1982 1987 1992 NEC NEC NEC

1980 14

1000 1

3 1 3M 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 6.080 6.568 6.601 7.039 7.705 7.846 283 306 349 395 457 507 4.7% 4.7% 5.3% 5.6% 5.9% 6.4% % % % 3.4 7.9 +4.5 3.5 3.9 +0.4 7.3 6.6 0.7 2.7 3.1 +0.4 0.5 1.9 +1.4 6.6 14.6 +8.0 6.6 13.0 +6.4 RCA 2.4 7.2 +4.8 2.6 4.5 +1.9 9.7 9.6 0.1

GE IBM 1960 773 296 234 96 2 3 1965 1063 537 321 161 14 14 1970 1000 631 290 231 102 80 1975 839 519 411 451 336 90 1980 770 386 332 369 409 257 1982 741 439 336 477 544 301 % 0.2 1.8 2.3 7.6 29.0 23.3

17 26 34 61 52 58 22 22 8 % 100 100 100 27 27 16 100 [ ] 3M 1990 66

78 21 50 50 44 61 40 35 56 39 60 65 39 48 42 61 52 58 42 59 40 32 58 41 60 68 89 11 58 42 78 22 47 53 72 28 47 53 30 70 [ ] 3M 1990 87

3M 1990 82 [ ] 3M 1990 83

1990 202

[ ]L.D.Miles Techniques of value Analysis and Engineering, 2nd ed.p.

= = = 1993 513

1989 18

60 70 80 90 VE VE % 34 28 6 82.4 43 41 2 95.4 17 16 1 94.1 6 5 1 83.3 100 50 10 90.0

% % % % % 300 14.3 28.6 50.0 7.1 300-499 15.8 15.8 34.3 36.8 5.3 500-999 5.7 15.6 26.9 20.0 25.7 1000-2999 4.7 14.3 21.9 28.1 29.7 3000 2.9 5.8 26.1 24.6 39.1 1.5 % 6.0 12.9 27.9 24.9 27.9 0.4

[ ]L.D. Miles. Techniaues of Value Analysis and Engineering 2nd ed.p.24

V = F C

40 8 9 7 3 8 19 40 42 53 37 47 35 28 33 29 20 29

)

M O C

δ δ δ δ

1 10

= GNP GNP GNP 5 6

[ ]Heinz Weihrich Quality: The imperative,the jungle, and two-factor theoryquality Management July/August l994,p19.

[ ]Heinz Weihrich Quality: The imperative,the jungle and two-factor theoryquality Management Ju1y/August l994.p.17

[ ] 1991 141 [ ] 1991 142

[ ]Jerry Hines Managing Quality Mcmiland, 1986, P.37

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0 1 2 2:15 3 3:45 4 4 5 6 6:15 7 7:45 8

105 95 90 100