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1 å Z 1 (Giemsa) C- I m/g 4 0.7%KCl :1 (Carnoy s) 1.5 1:1 (Carnoy s) % % 2n=98, n= m-3.1 m 2N=40M+22SM+36T NF= m-1.4 m N=42M+3SM+4T 4. I, SC RNA I 5. C- Ag-NORS rdna 1-7 Ag-NORs C- 6.

2 C C

3 Z 1 (Giemsa) C- I m/g 4 0.7%KCl :1 (Carnoy s) 1.5 1:1 (Carnoy s) % % 2n=98, n= m-3.1 m 2N=40M+22SM+36T NF= m-1.4 m N=42M+3SM+4T 5. I, SC RNA I 6. C- Ag-NORS rdna 1-7 Ag-NORs C-

4 7. Studies on the Chromosome Studies of Mud Crab ABSTRACT Scylla serrata(forskål) The chromosome of mud crab, Scylla serrata(forskål), was studied in preparations of testis, antennal gland, mid-gut, hepatopancieas, gills, heart, fertilized eggs, Z 1 larvae, by flame-drying or air-drying methods. The genetic characteristics of chromosome was studied by 1-step silver-staining method and c-banding method. The main results were as follows: 1.In all materials, only the testis was suitable for the chromosome studies. The best procedure of preparation was as follows: a. The crab was injected with colchicine solution at dosage of 1.5 g/g body weight. b. The tissue was hypotonic processed in the 0.7% KCl solution for minutes. c. The tissue was fixed by 3:1 Carnoy s fluid for 1.5 hour in which the Carnoy s fluid was replaced twice; then

5 triturated; fixed by 1:1 Carnoy s fluid for 30 minutes. d. The suspensions of specimens were dropped on glass slides(2-3 drops/slides); then dried by air. 2.The diploid number was 98. It made up 58.5% of all the 68 diploid cells at mitotic metaphases observed. The haploid number was 49 and made up 72.5% of all the 80 meiosis metaphases observed. So the chromosome numbers of Scylla serrata was: 2n=98, n=49. The crabs, obtained from Xiamen waters, were defferent in the chromosome numbers, geographical distribution and individual sizes from those obtained from Japan and those obtained from India. But they resembled in morphology. In consideration of premises, we thought that these three species crabs were three geographical species of the mud crab, Scylla. The differentiation of chromosome numbers might be caused by acclimations. 3.The chromosomes at mitotic metaphases took on point-shape,square-shape and the shape suitable for karyotype study. The sizes of these chromosomes were 0.6 m-3.1 m. According to Levan s(1964) standard, the karyotype of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, was: 2N=40M+22SM+36T, NF=168. The bivalents at meiosis metaphases took on square-shape and shot-stick-shape. The sizes of these bivalents were 1.4 m-3.8 m. The bivalent karyotype of the mud crab was: N=40M+3SM+4T. Because the chromosomes of the mud crab were numerous and very small in size, and the mitotic metaphases were not easy to be obtained, the analysis of bivalent karyotype had some advantages. But the same standard must be adopted when the comparative analysis of karyotypes will be performed. 4.The first meiosis prophase consisted of letotene, zygotene, pachynete, diplotene and diakinesis. In zygotene, the synaptonemal complex formed by three ways. The diplotene contained a diffuse stage. The changes of nucleolus number were observed. The spermatozoon germinated synchronously in some regions of testis. 5.Twenty three silver-stained meiosis metaphases were analyzed. A variable numbers of Ag-NORs were detected, which varied between 1 and 7 bivalents in different meiosis metaphase of the species. The parts of bivalents stained deeply by silver-staining method comported with those stained deeply by C-banding method. 6.No sexchromosome of heteromorphism was observed. Key words: Chromosome Karyotype silver-staining Scylla serrata

6 (chromosome) [23] [9] Huziwara(1958) Levan (1964), Adhikary(1974) Abraham (1983) [12] Levan (1964) DNA [27] Rethfels Siminovitch(1958) [14] [59] Tjio Levan

7 PHA PHA [33] PHA Caspersson(1968) Q- G- R- Q G T- C- NORs, N- N- Cd- BG- [9] [33] [9] C- G- Carnoy(1885) [37] (Penaeidae)10 (Palaemonidae)7 (Grapsidae) um 1

8 / / (Raninidae) (Ranina ranina) (Calappidae) (calappa lophos) (Matuta lunaris) (Leucoslidae) (Philyra pisum) P. scabtiuscula (Majidae) Chionoecetes opilio (M. kaempferi) (Atelecyelidae) Erimacrus isenbeckii Telmessus cheiragonus (Caneridae) Cancer gracilis C. magister C. oregonensis C. products (Portunidae) 1 / / (Charybdis annulata) (C. Natator) (Scylla serrata) (Scylla serrata) (Xanthidae) (Atergatis floridus) Lophopanppeus bellus Menippe mercenaria (Grapsidae) (Eriocheir sinensis) (E. japonicus) (Gaetice depressus) (H. penicillatus) (H. sanguimeus) (O. punctatus) (P. crassipes) (Plagusia dentipes) (S. intermedia) (Ocypodidae) Gelasimus annulippes Ocypoda platytarsis (Potamidae) Acanthotelphus martensis Paratelphusa jacquemonti P. masoniana Potamon koolooense Telphus fluviatilis 2n n n ~ n f25~ X/Y 75+X/Y 68+X/Y 63+X/Y 51+X/O 53+X/Y 52+X/Y (1942);; (1986) (1942); Niiyama(1966) (1939); Niiyama91966) (1942); Fasten(1924) Fasten(1918) Fasten(1924) Fasten(1924) (1942); Fasten(1926) Binford(1913) 1986 (1938); Niiyama(1941,1959) Niiyama(1937,1959) Mittal & Dhall(1971) Mittal & Dhall(1971) Delpino(1934) [37] 1988

9 2, 3 Farmer(1974),Hughes(1982),Roberts(1969) Homarus americanus,2n=94~185(hughes) White(1973) 1988 [37] 2 / (Penaeidae) (P. japonicus) (Nephropidae) (Homarus ameicanus) (Nephrops japonicus) (Palinuridae) (Panulirus japonicus) (Palaemonidae) (Macrobrachinum rosenbergii) (Cambaridae) (Procambarus clarkii) (Portunidae) (Scylla serrata) 2n ~185 model n ~83.5 model66.5/ (1987) Hughes(1982) Roberts(1969) (1939); Murofushi (1984) Niiyama(1936,1959) (1985) Malecha(1977) (1989); Chavez (1991); (1996) Murofushi (1981) (1942); [37] 1987 [ 38] Murofushi(1990) [60] n= 100 [17] 8 1 Niiyama [37] 8

10 3 16 / 2n n (Penaeidae) (P. orientalis) m+20(m,sm)+10sm+4(sm,st) (1985) (P. vannamei) (P. stilyrostris) (P. occidentalis) (P. californiensis) (P. aztecus) m+78st 14m+78st 14m+78st 14m+78st 18m+18sm+52st Mayorga(1982) Mayorga(1982) Mayorga(1982) Mayorga(1982) Goswami(1985) (T. curvirostyis) (Palaemonidae) P. lamarrei M. siwalikensis (M. rosenbergii) m+10sm+12st+6t 72(m,sm)+64(st,t) 80(m,sm)+28(st,t) 8(m,sm)+110(st,t) 100(m,sm) 72(m,sm)+64(st,t) 80(m,sm)+22(st,t) 80(m,sm)+24(st,t) 74(m,sm)+30(st,t) 40(m,sm)+74(st,t) 40(m,sm)+78(st,t) 90(m,sm)+28(st,t) 80(m,sm)+38(st,t) (1999) (1989) (1989) Mittal (1971) (1996) (1989) (1989) (1994) (1989) (1989) Chavez (1991) (1996) * n=37m+4st+11t [37] 1986 [27] [21,43,6] [15] [17] [18] Scylla serrata(forskål) Crustacea Decapoda Reptantia Brachyura Brachyrhyncha Portunidae Scylla [28] 100 [32] [36]

11 Estanpador(1949) [44] [45] Ezhilarasi(1982) [2] 1991 [3] [34,35] 1998, [5] [5] 1998 Rangneker 1971 [65] 1994 X [1] 1942 [37] Niiyama 1959 [64] Vishnoi 1972 [70] 1994 [20] C-

12 g / 1 m 3 A Z 1 B 1. A PHA(2.5mg/100g ) [30] 24 PHA PHA 5 g/g ) 2-4 B 500 g/ml 4 A A 1mm 3 0.7% KCl 0.3% B 0.7% KCl :1 : =3: :1 30 [21] a :1

13 b. 1:1 1:1 600 / / 5 1:1 1: a. 2% Giemsa ph= b.c- 0.2N HCl % Ba(OH) X SSC % Giemsa 15 [50] c. 50% 2% 1%2: c. C- C- 3. Olimpus BH-2 Levan (1964) [53]

14 % % 5 2n=98 n= Total ( ) (%) Total ( ) (%) III:1 III:2 III:3 Levan 1964, A B C 3 6 I 2N=40M+22SM+36T NF=168 A X B ( )

15 A B C M SM X C ^ III:4,5 7 A B C D II Levan 1964 N=42M+3SM+4T T

16 A B Y C Y D A M A A M B M

17 Degree papers are in the Xiamen University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Database. Full texts are available in the following ways: 1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on and submit requests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library. 2. For users of non-calis member libraries, please mail to etd@xmu.edu.cn for delivery details.

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