(Polyrhachis dives) Does the queen multimate? Reproductive strategies in the colony of spiny weaver ants, Polyrhachis dives. (eusociality) (polygyny) (monogyny) (2000) Masski KONDOH (hapld-diploid sex determination mechanism) () () (sex ratio) () () () () () 1
() 3 1 (Polyrhachis dives) AB C Hung, 1~5 1962 2 (Polyrhachis dives) ( Kinmatsu Lin) 3 (Polyrhachis dives) ( Kinmatsu Lin) 2
( 2000) 4 (Polyrhachis dives) ( Kinmatsu Lin) (Katsusuke YAM AUCHI et. 1987) 5 (Polyrhachis dives) Kinmatsu Lin (primary polygyny ) (secondary polygyny ) XY XX XY XY 3
(genetic relatedness) R*B-C>0 (R : relatedness, B : benefit C : cost) 1 2 20 15cm 3 24 Darkling beetle 4 1 5 1 6 1 80% 7 50 8 20 9 20 10 10 11 20 0.3cm 12 10 4
13 14 1 15 2 5 50~55 10% CO 2 6 6 16 6 12 30cm 25cm 25cm 20cm 20cm 10cm 15cm 10cm 17 1 18 2 0.5cm 19 1 50 20 1 21 1 22 1 23 1 () (2002 10 ) 1. 2. ) 5 ( )
3. 10% ( ) () 1. ) ( ) 2. 3. 1 ( 33%) ( ) 4. 12 (23) 6
5. (10 ) 6. ( 50%) 2 7. () ( ) 1. 100 2. () 1. 2. () () 1. (primary sex ratio) () 2. (secondary sex ratio) ( ) ( ) 3. (operational sex ratio) 7
( ) ( ) 4. ( ) ( ) 5. (total sex ratio) () 1. 2. Fuchsine BASIC 3. () (genetic relatedness) 1. (phenotype) (1) (2) 2. (genotype) (1-1) 10 DNA Cell Lysis Solution 1.5ml 65 1.5µl RNase A Solution 37 15 Protein Precipitation Solution 14000xg 3 DNA 300 l 100% 1.5ml 50 1 300l 70% 8
DNA 13,000-16,000x g 1 15 50µl DNA Hydration (1-2) (Polymerase Chain Reaction) DNA (Microsatellite DNA) (2) allozyme () 1. 24 2. 9 DNA DNA DNA DNA 9
() () () 2002 10 ~2003 2 6 80 % 9 % 11 % () () ( ) 10
() DNA () Polyrhachis dive Katsusuke YAMAUCHI et.(1987) - - 11
Masaki KONDOH(1975) - 1 Katsusuke YAMAUCHI(1987) - 2 - Katsusuke YAMAUCHI et.(1987) - - Polyrhachis dive 12
Katsusuke YAMAUCHI et.(1987) - - Masaki KONDOH(1975) - 1 Katsusuke YAMAUCHI(1987) - 2-13
Katsusuke YAMAUCHI et.(1987) - - (Polyrhachis dives) (Polyrhachis dives) 1 1413 24 8 0 318 0 114 2 154 0 0 0 20 0 1 3 345 19 9 0 170 0 8 4 929 0 0 0 69 0 32 5 182 8 0 0 24 0 2 6 867 31 7 0 54 0 20 7 126 0 29 81 29 0 0 8 2619 3007 6437 2812 206 2 14 9 188 479 550 135 7 0 1 10 391 245 510 58 15 0 1 11 1242 645 1517 597 106 1 7 12 996 382 649 509 91 0 3 13 2050 1205 3641 1327 98 1 12 14 2787 1146 2098 1290 278 14 13 15 490 0 57 56 90 0 0 16 467 164 407 150 22 0 1 17 2786 5172 7029 1716 10 0 13 18 1654 N N 1080 143 0 13 19 444 N N 472 0 0 15 20 1091 N N 280 111 0 8 21 1130 N N 651 0 0 19 14
22 3300 N N 421 4 0 198 23 1630 N N 25 0 0 37 24 1095 N N 1920 0 0 19 25 2463 N N 1418 1126 0 15 26 3897 * N 509 157 121 4 27 260 * N 18 7 9 0 28 37560 * N 7600 3280 264 64 29 11240 * N 7240 80 0 20 30 5020 * N 635 200 129 5 31 484 * N 0 293 0 1 32 395 * 0 0 5 2 3 33 7556 N N 533 8018 1037 594 34 4143 N N 135 4901 4 58 35 5511 N N 53 10133 0 54 36 14848 N N 2592 704 0 23 37 2695 N N 943 10375 0 24 38 16448 N N 10560 3424 1 60 39 7292 N N 185 7747 14 17 40 704 0 0 0 2520 0 0 41 8053 N N 231 11608 0 47 42 8576 N N 9920 2368 2 49 43 13184 N N 12480 15072 4 100 44 22784 N N 10880 18944 167 85 45 2380 0 0 1500 490 1 2 46 3768 N N 480 480 0 12 47 1930 0 N 0 335 15 0 48 56 0 0 0 33 0 0 49 820 0 N 0 42 0 2 50 1200 0 N 0 0 0 22 51 1560 0 0 0 2520 0 10 52 2010 0 0 0 2380 0 23 53 1375 0 N 0 77 0 4 1 1~6 7~17 Masaki KONDOH(1975) 18~53 Katsusuke YA M AUCHI et. al. (1987) 2N1 3* 15
(Polyrhachis dives) ( ) 1 75.24 1.28 0.43 0.00 16.93 0.00 6.07 2 87.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.30 0.00 0.56 3 62.27 3.43 1.62 0.00 30.69 0.00 1.44 4 89.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.67 0.00 3.09 5 82.35 3.62 0.00 0.00 10.86 0.00 0.90 6 88.02 3.15 0.71 0.00 5.48 0.00 2.03 7 46.32 0.00 10.66 29.78 10.66 0.00 0.00 8 17.34 19.91 42.62 18.62 1.36 0.01 0.09 9 13.73 34.99 40.18 9.86 0.51 0.00 0.07 10 31.79 19.92 41.46 4.72 1.22 0.00 0.08 11 30.10 15.63 36.77 14.47 2.57 0.02 0.17 12 37.70 14.46 24.56 19.27 3.44 0.00 0.11 13 24.56 14.44 43.62 15.90 1.17 0.01 0.14 14 36.48 15.00 27.46 16.88 3.64 0.18 0.17 15 69.21 0.00 8.05 7.91 12.71 0.00 0.00 16 38.06 13.37 33.17 12.22 1.79 0.00 0.08 17 16.64 30.89 41.98 10.25 0.06 0.00 0.08 18 56.84 * * 37.11 4.91 0.00 0.45 19 46.64 * * 49.58 0.00 0.00 1.58 20 72.16 * * 18.52 7.34 0.00 0.53 21 61.99 * * 35.71 0.00 0.00 1.04 22 83.61 * * 10.67 0.10 0.00 5.02 23 94.93 * * 1.46 0.00 0.00 2.15 24 35.78 * * 62.75 0.00 0.00 0.62 25 48.78 * * 28.08 22.30 0.00 0.30 26 82.65 * * 10.80 3.33 2.57 0.08 27 80.75 * * 5.59 2.17 2.80 0.00 28 76.97 * * 15.57 6.72 0.54 0.13 29 60.40 * * 38.90 0.43 0.00 0.11 30 83.39 * * 10.55 3.32 2.14 0.08 31 59.75 * * 0.00 36.17 0.00 0.12 32 90.39 * 0.00 0.00 1.14 0.46 0.69 33 42.51 * * 3.00 45.11 5.83 3.34 16
34 44.66 * * 1.46 52.83 0.04 0.63 35 34.91 * * 0.34 64.18 0.00 0.34 36 81.56 * * 14.24 3.87 0.00 0.13 37 19.15 * * 6.70 73.71 0.00 0.17 38 53.87 * * 34.59 11.21 0.00 0.20 39 47.67 * * 1.21 50.65 0.09 0.11 40 21.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.21 0.00 0.00 41 40.30 * * 1.16 58.09 0.00 0.24 42 40.92 * * 47.33 11.30 0.01 0.23 43 32.25 * * 30.52 36.86 0.01 0.24 44 43.07 * * 20.56 35.81 0.32 0.16 45 53.87 0.00 0.00 33.95 11.09 0.02 0.05 46 78.70 * * 10.03 10.03 0.00 0.25 47 82.90 0.00 * 0.00 14.39 0.64 0.00 48 40.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.09 0.00 0.00 49 89.72 0.00 * 0.00 4.60 0.00 0.22 50 94.27 0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 51 37.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.85 0.00 0.24 52 45.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.30 0.00 0.52 53 91.06 0.00 * 0.00 5.10 0.00 0.26 * (Polyrhachis dives) ( )?( ) ( )?( ) 1 4.8 2.8 2 7.8 20.0 3 2.1 21.3 4 13.9 2.2 5 7.7 12.0 6 16.4 2.7 7 4.3 3.7 8 12.8 * 9 27.0 12.9 10 26.1 7.0 17
11 11.8 15.0 12 11.0 13.3 13 21.1 30.3 14 10.1 7.5 15 5.4 10.3 16 21.3 * 17 279.9 22.0 18 11.7 0.8 19 * 11.0 20 9.9 0.0 21 * 13.9 22 874.5 0.0 23 * 0.0 24 * 0.0 25 2.2 0.0 26 25.6 75.1 27 38.4 5.7 28 11.6 1.3 29 140.8 0.8 30 25.8 10.0 31 1.7 4.0 32 80.0 1.5 33 1.1 293.0 34 0.9 1.0 35 0.5 4.9 36 21.1 79.0 37 0.3 187.6 38 4.8 30.6 39 0.9 432.3 40 0.3 56.1 41 0.7 249.9 42 3.6 * 43 0.9 247.0 44 1.2 46.4 45 4.9 144.9 46 7.9 75.2 18
47 5.8 163.3 48 1.7 40.0 49 19.6 33.9 50 * 22.3 51 0.6 * 52 0.9 21.0 53 17.9 0.0 1 2* Min. No. No. No. 1 100 44.4 25±11.5 2.4 12 5 2 83 33 17±7.7 2.4 29 12 3 88.2 17.9 29±16.3 3.1 52 17 4 100 15 12±8.4 2.6 18 7 () () () ( ) ( ) () 19
() (aggressive behavior ) () () () () DNA 20
() ( ) 11 11 ( ) PCR ( ) 1 ( ) PCR 21
() & 2000 ()Katsusuke Yamauchi & Yosiaki ITÔ 1987Polycalic Colonies of the Weaver Ant Polyrhachis diveskontyû, Tokyo, 55(3) 410-420 ()Masski KONDOH1975AN OBSERVATION ABOUT SIRUP ABSORPTION BY POLYRHACHIS DIVES F. SMITH FOR THE ESTIMATION OF COLONY SIZEMem. Shiraume Gakuen Coll. No.11(Nat. Sci.):17-25 ()Polyrhachis dives http://www.mdsesd.com.tw/~kinmatsu/animal/ant-1.html () http://www.cpami.gov.tw/ymsnp/animal/fotos/45596afoto.htm () http://www.cwps.phc.edu.tw/i/cd_6/species/5hymen/083.htm () http://jnntfs1.cnsh.mlc.edu.tw/sct/content/1976/00020074/0012.htm 22