Wilson SGHWR 90 Brian Wilson NII UKAEA UKAEA < NII winfrith/index.htm> 2001 IAEA 6 Kazatomprom 10

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腰漪薛
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1 USTDA 5 RWE NUKEM

2 Wilson SGHWR 90 Brian Wilson NII UKAEA UKAEA < NII winfrith/index.htm> 2001 IAEA 6 Kazatomprom IAEA 2 Kazatomprom IAEA Kazatomprom 1

3 UNEP UNEP - UNEP 3 26 UNEP - UNEP Klaus Toepfer UNEP UNEP 2001 UNEP UNEP 1994 UNEP UNEP < 25% H_DU_report.pdf> USTDA UNEP USTDA 7 2 Toepfer

4 NAS 2 6 USTDA 1992 DOE DOE 2000 DOE DOE DOE 339 DOE < tml> DOE 30 Charles McCombie - USDTA DOE DOE

5 DOE DOE DOE UKAEA UKAEA ILW UKAEA Brian 5500 Wilson

2003 3 1 2003 / DOE 177 2 DOE 2028 DOE 9500 700 7200 DOE 47% 9800 2028 1 DOE 9500 5300 2007

6 / DOE DOE 2028 DOE DOE 47% DOE RWE NUKEM RWE NUKEM AWE RWE NUKEM AWE RWE AMEC 2500 m 3 GeoMelt

2003 3 CH2MHill 2002 2003 2 5 2004 RWE NUKEM

NUKEM GeoMelt 50% RWE NUKEM 9 RWE NUKEM 2003

7 CH2MHill RWE NUKEM AMEC GeoMelt NUKEM-AMEC AMEC GeoMelt -137 RWE NUKEM GeoMelt 50% RWE NUKEM 9 RWE NUKEM ISPRA RWE NUKEM ISPRA RWE NUKEM γ γ 6 ISPRA

8 * R. S. Nash P. B. Woollam D&D D&D D&D D&D a D&D [1] b D&D * Windermere

9 c d 2 D&D a 99.9% b c POCO d e f D&D g D&D h i j 3 D&D 1 POCO D&D 8

10 D&D POCO / D&D 1 D&D ALARP D&D D&D D&D 9

11 D&D [2] EEC D&D [3] a POCO b 241 Pu 241 Pu Am Am D&D D&D D&D / D&D D&D - D&D 10

12 γ 60 Co 108 Ag 94 Nb D&D 2 60 Co PWR 200 MW 20 m 5000 t 1200 MW PWR 4.5 m 600 t PWR 137 Cs 30.2 γ 60 Co 137 Cs msv/h 11

13 Co D&D γ D&D a D&D - b / c D&D 12

14 D&D ALARP BEPO D&D D&D D&D 13

15 D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D D&D 4 a b D&D 14

16 c D&D d e f g D&D D&D D&D a b c d e 5 D&D D&D 1. Review of Radioactive Waste Management Policy, Final Conclusions, HMSO, London, July 1995, Cm Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 2392, European Communities, Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment for Decommissioning) Regulations MAGNOX ELECTRIC PLC. Trawsfynydd Nuclear Power Station, Environmental Statement (1998). Magnox Electric plc, Berkeley, [ Nuclear Energy, 2002, 41, No. 5, Oct., ] 15

17 * R. S. Peckover msv 1 Sv [1] 0.1 msv * Windermere

18 msv/a 2 20 msv/a msv 20 msv msv ICRP [2] HSE msv 6 [1] OSPAR [3] NRPB Bexon [4] µsv µsv Sv Sv Sv 4 17

2003 3 3 Richard Doll 1997 [5] 200 msv [9] [6] 5 Gofman Luckey hormetic [7] [8] 5

19 Richard Doll 1997 [5] 200 msv [9] [6] 5 Gofman Luckey hormetic [7] [8] 5 Santos [9] 4 NRRW NRPB [10] Muirhead NRRW % NRRW 6 7 NRRW hormetic 18

2003 3 5 NRRW [10] 1 SMR 6 10% 11% 1 NRRW [12] 93 89 65

20 NRRW [10] 1 SMR 6 10% 11% 1 NRRW [12] Fremlin Pierce [14] 19

21 % Sv 0.2 Sv 8 9 Little Murihead [15] Sv 10 8 Sv 8 DNA DNA Sv 11 9 DNA DNA DNA Sv DNA 20

22 [17] 80 Mitchel Boreham mgy/min 1 mgy 500 mgy 60 Co γ Gy/min Gy % 1 γ [18] 2 12 [19] [16] 1 (a) (b) 1mGy mgy 100 mgy (c) 5mGy (d) 25mGy (e) 100mGy (f) 500mGy (g) 4Gy (h) 1mGy+4Gy (i) 5mGy+4Gy 2.4 mgy/min 3 (j) 25MGy+4Gy (k) 100mGy+4Gy 1 mgy 1 (l) 500mGy+4Gy 2 3 [18] [19] Gy 11 1 mgy mgy 4 10 mgy Gy 100 mgy

23 msv msv ICRP 2.4 msv/a msv [20] 22

24 H x H = αx νtanh(βx/ν) (1) α / β ν tanh( ) = 1 (a) β< 0 (b) β= 0 (c) α>β (d) α=β (e) hormetic α<β (1) ph 12 23

25 HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Occupational Exposure to Ionising Radiation : Analysis of Doses Reported to the Health and Safety Executive s Central Index of Dose Information. HSE, INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60, DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT, TRANSPORT AND THE REGIONS. UK Strategy for Radioactive Discharges, DETR, Consultation Document. June BEXON A. P. Radiological Impact of Routine Discharges from UK Civil Nuclear Sites in the Mid-1990s. NRPB, 2000, Report NRPB-R DOLL R.Effects of small doses of ionising radiation on human health. Nuclear Energy, 1997, 36, UNITED NATIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF ATOMIC RADIATION Report to the General Assembly (including Chernobyl). UNSCEAR, LUCKEY T. D. Radiation Hormesis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 306 pp. 8. TUBIANA M. The report of the French Academy of Science: Problems associated with the effects of low doses of ionising radiation. Journal of Radiological Protection, 1998, 18, SANTOS A. A. Regulatory Control and Scientific Research. A round table discussion on low doses of ionising radiation: biological effects and regulatory control. Proceedings of an IAEA/WHO Conference, Seville, November 1997, pp, MUIRHEAD C. R., GOODHILL A. A., HAYLOCK R. G. E., VOKES J., LITTLE M. P., JACKSON D. A., O HAGAN J. A., THOMAS J. M., KENDAL G. M., SILK T. J., BINGHAM D. and BERRIDGE G. L. C. Second Analysis of NRRW: Occupational Exposure to Ionising Radiation and Mortality. NRPB. 1999, Report NRPB-R MUIRHEAD C. R., GOODHILL A. A., HAYLOCK R. G. E., VOKES J., LITTLE M. P., JACKSON D. A., O HAGAN J. A., THOMAS J. M., KENDALL G. M., SILK T. J., BINGHAM D. and BERRIDGE G. L. C. Occupational radiation exposure and mortality: second analysis of NRRW. Journal of Radiological Protection, 1999, 19, FOX A. J. and COLLIER P. F. Low mortality rates in industrial cohort studies due to selection for work and survival in the industry. British Journal of Preventive Social Medicine, 1976, 30, FREMLIN J. H. Power Production What Are The Risks? Oxford University Press, PIERCE D., SHIMUZU Y., PRESTON D., VAETH M. and MABUCHI K. Studies of he mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, part 1. Cancer: Radiation Research, 1996, 146, LITTLE M. P. and MUIRHEAD C. R. Evidence for curvilinearity in the cancer incidence dose-response in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 1996, 70, MITCHEL R. E. J. and BOREHAM D. R. Radiation protection in the world of modern 24

26 / NEA/IAEA / 33

27 NEA/IAEA ph m 3 m

28 t U 3 O t/ γ Mn SO 4 U ERA (<0.02% U): t; (0.02% 0.12% U): t; (>0.12%): t 4300 t U 1996 Gimbat 3 O 8 60 Jawoyn Jawoyn γ U 3 O ( 20% ) ERA

29 ERA ERA 2 ERA RMA 22 km (JMA) ERA 60% ERA Deline Dene Band( ) / CDUT CDUT

30 / Beaverlodge 8-18 Denision, Stanrock/Can-Met,, Panel, Stanleigh, Spanish, American, 4 4 Milliken, Lacnor, Nordic, Buckles, 5 5 Pronto 19 Agnew Lake Bancroft : Madawaska/Faraday, 7 Bicroft, Dyno Cogema Resources (Environmental Remediation of Uranium Product Facilities) OECD 2 rue Andr Pascal, Paris Cedex 16, France 37

31 (CNSC) Claude CNSC 5700 t t 1997 Deilmann Nero ph Ra Ra-266 CNSC γ Echo Bay 1982 CNSC 1998 Rayrock Gaertner CNSC 6500 t t Eagle Point 1999 Ra-266 Ra-266 Pb-210 γ CNSC 2020 t t CNSC 38

32 JEB 10 Mt Eagle Point Sue C 24 Mt B-Zone Sue A Sue B Sue C Eagle Point Key Lake 2300 t 1999 JEB 7200 t CNSC 1999 Sue C JEB Sue 5 McClean Lake / 40 γ / JEB Sue C m 3

33 w.

13 NUREG-1437 1,600 8,0003,200 17020031 2772 302004 199819911993 12.2100 73612 5 31403 2002 319911 1,100 19841 119 36 1989 7,6001,200300 103189 443 Pa

4 13 NUREG-1437 1,600 8,0003,200 17020031 2772 302004 199819911993 12.2100 73612 5 31403 2002 319911 1,100 19841 119 36 1989 7,6001,200300 103189 443 Paul Scherrer Institut 196919961,943 8.33 7921 19~20%