49
50 3/4 1. 2002 210,598,797 572,878,902 2720Mt/Ha wheat, flour of wheat, bran of wheat, macaroni, germ of wheat, pastry, starch of wheat, wheat gluten wheat-fermented beverages 1994 5052828000 5793946000 2. ( ) Triticum turgidum L. ( Triticum aestivum L. ( T. dicoccumt. durumt. polonicum ) T. compactumt. spelta T. vulgare )
51 (gluten) () pasta pasta macaroni (durum) wheat 20-40 40 20 10 (amylopectin) (Hard red spring wheat ) (Hard red winter wheat ) (Soft red winter wheat ) (White wheat ) (Durum wheat ) 900
52, ( Red durum wheat ) macaroni spaghetti 3. (3-5 ) 1-3 3-4mm ( )30-50cm 51-120cm 120cm + Z 3-5 2-3 ( ) 8-10 1/3 4.5-6.9mm 2.5-3.9mm 2.1-2.3mm 20-62gm / >2.2 2.0~2.1 <1.9 20~62 3.24% 88% 6.54% 16%(N 5.7 ) 63% 2.24% 2.76% 8.93%
53 4. Germination) (emergence) 1 6 (crown root) Tillering Stage 7-8 Stem Elongation Stage (Jointing Stage) 1 cm Booting Stage Heading Stage Flowering or Anthesis Stage Milk Stage Dough Stage Ripening Stage 5. 6
54 ( gluten) (gliadin) (glutentin) B.H. (Brabender unit) 1. (2n=14) (2n=28) Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum Hordeum vulgare var. distichon ( Hordeum distichon) on>>um Hordeum vulgare subsp. agriocrithon Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum( Hordeum hexastichum) Hordeum vulgare var. intermedium (HOP) Humulus lupulus L.
55 hop lupulin glands (humulones )lupulones ( ) 1 1 2 4 2 1 2. 5-8 15-30cm 90-110cm 1m 5-8 3-6 10-14 3 Rachilla gluten 3. 10-20
56 15 17.5 ph 7.0-7.8 4. 45% 5 (kilning) 1 4% (mashing) 1 2 38526877 38 52 68 77 hop maturation -2 CO 2 (Whisky) ( ) 5-7 (oak) 2-8 1. Oryza sativa subsp. indica Oryza sativa subsp. japonica (or sinica)
57 Oryza sativa subsp. javanica Oryza nivaraoryza spontanea Oryza rufipogon Oryza glaberrima Oryza barthiioryza stapfii Oryza longistaminata GONDWANA Pangea Laurasia Gondwana (Cretaceous) 130,000,000 110,000,000 85,000,000 Laurasia ( ) 45,000,000 Gondwanan Oryza rufipogon Oryza nivara ( Oryza spontanea ) Oryza sativa Oryza longistaminata Oryza barthii ( Oryza stapfii ) Oryza glaberima 10000-15000 1000 BC
58 2. (AD 544) (1637) (AD 544) (1637) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8000 6000 (AD 317) 1012
59 3. (56%) 24% 1.5 6 ( 0.4~2.4 ) ( ) 100BC 15 849-1287 AD Pagan Irrawaddy Royal Ploughing Ceremony 1990 15~20 8 5%
60 Bali 6-15 Bali 1000 Bali 10~15 5 Borneo Mentaga 4. Madagascar Charleston South Carolina Carolinas and Georgia 1726 "Carolina Golde"Charleston 4,500 metric tons 1849 40,000 1884 Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas Florida
61 Kiple, K.F., and K.C. Ornelas (Eds.) 2000 The Cambridge World History of Food. (2 Volumes) Cambridge Univ. Press, London. Piper, J.M. 1993 Rice in South-East Asia: Cultures and Landscapes. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur.