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1 10 C Sep.22, C [] page C Turbo C 2 C

2 C Turbo C C C / Turbo C Turbo C Turbo C PATH PATH=C:\TC;C:\DOS;... TC Turbo C PATH DOS TC Turbo C TC (Edit)(Compile)(Link)(Debug) (File)... CD C TC Del BS (C ) F3 F10 File Load Load File Name *.C *? TC Enter F2 F10 File Save F10 File Write to New Name _ Enter Turbo C TC (pass 1) (pass 2)(.exe) PC Ctrl + F9 F10 Run Run TC TC TC TC Alt + F5 F10 Run User screen TC 2

3 Turbo C Alt + X F10 File Quit Turbo C TC Verify NONAME.C not saved. Save? (Y/N) Y N 3

4 C C hello.c 1#include <stdio.h> 2main() 3{ 4 printf("hello!"); 5} Hello! #include <stdio.h> (prototype)(struct)(constant) C (declear) C INCLUDE\*.H #include <stdio.h> INCLUDE\stdio.h stdio.h (standard I/O) printf().h #include #include <> main() main() C int main() int main(int) void main(void), { } main() { } printf("hello!"); C (;) 4

5 C (space)(tab) mainprintf C printf() PrintF() printf printf() TC printf printf Ctrl + F1 Help Help TC Help printf: formatted output to stdout printf stdout int printf(const char *format,...); printf Prototype in stdio.h printf #include Print formats a variable number of arguments according to the format, and sends the output to stdout. Returns the number of bytes output. stdout In the event of error, it returns EOF. byte EOF See also ecvt fprintf putc puts scanf vprintf ecvt,fprintf,putc, puts,scanf,vprintf TC Ctrl + F1 TC Help printf int printf(const char *format,...); const char *format const format printf... format printf( "()", ); C (") %d %d 10 () %d 5

6 arith.c 1#include <stdio.h> 2void main(void) 3{ 4 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8+2 ); 5 printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8-2 ); 6 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8*2 ); 7 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8/2 ); 8} = = 6 8 * 2 = 16 8 / 2 = 4 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8+2 ); () 3 %d 8, 2, = 10 () \n \n = = 68 * 2 = 168 / 2 = 4 C ============ ===================== ============== ========== ( ) * 4 * 2 8 / 4 / 2 2 ============ ===================== ============== ========== ============ ===================== ============== ========== ++ 1 i++ ++i i i-- --i i 1 % 4 % 2 0 ============ ===================== ============== ========== C ** 2 ** ^ 2 ^ 8 6

7 2 8 C C pow() pow( 2, 3 ) 2 3 C ( ) C [ ] { } ( )C ( * ( ) ) * 5-6 * 7 / = ( * ( 7 ) ) * 5-6 * 7 / = ( 15 ) * 5-6 * 7 / = / = = 62 (Comments) Keyin () C /* */ C /* */ /* */ " C++ //. comments.c or comments.cpp 1#include <stdio.h> /* prototype : printf() */ 2void main(void) // main program 3{ 4/* */ 5/* printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8+2 ); */ 6/* printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8-2 ); 7 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8*2 ); 8 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8/2 ); // division 9*/ 10} // end of program 7

8 (Nested Comments) nestcom0.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* prototype : printf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4/* */ 5/* 6 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8+2 ); 7/* printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8-2 ); */ 8 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8*2 ); 9 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8/2 ); 10*/ 11} /* */ Compile 5 /* 10 */ /* 7 */ 7 Turbo C 5 /* 7 */ 10 */ Compile F10 Options Compiler Source Nested comments Off Off On nestcom1.c printf(); nestcom2.c printf(); /* */ nestcom3.c /* */ nestcom1.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* prototype : printf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 /* */ 5 6 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8+2 ); /* = 10 */ 7 printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8-2 ); /* 8-2 = 6 */ 8 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8*2 ); /* 8 * 2 = 16 */ 9 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8/2 ); /* 8 / 2 = 4 */ 10 11} 8

9 nestcom2.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* prototype : printf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4/* */ 5 6/* printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8+2 ); */ /* = 10 */ 7/* printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8-2 ); */ /* 8-2 = 6 */ 8/* printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8*2 ); */ /* 8 * 2 = 16 */ 9/* printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8/2 ); */ /* 8 / 2 = 4 */ 10 11} nestcom3.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* prototype : printf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4/* */ 5/* 6 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8+2 ); /* = 10 */ 7 printf("%d - %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8-2 ); /* 8-2 = 6 */ 8 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8*2 ); /* 8 * 2 = 16 */ 9 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", 8, 2, 8/2 ); /* 8 / 2 = 4 */ 10*/ 11} 9

10 C (constant)(variable) 0,1, type Char, int, long, float, double etc. C (A Z a z)( _ ) TC if switch else for default case do break while continue goto return char int long float double void register signed unsigned short near far huge typedef struct union enum auto const static volatile extern interrupt cdecl pascal asm sizeof _AX _AH _AL _cs _CS _BX _BH _BL _ds _DS _CX _CH _CL _es _ES _DX _DH _DL _ss _SS _SI _DI _BP _SP (float) C 1 [, 2 [,...]] ; int NumberOfStudent; /* */ long MoneyInBank, interest; /* */ 10

11 float RateOfInterest; /* */ char EndOfString; /* */ char OneStudentName[9]; /* */ (initial value) 1= 1 [, 2= 2 [,...]] ; int NumberOfStudent=60; /* */ long MoneyInBank= L; /* */ float RateOfInterest=5.0; /* in % */ char EndOfString='\0'; /* */ char OneStudentName[9]=""; /* */ L C TC TC TC L L char byte ' 'A' 'a' '0' '\101''\141''\60' '\0' '\x41''\x61''\x30''\x0' '\0' "123""ABC""abc" 4 bytes strlen() ( '\0' ) int StringLen=strlen("123"); StringLen 3 strlen() #include <string.h> = = (); C = C == 11

12 PI = ; r = 4; area = PI * r * r ; var.c #include <stdio.h> void main(void) { int i,j; i = 10; j = 2; printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i, j, i+j ); printf("%d - %d = %d\n", i, j, i-j ); printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i, j, i*j ); printf("%d / %d = %d\n", i, j, i/j ); i = 20; j = 2; printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i, j, i+j ); printf("%d - %d = %d\n", i, j, i-j ); printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i, j, i*j ); printf("%d / %d = %d\n", i, j, i/j ); } = = 8 10 * 2 = / 2 = = = * 2 = / 2 = 10 : (Global Variable): (Local Variable): (Static Variable): 12

13 printf() printf printf printf : printf("", 1, 2,... ); % \ % % % printf %c %d %ld %f %lf %Lf %s \ '\x41' A C Dec Hex \n 10 0x0A \t 9 0x09(1+8n) \b 8 0x08 \a 7 0x07 \r 13 0x0D \f 12 0x0C \\ 92 0x5C \ \' 39 0x27 ' \" 34 0x22 " \xhh 0xHH 0xHH *%% 37 0x25 % % 13

14 printf % %5d 5 %12ld 12 printf %8.3f ( ) = 4 printf printf %-5d 5 5 (int)(long) % - + w d int % - + w ld long w (float)(double)(long double) % - + w. p f float % - + w. p lf double % - + w. p Lf long double p 6 w print.c 1#include <stdio.h> 2void main(void) 3{ 4 printf(" %ld \n", ); 5 printf(" %5ld \n", ); 6 printf(" %d \n", 123 ); 7 printf(" %5d \n", 123 ); 8 printf(" %-5d \n", 123 ); 14

15 9 printf(" %f \n", ); 10 printf(" %9f \n", ); 11 printf(" %9.2f \n", ); 12 printf(" %-9.2f \n", ); 13} , %ld TC TC scanf() C scanf keyboard scanf scanf("", & 1, & 2,... ); scanf printf scanf printf scanf %c %d %ld *%D %f %lf %Lf %s %F %D scanf() printf() scanf (pointer) i C &i &i i i () char c; /* */ /* c &c */ int i; /* */ /* i &i */ long l; /* */ /* l &l */ float f; /* */ /* f &f */ double d; /* */ /* d &d */ long double ld; /* */ /* ld &ld */ 15

16 char str[80]; /* () */ /* str[80] str */ int a[100]; /* */ /* a[100] a */ long b[100]; /* */ /* b[100] b */ float c[100]; /* */ /* c[100] c */ var.c scanf io.c 1#include <stdio.h> 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int i,j; 5 6 printf("enter 2 integers:"); 7 scanf("%d %d", &i, &j ); /* i j &i,&j */ 8 printf("now, I find that...\n"); 9 printf("%d + %d = %d\n", i, j, i+j ); 10 printf("%d - %d = %d\n", i, j, i-j ); 11 printf("%d * %d = %d\n", i, j, i*j ); 12 printf("%d / %d = %d\n", i, j, i/j ); 13} Enter 2 integers:20 4 i = 20, j = 4 Now, I find that = = * 4 = / 4 = 5 scanf ((tab)) scanf i j Enter scanf scanf gets() gets gets atoi() atol() atof() ()() f2c.c 1#include <stdio.h> 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int f,c; 5 6 printf("enter the temperature in F : "); 16

17 7 scanf("%d", &f ); /* f &f */ 8 c = ( f - 32 ) * 5 / 9 ; /* */ 9 printf("%d degrees in F is %d degrees in C.", f, c); 10} Enter the temperature in F : degrees in F is 37 degrees in C. ()() C = ( F - 32 ) * 5 / 9 F = C * 9 / "" age.c 1#include <stdio.h> 2void main(void) 3{ 4 float years, days; 5 6 printf("enter the age of you : "); 7 8 scanf("%f", &years ); days = years * ; /* years &years */ /* */ 9 printf("you are %f days old.", days ); 10} Enter the age of you : 28.5 You are days old. getche() scanf() Enter Enter getche() getche ch = getche(); getche() ch getche() ASCII code.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2#include <conio.h> /* getche() */ 3void main(void) 4{ 5 char ch; 6 17

18 7 ch = getche(); /* getche() */ 8 printf(" -- You typed %c.\n", ch ); 9 printf("character %c has ASCII code %d.\n", ch, ch ); 10} A -- You typed A. Character A has ASCII code 65. ASCII 9 %c ch %d ch 10 Help Help printf: formatted output to stdout stdout int printf(const char *format,...); printf Prototype in stdio.h #include<stdio.h> Print formats a variable number of arguments according to the format, and sends the output to stdout. Returns the number of bytes output. stdout In the event of error, it returns EOF. byte EOF See also ecvt fprintf putc puts scanf vprintf Help Format Specifiers format % [flags] [width] [.prec] [F N h l] type [ ] type Format of Output d signed decimal int d i signed decimal int i o unsigned octal int o u unsigned decimal int u x in printf = unsigned hexdecimal int x 16 () lowercase; in scanf = hexadecimal int scanf 16 X in printf = unsigned hexdecimal int X 16 () uppercase; in scanf = hexadecimal long scanf 16 f floating point [-]dddd.ddd f e floating point [-]d.ddd e [+/-]ddd e e2 g format e or f based on precision g f e E same as e except E for exponent E e E 18

19 G same as g except E for exponent G g E c single character c s print characters till '\0' or [.prec] s '\0' % the % character % % p pointer: near - YYYY; far - XXXX:YYYY p YYYY XXXX:YYYY n stores count of characters written so n far in the location pointed to by input argument [flag] What it Specifies [] none right-justify, pad 0 or blank to left 0 - left-justify, pad spaces to right - + always begin with + or - + blank print sign for negative values only # convert using alternate form: # c,s,d,i,u no effect c,s,d,i,u o 0 prepended to nonzero arg o 0 0 x or X 0x or 0X prepended to arg x,x 0x 0X e, E, f always use decimal point e,e,f g or G same as above but no g,g 0 trailing zeros [width] Effect on Output [] n at least n characters, blank-padded n 0n at least n characters, 0 left fill 0n 0 * next argument from list is width * [.prec] Effect on Output [.] none default precision.0 d,i,o,u,x default precision.0 d,i,o,u,x e, E, f no decimal point e,e,f.n at most n characters.n n * next argument from list is precision.* Modifier How arg is Interpreted F arg is far pointer F N arg is near pointer N h d,i,o,u,x,x arg is short int h l d,i,o,u,x,x arg is long int l l e, E, f, g, G arg is double l ( scanf) (scanf only) L e,e,f,g,g arg is long double L 19

20 Help scanf: performs formatted input from stdin stdin int scanf(const char *format,...); scanf Prototype in stdio.h #include<stdio.h> Returns the number of input fields processed successfully. It processes input according to the format and places the results in the memory locations pointed to by the arguments. See also atof cscanf fscanf getc printf sscanf vfscanf vscanf vsscanf Help getch: gets character from console, no echoing getche: gets character from the console and echoes to screen int getch(void); getch int getche(void); getche Prototype in conio.h #include<conio.h> Both functions return the character read. getch getche Characters are available immediately - no buffering of whole lines. Special keys such as function keys and arrow keys are represented by a two character sequence: a zero character followed by the 0 scan code for the key pressed. See also getpass cgets cscanf kbhit ungetch putch getchar getc 20

21 scanf ( Garbage In, Garbage Out ) C ( Flow Chart ) 6 21 a, b, c a, b, c a, b, c a,b,c F = 100; C =(F-32)*5/9;

22 a>=b No No Yes Yes Yes No c=0; c=5; a b Yes No c=5; c=0; scanf("%d %d", &a,&b); a>=b No Yes a>=b No Yes b>=c No Yes c=1; a>=b No 22 Yes

23 a b a b a b a b a b C > a>b a b < a<b a b >= a>=b a b <= a<=b a b == a==b a b!= a!=b a b 23

24 (True) (False) C (False) 0 0 C (True) C = == a = 3 ; a 3 a == 3 a 3 a 3 if if No if Yes if() { } () { } C ( 0,1,...) { } ; { i = i + 1; i = i + 1; } { i = i - 1; j = i * 2; } ( ; ) abs.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 24

25 4 int i; 5 6 printf("enter an integer:"); 7 scanf("%d",&i); 8 if( i < 0 ) i = -i; 9 printf("the absolute value of it is %d.\n", i ); 10} Enter an integer:-100 The absolute value of it is 100. i, i >= 0 i -i, i < 0 8 i < 0 i = -i i if - else if else No Yes if-else 2 1 if() { 1 } else { 2 } () { 1 } { 2 } max1.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int i, j, max; 5 6 printf("enter 2 integer :"); 7 scanf("%d %d", &i, &j); 8 if( i > j ) max = i; 9 else max = j; 10 printf("the maximum of %d and %d is %d.\n", i, j, max ); 11} Enter 2 integer : 7 5 The maximum of 7 and 5 is 7. 25

26 if-else if if-else C else if-else else if-else if-else if if( 1) { 1 } else if( 2) { 2 } else if( 3) { 3 } else if... else { n } ( 1) { 1 }; ( 2) { 2 }; ( 3) { 3 };... { n } No Yes 1 No Yes 2 No Yes... 3 No Yes... n 26

27 police.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int speed; 5 6 printf("enter the speed = "); 7 scanf("%d", &speed ); 8 if( speed < 60 ) 9 printf("too slow, speed up!\n"); 10 else if( speed < 90 ) 11 printf("good day, boss.\n"); 12 else if( speed < 100 ) 13 printf("too fast, slow down!\n"); 14 else 15 printf("i will give you a ticket!\n"); 16} Enter the speed = 50 Too slow, speed up! Enter the speed = 80 Good day, boss. Enter the speed = 95 Too fast, slow down! Enter the speed = 120 I will give you a ticket! if( speed < 100 ) printf("too fast, slow down!\n"); else if( speed < 90 ) printf("good day, boss.\n"); else if( speed < 60 ) printf("too slow, speed up!\n"); else printf("i will give you a ticket!\n"); speed < 100 Too fast, slow down! speed >= 100 I will give you a ticket! 27

28 No No 90 Yes 90 No Yes 100 Yes calc.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 float num1,num2; 5 char op; 6 7 for(;;) 8 { 9 printf("enter number, operator, number\n"); 10 scanf("%f %c %f", &num1, &op, &num2); 11 if( op == '+' ) 12 printf("%f + %f = %f\n", num1, num2, num1+num2); 13 else if( op == '-' ) 14 printf("%f + %f = %f\n", num1, num2, num1-num2); 15 else if( op == '*' ) 16 printf("%f + %f = %f\n", num1, num2, num1*num2); 17 else if( op == '/' ) 28

29 18 printf("%f + %f = %f\n", num1, num2, num1/num2); 19 } 20} Enter number, operator, number = Enter number, operator, number 5 * = ^C + - * / 7 Ctrl + Break Ctrl + C C && AND exp1 && exp2 exp1 exp2 OR! exp1 exp2 exp1 exp2 exp1 exp2 NOT!exp1 exp1 exp1 ( sum = ) 8 ( ( sum = ) <= 10 ) ( 8 <= 10 ) (,) ( i = 1, j = 2, k = i + j ) k 3 i = 1 j = 2 k = i + j k 3 k = i + j k 3 29

30 yes.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2#include <conio.h> /* getche() */ 3void main(void) 4{ 5 char ch; 6 7 printf("press Y or y to continue xxxxxx..."); 8 if ( ( ch = getche() ) == 'Y' ch == 'y' ) 9 printf("\nyou press %c.\n", ch), 10 printf("continue xxxxxx...\n"); 11 else 12 printf("\nyou press %c.\n", ch), 13 printf("stop xxxxxx!\n"); 14} Press Y or y to continue xxxxxx...y You press y. continue xxxxxx... Press Y or y to continue xxxxxx...q You press q. stop xxxxxx! Y y You press y. continue xxxxxx... Y y You press X. stop xxxxxx! 8 if ( ( ch = getche() ) == 'Y' ch == 'y' ) ch ch if ( ch == 'Y' ch == 'y' ) ch 'Y ' 'y' 9 printf("\nyou press %c.\n", ch), (, ) ( ; ) 10 ( ; ) ( ; ) 9 10 { } { printf("\nyou press %c.\n", ch); printf("continue xxxxxx...\n"); } if 12 30

31 yes2.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2#include <conio.h> /* getche() */ 3void main(void) 4{ 5 char ch; 6 7 printf("press Y or y to continue xxxxxx..."); 8 ch = getche(); 9 if ( ch == 'Y' ch == 'y' ) 10 { 11 printf("\nyou press %c.\n", ch); 12 printf("continue xxxxxx...\n"); 13 } 14 else 15 { 16 printf("\nyou press %c.\n", ch); 17 printf("stop xxxxxx!\n"); 18 } 19} Compile.exe TC Compile.exe (Debug Information) yes.c yes2.c TC tcc yes.c yes2.c DOS_Prompt> tcc yes.c DOS_Prompt> tcc yes2.c yes.exe yes2.exe 31

32 for C for for for for ( ; ; ) { } for for { } 3. { } 2 for for for ( i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i = i+1 ) printf("i = %3d\n", i ); for ( i = 0, j = 0 ; i < 100 ; i = i+1, j = j+2 ) printf("i = %3d j = %3d\n", i, j ); 32

33 for for ( ; ; ) { } for { } 3. { } 2 for for for ( ; ; ) { } for for { } (delay) ( ; ) for ( ; ) ASCII ascii.c 33

34 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int i; 5 6 for( i = 32 ; i < 256 ; i = i+1 ) 7 printf("%3d=%c\t", i, i ); 8} 32= 33=! 34=" 35=# 36=$ 37=% 38=& 39='... 42=* 43=+ 44=, 45=- 46=. 47=/ 48=0 49= =4 53=5 54=6 55=7 56=8 57=9 58=: 59=; =* 253=* 254=* 255= for( i = 32 ; i < 256 ; i = i+1 ) ======== ======== ========= C i = i + 1 i++ i-- i = i i += 2 i = i + 2 i -= 2 i = i - 2 += -= i *= 2 i = i * 2 i /= 2 i = i / 2 n! n!.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 long fact; 5 int n; 6 7 printf("enter the value of n to compute n! : "); 8 9 scanf("%d", &n ); printf("%d! = %d", n, n ); 10 fact = n; 11 for( n = n-1 ; n >0 ; n-- ) 12 { 13 fact *= n; 14 printf("x%d", n); 15 } 16 printf(" = %ld", fact); 17} Enter the value of n to compute n! : 5 n! = 5x4x3x2x1 = 120 n n! = n * (n-1) * (n-2) *... * 2 * 1 fact n 5 9 n 5 10 fact = n; fact = 5 n n-1 4 n n-1 34

35 13 fact *= n fact = fact * n n 1 fact n fact n 5 5 5! = 5 n 5 4 5! = 5 1 5*4 4 5! = 5x4 2 5*4*3 3 5! = 5x4x3 3 5*4*3*2 2 5! = 5x4x3x2 4 5*4*3*2*1 1 5! = 5x4x3x2x1 5*4*3*2*1 1 5! = 5x4x3x2x1 = 120 for for for for (nest) ;... for(... ;... ;... ) { ;... for(... ;... ;... ) { ;... } ;... } if for(...;...;...) { for(...;...;...) {... }... for(...;...;...) { 35

36 ... } } for(...;...;...) { for(...;...;...) {... for(...;...;...) {... } }... } 99.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int i, j; 5 6 for( i=1 ; i<=9 ; i++ ) 7 { 8 for( j=1 ; j<=9 ; j++ ) 9 printf("%dx%d=%2d ", j, i, j*i ); 10 printf("\n"); 11 } 12} 1x1= 1 2x1= 2 3x1= 3 4x1= 4 5x1= 5 6x1= 6 7x1= 7 8x1= 8 9x1= 9 1x2= 2 2x2= 4 3x2= 6 4x2= 8 5x2=10 6x2=12 7x2=14 8x2=16 9x2=18 1x3= 3 2x3= 6 3x3= 9 4x3=12 5x3=15 6x3=18 7x3=21 8x3=24 9x3=27 1x4= 4 2x4= 8 3x4=12 4x4=16 5x4=20 6x4=24 7x4=28 8x4=32 9x4=36 1x5= 5 2x5=10 3x5=15 4x5=20 5x5=25 6x5=30 7x5=35 8x5=40 9x5=45 1x6= 6 2x6=12 3x6=18 4x6=24 5x6=30 6x6=36 7x6=42 8x6=48 9x6=54 1x7= 7 2x7=14 3x7=21 4x7=28 5x7=35 6x7=42 7x7=49 8x7=56 9x7=63 1x8= 8 2x8=16 3x8=24 4x8=32 5x8=40 6x8=48 7x8=56 8x8=64 9x8=72 1x9= 9 2x9=18 3x9=27 4x9=36 5x9=45 6x9=54 7x9=63 8x9=72 9x9=

37 i=1 1 9 i= printf("%dx%d=%2d ", j, i, j*i ); i j printf("\n"); break break break break break for(...;...;...) /* */ { for(...;...;...) /* */ {... if(...) break; /* */... } /* */... if(...) break; /* */... } /* */ Ctrl + C Ctrl + Break Ctrl + C Ctrl + Break Ctrl + C Ctrl + Break q x Ctrl + C Ctrl + Break for C while do... while while while while ( ) { } while 1. { } 2.{ } 1 37

38 while while for while( i < 10 ) for( ; i<10 ; ) { { } } do... while do... while do { } while ( ); do... while 1.{ } 2. { } 3.{ } 2 do... while 38

39 while do... while while do... while 39

40 50 50 []; 50 int score[50]; C 0 50 score[0], score[1], score[2],..., score[48], score[49] temper.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 int t[7]; 5 int day, sum; 6 7 for( day = 0 ; day < 7 ; day++ ) 8 { 9 printf("enter the temperature for day %d : ", day+1 ); 10 scanf("%d", &t[day]); 11 } sum = 0; 14 for( day = 0 ; day < 7 ; day++ ) 15 sum = sum + t[day]; printf("average temperature = %f\n", sum/7. ); 18} Enter the temperature for day 1 : 22 Enter the temperature for day 2 : 20 Enter the temperature for day 3 : 18 Enter the temperature for day 4 : 19 Enter the temperature for day 5 : 23 Enter the temperature for day 6 : 24 Enter the temperature for day 7 : 26 Average temperature =

41 &t[0] t[0] t + 0 ( 1000 )h &t[1] t[1] t + 1 ( 1002 )h &t[2] t[2] t + 2 ( 1004 )h &t[3] t[3] t + 3 ( 1006 )h &t[4] t[4] t + 4 ( 1008 )h &t[5] t[5] t + 5 ( 100A )h &t[6] t[6] t + 6 ( 100C )h 10 scanf("%d", &t[day]); &t[day] day 0 6 scanf("%d", t+day ); t (constant pointer) t + day day t t ( 1000 )h t + 1 ( 1001 )h C t + 1 t TC2 2 bytes t + 1 ( 1002 )h ( 1001 )h t + 2 ( 1004 )h 17 printf("average temperature = %f\n", sum/7. ); sum/7. 7 (. ) Keyin sum sum/7 sum/7. %f '\0' DOS DOS 8 3 (. ) = 12 '\0' = 13 char filename[13]; printf("enter the file name : "); scanf("%12s", filename ); scanf filename[13] filename &filename[0] %12s 12 '\0' 12 %s 13 41

42 string.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 char name[13]; 5 6 printf("enter your name please : "); 7 scanf("%12s", name ); 8 printf("good day, Mr. %s.", name ); 9} Enter your name please : Lee Good day, Mr. Lee. 7 %12s %s C [][]; [][][]; int score[50]; int score[50][7]; () demo.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 char matrix[5][10]; 5 int x,y; 6 7 for( y=0 ; y<5 ; y++ ) /* */ 8 for( x=0 ; x<10 ; x++) 9 matrix[y][x] = '.' ; printf("enter the coordinate(0 0) - (9 4) : "); 12 scanf("%d %d", &x, &y ); /* */ for( ;!( ( x>=0 x<=9 ) && ( y>=0 y<=4 ) ) ; ) 15 { 16 printf("\ainvalid Value!!\n"); 17 printf("please enter the coordinate(0 0) - (9 4) : "); 42

43 18 scanf("%d %d", &x, &y ); /* */ 19 } 20 matrix[y][x] = '*' ; /* */ for( y=0 ; y<5 ; y++ ) /* */ 23 { 24 for( x=0 ; x<10 ; x++) 25 printf("%c", matrix[y][x] ); 26 printf("\n"); 27 } 28} Enter the coordinate(0 0) - (9 4) : *... 0 * 6, for C int s[50][3]; &s[0][0] s[0][0] *(s + 0) + 0 s + 0 s ( 1000 )h &s[0][1] s[0][1] *(s + 0) + 1 ( 1002 )h &s[0][2] s[0][2] *(s + 0) + 2 ( 1004 )h &s[1][0] s[1][0] *(s + 1) + 0 s + 1 ( 1006 )h &s[1][1] s[1][1] *(s + 1) + 1 ( 1008 )h &s[1][2] s[1][2] *(s + 1) + 2 ( 100A )h &s[2][0] s[2][0] *(s + 2) + 0 s + 2 ( 100C )h &s[48][2] s[48][2] *(s +48) + 2 (30h*3+2)*2 ( 1124 )h &s[49][0] s[49][0] *(s +49) + 0 s +49 ( 1126 )h &s[49][1] s[49][1] *(s +49) + 1 ( 1128 )h &s[49][2] s[49][2] *(s +49) + 2 ( 112A )h 43

44 s ( * ) n byte n vartype Array[ X ][ Y ]; vartype n byte Array Y * n Y vartype Array &Array[0][0] Array+1 &Array[1][0] Array+i &Array[i][0] *Array *(Array+1)...*(Array+i)... *(Array+(X-1)) 0 i (X-1) Array[X][Y] (X)(Offset) *(Array+i)...*(Array+i)+j...*(Array+i)+(Y-1) 0 j (Y-1) Array[X][Y] (Y)(Offset) *(Array + i) + j Array[i][j] *( *(Array + i) + j ) Array[i][j] C (Boundary) int s[50][7]; s[0][8]s[51][2] s[100][200] demoptr.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(),scanf() */ 2void main(void) 3{ 4 char matrix[5][10]; 5 int i,x,y; 6 7 for( i=0 ; i<5*10 ; i++ ) /* */ 8 *((*matrix)+i) = '.' ; 9 10 printf("enter the coordinate(0 0) - (9 4) : "); 11 scanf("%d %d", &x, &y ); /* */ for( ;!( ( x>=0 x<=9 ) && ( y>=0 y<=4 ) ) ; ) 14 { 15 printf("\ainvalid Value!!\n"); 16 printf("please enter the coordinate(0 0) - (9 4) : "); 17 scanf("%d %d", &x, &y ); /* */ 18 } 19 matrix[y][x] = '*' ; /* */ for( y=0 ; y<5 ; y++ ) /* */ 22 { 23 for( x=0 ; x<10 ; x++) 44

45 24 printf("%c", *( *(matrix + y) + x) ); 25 printf("\n"); 26 } 27} 45

46 C (Function)(Routine) sin sin: sine function double sin(double x); sin Prototype in math.h #include<math.h> x is in radians. x (rad) Returns a value in the range -1 to A = sin( M_PI/2 ); sin(/2)=1.0 A=1.0; sin() (rad) sine x sin() sin(x) (rad) C pow( X, Y) X Y pow: power function, x to the y X Y double pow(double x, double y); pow Prototype in math.h #include<math.h> routine... printf() scanf() main() main() (sub-routine) ( 1, 2,...) { } ( 1, 2,...) { } C return(); 46

47 () C void void void ( 1, 2,...) {... } void ( void ) {... } C #include <stdio.h> stdio.h printf() scanf() (prototype) main() main() beep.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2#include <conio.h> /* getche() */ 3 4void beep(void) /* beep() */ 5{ /* beep() */ 6 printf("\a"); /* */ 7} /* beep() */ 8 9void main(void) /* main() */ 10{ /* main() */ 11 beep(); /* beep() */ 12 printf("press any key to continue..."); /* printf() */ 13 getche(); /* getche() */ 14 beep(); /* beep() */ 15} /* main() */ Press any key to continue... 47

48 void getche() beep() printf() byte bar.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2 3void bar(int i) /* bar() */ 4{ /* bar() */ 5 int j; 6 7 for( j=0 ; j<i ; j++) /* i */ 8 printf("*"); 9 printf("\n"); 10} /* bar() */ 11 12void main(void) 13{ 14 printf("merry\t"); 15 bar(30); /* 30 */ 16 printf("john\t"); 17 bar(40); /* 40 */ 18 printf("johnson\t"); 19 bar(20); /* 20 */ 20 printf("sposh\t"); 21 bar(50); /* 50 */ 22} Merry ****************************** John **************************************** Johnson ******************** Sposh ************************************************** bar() bar(i) int i; /* */ {... } C TC bar(30); 30 i =

49 area.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(), scanf() */ 2 3float areas(float r) 4{ /* 2 */ 5 return( * r * r ); /* = */ 6} 7 8void main(void) 9{ 10 float radius; printf("enter the radius = "); 13 scanf("%f", &radius); 14 printf("area of this circle = %f\n", areas( radius ) ); 15} Enter the radius = 6 Area of this circle = areas( radius ) radius areas() areas() float areas( radius ) radius r1 r2 totalarea = areas( r1 ) + areas( r2 ) ; max.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(), scanf() */ 2 3int max(int i, int j) 4{ 5 if( i > j ) return i; /* i > j i */ 6 else return j; /* j j */ 7} 8 9void main(void) 10{ 11 int i, j; printf("enter 2 integers : "); 14 scanf("%d %d", &i, &j); 15 printf("maximum of %d and %d is %d.\n", i, j, max(i,j) ); 16} Enter 2 integers : 6 8 Maximum of 6 and 8 is 8. 49

50 TC2 max() TC max max Ctrl+F1 Help Macros: max, min max, min These macros generate inline code to find the maximum or minimum value of two integers. max(a,b) maximum of two integers a and b a,b min(a,b) minimum of two integers a and b a,b Defined in stdlib.h #include<stdlib.h> max() stdlib.h max1.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf(), scanf() */ 2#include <stdlib.h> /* max() */ 3 4void main(void) 5{ 6 int i, j; 7 8 printf("enter 2 integers : "); 9 scanf("%d %d", &i, &j); 10 printf("maximum of %d and %d is %d.\n", i, j, max(i,j) ); 11} Enter 2 integers : 6 8 Maximum of 6 and 8 is 8. TC #include??.h (Global Variable) C (Local Variable) void sub1(void) { int i; i 50

51 ... } i {... } TC2.0 { } bar.c bar2.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2 3void bar(int i) 4{ /* bar() */ 5 int j; 6 for( j=0 ; j<i ; j++) printf("*"); /* i */ 7 printf("\n"); 8} /* bar() */ 9 10void main(void) 11{ 12 int i = 50; 13 bar(i); /* i 50 */ 14 { i 15 int i = 20; 16 bar(i); /* i 20 */ i 17 i = i + 10; 18 bar(i); /* i 30 */ 19 } 20 i = i + 10; 21 bar(i); /* i 60 */ 22} ************************************************** ******************** ****************************** ************************************************************ i i main() i i i i i i 15 remark 51

52 #include<...> int i; void sub1(int a) { int j;... } void sub2( b ) int b; { int k;... } void main(void) { int c;... } Call by Value v.s. Call by Address Call by Value bar() bar3.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2 3void bar(int i) 4{ 5 for( ; i>0 ; i-- ) /* i 0 */ 6 printf("*"); 7 printf("\n"); 8} 9 10void main(void) 11{ 12 int i = 50; 13 int j = 30; bar( 20 ); /* 20 bar() */ bar( j ); /* j 30 bar() */ 18 printf("j = %d\n", j ); /* j */ bar( i ); /* i 50 bar() */ 21 printf("i = %d\n", i ); /* i */ 22} 52

53 ******************** ****************************** j = 30 ************************************************** i = 50 bar(20); 20 bar() i bar() void bar(...) { int i = 20; 20 for( ; i>0 ; i-- ) printf("*"); printf("\n"); } i bar(j); j 30 bar() i bar() void bar(...) { int i = 30; j 30 for( ; i>0 ; i-- ) printf("*"); printf("\n"); } i bar(i); i 50 bar() i bar() void bar(...) { int i = 50; i 50 for( ; i>0 ; i-- ) printf("*"); printf("\n"); } i Call by Address scanf() scanf("", & 1, & 2,... ); scanf() scanf() 53

54 scanf() scanf() scanf() swap.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf() */ 2 3void swap(int *a, int *b) 4{ 5 int backup = *a ; /* *a backup */ 6 *a = *b ; /* *b *a */ 7 *b = backup ; /* backup *b */ 8} 9 10void main(void) 11{ 12 int i = 50, j = 30 ; printf("before swap(): i = %d j = %d\n", i, j); printf("swapping i & j...\n"); 17 swap( &i, &j ); /* i j */ printf("after swap(): i = %d j = %d\n", i, j); 20} Before swap(): i = 50 j = 30 Swapping i & j... After swap(): i = 30 j = 50 54

55 PEII DOS WORD (FAT,File Allocation Table)(Lost Chain) (Cross Link) fopen FILE *fp; fp=fopen("",""); fp FILE FILE C FILE *fp; fp C fopen() "" "" r w a r+ / w+ / a+ b 55

56 fp1 = fopen("letter.txt","w"); fp2 = fopen("c:\\work\\test.txt","a+"); fp3 = fopen("score.dat","r"); fp4 = fopen("database.dat","w+b"); fclose fclose( ); fclose( fp ); fprintf fprintf( fp, "", 1, 2,...); fprintf() printf() fprintf() printf() record.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf, scanf, fopen,fprintf...*/ 2#include <string.h> /* strcmp() */ 3 4void line(file *fp) /* */ 5{ 6 int i; 7 for( i=0 ; i<60 ; i++ ) 8 fprintf( fp, "-" ); 9 fprintf( fp, "\n" ); 10} 11 12void main(void) 13{ 14 FILE *fp; /* */ 15 char filename[20]; /* */ 16 char client[40]; /* */ 17 float amount; /* */ 18 float total=0; /* */ printf("file to record the amount : "); 21 scanf("%19s", filename ); /* */ 22 fp = fopen( filename, "w"); /* */ 23 if( fp == NULL ) /* */ 24 printf("\acannot open %s for output!\n",filename); 25 else 26 { /* */ 27 line( fp ); 28 printf("client : "); 29 scanf("%39s", client); 56

57 30 for( ; strcmp(client, "end")!= 0 ; ) /* clinet=="end" */ 31 { /* */ 32 printf("amount = "); 33 scanf("%f", &amount); 34 total = total + amount ; 35 fprintf( fp, "%-40s $%f\n", client, amount); printf("client : "); 38 scanf("%39s", client); 39 } 40 line( fp ); 41 fprintf( fp, "%-40s $%f\n", "***** Total", total ); 42 line( fp ); 43 } 44 fclose(fp); /* */ 45} File to record the amount : test Client : Nanya_College Amount = Client : ABC_Company Amount = Client : IJK_lmn_... Amount = Client : Xyz... Amount = Client : zzzzzz Amount = Client : end test Nanya_College $ ABC_Company $ IJK_lmn_... $ Xyz... $ zzzzzz $ ***** Total $ scanf() scanf() scanf() ) 30 strcmp(client, "end")!= 0 strcmp TC 0 0 "end" strcmp 0 for fscanf fscanf( fp, "", & 1, & 2,...); fscanf() scanf() fscanf() scanf() 57

58 ASCII ftoascii.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf, scanf, fopen,fprintf...*/ 2 3void main(void) 4{ 5 FILE *fp; /* */ 6 char filename[20]; /* */ 7 char ch=0; 8 9 printf("file name : "); 10 scanf("%19s", filename ); /* */ 11 fp = fopen( filename, "r"); 12 if( fp == NULL ) /* */ 13 printf("\acannot open %s!\n",filename); 14 else 15 for( ; ch!= EOF ; ) /* ch == EOF */ 16 { 17 fscanf( fp, "%c", &ch); /* */ 18 printf("%c = %d\n", ch, ch); 19 } 20 fclose(fp); 21} File name : ftoascii.c # = 35 i = 105 n = () } = 125 = ch!= EOF EOF (End Of File) fscanf 2space.c 1#include <stdio.h> /* printf, scanf, fopen,fprintf...*/ 2 3void main(void) 4{ 5 FILE *fpi, *fpo; /* */ 6 char filename[20]; /* */ 7 char ch=0; 8 9 printf("file to be read : "); 10 scanf("%19s", filename ); /* */ 11 fpi = fopen( filename, "r"); /* */ 12 if( fpi == NULL ) /* */ 13 { 14 printf("\acannot open %s!\n",filename); 58

59 15 return ; /* main() */ 16 } printf("file to be written : "); 19 scanf("%19s", filename ); /* */ 20 fpo = fopen( filename, "w"); /* */ 21 if( fpo == NULL ) /* */ 22 { 23 printf("\acannot open %s for output!\n",filename); 24 fclose(fpi); /* fpi */ 25 return ; /* main() */ 26 } for( ; ch!= EOF ; ) 29 { 30 fscanf( fpi, "%c", &ch); /* */ 31 fprintf( fpo, "%c", ch); /* */ 32 if( ch == '\n') /* */ 33 fprinf( fpo, "\n"); /* */ 34 } fclose(fpo); /* () */ 37 fclose(fpi); /* () */ 38} File to be read : test File to be written : doubled double Nanya_College $ ABC_Company $ IJK_lmn_... $ Xyz... $ zzzzzz $ ***** Total $

60 Help fopen: opens a stream FILE *fopen(const char *filename, fopen const char *mode); Prototype in stdio.h #include<stdio.h> Returns a pointer to the newly open stream if successful; else it returns NULL. NULL () See also fclose creat open dup ferror _fmode rewind setbuf setmode Help fclose: closes a stream int fclose(file *fp); fclose Prototype in stdio.h #include<stdio.h> Returns 0 on success; it returns EOF if any 0 errors are detected. EOF See also fflush flushall fopen close fcloseall Help fprintf: sends formatted output to a stream int fprintf(file *fp, const char *format,...);fprintf Prototype in stdio.h #include<stdio.h> Uses the same format specifiers as printf, printf() but fprintf sends output to the specified stream fp. fprintf returns the number of bytes fp output. In event of error, it returns EOF. See also putc fscanf Help fscanf: performs formatted input from a stream int fscanf(file *fp, const char *format,...); fscanf Prototype in stdio.h #include<stdio.h> Returns the number of input fields success- printf() fully scanned, converted, and stored; the fp return value does not include unstored scanned fields. See also getc fprintf scanf 60

61 Help strcmp: compares s2 to s1 int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2); strcmp Prototype in string.h #include<string.h> Returns a value that is < 0 if s1 is less than s1 < s2 < 0 s2; == 0 if s1 is the same as s2; > 0 if s1 is s1 = s2 = 0 greater than s2. Performs a signed comparison. s1 > s2 > 0 Help gets: gets a string from stdin stdin char *gets(char *string); gets Prototype in stdio.h #include<stdio.h> Collects input from stdin until a newline stdin character (\n) is found. The \n is not \n placed in the string. \n Returns a pointer to the argument string. See also ferror getc fopen puts fread scanf 61