( CIP) /. - :, 2006. 5 ISBN 7-5059 - 5273-0... - - -. J292. 1-53 CIP ( 2006) 045710 ( 010-65389152) 10 ( 100026) 880 1230 1 / 32 200 7. 5 2 2006 6 1 1 ISBN 7-5059 - 5273-0 20. 00 ht tp: / / www. cflacp. com
1,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,
2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2005 10
1 ( 3 ) ( 14 ) ( 22 ) ( ) ( 30 ) ( ) ( 36 ) ( ) ( 41 ) ( ) ( 52 ) ( ) ( 63 ) ( ) ( 68 ) 1. ( 68 ) 2. ( 73 ) ( ) ( 81 ) 1. ( 81 ) 2. ( 84 ) ( ) ( 89 )
2 ( ) ( 97 ) ( ) ( 104) : ( 106) ( 122) ( 132) ( 149) ( 159) ( 181) ( 190) ( 194) ( 202) : ( 211)
( ) 3 2002 6,,, : 21,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ) 36000, 10, [ 1] ( ) ( ) ( ) M11 1975 2 M4 1975 1155 1980 2 1986 460 M6 1989 293 M315 1990 75 1990 500
4 ( ) ( ) 1993 800 1993 390 2002 36000, ( ),,, 1.,, J1( 9 ) 4 J1( 9) 5 J1( 9) 6 J1( 9 ) 7 J1( 9) 8 J1( 9) 9, :,,!, ;,,,!,,, ( 2004 3 ), : J1 1 J1 2 J1 3 J1 4 J1 5 J1 7 J1 9 J1 10 J1 11 J1 12,, J1 10, ( 33 4 35 4 ),,,,,,,,,
( ) 5 2.,,,,,, [ 2], 36000, (,, ),,! J1( 9 ) 4 J1( 9 ) 5 J1( 9) 6 J1 ( 9) 7 J1( 9) 8 J1 ( 9) 9,,?, :, J1 ( 9) 1 J1( 9) 10 J1( 9) 12,, :,,,,,,?,! [ 3],,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :, 200,, ;, :
6,, :,,,,,,,,,, 3.,, [ 4 ],,, : J1( 16) 1 J1( 8) 133 J1 ( 8) 154 40%, J1( 9) 2 J1( 9) 3 J1( 9) 4 J1( 9) 5 J1( 9) 6 J1( 9) 7 J1( 9) 8 J1( 9) 9 J1( 9) 11 50%, : :,,, ;,,,, J1( 9) 981 J1( 8) 158 J1( 8) 152,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 7 ( ), :,, [ 5], 18,, [ 6],,,,,,! : [ 7] 1.,,, 2.,,, 3.,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, (
8 ), (, ) :,,,,,,,,, ( J1 152 J1 154 ),,,, J1 1-12,,, :,,,,,!,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 10 5
( ) 9 [ 5],,,, 10 30,,, 9,,,, J1( 9) 5 J1( 9) 7 J1( 9) 9,, J1( 9) 1 J1( 9 ) 10 J1 ( 9 ) 12,,,!,,,,, 1.,,,,, :, [ 8 ], 17 ( 23 ),, :,,,,,,, 2.,, :, [ 9 ]
10,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,, :, ; ; ;,,, ( 316 ), ( 222 ),,,, ( ), ( ),, ( ),,, ( ) ;,,,, :, :
( ) 11 ( ),, :,,,,, ( 223 ), ( 222 ),,,,,,,,,?,,,,, :,,,,,, ( ), (,,,, ),,,,!,,,,,,! J1( 16) 9 J1 ( 12 ) 10 J1( 8 ) 134,, [ 10 ]
12,, (,, [ 11 ], ),!, J1 ( 8) 133 J1 ( 9) 984 J1 ( 16 ) 5 J1( 16) 6 J1 ( 16) 9,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :!,,,, :,!,,,,,,?,, : [ 12],
( ) 13, : [ 13], : ( ),,,,,,, ( : ) ( : ) : 1, 2003 7 2, 2001 9 3 4, 2003 1, P73 5,, 1982, P608 6, 2003 1, P80 7, 1993, P105 8, 2002, P316 9, P295 10, 2003 1, P20 11,, 2003 12,, 2002, P106 13,, 2001, P72
14 ( ) ( ), ( ), :, [ 1] : ( ),,,,??,,,,, [ 2 ],,,,,,,,, :,,
( ) 15,, ( ) :, :,, :,,,,,,,,,, [ 3 ],, [ 4] :,, [ 5],,, :,,, :, 453 [ 6], [ 7],,,,, :, :,,, :,,,,
16 :,!,,,,,,, ( 1 ) ( 44 ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( 22 ) ( 2002 11 ) ( 3) ( 93 ), 77 ( ) ( 4 ) 1972, ( ) ( 5) 1972-1974,, 340 ; 218 ; 80 ( 1978 1 ),,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,
( ) 17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,! :,!,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,
18, : ( 1 ) ( ) 3,, 36 ( 2 ) ( ) 8,, 65 ( 3 ) ( ) 9,, 34 ( 4),,,,,, 48 ( 5 ) 925 ( 21, 512, 392),, 6,, 56,,,,!,,, :,,,,, [ 8],,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,
( ) 19,,, ( ),, :!,,,,,,,, [ 9 ]!,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,, ;, [ 10 ],,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :, ( ),
20 ( ),,, : Y ( ), ; X ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :??,, :,, ;,,,,,,, :,,,, :,, [ 11 ],,,,,,,! :,,,,
( ) 21,,,,,,,,,,, : 1,, 1989, P732 2,, 1981, P123 3 4 5,, 1991, P263 6 1, P736 7,, 1990, P53 8,,,, 9 ( ),, 1996 10 1999 12 P61 11,, 1997
22 ( ) :,, ;, ;, [ 1],,,,, ( ), ( ), ( )!, ( ),, ( ),, [ 2], ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,
( ) 23,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (,,,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
24 ( ) :,,,, [ 3 ], :,, ;,, [ 4], :,,,,,, [ 5 ] :,, [ 6],,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, (!, ) :,,, ( ),,, :,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,
( ) 25,,,,, ;,,,? (,, ),,, :,,,,,,? [ 7 ] 60, ( ), ( 341 348 ) ( 358 ) ( 359 ),, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,?
26 ( ),,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,, ;, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,!, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,
( ) 27,,,,,, (, ), ( ) ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,?,,,,
28,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,! : 1,, 1997, P44 2,, 1997, P154 3,, 1997, P629 4,, 1997, P635
( ) 29 5,, 1997, P784 6,, 1997, P681 7,, 2003, P657
30 ( ) :,,,,,,,,, [ 1],,, ( 724 ),,, ( 756 ),,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,, :,,,,,, (, ),,,,,, [ 2 ],,,,,,,,,,?
( ) 31!,,,, ( 764 ), [ 3 ] ( 765 ) [ 4],,, [ 5],,,, ( 734 ), [ 6 ],,,, [ 7 ],,,,,,,,, ( 742 ) ( 785,, ),, : : ( 753 ) ( 754 ) : ( ),,,, [ 8 ], ( ),,,,,, [ 9 ] : ( 760 ) ( 761 ) :,,,, [ 10 ], : ( ),, ; [ 11], ( ), [ 12 ],,,,,,, ( ),, ;,
32 ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,?,, : ( ),,, [ 13] (,,, ), ( ),,,,,,,,, [ 14 ],,,, (, ),,,,,,,,!,,,?,,,,,,,,, ( 761 ),,
( ) 33 ; ; ; ; [ 15 ] [ 16 ],,,,,?,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1 ),,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( 2 ),,,,, :,,, ( ),,
34,,,,,,,,, ( 3 ) ( 760 ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 761 ),,!,,?,,,? : 1,, 1996, P34 2,, 1992, P1177 3,, 1998, P122 43 4,, 1995, P48 5 4, P424 6 4, P454 7,, 1975, P213 8 7, P227 9 7, P229 10,, 1975, P259 11,, 1995, P1546 12 11, P1551
( ) 35 13 11, P1547 14,, 1998, P38 15 3, P43 16 4, P448
36 ( ), (, ) [ 1 ], ( 764 ), 30, 58, ;, 3, 34,,,, ( 744 ) ( 758 ),,,,,,, [ 2], ( ) :,, [ 3 ],, 20,,,,, :,, ;,, [ 4 ] :,, [ 5 ],?,,, : A ( 1 ) ( ) :,,,, [ 6]
( ) 37 ( 2 ) ( ) :,,,,, [ 7 ] ( 3 ) ( ) :,!, ( ) [ 8] ( 4 ) ( ) :,,?,, [ 9], B ( 1 ) ( ) :, [ 10] ( 2 ) ( ) :,, [ 11 ] ( 3 ) ( ) :,,, [ 12],,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,??,!,!,,,
38,!,,, (, ),,, [ 13 ] [ 1 4], ( ),, [ 15 ] :,,,?,,,, [ 16],,, [ 17 ], :,,,,,,,,, [ 18],,, [ 19] (, ) ( ),,,, [ 20 ],,,,, [ 21 ],,,, [ 22],,,,,,,,,, ( 762 ), ( 764 ),,,,,,,
( ) 39,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 781 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ( 768 ),,, ( 781 ),,,,,,,,,,, : ( 752 ),!,?,,,,,,
40, : 1 3,, 1995, P399 2,, 1979 4, 1994 5, P26 5,, 1988, P33 6,, 1979, P299 7 6, P361, 8, ( ), 1984, P1339 9,, 1975, P4616 10,, 1991, P69 11 20 21,, 1993, P151 12 11, P161 13 16 17 28 29 92,, 1985 14,, 1526, P60 15 11, P162 18,, 1617, P99 19,, P35 22 23 24 25 26 27 120,, P3465
( ) 41 ( ) ( 1) ( 709 785 ),,,, ( 668 732 ),,, ( 774 ), :,,, ( 760 ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( )
42 :,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, (, ) ;,,, ( ; ;, ) [ 1 ],,,, :
44 : 1., 2.,,,, 3., 4. 5. 6.,,, 7.,,, : ( 1 ) (, ) ( 2 ),,, ( 3 ) ( 4 ),,?,, ( 2) A,,,,,
( ) 45,,, :,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 2 ] : :, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, [ 3] B,,,, ( 596 659 ), 38,,,,
46,,,,,,,,, : [ 4 ] 1. 2. 3. 4.,, :,,,,,,,,,,?, :,,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,
( ) 47,,,,, ( 581 646 ),,,,,,,,, [ 5 ],, 716,, [ 6],,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,, [ 7 ],,,,,, : ; ;,
48 ;,, :,, : : 8. 09% 14. 44% 86. 90% [ 8],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,
( ) 49, C :, :,,, ;,, [ 9],,, :,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, D,,, :,,,, [ 10] :,,, [ 11 ] ;,, [ 1 2],, ;,
50 :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,, ; [ 13],, :
( ) 51,,,,, [ 14],,,,, :, [ 15 ],, : 1 224,, 1987, P244-255 2 2002 11, P30-31 3,, 1998 11, P78-79 4, 2004 P13-13,,, 5,, 2002 5, P3 6,, 2002 5, P226 7,,, 1979, P130 8 ( ) 2002 4, P135 9,, 1981 9, P202-203 10,, 1998 7, P1 11,, 1997 3, P27 12,, 2000 3, P4 13,, 1983, P2 14,, 1922 15 ( ) 2001 4
52 ( ), ( 785 ), ( 782 ),,, (,,,,,, ( ),, :,,, :,,,,, [ 1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 1. ( 1 ),
( ) 53 :,,, [ 2],,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, [ 3] :,,, [ 4] :, [ 5 ],,,,,,,, ( 1 ),,,,, [ 6 ],,, :, [ 7],,,,,,,,,
54,, :,, [ 8],,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, [ 9 ],, :,, [ 10 ],,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, [ 11], [ 12],,,,,,,,,, [ 1 3],,, [ 14], :,,
( ) 55,, [ 1 5] ( 757 ),,,,,,,,,, [ 16],,,,,,,,,,,, ( 729 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 17 ],, :,!,, 3.,,,,, :,,,,,
56,, [ 18 ],,, ( ), 14, 18 : 2 ; 1 18, 10 12,,, 18,, 33 : 23, 2, 1,, 7 7, ( 1 ) 10 12 A, ( ) B, ( ) A, ( ) B, ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( )
( ) 57, ( ), ( ), ;, ( ), ( ) ( 1 ) 7 7, ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,, :,,,, ;
58,, [ 19],,,,,, [ 20 ],,,,,,, :,, 18,, 12, 67% ; 33,, 7, 21%,,,,, 10 12 ;, 7 7,,,,,,,,, 23,,,,,,, :,,?,,, :, 4.,,, :,,,,, [ 21 ],,,,,,,,
( ) 59,,,,,, [ 22] : ( ),,,,,,,,,,, [ 23 ],,,,,,,,, ( 1 ),,, ( ),,,,, : A, ;,,, ;, B,,,,, C,,,
60,,,, D,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( 2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :
( ) 61,,,, [ 24],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 25],,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,
62,,,,,,,, : 1,, 1998, P883 2 4 5 8 9 21 24,, P256, P270, P285, P294, P297, P324, P629 3 17,, 1986, P116, P182 6 7,, 1993, P33, P41 10,, 1982, P183 11 13,, 1975 12, ( ), 1035, P419 14 22,, 1975 15,, 1975 16,, 1975 18,, 1995, P186 19 20,, 1986, P90, P1296 23,, 1975 25,, 1988, P78
( ) 63 ( ) 1.,,, [ 1] ( ), [ 2] ( 703 ),, [ 3] ( 782 ),, 80 ( 767 ), ( 780 ),,,,,, ( 717 ), ( 728 ),,, ( 736 ),,,,,,,,, ( 738 ),,,,,,,,, [ 4],,,
64, ( ), ( ),,, ( 760 ),, ( ), ( 767 ),,, ( 768 ),, ( 773 ), ( ) ( 780 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, [ 5 ],,,,, :,, ;,,, ( 677 763 ),,, :,,,,, [ 6],,,,,,,,,
( ) 65 :,,,, [ 7],,,,, :,, ( ),,,, 1977,,, 20 ( ), ( ), :,,,,
66 ( ),,,,, 2.,,, : ( 1),,,,, ( 2 ),,, ( 3 ),,, 3.,,,,,,,,
( ) 67,,,,,, : 1, 2, 3,, 1992, P88 4, 5,, 1979, P317 6 5, P331 7,, 1983, P139
68 ( ) 1. 70,, (,,,, ) : 1 2 3 4 2004 3, 2003 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1980 3, 1977
( ) 69 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38, 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 ( ) 49 ( ) 50 51 52
70 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60,, 61 62 63, 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72, 70,,,, ( 1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 71, A,,,,,,,, ( 774 ),, [ 1 ],,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), [ 2]!,,,,,, B :,,,, ( 751 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, [ 3],,,,,, ( ),, [ 4 ] ( 2 ) A
72, ( 781 ), 305cm 99cm, 23, 48,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, B,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 5 ] [ 6], [ 7],,,,, : 1,, 1995, P399 2,, 1980 3 1 4, 1994 5, P26 5,, 1988, P33 6,, 1979, P299 7 6, P361
( ) 73 2. ( A), 1977, 80 80cm, 16cm 34, 37, 852,,,,,, [ 1] ( ),,, ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,, [ 2],, ( 751 ) ( B),, 1980 3, 1996 2,,,,,,, : ( 1 ) 6,,, :,, [ 3],
74 :, [ 4 ], ( 2 ) 7,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ( 3 ) 8,, ( 4 ) 8,,,,,, ( ) ( 5 ) 9,,,, :, :, :,, ;,, ( 6 ) 9,,,?, ( 7 ) 10,, ( 8 ) 11,,, ( 9 ) 11,,, :
( ) 75 ( 10) 12,, 25,, : :, ( 11) 13, ( 12) 13, 14,,, ( 13) 17,,, ( 14) 17, 18,,, ;,, 20, ( 15) 19,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 16) 20,,,, ( 17) 21,,, :, :, ( 18) 21,, ( 19) 22,,,
76,,?,,,,, :, [ 5],, ( 20) 22,,,,,, ( 21) 23,, ( 19) ( 22) 23, 24,,,,,,, ( ( 2) ),,, :,,,,,,, ( 23) 25,,,, :,, :,, :,,,, :, ;, ( 24) 25,,,,, ( 25) 25, 26,,,,,
( ) 77, 25,,, ;,? ( 26) 27,,,,,,,,,,, ( 27) 28,,,,, ;,,,, ( 28) 29,,, ( 27),? ;,, ( 29) 29,,,,,,, :,,, ( 30) 31,,,,, ( 31) 31,,,,
78 ( 32) 31, 32,,,,,, : ( 33) 32,,,, ( 34) 32, ( 35) 33,,, ( 36) 33,,, ( 37) 33,,,,,, :,,,, ( 38) 33, 34,,,,, ( 39) 34,,,,,,,! ( C), (, ) :,,,,
( ) 79,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,, ;,,!,,, ;, ;, ( )?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;?,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,? ( ),,
80 ( ),, ;,?,,,,,,!,,, ;,, ;, ;,?,,, :,, ;,? ;,,, ( ) ( ),,,!,, :, ( ),,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ), ;,! : 1,, 1975, P3154 2,, 1996, P400 3,, 1994, P231 4 3 5
( ) 81 ( ), :,, ;,, ;,, ;,,, 1.,, 29 :,,,,, [ 1],,, [ 2 ],,,,,,,,,, ( 1 ), ;,,,,,,!,,,,,,
82,,,, ;, :, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,? [ 3],, ;,,? ( 2 ),,,?,,!?,,,,, :, :,,,,,,,, [ 4], :,,,, : :? : [ 5],, :,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 83,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, :,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
84,,,,,,,,! 2.,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 6],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 85,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, [ 7],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 8],,,,,,,,,,, ( 760 ),, ;,,!,,,,,,
86, :,,,, [ 9] [ 10],,, [ 11], ( 761 ) [ 12 ],,, :,, [ 1 3] (,, ), ( 775 ),,,,, ( 775 ), ( 761 )!, ( 761 ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?, ( 761 ), 59,,,,, ( 775 ),,,,,,,,, ( 775 ),
( ) 87,?, ( 773 ),,, ( 780 ),,,,,,,,!, :, : [ 14 ], :, ;, ;, ;, [ 15] [ 16 ],,,,,,,,,,,, ( 781 ), ( 79 ), ( ),,,,, ( 781 ), :, :,,,,, [ 17 ] ( < >, < >,,, ),,,,,!,, :, ( 785 ) 11, ( 787 )
88 [ 18 ], :, [ 19],,,,,,,, ( 769 ), : 1,, 1990, P1987 2,, 1980, P26 3,,, 1979, P130 4,, 1992, P123 5,, 1997, P59 6 7 8,, 1979, P275 9 10 19,,, 1993, P30 11, 1994 4, P45 12 14 15 16,, 1992, P224, P117, P118 13 17,, 1979, P268, P264 18,, 1995, P181
( ) 89 ( ) 1.,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,? :,,,,!,,, ;, ; ( ),,,?, [ 1] [ 2 ],, [ 3],, ( ) :, ;, ;, [ 4 ],,,,,,
90,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ( 768 ),, ( ),!, 2555,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 5]
( ) 91, :, (, ) [ 6],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) :,, :, [ 7] :,, :, [ 8 ],,,,,,, [ 9],,,,, :,,,? [ 10], ( ),, :,, [ 11 ],,, ;,, ( 768 ),
92, [ 12 ],, : ( 769 ),,,, :, [ 1 3],, ( 771 ) :, [ 14 ],,,, [ 15 ]!,,, ( 771 ),,,,,?,, ( 769 ) :,,,,, ( 768 ),,,,,,,, ( 768 ),,,, ( 768 ),,,, 2. :,
( ) 93,,,,,,, ( 777 ),,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, ( 768 ),,, ( 773 ),,,, ( 768 ),,,,,?, ( ), (,,,, ),,,?,,,,,,,,, (, ),?,,,,,,,,,!,
94,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,?,, [ 16 ] :,,,,, [ 17 ],,,, ( ),,,, ( ) ( ),, :, ( ),,,,?,,, :, ( 768 ),,,,,,??, :,,, [ 18],,,,,
( ) 95,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 772 ),,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,, :,!,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,!,,,,,, : 1, 1986 4 2 9 15,, 1992, P211, P216,
96 P215 3, 1989 4 4,, 1985 5, 1979 6,, 1982 7 8 10,,,, 1985 11 13 14,,,, 1985 12,, 1998, P133 16 18,, 1979, P512, P331 17,, 1986, P209
( ) 97 ( ),,,,,, 1.,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 1 ],,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :, ;, ;, ;,,,
98, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 782 ),,,,,,,, [ 2],
( ) 99 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ;, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 3],, : 30, 10, 25, 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,
100,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1 ),,,,
( ) 101,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ;,,,, :,, ;,,,,, ( 2 ),,,,,, :,,,,,, [ 4 ]
102,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3 ),,,, :,,,,
( ) 103,,,, :,,,,, [ 5 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,, [ 6 ], : 1,, 1980, P283 2,, 1979, P275 3 1990 4 4,, 1979, P291 5,, 1979, P292 6,, 1979, P276
104 ( ),,,,, ( 738 ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),
( ) 105,,,,,,
106 : : ( ) ( ),, ( ) : A, B, C, 703,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,, 55, 47, 45, 29, 29, 28, 7, 3, 3 65, 52, 44, 12
( ) 107 705,,, 3,,,, 82,, 709,,, 7,,,, 710,,, 8,,,,,, (, ) 711,,, 9,,,,,, 712,,, 10,,,,
108 714,,, 12,, 715,,, 13 :,,,,,, 717,,, 15 20,,,,,,, 718,,, 16,, 1510,,,
( ) 109 719,,, 17,,, 721,,, 19,,,,,,,, 722,,, 20,, 723,,, 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
110, 725,,, 23,,,,, 728,,, 26, 160,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 729,,, 27,,, 731,,, 29
( ) 111,,, 734,,, 32,,,,,, 77,,,, 735,,, 33,,,,, 736,,, 34,,, 60,,, 738,,, 36,,,,
112 742,,, 40,, 321, 800,,,,,,, 743,,, 41,,,,,,,,,, 744,,, 42,,,,,,,,, 78,
( ) 113 746,,, 44,, 60,,,,,,,,,, 747,,, 45,,,,,,,,, 748,,, 46,,,,,,, 749,,, 47,,,,,
114,,, 751,,, 49,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 752,,, 50,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 115 754,,, 52, :,,,,,, 755,,, 53,,,,,,,, 756,,, 54,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 757,,, 55,,,,,
116,,, 200,,, 760,,, 58,, 761,,, 59,, ;, ( 11 ),,,, 762,,, 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 117 ( 701 762 ) 764,, 62,,,,,,,,, 766,,, 64,,,, 767,,, 65,,,,,,,,,
118 768,,, 66,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 769,,, 67,,,,,, 770,,, 68 ( 727 770 ), 53 771,,, 69,,
( ) 119 772,,, 70,,,,, 773,,, 71,,,,,,,,,,,,, 774,,, 72,,,,,,,, 360, 777,,, 75, 15 ; 7 ; 7 ; 6,
120,,,, 778,,, 76,,,,, ( 778 865 ) 780,,, 78,,,,,,,,, 781,,, 79,, 85,,,,,,
( ) 121 782,,, 80,,,,,, : ( ),, 50, 46, 5 21, 91,
122 ( ), 30, 80,,,,,,,,,, [ 1 ],,,,,, : : 6 : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.,,,
( ) 123 ( ) 19,, 20 7,,,, [ 2 ], 22,,,, 781,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,,,,, [ 3 ] ; ;,,, 22, (,! ),,, (,,,, )?, :,
124,,, [ 4 ] ( ),,,!,,,,!,,, ( 688 ), 16,,,,,, ( ; ),,,?,!,,,,,,,, ( 14, ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,
( ) 125? [ 6], ( ) : 8,,,,, [ 7 ],,,,,,, : A: : :,,, [ 8] :, ( 27 28 ) [ 9] B: : :,,,,, [ 10] C: : :,,,,, ;,, [ 11 ],, :, [ 12],,,,,,, ( ),
126,,,,, : :,,, 22,,,, [ 13] 23 24,,,,,, ( ), : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5., :,,, :,? [ 14 ],,, :,,
( ) 127,,, [ 15 ] [ 16],,,,?,,,???! :,,, 1. ( 588 665 ) :,,,, [ 17 ], 7, 2. ( 610 666 ) :,,,,,,,,,, [ 18 ] 3. ( 592 672) :,,,,,,,, [ 19 ], 4. ( 622 683 ) :,, ( ), [ 20 ],,, 5. ( 614 666 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 21 ],
128,, [ 22],,, ( ),,?,,,,,,,?, ( ),,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 23],,,,,,?,,,,!,,,,,, ( 558 ), ( 639 ), 81
( ) 129,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, [ 24 ], :,,,,,,,,, [ 25 ],,,,,,,, 20,,,,, [ 2 6],,,, [ 27 ],,,,,,,,,,,
130 :,,,,, [ 28 ],,?,,,, :,,, [ 2 9] [ 30 ] :, ;, [ 3 1],,, : 1 2,, 1983, P133 3,, 1991 4 3 5,, 1990 6 7 8 9,, 1981, P262 10 9 11 9 12,, 1981, 249 13,, 1985 14, P178 15 14 16,, 1975, P5109 17,, 1975, P2693;,, 1975, P4002 18, P2743
( ) 131 19 18, P2761 20, P3894 21 18, P2770 22 23 5 24 25, P189 26, P155 27 28,, 1988, P631 29,, 1991, P250 30 9 31
132,, ( ( ), ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 1. :,, :, [ 1 ],,, [ 2 ],, :, [ 3 ] :,
( ) 133, [ 4],, ( ),!,, [ 5 ],,,,,,,, 2.,, [ 6 ],,,,,,,? : ( A) : ( ), :,,,,,, ( ), : ( B) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
134,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 7], ( ),,,, : 1., 2. ( 1 ) : [ 8 ] ( 2 ) :, [ 9], ( 3 ) :,, [ 10], ( 4 ) :,,,, [ 11 ]
( ) 135 3. 34,, 30%,, : ( 1) ( 4 ) ( 2) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,?,, [ 12], :,,,,,,,,,, [ 13],,,, :,,, [ 14 ],,,,,,,,,,,,
136,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, [ 15],, :,, [ 16],,,,,,,,,,, :,, [ 17 ],,,,
( ) 137 ( ),, ( ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 18],,,,,,!,,,?,,?, :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,
138,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : A : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, B :,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,!,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,
( ) 139,, :,,,,,,, [ 19],,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, (, ),,,, 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. ( )
140 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) 3. ( ),,,,,,,,,, :, ;, [ 20],,, :,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,
( ) 141,,,,, :,,,, [ 21 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 22],,,, :,,,,,, ( ),,, (, ),,, 2.,
142 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 23],,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,
( ) 143 ;,,,, ( ) ( ) :, (, ), (, ),,,, :,,,,,,,, :,? :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, [ 24 ],,,,,,,!,,,,,,, ( )
144, :,,,,,,,,,,, : 1,, 1979, P200 2 1, P191 3 1, P134 4 1, P293 5,, 6,, 1984, P112 7 ( ) 8 9 10 11 1, P227 12 13 1, P208 14 1, P228 15,,,, P51 16 1, P318 17,, 1996, P92 18, ( ), 1984, P172
( ) 145 19,, 1998, P132 20 1, P78 21 22 1, P70 23 1, P81 24 1, P147
( ) 149 20,,,,,,,,, :!,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),
150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) [ 1],, :,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 151 ( ) :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1918,, :,,,, [ 2],,, :,,,,,,, ;,,
152 ;, [ 3 ],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 4 ], 20,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, (,,,,, ),,, :,,,,,,,,,
( ) 153,,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,, : 20 30, 1935 ( ),, 1939 40,,,,, [ 5 ], : 1934 ( P112) 1934 ( P127 ) 1935 ( P79) 1935 ( P173 ) 1935 ( P16) 1936 ( P19) 1936 ( P199 ) 1936 ( P74) 1937 ( P40) 1937 ( P36) 1937 ( P37)
154 1938 ( 1991 1 ) 1938 ( P143) 1938 ( P75) 1939 ( P101 ) 1939 ( P193) 1940 ( P188 ) 1940 ( P27) 1941 ( P192 ) 1941 ( P89) 1942 ( P200 ) 1943 ( P116) 1943 ( P152 ) 1944 ( P114 ) 1944 ( P191 ) 1946 ( P77) 1947 ( P56) 1947 ( P116 ) 1948 ( P92 ) 1953 ( P118 ),, :,, 1935 1939,, 58,,,,
( ) 155 1932 ( 37 )! : 1926 ( P9) 1926 ( P72) 1928 ( P140 ) 1930 ( P12) 1930 ( P105 ) 1930 ( P56 ) 1931 ( P17) 1931 ( P76) 1931 ( P2) 1932 ( P103 ) 1932 ( P151 ) 1932 ( P172) 1934 ( P112) 1934 ( P127 ) 1935 ( P79) 1935 ( P173 ) 1935 ( P16), 30 31, ( ), ( ), 1932,,,, 40 50,, 1932,,,, 1932
156 :,,,,,, 1932, :,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, [ 6 ],,, 37 ( 1932 ),,, : [ 7],, [ 8 ] 1932,,,, 1953 1932, :,,,, 1937 :,,,,,,,,, [ 9 ],,?,,,
( ) 157, : ( ),,, 50,,,,,,, :,,,, [ 10 ],,,,,,, 1932 ( ),, 20!,,,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,!,
158,,,, : 1,,, 2000, P68 2,,, 1981, P2 3,,, 1993, P469 4,,, 1997, P74 5, P73 6, P74 7, 1991 1 8 9,, P69 10 4, P74
( ) 159 ( ), :,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,, ( ),,,,,,
160 1. :,,, 35 1938, 20 Jeffrey C. Kinkfey( ),,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1938,, 1977 ( ),,
( ) 161,, :,,,,, [ 1 ], 1977, 1938,,,,,,,? :,,!,,,,,,,,, 2. : 1946,, 3 3 :,,,, 3 8 : 400,, 3 9 6 20,, 600, 700 [ 2], 100, 1 ( ), 1946 3 1 = 2020, 100, 500 (, 1946 8 19,, 1 = 3350, ) 500,,,, 1946 1,,
162 : [ 3] 196 / 180 / 88 / 60 / 1 0. 8,,, 5000,?,, 3. : 1947,,, :,,,, 20, 10 1,,,,,, [ 4],, 20 [ 5 ],,, :!,,,,,,,,,
( ) 163,,,,, 200, :,,! ( ) :, 1937, 1948,, 1975 (, ) 1. ( 1 ) : 20 30,,,,, - - - -,,, :,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,
164,,,, [ 6],,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, [ 7],,, 60
( ) 165,,,,!,, ( 2 ) : ( Generalization of art),,, :,,,,, [ 8 ],,, :,,,,,,,,, [ 9 ], :,,, [ 10]
166,,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, [ 11 ],, :,,, [ 1 2],,?,,,,! ( 3 ) :, :,,,,, :
( ) 167,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ 13 ],,,,,,,, 40,,,?,,, ;,, [ 14],,,, ;,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,
168, [ 15 ],,?,,, :,,,,,,,, [ 16 ],,,, 2.,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 169,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, [ 1 7],,
170, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),!,,, (, ),,,,!,,,,, :, 1965
( ) 171, 20 60,, :, (, ),,,,,,,,, 20,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 60 :,,,,, [ 18 ]
172? ;,,,,,,,!?,,,,,!,,, : ( 1968 ) :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 173,,,,,, [ 19 ],,,, : ( ),,, :,,, :,,,,, [ 20], 20,,,,, [ 21], ;!,,
174, : ( 20 ) :,,,,,,, 14,, 20,,,,, : ( ),,,,, [ 22 ],,,,,,,,, [ 23] [ 24 ], :, 1921,,,, 1922,,,, : ( )
( ) 175,, [ 25],,,, 2. 10 1. 20, 332,,,, 1921 60,,,,,,, [ 26 ] 1923,,,,,, 86, 20,,,, : ( 20 47 ) 1923,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 30 40,, : ( ) ( ) : 1931,, ;
176,, ( ) ( ) : 20 30,,,,, ( ) ( ) : 20 40,,,,, :,, 1937 1946 1947,,,, :,,,,,,,,, : [ 27 ],, 20 30,,,,,,, : 1937,,,,, [ 28 ],! : ( 47 )
( ) 177, 20 20 50,,,,!,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, 20 60, 20 70,,,, [ 29 ],,,,,, 20 30,,,,,, 20 70 : ( ) : 1977 75,,,,,,,, ( ) : 1977 75,, 1200,
178,,,,, ( ) : 1982 80, 4, 60,,,,,,,,,, 20,, 1977, 1981,,,, :, ;, [ 30],,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), : ;,
( ) 179,? :,,,!,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001, 20 10,,,???,, : 1 29,,, 1986
180 2 3,, 1995, P1392 4,, 1998, P406 5,, 1980 7 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16,, 1992, P214 215 217 217 231 217 217 218 223 228 228 17 ( ),, 1992, P315 18, 1992 3 19, 1992 3 20 22 23 24 25,, 1981, P95 87 69 73 109 21 :, 1985 24 26, 1991 1, P214 27 :,,, 1995, P331 28,, 1988, P350 29 :, 1985 5
( ) 181,, [ 1 ],,,,, :,, :, :,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,, [ 2], :,,,, :, [ 3],, :
182 [ 4] ( A) :, ( B) :,, [ 5 ] ( C) :, [ 6] ( D) :, [ 7], (, 2072 ), :,,,,,,, ( ) :, ;, [ 8 ] ( ),,,,, : ( A), ( B), ( C), ( D), 28, 5, 23,,,,,,,,,, (,
( ) 183,,, [ 9 ] ),,,,, : [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] [ 16] [ 17] ( A) :, [ 10 ] ( B) :, ( C) :? ( D) :,, ( E) :, ( F) :, [ 15] ( G) :, ( H) :,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, :, :,, [ 18 ],,, :
184, [ 19], ;,, : ( ),,,, [ 20],,,,, ( ),, ;, ( ) ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,? ( ), : 12,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,, [ 21 ],,,,,,,,
( ) 185,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, 662 :,,,,,, [ 22 ],, :,,,,,?,!,, :,,,,,,,?,,? ( ),,,,,
186,, :,,,,,, ( ) :,,, [ 23 ], ( ) : [ 24],,,, ( ) :, ;, ;, ; [ 25 ],,,,,,,,!,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,
( ) 187,,,,,,,, : :?, [ 2 6] :,,,,,, [ 27],,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, [ 28 ] : ( ),, [ 29 ]
188,!,, :,,, [ 30 ],,,, [ 31],,!,,,, : 1 ( ),,,,, ( ) ( ),, 2,,, 1999, P890 3,, 4 273,, 1997 5,,, 1979, P275 6,,, 1979, P243 7 889,, 1997 8,,,, 1993, P119 9,,, 2001, P150 10 230,, 1997 11 866,, 1997 12 240,, 1997 13 240,, 1997 14 261,, 1997 15 573,, 1997 16 799,, 1997 17 804,, 1997 18 133,, 1997 19 125,, 1997
( ) 189 20,, ( ), 1984, P539 21 539,, 1997 22,,, 1999, P890 23,,, 1979, P88 24,,, 1979, P162 25 683,, 1997 26 16,, 1997 27 195,, 1997 28,,, 1983, P1183 29,,, 1983, P90 30,,, 2001, P29 31, ( ) :,,,,
190,,,,,, 25 ( ),,,,,, ( ) ( 1 ) P9 :,,,,,,,!,,,,,,, ( 2 ) P10:,,,
( ) 191,,,,,,,,, :, ( 3 ) P4:,,,, ( ),,,,, ( 1 ) P2: : :, ( 2 ) P10:,,,, ( 3 ) P5:,,,
192 ( 4 ) P11: 149 ( ) ( 1 ) P10:,, :!,,,,,,,, ( 2 ) P7:,,,, ( ) ( 1 ) P2:, :,,, :,,,,, :,,,,, ( ),,,, ( 2) P2:,
( ) 193,, :,,,,,,?,,
194 Krites,, [ 1 ],,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,, :,,,,
( ) 195, ( ) :, ; :,, [ 2 ],,,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ), ( ),, ( ),,,,, [ 3],,, ( )
196 ( ), : ;,,, (, handwriting calligraphy ),,,, [ 4], 20 70,,,,,, 20 80, [ 5 ], [ 6 ],,,
( ) 197,,,,,, (, ),, ( 1981 ) ( 1985 ) ( 1985 ) ( 1986 ) ( 1988 ),,,,,,,,,, :,,,, : A,
198, B,,,,,,, 19,,,,,,,,! ( )?,,,,,,,,
( ) 199,,, [ 7 ] ; :,,, [ 8 ],,,,,,, [ 9],,,, [ 1 0], :,,, ( ),,,, [ 11],,,,, :??
200,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 201 ( ),,,,,,! : 1, 2 1995 1 3 1991 10 4 20 1996 1 5 1985 7 6, 7 : 8 9 10, 1994 6 11
202 ENIAC 1946,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
( ) 203 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 70 80,,,,, ( CD ROM), 12cm, 1. 2mm, 700MB, 30 A4 3,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,
204 :, 30000,,, ( Full Text Retrieval), ( Hy Pertext),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Database), 50 :, A B C,,,, :,,
( ) 205,,, GB 6763, ISO10646, 20902,,,,,,, A 1. 586, 2. MS DOS3. 3, Windows, PC, 10 B ( a),, :
206 ( b) :,,,,, ( DB),,
( ) 207,,, C : 1. SDLC( Structured Design Life Cycle),,, 2. PM( Protype Methed),,, 3. OOD( Object Oriented Design),,, ( ),,, 1995,, 21, 25%,
208,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,?, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,
( ) 209 ( POPULAR),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,, ( Net work),,,, Internet, 200,, Internet : 1. ( E mail) :,
210 2. ( USENET) : USENET ( Computer Conference), 3. ( TEINET) :,, 4. ( FTP) : Internet, FTP FTP, 5. ( GOPHER) :,, 6. ( 3W: Word Wide Web) :, 7. : ( Archie) ( WALS) 1994 8, Internet( CHINANWT),,,,,,,, : 1,, 1995 2 ( ) G B, 1995, 3 Internet, 1996 5 4, ( ), 54 5,, 1995 8 ( 297 ) 6 1996 2, 4, 5, 6
:
: 213
214
: 215
216
: 217
218
: 219
220
: 221
222
: 223
224
: 225
226
: 227
228
: 229
230
: 231
232
: 233
,,,, 4 40, 7 72, 3 30, 13,, 10, 1,, : :, ( ) : ( 1 ), ; ( 2)
, 15 ; ( 3 ),,, 200 1, ; ( 4) : ( 1 ),, ; ( 2 ),, ; ( 3) 17,, ; ( 4),, 3 ; ( 5) 32, 200 4, 60, 16, ; ( 6) : ( 1 ) :,,, ( 2 ) :,,,, : ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ), ; ( 3 ), ; ( 4) ; ( 5 ) ; ( 6) ; ( 7 ) ( )
:, : 8013 : 100088 : 010-81528114 81542670 : 010-81528114 : QQ : 534991387 : www. humanitybook. com. cn E - m a il: renwenluncong@126. com