 (Soft matter) 1. (condensed d matter physics) 2. (colloid) (foam) (granular materials) 3. (0.026 ( ev) (deform) 4. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

125 1. 2.

126 b a c c

127 b

128 1. 2., 1/200 1/200 3.

129

130 /200

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03243AA_CH05.indd CHAPTER 5 週資訊科技概論電腦的週邊設備邊設備泛指主機以外的相關硬體設備, 這些設備依其用途, 可區分為輔助儲存設備 ( 輔助記憶體 ) 輸入設備及輸出設備等 3 大類 ( 圖 5-1) 筆記型電腦則為了攜帶方便, 會將常用的週邊設備整