1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 7 ( ) 9 ( ) 10 16 ( ) 16 ( ) 17 ( ) 19 ( ) 23 ( ) 25 ( ) 26 30 ( ) 30 ( ) 46 50 ( ) 50 ( ) 52 1
( ) 63 ( ) 68 ( ) 72 ( ) 77 ( ) 85 ( ) 91 ( ) 94 98 ( ) 98 ( ) 103 ( ) 107 ( ) 111 ( ) 114 ( ) 117 ( ) 121 ( ) 125 ( ) 127 ( ) 129 133 ( ) 133 ( ) 139 ( ) 146 ( ) 157 ( ) 160
,,,, ( ) ( ), 1999, 1. 14,, 2 2.4 4. 4 8.2 9, 30% 1974, 25, 12.3, 1. 3, 1.4, 83% 39.5,, 70%, 70%, 1
70%,,,,,,,,, 1998 14,9, 9 14 31.1 %, 23.1 %, 1990,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.
,,,,,,,,, ( ), 20 60,,,, 70,,,,, 1992,,,,, 3
,, 1989, 20 % 1992 15,1999 60, 3%, 1 3, 83%,, 2006 470 1997 100, 1 %, 20% 50%, 1998 130, 2000 200, 2006 1 000, 6% 10 %, 21,,,, 2001 1 200 2.,,,, A AA, 1998, 31,
619, 1 018, 840. 7, 225.7,,,,,, 20 90,, 5% 1996,, 1998, 95 144, 14. 2%, 328. 8, 19,, 1998, 70,,,,, 22.2%, ( ) ( ),, ( ) 3. 5
20 50,,, 76,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1982,, 1983,, 23, 1985 4,, 2000, 2001
; 1998,2000 3, 2001, 5, 4.3 ; 2000 11, 31, 1.3, 30, 25,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 7
,,,,,,,,, 2. DDT,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 9
,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ) 1.,, (1 ) :,
ADI, 1973, WHO FAO ADI 0.13 3.6 ADI, 1983 10, WHO FAO, (2 ) :,, ( ),,,,, 20 80, Bt 7216 N PV Bt,, A (3 ):,, 1
,,,,, (4 ) :,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1 4 ;, - NO 3,, 2. (1 ) :,,,, ;,,
, ; ;,, (2 ) :,,,,,,,, ( ) (3 ) :, ( ), :,,,, 0. 2 100 100 200,, 1
, ;,,, () (4 ) :,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ) :,,,
1,, 160, 600,,,
,, ( ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3) 1 ( ) ph < 6. 5 6. 5 7.5 > 7. 5 1 250 300 350 2 0.30 0.30 0.60 3 0.30 0.50 1. 0 4 30 25 20 40 30 25 5 250 150 300 200 350 250
1 2 1 0. 3 2 0.15 0. 5 3 3 0.10 0.15 4 10 3 3 ( ) 1 0. 1 2 0.005 3 0.001 4 0.05 5 ( ) 0. 1 6 3. 0 7 0. 5 8 250 9 ph 5. 5 8.5 ( ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( < 2% ) ( 6) ( 7)
4 ( ) ( ) 1 ( Pb ) 0. 2 2 ( Cd ) 0. 05 3 ( Hg) 0. 01 4 ( As) 0. 5 5 ( Cr ) 0. 5 6 ( F ) 1. 0 7 ( NaNO 3 ) 600 ( ) 1 200( ) 8 ( NaNO 2 ) 4 9 10 0. 1 11 12 1. 0( ) 0. 5( ) 13 14 0. 2 15 16 17 18 19 5 ( ) ( ) 1 ( P b) 1.0 2. 0 2 ( Hg ) 0.1 0. 2 3 ( As ) 0.5 1. 0
6 ( Pb ) 5 ( As ) 1 ( 254nm 365nm ) ( ) ( 100 ) 3 7 4 %, 60, 2 65 %, 20, 2, 20, 2, 60, 2 ( Pb),4 %, 60,2 30 30 60 10 1 ( ) 1.,, ( 100 ),, 1
2.,,, ; ; ( ) ; ; ( ) ; 8 9 10 11 8 ( ) ( ) 40 % 2 000 7 1. 0 90 % 1 000 2 000 7 0. 2 50 % 2 000 7 0. 05 50 % 300 7 1 20 % 375 3 0. 5 2.5 % 300 7 0. 2 2.5 % 375 7 0. 2 Bt Bt8 000 600 Bt1 600 1 000 40 % 750 1 050 7 1. 0 48 % 1 800 2 000 50 % 1 125 21 0. 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 25 % 3 750 20 % 210 600 5 12 3 10 0.5 0.2 0.05 10 % 300 450 2 5 1 1.0 0.5 25 % 375 525 20 % 2 500 3 200 7 20 25 % 525 750 15 3. 0 5 % 2 000 30 0.1 1.8 % 495 750 7 0. 05 5 % 1 000 2 000 7 0.5 25 % 1 000 7 0.5 20 % 1 000 2 000 7 0.1 9 ( ) ( ) 75 % 1.5 3 23 5 50 % 1 500 2 250 30 70 % 1.5 2. 1 50 % 2 000 25 0. 5 25 % 525 900 20 0. 5 D T 30 % 600 3 5. 0 5.0 80 % 500 10 3.0 1. 0 0.5 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 30 % 600 800 3 20 77 % 134 200 3 20 64 % 1 000 3 5 25 % 1 000 1 0. 5 2 % 1 125 1 500 21 5 % 1 500 2 250 14 15 % 2 550 3 000 14 0. 01 50 % 0.4 0.6 2 10 2.0 85 % 10 60 % 5 % 1 275 2 100 15 24 50 % 390 825 10 % 195 375 20 % 3 000 4 500 15 % 750 2 250 72 % 1 500 2 250 30 % 3 48 % 2 250 3 000 12. 5 % 975 35 % 1 200 15 % 75 10 % 75 90
11 DD T DDT ( ) 1. (1 ) :, GB T17136-1997 ;, GB T17134-1997 GB T17135-1997 ;, GB T17141-1997 ;, 2
GB T17137-1997 ( 2 ) :, GB T15432-1995 ;, GB T15262-1994 ;, GB T14536-1995 ;, GB T15433-1995 GB T15434-1995 (3 ) :, GB T7468-1987 ;, GB T7485-1987 ;, GB T7475-1987 ;, GB T7467-1987 ;, GB T7482-1987 GB T7484-1987 ;, GB T7486-1987 ;, GB T11896-1987 ; ph, GB T6920-1987 2. (1 ) :, GB T5009 12-1996 ;, GB T5009 15-1996 ;, GB T5009 17-1996 ;, GB T5009 11-1996 ;, GB T14962-1994 ;, GB T5009 18-1996 ;, GB T5009 13-1996 ;, GB T5009 13-1996 ;, GB T5009 20-1996 ;, GB T5009 20-1996 ;, GB T5009 20-1996 ;, GB T14929 4-1994 ;, GB T14877-1994 ;, GB T14929 4-1994 ;, GB T14876-1994 ;, GB T5009 20-1996 ;, GB T5009 20-1996
;, GB T5009 20-1996 ;, GB T5009 20-1996 (2 ) :, GB T5009 12-1996 ;, GB T5009 17-1996 ;, GB T5009 11-1996 (3 ):, GB9693-1988 ;, GB11680-1989 ;, GB9687-1988 ( ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 2
,,,,,, : ( ) ( ) 1.
,,, :, ( ),,,, (),, : LB XXXXXXX 2
,,,,,,,, 2.,,, ;, ;,,,,
2,,,,,,,
( ) :,,,,,, 1.,,,,, :
,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, (1 ) :, 3.5 10-5,, ( 0. 5 1) 10-3,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :, 20, 3
, 1 10-7 1 10-5,,,,,,,,, (3 ):,,,,,, ;,,, ( 2. 5 3 ) 10-3 2 3 ; 6 10-3 2,
,,, ( 10 20 ) 10-9, 2,, (4 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 8. 4,, 3
, 0.7, 6 6.2, 9, 2.,,,,, 1990,,, 13. 7,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, (1 ):,,
,,,,,,,,, 1977, 32 100%, 0.37 (),,,, 5,,,, 0.3, 1 6,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,,,,, 3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24 28 (3 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, 35.5,,,,,,,,,,, 6 1, 4,, ;,,,, 150,,,,,, 3. :, 3
,,,,, (1 ):,,,, 7 ( ),,,, ;,, 2.26, 3.87, 3. 96,7.06,, 36.19%,,,,,, ph,,,,,,,,, 16 33,,,,
:,,,,, 0. 03 0. 31, 0. 01 0. 07,,, 4 13,,, 0.5, ; 100,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,, 10 13, 5,,,, 3
, 0. 025 0. 787, 0.15 0. 40, 0. 075 0.15, 0.028 0.432, 0.29, > > > > >,,,,,,,,,,,, 410,, 400,,,,,,,,,,,, 0 50
,,,,,,,,, 70,,,, : ;,,,, : > >,, :,,,,,,,, 50% 30,,,,, 4
,,,,,,, 0. 68, 0. 12, 3, 3. 7,,,,,,, (2 ):,,,, ;,, 3 4, 6 8,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, ;,,,,, > > > > > > >,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,, (3 ) :,,, 4
100,,,,, 10% 20%, ; 80% 90%,, (),,,, > > ; > ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,
:,,,,, ;, ;, Bt ;, ;, (4 ) :,,, 40 %, :,,,,,,, 4
, 300, 2,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) :,
,,, (2 ) :,,, ;,,,,,,,, 3. :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4
,,,,, 4.,,,,, ; ; 5406,,,,,, 120 5.,,,,,, 60,, 10 15,,,,,,
4,,, 6.,,, 7.,,,,,,,
( ),,,,, 1.,, (1 ):,, 24 30,,,,,, ( 0. 85 1. 06 ),
(2 ):,,,,,, (3 ) : 30% 70 %,,,,,,,,,,, 1 200 1 500, 2. (1 ) :,, (2 ) :,,,,,, 3. (1 ) :,,,,, (2 ) :,,, 5
(3) : 7 8,,, 4. (1 ) :,,,,,, (2 ) :,,, 1,, ;,, 24 30, 1. 4 1.8, 1. 0 1. 8, (3 ) :,,,, ;,,,, (4 ) :,,,,, ( ) 1.
(1 ) :, : 75 75 90 (, 50 ) 25 30,, 30 40,,, 15, 2 3, 1 20 1 30,,, 2 3, 8 9,,, : ( ), 25 30,,, 2 3,,,, 1,,,, 10 12 : 4,,, 21 35, 15 28, 40% 50%, 5
() 10, 25 30, 20,,,,, ( 30 ),,, 10 12,,, 24 28,,,, 40,,,, 15, 2 3,,, 1, 8 9,,, (2 ) : :,,,,
, 70 % 80 %, ( 84 % ), ( ),,,, 1 000, 30 50 2 :,, ;,, 4 6, 2 000, 80 100 2 :,, 12 1 20, 70% 75 %, (77% ), 2 3,,,,, ( 35 28 5 ), (10 12 ),,,,, 2,, (3 ) : :, 0.5, 20 35, 15, 5 20, 3 4, 7 10,,, 25 5
19,,,, 0.2 7 57%,, 0. 5,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 44.2 % 80.9%,, 10 % 14 %, 2.,,, (1 ) :, 0.5,
15 20, 7 10, 1, 3 5,, 30 50 6 7, 500 700 ; 10 15, (2 ): 22 24, 75 % 85% ( ) 70 80 70,,, 55, 15,, 2, 5 16, 2 3,, 2 3,,, 8 12 5 8 ( 200 ), 1 000, 3 300,,,,,,,,,,,, 5
,,, ( ), (3 ),, 200,,, 1, 2 ; 5, 8, ; 13 15,,,,,,, 15, 6,,,, 4 2 3,,, 2218,15 20, 65% 5 8, 5, 7 8 (3 ) :,,,,,,,,, 8% ( 15% 20 % ), ( 1.8% 8.3% ),
; 36 % 11% ;,,, 3., 27 28 70% 75 % (1 ) :,, 15 30 2,, 25 30, 70%, 15 17,,,,,,,, ( 500 ),,, 1, 10,, 2,, 3 4,, 5
2, 60 (), 100,,,, 1,,, 2 3 2 4 8 12 2, 4 000 6 000 24 32 2, 12 000 16 000, 6, 1 2 3 30 27 189 :,,,,,,,,,,, 70%,, 80 %,, :,,,,,, 4
8 :, 50 75,,, 1 4 1 5, 19: 00 23: 00, 22: 00,, 24 700 1 000,,,,,,, 2 3,,, ;,, :,,,,,, 3 10 30, :, 26, 80 % 6
56, 712,1221,15 12 26 2 4 (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 10 20, :,,,,,,,,, 2 3,, :, :,, 50 500 1 000,
(1 5 1 10 ),, 25,, 80%,, :1 15 1 20, 3 5, 2 4 ( ),,,,,,, 1.,,, (1 ) : 5 6,, 0.5 0. 5 3, 10,,,,,, ; 6
, (2 ) : :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, 30 40, 1 ; 2 3,,,,,,,,, 5,, :,,,, ;,,, 7 3,,, 5 6, 7 10, 3 4,,,,,
,,, 0.5 1,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, 25, 18,, 20,, 3 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 6
,,, 5,, 6 7 3,, 6 7,,,,, 1, 20 30,, 0.6 1, 2,,,, 0. 6 0.8,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20%,,,, 2. (1 ) :,, (2 ) : :, 70, 30, 0. 5 0.7, 1. 5,, 15 6
3. (1 ) :,, 8 10, 25 30, 72 0. 1,, 25 ;,, 7 10 ; : ;,, 3 4, 24 36 (2 ) :,, ( ),, 0. 03 %,,,, 1., :,
,,, 15% 25 %,,,,,,, 30%, 7 10, 5 7,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 800 900, 1 000,,,,,, 1 2 300,,,, 300,,, 800 1 500,,,,,,, ;, 3. 6
, 300, 300,,,,,,,, 1 1. 5,,, 1.27 3,,,,, 1 2,, 100,,, 1,,
,, 666. 7 2 40 50,, 40,, 1 000,,, ;,,,,, 1 2,, 4., 1 2, 30,, 800 1 500, 800 900 ; 1 300 1 500,,, 300, 25 26 ; 1 000, 29 31,,,, 7
,,,, 5%,, ( ),,, 1. (1 ) :, 97%,,,,, 50% 70% ;,,,,,,, 30% 40% (2 ) :,,,,
,,,, 20% (3 ), :,,,,,,,, (4 ) :,,, 2.,, (1 ):, (2 ) :,,,, 7
,, 100,,,, (3 ) : U - PVC,,,, 30 (4 ):, ; 2 6,,,,, ;,,,, 0.3 0. 4 0.5 0.6,,,,,,,,,, 0.5 0. 875, 1.6,,
,, (5 ) :,,,, 0. 4 0.6, 2 6 3. (1 ) : 35, ( SS), 0. 2 1 000,,,, (2 ) :,, Na + Cl -,,,, (3) :,, (Cu 2 + ) 0. 8,,, 7
4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 25% 5. (1 ) :, ;,,,,,, (2 ):,,,,, (3 ) :,,,
,,, ph,,, (4 ) :,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ):,,,, 7
,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,,, (3 ), :,,,,, (4 ):,,, ;, ;, 2.,, (1 ) :,,,
,, 40, 30,, :,, ;,,, ;,,,, (2 ) :, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 7
,,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ):,,, 7 8, 5 6,, 8, 12 ;, 12, 5 6,,,, ;, 12,, 150 300, 300 450, 750 1 500, 1 500 2 250,, : 1% 15 20,,, 2 3,, 5% 10% 15,,,,,,
, 10 15,,,, 1,,,,, 2 3,,,, 3.7 4. 2, 8 250, 3 3. 3, 3 3. 7, 4.5 (2 ):,,,, : NO 3 - N,,,,, 70 100, 50 100, 130 100, 1 5, 3 500, 1,,,,, :,, 8
, 30, ; 15,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, (3 ) :,, 28 30,, 20,,,,,,, 22 28, 18 12,,, 22 30, 20 12
,,,,,, 23 32, ;, 35,,,,,,, :,, 23 32,,, ;, 2 4, 23 18,,,, 18 12, 10 20,,,,, 18 28,,,, 8
10,,,,, ; (4 ) :,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ) :,,,,,,,,,, :,, 60, 1 1.5,,, 100 3 0. 25 0. 5,,, 24,, 1% 2%,,,,,,
( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, 8
,,,, ;, 30, ;,,, ;, 2.,, (1 ), :,,,,,, 65 %,,,,,, 100 C 30 40, 17, 100 6. 4 1.9 1.7 1. 6
1. 5 1.2 1. 1 1.0 0. 5 2.6 2.0 1.7 1.2 1. 1 0. 8 0.8 0.5,,,, ; E,, (2 ) :,,,,,,,,, 7 15,,,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,,, (4 ),,,, :,, 7 15 7 9, 21 23 6, 28 33 8
4, 10 15 10 3. 0 3. 5 5 7, 23 29 3 20 30 4, 7 15 6 7 5 15 4 10 4 6 1 7 9, 13 ; 7 9,,,, ;, 3. 30,, : 20 25, 20, 16,,,,,,
,,,,,, : (1 ) :, 95%,,,,,,, ; 1 2 ;, (2 ) :, 20 30 2 3, 2 3, 24, 24, 8 12, 36, 24, 24 36, 24,, 95% 2 3,,,,,,,,,,, 8
,,,, 3 4,, 1 2, ( 12 ) 12 ( ) ( ) ( ) 350 450 80 100 150 175 3 25 30 2 3 2 3 3 2 18 22 23 26 23 26 18 22 1.0 2. 0 0.5 1. 0 2.0 3. 0 0.5 1. 0 750 1 000 30 50 3 4 5 6 20 23 20 23 2 0.5 1. 0 1 000 250 1 2 2 3 23 26 20 23 2 0.5 1. 0 1 000 500 2 3 8 9 23 26 20 23 2 < 5 :, (3 ) : ( 13),,,, 3 4,,,,
13 ( ) ( ) ( ) 14 30 18 23 8 10 16 30 20 23 15 18 16 30 20 25 5 7 16 35 20 25 8 10 16 30 18 23 8 10 18 30 20 25 10 12 16 30 20 25 12 13 18 30 18 25 8 10,,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ):,, 100,,,,,, (2 ):,, 234, 100 5 9
88, B 2 0. 5 87, C 100 80,, 730, 115 ;, 6. 7, 12. 4, 23, D EB 6 B 1 2 K (3 ) :,,,,,,, ;, (4 ) :,,,,,,,, (5 ):,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,
,, (1 ):,, ;,, (2 ) :,,,,, (3 ) :,,, (4 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3., 9
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ( ) 1.,,,,,, 1999, 8 000, 80
, 70 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 80%, 2.,,,,,, 9
863, 10,, ;, ;, ( ) ; 1995 666.7,, 2000 LD50, ;,,,,,, 3 80%, 95 %,,, 3., 1, ph6. 0 8.5,, 4 18, 3,, 500 1 000 5 000 :
9, ;, ;, ;,,, 2, ( 30, ),,,,,,, 3, 75
( ) 1. 2. (1 ) :, 2 3 25,, 10 15 ; 50 % 1 100, 1. 25, (2 ) : 2 4 10 2 3 ; ; 1 1 ; 1 2, 2 ; 1 2, 4 5, 1 2,,,
(3 ) :, 50 % 500, 1, 40% 150 1 1.5, 0. 3% 25% 50% 5515, 50% 50%, 5 10, 40 % 30, 60 100,,,,,, 25 27, 12 1 2 50% 500,,,,, (4 ) :,, 7.5, 750, 3 4, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 9
25 30, 33, 75%, 20 25, 70% 80 %, 12 15, 13,,, 35 40, 1, 1 2,, 44 45 ( ), 1,,,, (5 ) :, 1 % 150 200, ; 72% 4 000 5 000 ; 0.9% 4 000, (6 ) :, 50% 500, 50% 800, 70% 1 200, 0.25, 5% 5%, 15, ; 45 % 3 750, 5% 6.5 % 15,, 65% 800, 28 % 500, 50% 800 1 000, 50% 600,
1 72 % 600 800, 1 500 2 000, ;, 25% 500 10% 1 000, 2. 5% 2 000, 2.5 % 2 000 3.,,, : ( 14 ) ;, ; 7, ;, ; 14 ( ) 50% 50% 500 0.3% 0.4% 1 15 50% 0.4% 1 7 25% 25% 0.4% 600 800 1 3 7 7 70% 70% 10 2 600 800 1 3 7 7 5% 75% 45% 15 500 3 750 3 3 3 7 7 7
( ) 1% ( ) 150 200 4 1 72% 600 800 3 7 50% 800 1 000 3 1 65% 600 800 3 7 50% 600 3 7 58% 58% 1 000 0.3% 0.4% 3 1 1 15 40% 400 3 7 64% 400 500 2 3 3 15 3 7 5 # 15 3 7 15 3 7 15 3 7 28% 500 3 7 50% 1 500 4 15 72% 4 000 5 000 1 2 2 25% 500 2 3 7 10% 1 000 3 7 0.9% 3 000 4 000 2 7 2.5% 2 000 3 000 3 7 2.5% 800 1 000 3 7
( ) 1. ; 2. (1 ) :, 2 3 25,, 10 15 50% 1 100, 1.25,, 75% 10,, 500,,, (2 ) : 802 L - 402 10 9, 2, R144 (3 ) : 55 10 15, 5020 30,, 30, 3 4, ; 10% 20, ; 50 % 500 2, 100 30, 50% 50 % 0.4 %, 25% 0. 3%,,,,,, 30, 1
15,,,,, (4 ) : 15 20, 9 750,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30, ; 20, ; 12 15, (5 ) : ; 2% ( ) 200 250, ; 1% 150 200, 0. 9% 4 000,, 10 % 1 000 1 500, 5 % 1 000 1 500, 72 % 3 000 4 000, 25% 500, (6 ) :,, 5% 15, 45 % 3 750 75% 500
,, 1.5% 1 000, 20 % A 500, 5% 200 300 1 000 6 000 ;, 50% 800, 28% 500 600, 65 % 800, 0.1 % 50% 50 % ; 75% 600, 72% 600 800, 58% 800 1 000, 77 % 500, 66.5 % 3 000, 5 % 5%, 15 10% 1 000, 40% 2 000 3 000, 2. 5% 2 500, 4. 5% 1 500, 50 % 5 000;, 48% 600 800 ;, 73% 2 000 2 500 3.,,, : ( 15 ) ;, ; 7, ;, ; 1
15 ( ) 50% 50% 500 0.3% 0.4% 1 15 50% 0.4% 1 7 25% 0.4% 1 7 70% 70% 10 2 600 800 1 3 7 7 58% 1 000 3 1 64% 400 500 2 3 3 5% 75% 45% 15 500 3 750 3 3 4 7 7 3 1% 150 200 4 1 72% 600 800 3 7 50% 800 1 000 3 1 65% 600 800 3 7 50% 600 3 7 15 3 7 15 3 7 28% 500 3 7 77% 400 600 3 3 66.5% 1 000 1 500 3 7 72% 4 000 5 000 1 2 2
( ) ( ) 25% 500 2 3 7 2% 200 250 2 3 2 1.5% 600 800 3 7 A 20% 500 2 3 2 10% 1 000 3 7 50% 5 000 3 7 10 0.9% 3 000 4 000 2 7 2.5% 2 000 3 000 3 7 4.5% 1500 2 1 2.5% 2500 3 2 20% 1 000 3 7 48% 600 800 3 7 10% 1 000 1 500 3 7 5% 1 000 1 500 2 15 73% 2 000 2 500 3 15 ( ) 1., 2. (1 ) :,, 1
(2 ) :, ; 1 1 94-1 1 (3 ) : 55 15, 30 6 8,, 50%, 50 %, 40%, 0. 4%, 1 3, 5 10, ( 2 1),, 10% 45 60, 2,,, (4 ) : 15 20, 9, 750,,,,,, (5 ) : 1% 150 200, 40% 900 ; 0.9 % 4 000, 10% 1 500, 1% 5 000 6 000 ; 0. 9% 3 000,
1 (6 ) :, 64% M 8 400 500, 58% 500 600, 75% 600, 72% 600 800, 25% 400 600, 58% 500 600, 50 % 500 600, 50 % 600 800, 50 % 1 000, 50% 1 500, 0. 1% 50% 50 % 3.,, : ( 16 ) ;, ; 7, ;, ; 16 ( ) 50% 0.4% 1 50% 500 1 50% 4 000 5 000 1 25%400 500 1 50% 500 1 10 10 10 10 10
( ) ( ) 50% 0.4% 1 40% 0.4% 1 1 3 2 1 10% 45 60 1 10 50% 800 1 000 1 15 72% 600 800 1 3 1% 150 200 2 3 2 40% 900 2 3 1 50% 600 800 1 2 5 M 8 64% 400 500 3 3 50% 1 000 2 7 50% 1 500 3 1 70% 800 3 10 25% 400 600 3 1 58% 500 600 3 1 50% 500 600 2 5 80% 500 1 2 5 0.9% 0.9% 4 000 3 000 1 1 7 7 10% 1 000 1 500 1 2 5 10% 1 000 1 2 5
( ) 1. ; 2. (1 ) : 3 (2 ) : 1 1 ( ) 6 ( ), 1 2 4 19, 14 623 83 - A (3 ) : 50 %, 0.5% ; 40 % 50 2 3 40% 300 4, (4 ) : 15 20, 7. 5,750,,,,,,, ;,,, (5 ) : 0. 9% 3 000, ;72% 3 000 4 000, 100 3 000 4 000, 1
;1 % 150 200, (6 ) : 80% 1 000, 20% 1 000, 73% 1 000 1 500, 70%, 50 % 500, 500 ;, 40% 2 000, 25 % ( ) 1 000, 50% 300, 50 % 300 ;, 20 % 600, 50 % 1 000, 65 % 1 000, 28% 600, 50% 1 000 ; 6.5%, 15, 30% DT 500, 77 % 600 ; 80% 400 500, 75% 600, 70 % 500, 70% 800 1 000 5%, 15 ; 45%, 3 000 3.,, : ( 17 ) ;, ;, ;
1 17 ( ) 50% 0.5% 1 40% 50 1 40% 300 1 10% 15 30 1 80% 1 000 1 10 70% 500 1 30 23% 300 500 0.9% 3 000 4 000 1 7 20% 1 000 1 500 73% 1 000 1 500 3 30 40% 2 000 4 10 25% 1 000 2 20 50% 300 2 3 15 DT 30% 500 4 3 77% 600 3 3 72% 3 000 4 000 2 2 100 3 000 4 000 2 2 1% 150 200 2 3 2 20% 600 800 1 2 5 50% 800 1 000 3 1 50% 1 000 3 7 6.5% 15 3 14 80% 400 500 2 3 75% 600 3 7 70% 500 2 3 15
( ) 1., 2. (1) : 4 6, (2 ) : 8 2 3 (3) : 0. 1% 0. 2% 150, 50% 500 0. 5 1, 55 15, 10 % 10,, 50% 7.5, 1 500 ; 80 120, 25% 8, 50% 10, ( ),, ;,, 8 10 8 10, (2 3, 1 3 ),,,, (4 ) :, 7. 5,,,,
(5 ) : ( 2 % ) 200 250, ; 0. 9% 3 000 (6) :, 66.5 %1 000 1 500, 64 % M 8 400 500, 200,, 50 % 2, 100, ; 50% 500, 70 % 1 000, 250,,,, 8 10 10,, 50% 500 70% 1 000, 500, 70% 800, 64% M 8 500,, 20% 1 500, 1. 5% 4. 5,,,, 12 ; 80 % 2.2 3,,,, 30, 2, 20% 500 600, 6 % 600 800, 20% A600, 7, 2 3 1
, 80% 800, 70 % 500, 50% 400 600, 45 % 3 3. 7, 8 10, 3.,, : 18, 7, 18 ( ) 50% 500 1 10 50% 2 000 1 10 50% 500 1 10 25% 8 2 1 10 50% 10 2 1 10 75% 8 10 2 1 25% 8 10 2 1 66.5% 1 000 1 500 3 7 M 8 64% 400 500 3 3
( ) ( ) 70% 800 3 10 70% 1 500 3 10 70% 500 3 10 2% 200 250 2 3 2 1.5% 1 000 2 3 2 A 20% 600 2 3 2 80% 800 1 2 3 50% 400 500 2 5 50% 500 600 2 5 50% 5 000 3 7 10 0.9% 3 000 4 000 0.9% 3 000 1 1 7 7 80% 2 250 3 000 5 5 20% 1 500 1 2 5 50% 1 000 1 10 2.5% 30 2 7 ( ) 1., 2. (1 ) : 2 1
791 2, (2 ), :,,,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,,,,,, (4) : 0. 9% 50 60, ;,,, 2 3, 25 % 3 750, 750 800,,,, 1 % 150 200,, 2 3, 5 7 (5 ) : 48 % 33% 2 250 3 000, 750 800, 1.8% 225 300, 15% 600 750 5 6,, ( 4, 9 ), 20 % 2. 5% 1 000 1 500 : 10 % 45 60, 2.5% 45 60, 5% 45 60, 10 ( ), : 40% 750 800
1, 40. 7% 750, 50 % 2 250, ; 30% 15,, ; 5% 30,,, 58% 500, 75% 500, 5 % 15, 25% 400, 50 % 600, 64% M 8 600, 66. 5% 1 000 1 500, 600 750 25 % 1 000, 50% 400 500, 3 4 6. 5% 15, 50% 1 000 1 500, 50% 1 000, 50% 800, 5 6, 2 3 3.,,, : 3911 ; ( 19 ) ; 5 7 ;, ;
19 ( ) 5% 15 4 3 75% 500 3 7 25% 1 000 1 2 2 58% 500 3 1 50% 500 600 2 5 64% 400 500 3 3 80% 800 1 000 2 5 66.5% 1 000 1 500 1 2 5 1% 150 200 2 3 2 40% 900 2 3 2 6.5% 15 2 2 65% 600 800 2 2 50% 800 2 5 50% 1 000 1 500 3 1 50% 1 000 2 7 20% 1 000 1 500 3 5 12 2.5% 1 000 1 500 2 3 10% 45 60 1 10 50% 2 250 1 10 40% 750 900 3 7 40.7% 750 3 7 0.9% 750 900 1 7 25% 3 750 4 500 2 15 30% 15 1 7 33% 2 250 3 000 1 48% 2 250 3 000 1
( ) 1., 2. (1 ) :, (2 ) :,,,, 50% 50 % 0. 3% 2, 50% 100 150 2, 250,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) : 1% 150 200, 40%, 800,, ; (2 % )200 250, ; 72 % 4 000, 100 1
4 000, (4) : 5% 22.5 30 900, ; 50 % 7. 5 15, 40% 7. 5 750, 90%, 40% 2 250, 50% 200 5 7, 50 70, 2.5 % 3% 22. 5,,,, 50% 2 250 3 000, 50% 1 500 1 800, 72 % 2 625 3 000, 450,, 30 45 75 ;, 80 % 2 250, 75, 3 750, ; 2.5 %, 22. 5, 2.5 % 450, 1 125 1 500,, 50% 11.25 15, 10, 80% 1 000, 50% 7. 5, 11 250 90 % 1 200, 50% 2 000, 25 % 1 000 50% 1 500, 25% 1 000, 75%
1 500, 50 % 600 800, 50 % 1 000, 120 300 20% 500 600, 1 300, 20% A 500 3.,,, : ( 20) ; ; 10 ;, ; 20 ( ) 50% 0.3% 50% 1 000 1 1 10 10 50% 0.3% 3 1 50% 1 500 2 250 3 1 50% 1 000 3 1 5% 22.5 30 1 10 50% 50% 3 11.25 15 1 1 10 10 50% 2 000 1 10 80% 2 250 5 5 80% 2 250 5 5 80% 1 000 5 5
( ) ( ) 50% 50% 2 000 1 000 1 1 3% 22.5 1 40% 40% 7.5 22.5 1 1 2.5% 22.5 1 7 90% 1 200 1 7 90% 2 250 1 7 50% 1 500 2 5 25% 1 000 2 5 75% 500 3 7 1% 150 200 2 3 2 40% 800 1 200 2 3 1 6.5% 15 2 3 1 65% 600 800 2 2 50% 800 2 5 50% 1 000 1 500 3 1 120 2% 200 2 3 5 2% 200 250 2 3 2 A 20% 500 2 3 2 72% 4 000 1 2 2 100 4 000 1 2 2 50% 2 250 3000 1 50% 1 500 1875 1 72% 2 625 3000 1
( ) 1. ( ) ( ), 2. (1 ) :, (2) : 48 49 30,,, ( 3) : 50% 30 300 600,,, 10% 15 30, (4 ) :,, 2 3 ;,,,, ;, 15 20, 20, 10 15 ;, ;,, (5 ) : 0. 9% 3 000, 0. 5% 1 000 1 500, (6 ) :, 75 % 600, 65 % 500, 50% 1 000 1
, 5%, 6.5 %, 15, 45% 3,, 50% 500, 40 % 800 1 000, 50% 800, 3, 50 % 2 000, 24% 1 000 2 000, 3. : ;, 7 10 21 50% 30 1 10% 15 30 1 ( ) 75% 600 3 7 6.5% 15 3 14 65% 500 2 15 50% 1 000 3 3 50% 500 1 30 40% 800 1 000 50% 800 5 24% 1 000 2 000 2 7 50% 2 000 3 11 3 0.9% 3 000 5 000 1 7
( ) 1., 2. (1 ) : 8 11 15, 8398,, 1, 2, (2 ) : B 1 100 150,, ; 50%, 0.4%, (3 ) :, ;,,, ;,,,, (4 ) : 72 % 3 000 4 000, ; 100 4 000 5 000, B 1, 3 4. 5 750,, ; 1% 150 200, ; 20, Bt 3 750 750,, ; 6 500 800, ; 20% 1 25% 3 800 1 000, 0. 9% 3 000, 1
(5 ) :,, 50 % 500, 75% 600, 25% 65 % 1 2 600 ; 40% 200 400, 64% 400, 58% 500, 3.,,, :,,, ; ( 22 ) ; 22 ( ) 50% 400 500 3 15 75% 600 3 14 25% 500 800 2 7 65% 600 2 15 72% 4 000 5 000 2 3 100 4 000 5 000 2 3 40% 300 400 2 3 7 64% 400 2 6 58% 500 3 3 1% 150 200 3 3 10% 1 000 2 3 7 1% 600 3
( ) ( ) 50 10-6 3 Bt 2 000 3 750 16 000 750 6 100 500 800 3 25% 800 1 000 2 20 0.9% 3 000 4 000 1 7 ( ) 1., 2. (1 ) : 1 56 1 ; 2 1 ; 1 87-114 3 1 3 78 8 4,, (2 ) : 50% 50% 75%, 0. 4%, 1
(3 ) :,,,,, 7. 5, 750 1 500, 20,,,,, 3, 4, 20 30, 5 7,,,,,,,,,, (4 ) : Bt 3 750, 750,, ; 0. 9% 3 000, 72% 4 000 5 000,, 100 4 000 5 000, 1% 150 200, (5 ) :, 25% 600 800
, 50% 500, 58% 500, 64 % 400, 72% 600 800, 65 % 500, 40% 250 25% 500, 40% 250 70 % 500,, 500 1 000, 6 7, 2 3 50% 120 150, 40% 1 500 10% ;, 50% 1 000 3.,,, : 1605 ; 3911 ( 23 ) 23 ( ) 50% 120 150 3 11 40% 800 2 000 4 10 50% 0.3% 0.4% 50% 0.3% 0.4% 1 1 1
() ( ) 75% 0.4% 1 10% 1 000 2 3 7 25% 300 400 2 3 7 50% 500 4 7 64% 400 3 6 58% 120 3 3 72% 600 800 2 3 21 65% 500 2 3 15 40% 400 2 3 7 70% 500 2 3 15 70% 500 1 000 2 3 14 0.9% 1.8% 300 1 7 50% 1 000 1 15 1% 150 200 3 3 1.5% 1 000 1 500 2 3 3 A 20% 600 2 3 3 2% 200 250 2 3 3 72% 4 000 5 000 2 3 100 4 000 5 000 2 3 Bt 2 000 3 750 1 16 000 375
( ) 1. (1 ) : : ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1
, AB C, E K A, A, - 557 A A,, A,,,, A, : B B 1 B 2 B 6 P B 1,, B 1, B 1, B 2,,, B 2, B 2 B 6,, I
, B 6 B 6, C,, C, C C C,,, Ca, P, Fe, K, Na, Mg, I, Si, Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, Se, Ca, P, Mg ; K, Na, Ca, Mg ;,,, Pb, Cd, As, Hg,,, Se, Co, Cu Ca ; P ; Fe,,,,,,, 1
(2 ) :,,,,, r -, L -, L -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, (1 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, (2 ) :,,,,,,, (3 ) :,,, ( ),, L402,,,,,,,,, 1
30 100, 10 20,,,, (4 ) :,,, (5 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (6 ): ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (7 ):, 90 %
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,, (1 ) :,,,, (2 ): ; ; 1
,,,, ;, ;,, :,,,,, 2. (1 ):,,, (, ),
,,,,,,,, (2 ) :, : :,, :, : : : : : (3 ) :, : 1
,, :,,,, 1949, 1975 U N ECE, :,,, 3. (1 ) :,,,,,, :, :,,, :,, :, :,
, :,, :, (2 ) : :,, :, :,,, :,, :,,, (3 ) :,, :,,, :,, 1
:,,, :, (4 ) :,,,,,, : :,, :,, :,,,,,
, (5 ) :,, :,,,,,,,,, (6 ) :, :, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( 1
) ( ),, :, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, ; (1 ): 20
,,,, 25 12 20 60, (),, (50 100 10-6 ), 1 2, 0 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26 4 4 5 ;26 27 1 2 15, 9, 4 6 1
, (2 ) :,,, :, (),,, ( 24 25 ) 24 ( ) 12. 8, 15. 5 1.1, 2.2 5, 4.3 4.4, 4.8 ( ) 69, 81 3.8 25 4.4 12. 5 13. 4 20 28, 5.7 11, 2.7 11
25 ( ) ( 13 ) 20 3 5 3 4 12 6 8 (3 ) :,, : ;, ;,,, ;,,, ;, ( ), ; ;,, 1, 1 ; ;,, ;, ; 2.,,,,,,, 1
, 50 %,,,, 3., ( 26 ) 26 ( Red ) 5 50 50 500,, 100 1 000 1 000 0 2, ; ; ; 1 000R 60 Co, 300, 8%
, 15 000 R, 3, 11 4. (1 ) :,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 1 500 3 000 :,, :, :,, :,, 1
; (2 ) :,, 1998 80 ( 80 100 ) 10%,,,,,, 70%, 10 14,,,,,, 20 90, ( ) ( ),,,, 20 40,,
80, 90,,, ( ), ( ), 5 90 %,,, 5.,, CO 2,, :,, ;,,,,,, 1
, 8 RCV1966, 30,, (1 ):,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) : 20 50 60
, 70,,, 70,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( 400 700, 500 680 ),,,,,,, 1
6.,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,, (1 ):,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) : 80 120 100 120, 75, 60,
, : 100, 100, 75, 40, 100 (3 ) :,,, PLU ( ), EDI( ), ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1
,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 2., (1 ) : 1998, 1 113, 3.2, 253,,,, AA A,,, (2 ) : 1997, 168, 63,
105 20,,,,, (3 ) :,, 20 90,, : ( ),,,,,, 90%,,,, (4 ):,, 500, 310, 265 500 10,,,, 1
,,,, 20 90 (5 ), :,,,,, 1998 3.7, 1995 3. 7,,,,, ( ) 1., ( ),,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 21,,, 1
,,,,,,, 70%,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1,,