(CIP) /. :,2003.8 ISBN 7-207 - 06129-3....F127.75 CIP (2003) 081747 : : Xibu K ifzhonxiz nji Qit z nqu TeshuxinYnjiu 1 150008 www. longpress. com E-mail hljrmcbs@ yeah. net 880 1230 1/ 32 30. 5 750 000 1-1 000 2003 8 1 2003 8 1 ISBN 7-207 - 06129-3/ F1096 ( ) : 56.00 (, )
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,,,, (),,,, 223, 23%, 459.333 ( 1990 ),,, 4 500, 1 1
,,,,,,, 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 638, 1982 7 11, 66.9 22, 55.9 551,,,, 2 :, 1996, 6 7 :, 2000, 86 :, 2000, 2 2
:,,,,,,,,,,,, () : 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 000, 213, :, 2001, 2 3 3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () 1.,, 4, 238 241, 262 67 :, 1997, 68 4
,, 80 50 30% 60%,, 80 18.8%,,,,,, 90 60 33%, 50 10% 80 30%, 50% 65%,,,,, 2.,, 1998 1951 47.1, 91.98 ; 30.4, 43.8 46 2.3 1978 175 1998 1 158,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 108109 5 5
,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6, 285 288 : :, 2000, 9 : ( ), 18 6
,,, (),,,,,,,,, 0.62%,, 131.1 10%,25 47%,, 90 60 30%, 6, 2,,,,,,, 288, 68, 108 7 7
,,,,,,,, (),, 1995 2.21 1997 3.50 1995 4.63, 1997 4.69, 1995 6.09 1997 5.22%, 1 ; 3.06%, 2, 1.00%, 31, 29, 9,, 1994 16, 57% 25, 34.8% 2000 733, 2 253 33%, 1 915 38%,, 8,, : ; ;, ;, 42 (2000 6 24 ), 11, 12 40 4346 ( ), 53 8
:,,,,,,,,,,, 21,,,,,,, 21,,,,,, ;, (),,,, (, 106, 1213 9 9
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,,,,, : :,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,? :,,,,,,, :, :, 7 7778 11 11
,,,,, ;,,, : 2.0, 1.1, 1.52.0, 0.8, 0.3, 2.3, 1.4, WTO,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12, 166, 43, 16 19 12
() 1. (1),, ( ),,,,,,,, 373 500, 4.3, 63,, 250, 1.6,,,,,,,,,,, :, 78 79 127128 135 13 13
,,,,,,, (2), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 90, 73%, 32.97%, 27.26%, 12.5%, 23.6%,,,,, 6 000 8 000/ 2, 80% 110%,, 14 :, 2000 :, 134135, 80 149 159 14
,, ;,,,, 2., :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 201, 32 2003 2 27 A2 15 15
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :,,,, 4000,,,, 400,,,,,,,, 2001 261 1305 2007 555 3 071, 4.8 16 16
10% 3.,, : (1 ),, (2 ), ( 3),,, (4 ),, (5 ),, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 61, 1314 17 17
,,,,,,,,, 4.,,, 10,, 9,,, 2010 2015,2030 :,, 150170 /,,, 6,,,,, 18, 61 18
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 19 19
,, 2.,,,, 31.6,, 49% 25% 15%,, 55.72,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 20 :,, 2002 2 22, 127 295 20
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21 21
,,,, 90% ; 49%, 5.5%, 10% 220, 23% 12 32%,, 1 1
2,,, 1997 96.4%, 2.9%, 2000 92.2%, 5.9%, 1.9% 96%, 90%,,, 26.24, 15.83,, 30 82.9, 52%, 18% 26.8%,,, 5 14 17 46.76%, 31.93, 23 46.04%, 6.86%, 2.39, 33.34, 84%, 33.4%, 8, 16 2
,, 12 ;, 32%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12,,, 12, 3 3
,,,,, ;,,,, 4,, 250,,, :,,,,,,,,,, / /, 4
, ;,,,,, 3.190 6, 44%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 72, 8, ( )38,,,,,,,, 1.3, 1 100, 45% 5 5
, 115, 5 000, 955, (5 296 ) 18.03% ; 1 009 301, 170 95, : 64.4%, 33.2%,, 0.21.2,,,,,,,, 156, 14 ; 1, 2 7 000 50, 8 000 11 ; 25, 13, 12 1725 100 ; 17, 9 6 6
19, 195,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 25% 60%,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19511980 30, 7 23, 16, ( 20002001 ), 102 296 298 300 339340 343 344 :, 137138 7 7
8,,,,, 4 000, 17.6, 200, 100,,,,,, 100,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 70% 90%,,,,,,,, 60 2 760 1 175 8
90 1 107 511, 50% 60%, 50%, 10% 733, 19%, 20% 131.74, 13.95%, 15 ( ) 112 ( ), 43.001 9, 173.684 8, 96.587 9, 29.863 8 : % % 3 364 64.04 11 178 632.14 8 459 255.27 19 974 351. 45 16.58 1 365 180.49 1. 13 3 956 176 6 185 149 1 099 414 11 240 741. 0 15.58 981 690.0 1. 36 2 234.0 1 895.0 89 914.0 94 043.0 0.61 588 326.0 3.84 3 420.0 2 808.0 9 509.0 15 737.0 0.19 51 190.0 0.61 1 896.0 694.0 2 590.0 * : : 49 96 64.369 4, 16.885 6, 38.468 1, 9.015 4 :,,, 2.244 203 33 9 9
, 2.2%,, 60 3.9% 6.9% 20%,, 0.41%,, 89.09%,, 2.43%,,, 5 390, 1 463, 13.3%, 6 276,,,,,,, 10 10
1 450,, 2 250, 3 000,,,,,,,,,, 50, 20 80 90, 21 : ( ), 2002 3 12 : ( ) ; :,,1996 11 11
,,,, (250 ), 1/ 4,,,, 21,,,,,,,,,, 12 :21, 2002 10 10 : : :, 12
,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 13 13
,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 14 Anderson, Benedict : Imagined Communities : Reflections in the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, London : Verso editions and New Left Books. 14
,, ;,,,,, ( ),, 2 500, 1 200,, 15 15
( ) 3 5005 000,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 16 :, 1981, 118 : ( ), 1992, 375 16
,, ;,,,, 5 000,,,,,, : :, 2 400, 200300, 6 000, 8 000 11, 8 848.13,,,, 1 0002 000,,,,,,, 80%, 5 0006 000,,, 1/ 3, 3070, 14, 4,,,, :, 1991,, 1 17 17 17
1 20, 2 000 100, ( ) ;, ;, ( )( ) ( ) ( ),,, 1 500,,,,,,, 77% 4 500, 4 500,,, ;,,,,, :,,, ;, 18 :, 2000, 1113 :, 2000, 18 18
, 550,, 140175, 14, 5, 8, 9,,,,, : 1.,,,, 2/ 3, 1 292, 1 013.2, 250260, 150 170, 62% 65.4%, 1/ 3 2., 3 008, 1 000,,,, 1 1/ 3, 199.9 /, 75%, 379 384 19 19
3.,,, 4 000 10,,,,,,,,, 18.2, 2.5 4.,,, (, ) 11 5, ( 17 / ), 1020 ( 6 ), 5., 28,, 4 040, 1 482,,,,,,,,,, 20 :, 1986, 5763 20
, 50 200 ( ), 80 ( ),, 1.,, 7 8,,, 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 2835, ;,, 1020, 2.,,,,,,, :, 1998 4 21 21
,,,,,, 90, 1990 88.6 (), 4.154, 2.919,, 2 226 ;1996 ( ), 3.36, 2.2, 1.16, 1 191 :,, ( 4 900 ),,,,,,, ;,,,, 22 :, 1998 4 ; :, 2000, 40, 382 : ( ), 1988, 18 :,, 1992, 326348 22
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :, 1994 2 ; : ; :, 2001 ( 2001 8, ) 23 23
( ),, :,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,, 24,, 1996, 5567 4454 :,, 1990, 284325 :, 1999 6, 152 153 24
, 2.,,, 14 (1357-1419 ),,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1904,, [ ] ( M.Taylor), :, 1990, 175 25 25
26,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, ( ) :, 2001 2 26
( 1694), 1 807, 9.753 8, 11% ; (1722), 40 3 548, 35.623, 38%,,,,, 56 ; 17 18, 94,450 38 ; 18 80 94 1951 105,200 11,,, 2.,,,,,, 118.5, 39% ; 30%,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1, 1982 27 27
28,,,, 3.,,,,,, 13,,,, ;,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,, 28
,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 1959,,,, 1983 5, 38 43, 487 29 29
,,,,, 30, ;,, 4 0005 000,,,,,,,,, 30
,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,, : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 31 31
8. 9. 10. 11. 32,,, 650, 29, ; 1 1002 500,,,,,,, 2 5002 600, 2 6003 600, 3 6004 000, 4 0004 500, 4 500,, 150,,, 32
20 10,,,,, :, ; ; ;,,, 1.,, 33 33
34,, 30mm/,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 4 800 hm 2, 81% 59%,,,, 61% ;, 17.4% ; 11% 89.4% 10%,, 1 0003 600kg, 0.35hm 2 /, 34
1 000kg/ hm 2 3601 700kg/ hm 2, 1.65hm 2 / 1.35.4hm 2 / ;, 300 1 200kg/ hm 2, 2.4 11hm 2 / 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,, 1.0 ( 1.0, ),,,, :, ( www.enviroinfo.orgcn) 35 35
1.0,,,, 50,, 80 26% 24.3% 36 50,, 2010 1 260, 2020 1 490, 1990 1994,, 2000 1994 1.28hm 2 14.55hm 2 0.11hm 2 6.63 m 3 31.15 kw, 2000 1.16hm 2 13.14hm 2 0.10hm 2 5.99 m 3 28.13 kw, 9.38% 9.69% 9.09% 9.65% 9.70% 1994 141.61t 462.33t, 2000 127.89t 417.57t, 9.69% 9.68% 1994 190.96 2000 172.47, 18.49 :, 2001, 4647 36
1994 962.5,, 4, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, 21%,, (2),, (3 ),, :, 37 37
,, 1994 2 1 (4 ),,,, 38 ( emergy),,,, 1998, :, /, 628102sej/,,, 0.08%,,,,,,,,, 38
,, :,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,, CO,,,,,,,, :, 2002, 329331 39 39
40,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,, 40
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, 41 41
,,,, 42,,,,,,,,, 2 5003 000,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 42
,,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 43 43
44,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :, 1996, 60 44
4.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2002, 16, 36, : 1. (1) :, 4 600, 450, (2) :, 40, ( 1993 ) 45 45
46 (3):, 4.85, (4) :, 338.1, (5):, 24.712, 5 000, (6):, 6.262, (7):, (8):,,, (9) :, 1.21 3 132, 2. (1) :, 49.52, (2) :, 4 000, 31.6, 70 46 (3):, 1,
4 200, (4) :, 1.67 (5) :, 2 740 3. (1) :,, 4 (2) :, 24.7, 4. (1) :,,, (2):, 8,, 1 000, 2 0002 500 (3) :,, 47 47
5. (1) (2) (3) : (4) :, 1.418 1 (5): 48 1.,,, : (1),,,,,, (2),,,,,,,, 48
,,,,,, (3),, 2001 119, 3 000, 100, (4),,,, (5),,,,,, 2. :, ;,, ;, 49 49
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3., :,,,,,,,,,, 50 50
,, 1.,,, 4.5,,,, 30, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, 50,, 3.,,,, 4, 3, 8, 51 51
1996 8 16, 1 288, 261,,,, 26 1995 2, (UNDP ) 21,,, :,, ;,, ;, 1996,,,, 6 43, 1996 1999 6, 1 233, 103, 2000,,,,,,,,,,, 52 :, www.cass. net.cn 52
,,,, 1. 1998,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, ; (2 ),, ; (3 ) ; (4 ), :, 1999 53 53
54,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,, 54
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ;,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ),, 2. (1) 55 55
56,, ;, ;,,,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, (2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 56
,,,,,,,, (3), :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 2001 10 57 57
58,, 64% ( ), 0.36%, 5.65%, 30%, 1/ 3,,, 80,,,,,,, 1. 70,, 24,,,, 2000,, : 890, 1.02, 5.5, 311.1, 11.9,, 30% 50%,,, 2002 310, 1.04, 0.87, 6, 3.5, :, 2000, 25 58
83.2, 8, 3, 90, 1991,, 10, 10,,,,,,, 4,, 1992,, 53,, 7 000 1.5,,,, 5 000, 4 000, 600,,,, 60, 3 000 25,, 50 30,, 2. (1),,, 2002 9 12 : 2002 10 30 59 59
60,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2002, 1/ 10 :,,, :1, 10, 100 ( ) (2),,,, 200350mm, (),,,,, 60
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,2002 8 20 61 61
12,,,,,,, 5,, 70%, 4 500, 10 100,,,, 30,,,,,,, 62 62
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000, 96.2, 63 63
1978 1990 1995 87% 58% 34% 1998 163 95.4, 2001 329 156, 102% 63.5% 2001, 13.07, 80, 1.4, 20.3, 144% ; 16 23, 1998 85% 56% ;, 1 100 ;, 373.6 16.5 60.8 87.5, 1998 56% 150% 49% 26%,,,,, 2001, 210, 100, 120, 1 600 ; 30, 29, 15, 27 ; 525, 1 000 ; 429, 7.3, 30% 2002, 30%, 30%,, 64 : 2002, 2002 :, ( ) 2002 12 64
1. 2000, 1 331, 1995 52% 2001, 1 404, 1998 573 1.45,, 1990 79.5% 2001 70.0%, 20.5% 30.0%,,,,,, 2001, 24, 1.98 ; 2002, 35, 2.3,, 2., 2001, 1 223, 1998 2.2 2001, 373.6 16.5 60.8 87.5, 1998 56% 150% 49% 26%,, 90%, 50%, 2001, 2002, 2002 65 65
59.8 18.3 70 2.9, 1990 8 50 5 100, 2001 20.56, 1978 1,85%,,, ( ) 90% 2002, 49,8, 88.3%, 34.3% 1. 20 80,,,, ;,,,, ( ) 90,,,, :,,,,,, 66 2002 : 2003 1 10, 2003 1 66
, ;,, ;,,,,, 2.,,,,,, :,,, ;, ( ),,,,,, :, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,, :,, 2003 1 67 67
,,,,,,, + + 5 3 000, 1 000, 250, 1 300, 130 116, 10 2001, 7, 21,,, 2000,,, 800,, 150,, 1999, 1 026, 6, 6.3, 8, 1978 1995 77.4 1, 35% 2001, 1248, 2.35, 16 ; 9.2, 1998 5.6, 2 600, 68 68
2001, 57.8, 52.8, 80 94% 91%, 6% 9%,,, 2000,, 10.7, 10.6%, 1998 6, 5.2,,,,,,,,,,,, 1996, 7 000, 13%, 1%, 10%, 2%, 60% 80% 916 7 198, 1 146, 16% ( 96% ) ; 968, 13% ( 2002 69 69
90% ) ; 4 695, 65% ( 87% ) ; 92, 1% ( 48% ) ; 736, 10% ( 94% ) ; 128, 2% ( 17% ) ; 2 899, 40% ( 45% ) ; 177, 2%,,,,,,,,,,,, 1991 39.71.447.90 1998 52.92.1 44.90.1 2001 8613 2002 80146,, 20%, ; ; 70 :,, 2000 2002 70
, ;,,, 1., 1980, 3.2%, 20, 1998, 1 158, 1985 805, 6.8%,,, 1985, 44.63, 20, 1998 1 000, 31 2000, 40.9% 1999 ( ) 52.56%, 69%, 17, 21.1%, 35%, 50% 5 000,, 1999, 2 000 15.6%, 43.3, 1 0002 000 44.8%, 6.7, 1 000 39.6%, 26.6,,, 20 2002 :, 71 71
,, 2., 1999 22.2%, 7%, 15.2 60%, 80.7%, 67.4%, 1995 (878 / ), 19962001, 11.0% 11.3% 6.7% 8.6% 5.8% 5.5%,, 3., 19902001, 2.801 ( 1990 ) 4.561 ( 1995 ) 4.841 (2000 ) 5.071 ( 2001 ), 19902001, 4.801 (1990 ) 5.221 ( 1995 ) 4.141 ( 2000 ) 4.051( 2001 ),, 2001, 49.04, 24.06, 49.06% ; 24.99, 50.94% ; 5.86, 11.95% ; 4 992, 1 233, 24.7%,,,, 72 :, 2000 4 2002 72
50%, 30,,,,, ; ;,,,, 35%, 4.,,,,, 1, 0.5 ( ) 1997 38% 2001 27%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2002 73 73
,,,,, 10 1 262, 3 395, 6 136, 3.061 5, : 2001 101, 63.9%, 33.0%, 2.8%, 99.7%, 0.3% 1998 1.81 ( 5.52 ), 30%, 7.3, 0.6%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 74 2002 74
,,, 1.,,,,,,,, 18.3, ( ),, 10,,, 30%, 42%, 70% 85% 25% 30%, 35% 40%, 60% 2001, 170, 66%, 3%, 1% 2% 2000, 1.133 3, 334, 2 342, 78, 178, 4 032 25.87%, 75 75
6.07% 8.32%,,,, 2. :,,,,,,,,,, 12, 4,,,,, ;,,,,, 76 2002 :, 76
,,,,,,, 1. 1 142.8, 13.9%, 1 800,,,,,,,, 3, 2.5, 50% ; 1/ 3, 8 500, 30% 60%, 600,,, 2., 70.33%, 29.67%, 0.87 ( 13.05 ), 30% 50%,,,, :, 2000 :, ( ) 2001 5 77 77
3. 103, 86%,,, ( ), 80%,,, 1998 2.7, 5 75% 95%,,, 4. 1996, 2 184, 18.2%, 2.3 3.83%, 51.19%, 38.73%, 6.25% 46.5, 13.8% 193.2, 5.2% 8 5., 83, 2/ 3, 70, 78 :, 2000 1 :, 1995 : :, 1999 8 13 : 78
0.8 1997 1998,, 6 42 457 90, 30,, 250 ( ), 10% 10 5 000, 5 3,, 60%,,, 1990 1998 8, 1 270 ( ), 38, 6 000 6., 60%, 30%, 9.5%, 0.5%,,,, 180, 70% 97.1%, 2.9%,,, 80%, 8.3%, 3.5%, 8%, 90%, () 60%, 88, 11, 41 :, 1999 79 79
,, 1 660, 88, 5.8,, 69 7.,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 80 1999, 0.18%, ;, 20 90,,,,,,, : ( 1992 ) 80
,,, 0.7,, 1. 1959 19.29 2000 96.2, 2002 98.2, 1990 1995 1998 1999 60 70 80 90,,, 2000 2. 1999, GDP 105.61, : 34.19, 24.00, 47.42, 32.37%, 22.73%, 44.90%,, 3.,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1999, 11.8, : 5.06 81 81
82, 42.9% ; 1.5, 12.7% ; ( )5.2, 44% ; 4% 4. 1999, 74.3% 5.7% 20.0%,, 1999 92.19, 1991 5.06 ; 6.46, 1991 2.16 ; 25.26, 1991 6.76, 19781996, 82% 77%, 5,,,,, 5. 81.1%, 1996 744.10, 68%, 2000 1 331, 400, 1998, 1895, 981, 51.77%,,,,,,,,,,,, 82
, 1., 60% 55%, 2000, 13.2, 59.7, 303, 1980 128 275.42,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, :,,,,, :, 1987 :, 2000, 1987 83 83
,,,,,,,,, 16, 11.5, 10%, 200, 0.25 0.5, 50, 400,,,, 3., 1 000, 65% 70%, 400, 300,,,,, 300, ( ) ( ) (),, 84 2001 84
,,,,, 4. ( ),,,,,,,, + + : 1. :,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 2001 ( ) :, 2003 4 85 85
86,,,,,, 2. :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, 86
,, 3. :,,, : 115% 120%, 140%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 2001 4 87 87
88,,,, : ; ; ;,,,,,,,,, 6,, ;, -,, :,,, ;,,,, ;,, ;, ;,, 88
,,, :, () ( ), ;,, ; ;,, ;,,, -,, -,,,,, : (), ;, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, :, ()( )( ),,,, ;,, ;, ; ;, 89 89
, ;,,, -,, -, 4 800,, :,,, ;,, ;, ;,,, ;,, -,,, :,, (),,,, ;, ;,,,,, ;,, 90 90
,,,, 55%,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 91 91
),,,,, ; ; 50,,,,,,,,, ;, 92,,,,,,,,,,, 92
,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) :,, 2000 4 93 93
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 94,,,,,,,,, 94
( ) ; ;,,,,,, 262, 212, 81%,, 2001, 1 404, 1995 1.6,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, ( ),,, 2002 95 95
,,,,,,,,,, 50, 30 2000, 1 1 112,2001, 37%, 31, 51 52, 10 44, 24, 12.35%, 24, 0.9,,,, GDP 1 2,,,, 96 :,, 2002 3 14 96
,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 97 97
98,,,,,,,,,, 2001, 2 500, 70, 120 3 100,,,,,, :,,,,,, 98
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 99 99
100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50, 20,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 100 21,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 101 101
102,,,,,,, (),, ( ),, 1 080 1977,,, 2.,,,, 75% ;, 80%,,,,,,,,, 102
,,,, : 2, 29.17%, 600, 80 3 000, 6 0008 000MJ/ m 2,, 4 000,,, ( ),,,,,, 213, 36, 2 190,,,,,, 103 103
104 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 104
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 105 105
106,,,,,,,,,,,, 2., :,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 106
,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,, 107 107
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 108,,,,,,,,,,, 108
,,,?,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 109 109
110 :,,,,,, ;,,, 1. 100, 200,, 19531985 6.25, 20.6, 4 32.5, 2.2 4.8 80,,, 2010, 45,,,,,,,,, 110,,
,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, ( ), 2.,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, 111 111
112,,, GMP GLP GCP GAP,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 112
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 113 113
114 : 1.,,,, 1 ; ;,, ;,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 1998, 8, 17, 5, 3, 1 000, :,,, 114
,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, : 115 115
116, 21,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 116
,,,,,,,,,,, 2001, 654, 590 571, 122.08, 80% ; 31, 55% 2001 3.7, 66% 10, 60% 9.45, 117 117
118 68.5% ;,,,,,,, 1978 1998 20, ( ) 8.7%, 4.4%,, 20 2.2 1990, 17.9%, 8%, 1/ 2,, 90%,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70%,,, 0.6,,, 2001 118
65%, 5, 38%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 119 119
,,,, ( ),,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 120,,,,,, 120
,,,,,,,,,, ()( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 121 121
122,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,, 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 122
21 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21 20,, 123 123
,,, 124 124
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 125 125
;,,,, ;,,, :,,, 1 016 5 700 ; 7 000, 100 1 ( ) 1 1001 600 1 6002 400 2 4002 700 2 7003 800 3 2004 000 3 8004 200 4 0004 400 4 2004 600 4 4004 700 4 6004 900 4 7005 100 4 900 5 100 126, :, 1993, 61 126
1, 1 100 1 600,,,,,,,,, 1 000 4 900,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, 127 127
; ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 1995 4 27 28,,,,,,,,,,,, 128 128
,,, : 1997, 1997 2000, 29.29%, 72.8%, GDP 30% 2001, 200, 10,, 21.82% 20%, 1.5, 20%,,, 2 5 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 54.5 28 614 657 38 800 186 72 136 115 76 858 120 91 348 1998,, 129 129
,,, 2000 192, 9.6, 37.14% 33.33% ; 2001 242, 12.34 1997, ( 3 ),, 3 19972001 : 1997 21 1.1 21 000 1998 45 1.8 43 700 1999 140 10 72 000 2000 192 11.26 96 000 2001 242 12.43 123 400,,, 5 1.5, 7.5,,, 1, 4.3,, 3,2001 12.34, 36,,, 130 : 130
2002, 4, 41, 41 20, 4 : VCD 1 B 75 A 2 000 2 000 220 2 500 2 B 700 60 2 500 A 2 000 3 000 2 500 4 000 7 B 2 000 3 000 18 000 A 2 000 3 000 18 000 6 000 25 000 9 B 2 000 110 560 A 3 000 2 000 7 000 10 B 100 400 200 A 1 000 2 000 11 B 100 2 000 400 200 400 A 3 000 3 000 80 000 20 000 12 B 80 400 300 450 A 3 000 500 3 000 13 B 80 400 450 500 15 B A 1 600 80 000 A 700 3 000 6 000 131 131
17 B 80 4 000 A 3 000 800 100 2 500 8 000 18 B 100 200 400 A 1 000 2 000 5 000 22 B 100 200 400 A 700 1 900 5 000 23 B 100 A 100 780 280 800 2 900 2 800 25 B 80 600 A 1 700 700 3 000 5 000 32 B 1 000 A 1 000 1 300 2 500 2 000 33 B 700 3 000 A 2 000 3 000 10 000 35 B 70 200 300 A 3 000 800 4 000 3 000 47 B A 2 000 8 000 10 000 48 B A 20 000 3 000 6 000 49 B 3 000 A 2 000 3 000 3 000 6 000 21 000 : B, A,,, 1999, 2 ; 2000 4 ; 2001 12,,,,, 1999, 2 7 33 49,7 9 11, 132 100 132
200300 20 80,,, VCD,,, 2 7 9 11 13 15 17 18 22 23 25 32 35 47 48 49 16, 40% 9 7, 11 8, 13 8,, 7 11 33 47 49, 48,,,,,,, 20 ( 20 80 ),, 2000, 1 002, 1998 38, ( ) 1 183, 1.18 1999,,, 2001 119, 1998 3 000, 100, : 133 133
,,,,,,,,,,, 134,,,, 134
, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :,,,, :, 135 135
,,, :, ;,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ; 136 :, 136
,,,,, ;,,,, 1 ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 137 137
138,,,,,,,, 20 6,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 138
,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 2002, 257 :, 2002, 2021 139 139
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 140 140
,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 60 141 141
142, (1),, 4 500 10,,,,, (2) ; ;,, (3),,,, :, 142 (4), 4 500, 3 700
,,,, 37 ;, 2,,,, ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, ; ;,,, 143 143
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 144 144
5, 4 000,, WTO,,,,,,,,,, :, 145 145
; ;,,,,,,, 1. 1953 1387, 1956 2 950,1957 2 878, 1972, 124 1986 2 876, : 1989 5 205, 1993 7 760, 1994 1.05, 1999 6.935 6, 2000 9.443, 1989 17, 1994 8,,,, 2.,, 1953 100%, 146 :2001, 2001, 412,, 273274 146
, 1962 1963 100% 22.47%,, 1964 1970 35% 62%, 19711980 9.4% 42.3%, 1981 1990 10% 70%, 19912000 4% 83% 2000 83.31% 2002 17, 50% :, 1962, 100%,,,, 1964 1998 35,,,,, 1999,,, 3. 50,,, 1953 1955, 1956 1961 1962 1985, 1972 1980, 1986 :2001 271274 2002 9, 147 147
2000, 1994,, 1953 2000 48, 26, 22, 1986 2000 15,,,, (),,, 1999 2000, 1999 7 128, 844, 11.84%, 6 284, 6 2000 1.018 9, 665, 6.53%, 9 524, 13, 4.,, ;, ;, ;,,,, 1 7002 000, 187.5 148 2001, 273274 274 [ ] :, 16, 2002, 174 148
;, 2 000,, 3 000, 1 500 20 6070,,,,,,,, 2001 2002 16, 30% 40%, 2001 2002 16, 86% 94%, 1999 2001, 2, 80%, 20%,,, :, 1995 8 1, 503 512 513 2002, 149 149
,, 5,,,,, 28,, 1. (1 ) :, 2 400 1 700,, 800, 120 1965,,,, 3 000, 20, 170 2, 95% 1 (2) :, 2 100, 150 :, 2002 3 2002 9, 150
, 100, 5 000 6 000,, 79,,, 4 000 (3) :, 2 100,,,, (4) :,,,, (5) :, 3 000, 460, 300, 100,,,,,, 2040 2. (1) : 19,,1956 2 950,, 1961,, 1962,,, 510 511 2002 9, 151 151
,,,,,,,,, (2) :, 1961, ( ), 1962 5 10,,,,,,,, :, ;, 318,,,, 120, 152, 517 2002 3, 27 152
(3) :,,,,,,,, 30,,, (4) :, 45,,, WTO,,,,, WTO,,, 510511 153 153
,,,,,,,,, WTO,,, WTO,,,,,, 40,,,,,, 911,, 154 :, 2001 6 : 911, 2002 1 154
,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, :,,, 4 000,, : 2002 1, 10 17 :, 1999 4 ; :, 2002 3 :,, 2001, 275 155 155
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000, 1.333, 2 342, 20.67%, 4 032, 35.58%,, 89.9%,,,,,,, 156 :, 1998, 130153 :, 2000, 179180 2001, 274 275 :, 2000 156
1992 42 2007,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 2002 6 30 1 : 50, 50 ( ), 2001, 611 :, 1997, 166167 157 157
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 158 :, 1988, 176 :, 2001 1 :, 176177 :, 1994, 87 158
,,,, ( ),,, 3., 50,,,,,,,,, WTO,,,,,,, :,, 2000, 50103 ; ::, 2000 159 159
:, 19951996 1998 1999 490, 250 20012002 300,, 19951996 40, :,, :,,,,, :,,,, 160 :, 136138 :1999 2000, 2000, 5 89 :, 2000, 146 :, 1997, 115 :, 1997 :, 137 :, 2000 : ; :, 1999 :, 137 160
,,,,,, 60%, 3 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 172 :21, 2001 5 :, 1994, 95 96 161 161
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, 162 :, 172 162
,,,, 20 50, 1962,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.21 :, 1999 4 :, 73 :, 175176 163 163
21, 1998 5, :,, :,,, :,,,,,,,, 21 :,, 164 :21, 2001 5 C.V.Ranganathaen Vinod.C. Khanna : India and China, The Way aftermao s India War, New Delhi, 2000, pp.136148., 2000 2, 84 164
, :,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, 40,, 3.,,,,,,,,, 1998 1.130 4, 805 : 165 165
, 7.12% ; 1999 1.662 2, 7 972, 47.96% ; 2000 1.302 9, 1.085 4, 83.31%,1998, 1988,, 1999,,, 1999 1998 9, 2000 1999 36%, 2000,,,,,,,,,,, 1996 1.047 1, 1 200, 11.46%, 1997 1.183 3, 361, 3.05% 1998 1.130 4, 805, 7.12% 1997 1998, 166 2001, 272 274 2001 272 274 166
,,,,,,,,,,, 1959,,,,,, 20 60 70 10,,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,, :, 1997, 337 340 167 167
, 20 80,, 1980 1 059 1987 4.35,, 1990 10,, 1989 3 603, 1990 1.104 1, 10 5 000,, 20 80 1986 3.970 3, 1987, 1.240 2, 1990 1.683 9, 1986 42.2%,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 168 2001, 276 :, 179 168
, 50,, 2007,,,,,,,,, 79,,, 120,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 318 ( : 169 169
, )204 ( ) 214 ( ),,,,, ; ; 214,,, 20 19, : 20 90, 911,,,,,,, 20 2/ 3 21,, 170 :, 1999, 104106 170
,, 1997,,, 21,,,, 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1998 5,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 171 171
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 172,, 172
: (1),,,,,,,,,,,,, ; (2 ),, ; (3 ), ; (4 ) 27, ; (5) 12,, ; (6 ),,,, 25,,, ; ( 7) 2002 9,, : 173 173
,,,, ; (8 ),, ; (9 ),,,, ; (10 ),, ; (11 ),,, ; (12),,, WTO,,,,,,, 174,, 1., 20,,, 20,,,20,, 174
,,,, 2., : (1 ) ; ( 2 ),,, ; (3 ), ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; (6) (7),,,, 3.,,,, 175 175
,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,, 176 1. ( ),,, 176
, ;, 10 2, : ; ; ;, 102.14 ( ), 2000 464.56, 63.93% ( 262 ) ;, 324.87, 70% ;,,,,,,, ;,, 1 ( 2000 ) ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( % ) 82.90 60.64 73.15 52.0 8.34 ( ) 88.90 72.68 81.76 78.0 15.00 33.34 29.54 88.60 33.4 2.39 66.75 37.24 55.79 48.2 4.40 177 177
26.24 15.82 60.32? 3.40 20.61 19.44 94.37? 1.90 40.17 26.53 66.05? 4.16 13.32 12.15 91.28 90.0 7.90 25.70 24.72 96.17 96.0 20.24 32.69 8.34 25.52? 32.58 21.56 8.21 38.11? 1.20 (?) 12.36 9.56 77.31? 1.32 464.54 324.87 70.00? 102.14 262.00 246.00 93.89? 122.84 : : ( 2001 ) 2., (),,, ( ),,, 178,,,, 178
,,,, ( ),,,, ( );,,,, ( ), (), (),, (),,,,,,,,,,, 21,,,, 3. (1), 179 179
,,, :,,,, (),,, (),,,,,,, 2,, GDP, 1999, 41.41, 37.93,,,, 1980, 180 180
2 (12 2 ) GDP ( ) GDP ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 35.28 4 256 33.08 3 990 1 191 18 673 225.25 24.69 2 777 15.53 1 747 733 8 478 95.37 9.23 2 768 7.44 2 331 734 5 855 175.61 13.73 2 057 13.41 2 009 1 146 9 709 145.45 11.16 4 254 10.63 4 053 1 294 5 763 219.63 12.84 6 232 22.34 10 841 1 254 5 605 271.95 14.31 3 562 9.11 2 269 1 577 7 085 186.38 4.75 3 570 2.86 2 150 1 405 3 016 226.43 6.69 26.2 6.70 2 608 1 185 4 446 173.00 53.41 16 340 75.18 23 001 1 830 21 941 671.18 4.16 1 928 5.92 2 746 1 304 2 737 126.95 2.27 1 832 1.80 1 454 997 1 003 81.15 192.52 4 144 204 4 391 1 391 94 311 203.02 117.46 4 483 67.65 2 582 1 331 53 848 205.53 4 760 7 496.15 4 496 - - - 000 285.49 89 403.6 7 078 - - 2 253 64 060 600 506.08 : : (2001 ) (2),,,,,,,,, 181 181
, 182,,,,, 1.,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1999 10 () ( ), 20 6, 2000, 1 057,, (),,,,,, 138, 108, 182
,, 3 ( ) * 5 032 4 492 9.57 1 * 7 386 5 713 2.66 * 3 287 2 597 1.15 1 * 3 076 398 1.56 * 1 870 514 2.69 * 1 381 381 5.02 * 2 838 416 1.72 * 943 354 1.40 * 2 218 550 1.70 * 5 044 1 518 10.14 * 33 075 16 933 9.57 2 22 475-3 :1. ( 20002001) 296366 2. (2000 ) : * 2000, 1999 2.,,,,,, GNP 183 183
1998 ;,, 1, 5, 2000,, GDP 66.7, 34.72, 52.1%,, 4 ( 2000 ) : 10.44 12.35 12.47 35.26 7.27 6.98 10.43 24.68 3.20 1.90 4.05 9.23 13.73 3.50 3.30 3.86 10.66 12.84 4.71 6.13 3.47 14.31 2.05 0.40 2.30 4.8 1.70 0.92 0.88 3.51 3.16 34.72 15.5 53.41 * 36.03 * 66.7 * 52.96 182.43 : : (20002001) 296366 : * 184,,, 2001, 2 ; 184
4 131 5 (2001 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 16 20 2 3 5 2 17 19 1 1 2 9 10 19 4 13 17 3 10 13 1 2 3 5 9 14 2 7 9 6 6 1 1 2 2 1 1 33 98 131 : 1998, 1998 ; 1998, 1998 : 5, ( ),,,, 96.27, 233.8 ( 237.27 ), 6, 132, 185 185
52,, ( ),,,,, 1998 8.21 7.53, 20.58 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 19.36 10 44.97 44.56 8.55 19.17 6 48.81 48.39 7.55 7.40 14 18.40 18.30 2.79 14.21 15 40.40 40.00 4.90 6.08 8 13.76 13.60 2.95 4.02 10 11.50 11.45 1.10 8.58 9 19.44 19.32 3.31 2.82 2 7.33 12.70 0.89 5.06 1 12.72 12.70 1.33 9.57 1 16.54 16.25 7.95 96.27 4.5 233.87 237.27 41.41 47.23 2-123.91 37.93 :1. ( 20002001) 296366 2. (2000 ) 186 186,, 2000
, ( )2 549, 1, 10 (5.762 9 ) ;, 6, 4,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 1980, 1980,,, ;, 62, 30,, ;,,,,,,,, ; 187 187
,,,,,,,,,, 2001, 1 184.80, 7.094, 0.67%,, 76% ( 90% ), 1999 1998 11% 1999 5 454.9, 5.42% ( ),,, 7 ( ) GDR ( % ) ( % ) 1991 20 553 976 22.28 64.43 1992 22 691 1620 22.06 63.43 1996 30 319 2160 14.47 54.02 : ( ) :, 4, 2001 8 ( ), 15 188 188
8 ( ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 1 069 82.60 8.04 90.94 1 103 86.42 3.81 90.23 608 78.62 8.55 87.17 560 72.46 0.36 72.82 910 76.02 0.98 77.00 666 65.99 5.26 71.25 634 70.98 5.36 76.34 336 59.52 8.93 68.45 1 473 58.30 1.56 59.86 1 473 58.30 13.14 70.80 259 61.39 8.88 70.27 550 51.00 2.18 53.18 845 50.77 14.20 64.97 2 289 46.34 4.79 51.13 11 44.00 44.00 544 30.24 7.35 37.59 641 27.26 5.46 32.72 133 5.26 2.41 7.67 13 704 58.63 5.11 63.74 : : ( ), 1999 ( ) :, 4,2001 8 ( ), 16 189 189
190 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, ; 190
,,, ;,,,,,,,, (1 ); ( 2),,, ; ( 3 ),,, ; (4) ; (5 ) 3., 4.,, (1),,,,,, 191 191
192,,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,, ;,, (2) :,,,,,,,,,,, (3),,, 192
,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,, ;,, 20% 50% ;, 40%, 18 (, ),, 25, (3, 18, 20 ), 10 (, 193 193
194 15 ) ;,,,,, ; ;, ;,,, ;,, ;, 8, 20 ;, 1020 ;, 60%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 194
,,,,,,,,,,,, 5, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 195 195
196, 1 956 814 1979,1984, ( 1 118, 30 ), ( 109 ),,,, ( ) 1 110, 32 2001 6,, 6, 8, 500,,,, 1.,, ( ),,,,,,, 196
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,, ;,, 2., 1 118,,,,,,, 197 197
198,,,,,,,,,,, V, 32.4%, ; 22.7%, ; 44.9%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, T,,,, 198
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 199 199
200,,,, -, 1/ 3,,,,,,,,,, 262, 96.26%,,,,,, 67 12,,, ;,,,,,, 200
,, 1.,,,,,,,,, ; ;,, BOT,,,,, 2., :,,,,, ;,,, 201 201
,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, :, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 202 202
,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 203 203
204,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, 1., 20 90,,, 1978 GDP 375, 379, 2001 6 29 204
98.95% ; 264, 69.66% 80,,1985 GDP 155.21% ; 80, GDP, 1990 78.09%, 11.72% ; 1998 58.45%, 86.46% 1998, GDP 40.5, 55.59 1 GDP GDP ( ) ( % ) 1978 375 264 379 1985 894 567 853 1990 1 276 1 132 1 634 1995 2 392 3 050 4 854 1998 3 736 4 321 6 392 1978 94.95 69.66 100 1985 100.81 67.53 100 1990 78.09 69.28 100 1995 49.28 62.83 100 1998 58.45 67.60 100 ( % ) 1978 142.05 100 1985 155.21 100 1990 11.72 100 1995 78.43 100 1998 86.46 100 : ( ) 205 205
2 ( 1998 ) : % GDP GDP 10.2 52.3 90.1 55.8 292.6 57.0 9.1 66.1 60.1 77.8 61.5 94.5 82.8 8.4 73.4 73.4 83.7 66.9 100.8 79.6 7.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : (1999 ) : = GDP/ GDP100 %, 3 GDP 50 %, 2.,,,,, 1997 27.9%, 72.10%, 14.8, 9.5, 16.37, 3.4, 29.7% 36.63%, 5.77%,,,,, ; 206 206
3 GDP 17.7 82.3 76.3 23.3 46.4 53.6 44.9 55.1 34.3 65.7 15.6 84.4 62.3 37.7 38.9 61.1 35.1 64.6 23.0 77.0 27.9 72.1 56.2 34.8 20.9 79.1 34.5 65.8 31.3 68.7 29.6 70.4 47.5 52.5 30.9 69.1 28.6 71.4 24.1 25.6 : (1999 ) 4 ( 1997 ) : % 27.9 24.47 3.35 72.10 29.70 36.63 5.77 44.27 28.34 15.94 55.73 6.19 24.77 24.77 31.30 18.10 13.20 68.70 5.79 22.24 40.67 37.49 29.05 8.44 62.51 11.15 28.15 23.21 42.7 27.9 14.8 57.3 6.9 22.0 28.4 : 1997 5 1978 1985 1988 50.7 27.7 9.2 18.5 21.7 44.5 35.5 32.2 3.3 20.0 49.9 17.3 6.9 10.4 32.7 41.1 35.2 30.2 5.0 41.5 50.9 12.9 6.9 6.0 36.2 36.1 35.2 31.5 4.1 28.7 207 207
1995 1998 41.3 23.8 7.3 16.5 34.4 29.0 40.8 34.9 5.9 30.3 34.3 22.2 9.9 12.3 43.5 26.3 42.7 35.5 7.2 31.1 20.9 41.0 33.6 7.4 38.1 : 3.,,, 1998 15 59.97%,,, 44.19, 44.27 44.52 ; 3.34, 3.75, 3.49 3.34 ; 1 000 2.57, 2.40, 2.05 1.92 1997 59.6, 10, 6.69 6.6 ; 4.5%, 37.96%, 36.36% 37.64% ; 38.5%, 30.5%, 14.4% 13.3% ; 0.452, 10.47%, 73.2% 1.18% 208 208
6 (1998 ) 15 ( / ( / ( ) ) ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 59.97 3.34 2.57 2.07 18.50 11.90 15.70 6.83 2.05 1.53 88.00 35.00 20.30 15.45 6.88 1.92 1.42 87.30 48.70 32.00 15.78 7.09 2.40 1.65 90.60 50.40 35.00 : ( 1999 ) 1998,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 209 209
210, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;, 2.,,,,,,,, 21,,,,,, 210
,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 4. ;,, 211 211
,,,,,,,,,,, 212 212
,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1978 53, 213 213
,,, 1980 498 525,1983 2 402 3 010, 1980 4.7 1984 1987, 1984,,,,, 1987, 3.432 7 4.484 8, 1983 13 1988 1991,, 1992,,,, 1993, 4.18 6.56, 1.74, 1.74 2.4 0.77 60, 689, 0.13,, 1998, 4 5, 3, 1, 10 2000, 4, 5, 253, 4 000, 1, 4 000, 1, 1980 236, 321 ; 1983 4 360 5 255 ; 1985 1.350 9 2.769 7, 1980 56 85, 214 530 : ( 1999 ), 2000, 4868 214
1988,, 1986 1.447 1 1.914 1, 1988 1.831 4 2.446 4 19891991, 1989 1.206 1.579 6, 1985 1992, 1993 2 (2.099 4 ) 1995, 1.42 ; 1996 2.691 2, 3.261 7, 1.7, 6.2 2000, 3.3, 5.9, 7.4, 7, 63, 2 400, 0.67, 2.3, 2000 10, 6 400, 70, 1,,,, : 1.,,,, 20%, 50%, ( 2001 2001 2001 2000 12 12 :, 1998 23 215 215
) 1 ( 2000 ) ( ) 200 59 % ( ) ( ) ( ) 18 621 63.6% 95 270 58 % 89 451 59.1 % ( ) 567 845 67.8% 92 25 % 5 653 19.5% 33 487 20.4% 29 986 19.8 % 62 520 7.5% 70 16 % 4 967 16.9% 35 572 11.6% 31 992 21.1 % 206 837 24.7% 362 100 % 29 241 100 % 164 329 100 % 151 359 100 % 837 202 100 % : 2001 1 2000,, 75%, 60%,, 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 69 34.7% 64 000 84.3% 102 600 73.2% 36 876.3 67.3 % 119 59.8 2 000 2. 6 % 1 846 1.4% 7 512.3 13.7 % 216 216
11 5.5 % 10 000 13.1 % 35 645 25. 4 % 10 390.8 19 % 199 100 % 76 000 100 % 140 100 100 % 54 779.4 100 % : 2001 2000, : 1999 17.19, 9.99 ( ), 58.1%,,, 2000, 46.8%,, 25.08%,, 1999 15. 3%, 5.2%, 2000 18.9%, 13 3, 10, 50% 30%, 10.2% 27% 1999 51, 9 020 2000 64, 52, 81.25% 2000, 9091 : ; :, http:/ / www.gsei.gansu.gov.cn/ 2000, 8283 ;,2001 4,2001 5 2001, 202207 217 217
42% 2.,, 1978, 53, 60, 1993, 4 018, 6 065, 1 074, 80 100 ; 2000 4 5, 1993 10 9, 60, 689, 0.13 ; 1980 236, 321, 1996 2.7 3.3 2000 ( ) : 3 ( 2000 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 40 000 253 50 000 4 000 3 1 10 000 4 000 120 000 10 000 16 000 19 23 000 1 000 36 400 2 253 36 436 546 17 000 44 26 000 1 415 37 900 2 400 42 735 17 349 : 2001 2001 2001 3, 6 ( )1999, 2.444 7 625, 15.7% 27.0% ; 1 605 111, 20.7% 218 2001, 137141 130, 353 218
30.2%,, 19811998, 183 3 120, 320 6 114, 5 3 120 1999, 176.8 2 406.5 3 307 2.062 384 3.,,,,,,, 8.56, 4.34, 50% ; 7.83, 3.64, 45%, 4., :2000 4 500, 1997 9 023, 1.309 9, 1.437 9 2000 39.52, 75.54, 95.08, 105.49, :, 2002 12 6, http:/ / www.qhei.gov.cn : 1999, 49 2000, 184 19781998, 69 70 :, 2001, 46 219 219
,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., 3 000, 4 000,, 67,,,,,,,, 3 448.35,,,, ( ), 60 30, 2 414.33, 70%,, 1995,, 220 2001, 127 :,, 2002 7 220
,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2.,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, 1999, 9.050 7, 8.253 3, 91.19% ; 7 737, 1/ 10; 38, 1 3972, 2 625, 66.1% ; 1 176, 221 221
29.6% ; 171, 4.3%,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 222 :,, 2002 7 222
,,,,,,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 223 223
,,,, 23, 110, 4.,,,, :,+,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 224 : 224
,,,,,, 9 5%,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,,,, 5 000,,,, : 225 225
,, 226,,,,,, : 1.,, GDP, 2000 8 647, 2 000, 60% 80%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 226
,, 2. (), 2000,,,, : 1999, 562, 8 625, 5 500 ( 440 ), (2 210.34 ), (1 652.51 ) 20,,,,?,,,,, ; 2,, 3.,,, (6 357 )( 199 ) 3, (2 831 )2, 2000, 544 2000, 12 227 227
,,,, 4.,,,,,,, 228, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 228
,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, : 229 229
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, : 2000 12,, 800, 234 2.95 ; 8, 1.1, 2002 7, 70 230 :, ( )2002 7 31 2000 12 12 230
,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 231 231
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 232 232
,,,,,,,,,,,, 233 233
234,,,, :, ()() ()( )( )( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 360, 1/ 3),, 234
1949,,,,, 5 000, 20.56%, 80%, 6%,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) 235 235
( ),, ( ) 236,,,,,,,, 25,,,,,,, :,,,, ; :,, ; 236
,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 237 237
,, ;,,, ;, WTO,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,, 238 238
,,,,,,,, 80 90,, 1992, 3 4 19931994 150, 40%,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : 2000 19.1%, ; 2000 3 31 239 239
,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,, ; ; (,, ) ; 240,, ( ),,,,, 240
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :,,,,,,, 241 241
,,,,,, 242, :,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 242
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 80 37% ; 34%,,,, 1998, ( ) : 41.04% 7.88% 51.04% ; : 29% 5.64% 65.33%,, : (1), 243 243
244 (2),,,,,,, (3),, 50%, 50%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4), ;, ;,, ; :, 2000, 116 244
,,, ( ), :,,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 245 245
,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 246,,,, : (1 ), (2),, (3 ),, ;, ( 4),,, 246
, (5 ),,,,,,,, : 1.,, ; ;,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3.,,, 4. 247 247
,, 5. (),,, 6.,,,,,, 7.,,,, 1995,1999,, ;,,,,, 248 19981999, 2000, 389 248
,,,,, :,,,,,,, (),,,, () : (1 ),,, ( 2) ( ) (),,,, 249 249
250 (3),,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, :, 86 87 ; : 31 250
,,,,,,, : ( 1), (2),, ( 3),,,,,, (1956.2 1959.5 ), 1999 4, 6 251 251
,, 20,,,,,,,,, 252 1. 1994 592, 8 000 366, 61.82% ; 5 408, 68%, 252
24,, 5 : ; 7 : ; 1 : ; 7 : ; 3 :, 1994 13, 18, 25%, 48 ( 5 12 ), 19% 4, 5, 1.810 1 9.423 5, 62.96% 7 32, 30.57% 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (GDP) 40%, 16, 20, 12, :, 2000 4 :,2001 4 ( ) 253 253
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001 1,,,,, 40%, 3, 2,, 592,,, 21.3%,, 254 :, 2002 4 25 254
5, 20% 30%, 30% 70%, 5,,, 1999 3 000 37, ; 625 27, 8, : 1.,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,, 2000, 543544 255 255
3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,,, 1.,,,, GDP,1999 6 546, 3.080 5,,, 6 081, ; 4 125 4 102, 2/ 3; 1 919, 1/ 3, 1999 2 210.34, 1 309, 256 256
, 693, 1/ 3 1999 3 000, 37 ( ), 1 ; 625 27 ( ) 8 ( ), 1/ 4, 5 500, 661,,,, 2. 1999,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 2000, 416425, 543544, 415 257 257
,, 4. 21,,,, 50,,, 1979 4 4,,, 80, 1994, : 1., :, 1986 1993 7, 416 ; 19942000 7, 1 162, 2.78 19942000 202.74 3,19942000, 192.75, 258 2000, 43 258
,, 55%, 45% NGO NGO( ) 19942000, 167, NGO, 19942000, ( ) 166.6, 54.7, 99.5, 12.4, 1891, 1 162, 61.3% 202.7, 10.7% NGO NGO 526.3, 28% 105, 22.3% 1994, 1994 2000,, 1 046, 582, 166, 298 ; 670, 64%, 302, 65%, :, 1997, :NGO, 2001 10 28 NGO :, 2002 4 25 259 259
1.81,, 3.5 ; 1998 2.12,, 4 ; 1999, 4.1 ( 2.8, 1.3 ) ; 1994 2000 6.915 7 2.926 2 2.732 4 8 798 3 059 714 1994 1999, 27.1, 10.4, 13.09, 1.56, 2.02 2.7,,,,,,, 1994, 9 672, 16.48, 5.72, 8.6 30.4 (), 8 624,, 19842000, 15.9, 260 2000, 224 :,2001 4 : 2015 260
10.47, 26.37, 9.34, 4.06, 13.4, 2 680,,, 3 751, 63.7, 191.38 ; 131.17, 364.96, 165.69 ; 846.6, 136.93, 17.44, 2.98 ; 591, 135.3 1 587.2 ( ) ; 182 15 584.42, 237 5 720 ; 6.82 ; 183.5, 57, 7 273, 3 080, 693,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 2000, 231 261 261
262, 2000 1983, 119 64, 50% 28.7%, 103 1 490,14 2000 1 122.4 3.,,, ;,,,,, 4. :,,,, 138 325, 74 11 171, 47%,,,,, : 2015 262
,,,, 2 000 66,,, 10,,,,, 1996 7,, 5,, 19962000 21, 11, 5 ( 1 ) ; 5 745, 280, 4 219, 73 ; 510 ; 51.7, 13.9 ; 2 954, 9.69, 912, 1 927; 217, 4 361, 101 108, 470 13 10,,,, 263 263
,, 10 3 14, 3 162,, 1999, 8 372, 300 5.,, 90,,,,,,, 12 200, 7,, 6.1, 8 88, 770,,,,,, 264 : 2015 264
,,, 2.9%, 20,, 1.,, 19942000, 7, 32, 300, 20,,,, 100%,,,,,, 1998, 2001 10, 30%,,, 1 600, 6 000, 2.,,,, : 265 265
266,,, 46.53, 53% 1999, 14 38 41.47, 43.6, 25.4%,,,,, 5 700, 3 450, 12.2% 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,, NGO ( ) NGO, NGO NGO 526.3,, 28%, 105 266
, 22.3%,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 3 000 ;,,,,, : NGO 267 267
,,, ( 20012010 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, NGO 268 2001, 1994, 21, :, NGO, NGO,, NGO NGO :, NGO,,,,, NGO 268
, NGO,,,,,, NGO,,,,, NGO,,,,,,,,,, NGO,,,,,, NGO,, NGO,, NGO, NGO,,,,,,,,,, 269 269
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 20,,,,,,,, 270 270
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 271 271
,, ;,,,, ; ;,, ; (),,,,,,,,,, 272 272
,,,,,,,,,, :,, 273 273
274,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 19491950,,,, ( ),,,,,,, (1956.2 1959.5 ), 1999 4, 6 274
,,,,, 1956,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1959 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, ;, ;,,, 275 275
,, ;,, ; ;,,,,, 1959, 69 81,,,,,,, 3 000, 800,, 5 700,,,,,,,,,,, 276, 1991, 169, 154 276
,,, :,,,,, 1950 5, 1953 9 1955 7,, 7,,, 1950,, 1955,, 1949,,1950 11, ( ), 1955 11, 1953 1,, 1955, 1953 1955, 1950,, ; 1956, 1957 9,, 1959,,,,, 277 277
, (),, 1958,, 3.211 6, 2.652, 82.6%,,, 1961, 5, 1961 9, 1962 8,,, 1965 8,, 1 359, 567 ; 54, 16,,,,,,,, 1965 9,,, 278 :, 1997, 317, 225 278
50 60,,,,,,,,,,, : 1979,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 279 279
280,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 280
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1997 4 281 281
282,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 282
: 19952000,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, 73.5%, ( ) 51.5% ; 90.7%, 91.8% ; 14.8%, 76.4%, ( ), 283 283
284, (),,,,,, 90%,,,,,,,,,, 39%, 24%, 63%, 39.4%, 17.8%, 57.2%, 59.9%, 25.3%, 85.2%,,, 2., ( ),, 21.8%, 284
, 19941995, 563, 776,, 1996, 70,,,,, ;, ;,, :, ;,, ;,,,, 3.,,,,, 1996 7 16 22,, 285 285
,,,,,,, 1998 8,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 286,, 286
, ;,,,,,,,,, 62.6% ; 35%, 14%, 12.6%, 11.4%, 6%,,,,, 56.5%, 43.5%,,,,, :, 3 : 1:, : 24.4%, 70.9%, 3.10%, 1.4%, 0.2% 2: : 22.6%, 6.2%, 6.9%, 3.1%, 2.2% 287 287
288 3: : 10.4%, 66.9%, 10%, 12%, 0.7%,,,,,,,, 3 : 1:,? : 51.1% 2:, : 12.3%, 79.6%, 6.1%, 2%, 0 3:? : 58.3%, 17.3%, 4.3%, 20.1%,,,,,, 2 : 1: : 26%, 288
69.4%, 3.8%, 0.5%, 0.3%, 95.4%,, 1% 2: : 18.4%, 72.5%, 5.3%, 3.0%, 0.8%, 90.9%,,,, 1 :,? : 26.4%, 26.8%, 7.1%, 8.3%, 31.5%, 53.2%,, 15.4%, 1/ 3,,,,,,,, 289 289
290?,, : 35.4%, 23.8%, 16.6%, 6.9%, 6.9%, 3.8%,,,,,,,,,,,, 39.2% ;,, 37.6%,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 80%, 290
,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 1., ( ), 1993, 91.6%, 1996 90.7%, 1997 89%, 1996, 73.5%, 14.8%, 90.7%, 56.8%,,,,,, 1996, 71.8%,, 291 291
292 51.5%, 76.4%, 91.8%, 2., 8.2%, 26%, 30.4%, 24.2%, 11.2%, 34.8%, 26.7%, 16.1% 9%, 20.3%, 29.7%, 23.6% 5.1%, 31.5%,,,, 3.,,,,, : 9.8%, 58.6%, 92.3%, 66.5%,,, 292
,,, 96%,, 30.6%,, 52% 42.9%,,,,,,,,,,,, 50%, 30.6%,,,,,,,, 4.,, ;, ; ;, :,,,, 293 293
,, ;, 70%, 15%, 15%,, 46%, 35%, 10%, 3.9%, 1.7%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 294 294
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 295 295
296,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 29.5%, 53.2%, 1989,, 19.7% 296
,,11.2%, 9.3%,, 20.5% 5, 75% 77%, 62% 78%, 38% 62%, 28% 51%, 38% 52% ;, 33%, 18%, 21%, 13%, 9%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1994, 72 76, 130 72 76 297 297
298,,,,, 89.5%, 10.5%, 86.8%, 13.2%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1989,,,, 2 1, 30,, [ ], 1989, 5053 298
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 299 299
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 4, ; 1997,, 77.8%,, 71.4%, 80% 1993,, 300 300
99.8% 98.6%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1989,,,, 10,,, :, 1998, 110 301 301
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 302,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 302
,,,,,, 20%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 303 303
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 304 304
,, 1 780, 20,,,, 2002 8 3 24, 3,,,,, 305 305
,,,, 20 80,,,,,, 20 90,,,,,,,, ;,, ; 306 306
;, 100,,, :? 100, 70, 70% ; 2, 2% ; 18, 18% ; 6, 6%,, :? 100, 28, 28% ; 63, 63% ; 9, 9%,,,,,, :? 100, 90, 90% ; 1, 1% ; 9, 9%, 1998 3 ; :, 1997 4,, 1999 2 ;, 2000 4 307 307
,, :?, 100, 300 56, 56% ; 300500 15, 15% ; 500800 3, 3% ; 800 1 000 1, 1% ; 1 000 8, 8% ; 17, 17%, 500, 500,,,,,,,,,,, 308 -,,,, - 3, 1997 12,, 308
1989, 10,,,,,,,, - 1982,,,,, 1996,, ( ),,,, 1,,, 309 309
310 520 (),,,,,,,,,,,,, -,,,,, ;, ;, ; ( ),,, 310
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) : ; ; ;, ; ; ;, ;, ;, ; ; ( 2), 311 311
312,, 1996,, 4,,,, ( 3), (4 ),,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 312
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000,,,, 313 313
,,,,,,,? :1996,,,, 1994,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 314 2002 8 8,,,, 314
,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 787 ( ) : ; ;, 315 315
;, ;, ;,, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 316,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 316
,,,,,,,,,, 20 80, 90,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) 55, 80, 200 ( 2), OK, 100 (3 ), 3 000 ( 4), ( 5) ( 6) (7) (8) 317 317
318 20,, (9) 100 500,, 180200 ; 90100,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,, (,,, ) (,, ), 318
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 319 319
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,, 320 1995 11 29,,, 1999,,, 2002 8, 28 28,, 320
,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1959, 1989,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, (), ;, 321 321
322 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90,,,,, 1999,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000,, 322
,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, :, ( ),,,,, 323 323
,,,,,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 324 [ ]B. - :, 1, 2001 11 [ ] - -, 5, 2001 11 324
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, [ ]B. - :, 59 60 2001 11 325 325
326,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2. 90,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 326
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 327 327
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 328 328
,, 120, 1/ 8;,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 329 329
330,, Vinod Saighal,,,,,, ( ), 360, 1/ 3,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) : (1 ),, (2),, (3 ),, 2000 11 8 10 330
;, ;,,, ;,,,, (4),,, (5),,,,,,,,,,,, :, 2001 1 331 331
,,,,,,, ;, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, 332 :, 2002 1 ; 332
,, :,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, : (1 ),,, ( 2),, (3 ),,,, ( 4), :, 2002 4 333 333
(5),,,,, (6 ),,,,,,, ( 7),,,,,,, 334,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,, 334
,,,, ( ), ( 1), ;,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3),,,,, 80, :, 2001 4 335 335
336,,,,,,, 5, 4 000, 5 28 ( ), 1989 1 405, 2000 1.085 4, 6.7 ; ;,,,, 2002 82,,,,,,, ;, 336
, ;,,,,,, 20 90 ( Look East Policy),,,,,,, 2003 6 2227,, 6 23,,,,,, (1),, ; (2 ) ; (3),,, ; (4 ),, 337 337
,,,,,, 338,,,, ;, ;, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,, (1), 338
, (2),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, (3),, ; ; WTO, (4),,,,,,,,, 339 339
,,,,,,, ; ;, ;,,,,,, ;,,,, 340 :, 2001 1 340
,,, 5, 20% 30%, 30% 70%,, GDP, 1999 6 546 3.080 5, 4 125, 1 919, 1/ 3, 1999 2 210.34, 1 309, 693, 1/ 3,,, : (1) (2 ),,, ( 3),,,, (4), ( 5),, 90, 2000 416425 341 341
,,, ; (1); (2), NGO (3), ; (4),, ; (5) :,, ;,,,, ; ;,, ; ( ),,,, 342 342
,,,,, 1 1, 0.350.60,,,, (1),,,,,,,,,,, :, 2001 343 343
(2),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, (4),,,,,,,,,,, ; 344 344
,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,, - ;,, ; ;,,,,,, :, 1999 2 345 345
,,,,,,,, 346,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 346
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1),,,,, 347 347
,,? (2),, (3),, (4),,,,, 348 348