( CIP ) /,. :, 2002. 8 ISBN 7-301-05829-2... - - - -. K931. 3 CIP ( 2002 ) 057850 : : : : ISBN 7-301-05829-2 / G0762 : : 100871 : http: / / cbs. pku. edu. cn : zpup@ pup. pku. edu. cn : 62754962 62754140 62753334 : : : 850mm1168mm 32 11 272 2002 8 1 2002 8 1 : 17. 00,,
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( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 5) ( 6) ( 13) ( ) ( 13) ( 14) ( 27) ( 33) ( 37) ( 58) ( 58) ( 61) ( 63) ( 64) ( 66) ( 72) ( 72) ( 77) ( 79) ( 81) 1
( 82) ( 87) ( 89) ( 90) ( 90) ( 91) ( 96) ( 96) ( 101) ( 103) ( 105) ( 109) ( 115) ( 115) ( 116) ( 118) 21 ( 120) ( 123) ( 125) 2 ( 125) ( 127) ( 130) ( 131) ( 133)
( 135) ( 142) ( 142) ( 144) ( 155) ( 161) ( 161) ( 162) ( 163) ( 164) ( 165) ( 166) ( 169) ( 171) ( 172) ( 178) ( 178) ( 189) ( 196) ( 202) ( 209) ( 214) ( 239) ( 240) ( 249) ( 255) ( 257) ( 263) 3
( 263) ( 272) ( 276) ( 276) ( 278) ( 284) ( 288) ( 291) ( 291) ( 294) ( 296) ( 312) ( 312) ( 315) ( 325) ( 328) ( 331) ( 335) ( 340) 4
??,, 3000,,, 45 33 ;, 20 25 ;, 153 59 ;, 122 56 1 1000km 2 17075 9971 9561 9364 552 378 357 301 244 37. 8, 1 / 25( 1 ) 7000,, 22. 74, 60% 1
, 2000,,,,,,,, 3000,, 35 ; ;, ( 1 ) 6, ( 8 ) 25, 1500, ( l ) 7, ( 8 ) 27, 2000, ( l ) - 6, ( 8 ) 20 ; 981 8 10,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4 5,, 2
, ( ),,,,, 1000 2000, 6 7 ;,,, ( 2 ),,,,,, 200,, 76%,,,,,, 3776,, 1707,,,,,,,, 200, 60, 1923 9 1,, 15 1995 1 17,,, 3
, 2000 2 10 ( m) 1 3776 2 ( ) ( ) 3192 3 3190 4 ( ) ( ) 3189 5 3180 6 ( ) ( 3141 ) 7 3120 8 3110 9 3106 10 3101 : 24%,, 1. 7 ;,,,,,,, 367 ;, 16840,,,,, 670, 85, 103, 423 4
3 5 1 670. 3 2 167. 6 3 Saroma 151. 9 4 103. 3 5 86. 2 : 2000 4 10 ( km) 1 367 2 322 3 268 4 256 5 249 6 239 7 229 8 227 9 213 10 210 : 1998,,,, ;, 5
,, 2458. 8 ( 1990 ), 2 /3, 41. 7%, 55%,, ( ) ( ),,, 5000, 90 90,, 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 43 1.,,,,,, 22%,, 6
2.,, 10, 1 /4, 3.,,,, 4.,,,,, 5., 7
,, 6. ( 1 ),,,,,,, ( 2 ),,,,,,,, 7.,,,,, 8
5 9
: 1. 2. : 10 1. 998 2. 2000 3. 1998 4. 2000 5. 998 ht-
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12
,, : : ( ) : : (, ) : : ( ) 1,,,,,, 4 3,,,,, 13
,,,,,,,,, 20 30, 5 3,,, 3 2,, 3, 14
,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1784,,,,, 15
, 2 3,, 239,, 1. 478 :,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) 5 1, ( ) (, ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 13, 2. 3 4,,, ( ) ( 5 ) ( ),,,,, 16
( ),,,,,,,,,, 3. (, ),,,,,,,,,, 4.,,, 17
,, ( ),,,,,, ( ) 1. 6,, 592,,,,,, 603,,, 6,, 12,, 604, 18
,,,, 600, 2., ( ),,,, 645,,,,,, 646,, :, ; ; ; ;, ; 3.,, 660,,,, 663,, 668,,, 19
,, 4.,, 672,, 673,,,,,,,,,, 5. 701,,, ;,, 1 12,, 13,,,, 14 15 718 ( 2 ),, 20
( 710 793) 1. 710,,, 4. 2, 4. 8, 9 8,,,,,,, ;, 2.,,, 722,,,,,,, 743,,,,,,, 16 21
3. 17,, 4, 729,,, 737, 4,, 740,,, 741,, 743, 752 ( ),, 764,,,, 770,, ( 794 1191) 1., 784, 794, 22
18,, ;,,, 789, 3 3,,,, 19 20,, ( 869 ), 2.,,, 9,,,,,,,, 9, 866,,,,, 887, :,,,,,, 23
3., 70 ( 898 967),,,,,,, 969,,, 3, 50, 4.,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),, 11,,,, ( ), 24
, ( ) 12,, 5.,,,,,,,, 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 ( 935),,, 940 2 ( 939),, 2 2, 6.,, 25
, ( 1028 1031),,,, 7. ( 1086 1179 ) 1068,, 170 1,,, 1073,, 1086,, 1179,,,,,, 8. ( 1156 ),,,, ( 1159 ),, 26
1167,, 9. 1178, 3,, 1180,, ( ), 1181 1183 2, 1185, ( 1192 1333) 1. 1180,,,,,,,,, 1192, 27
, 1199,,,,,,,, 23 3 ( 1221 ),, 1,,, ( 1232 ), ( ),, 2.,,, 11 ( 1274),,,, 4 ( 1281),,,,,,,,, 1333,,,, 28
, ( 1333 1573) 1.,,,,,, 1335,,, ( ) ( ) 2. 1338,,,,, 3 1392,,,,, 29
3.,, 13,,, ;, 300 1401,,, 4, 6 4., ( ) ( 1428 ), ( ),,,,, 1428 1466, 35, 5.,, 15,,,, ( 1467 ),,,,, 11, 30
,, 1485, ( ),, 8 ( ) ( ) 1488 ( ),,, 1580, 1 6.,,, 16,,,,,,,,, ( 1467 1573) 1. 1543,,,, 24 31
1549,, ( ), 2. 1568,,,, 1582,, ( ),,,, 1590,, 3.,,,,, 1582 ( 25 ) 1588,,,, 1591,,,,,,, ( 1592 ) 2 ( 1597),,, 2 32
( 1603 1867) 1.,, 1600,, 1603,,, 260 2. 1615,,,,,, 1635, 3,,, 1, 3,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1,,, 33
,, ( ), 4 5,,,, 26,,, 1615,,,,,,, ( ) 3., ( ),,,,, 1612,,,, 2, 1633,, 1635,,, 34, 1637
, 12,,,,,, 1641,, 4. 1853, 4,,,,,,,,,, 200 1856,,, 1858,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,, 1863, 5, 7, 27 35
( ),,, 28 1863, 7,, 1864, ( ),, 6.,,,,,, 1865,, 1865, ( ),,, 15,, 1867 10,, 12,, 1868 1,,, 4,, 1, 36
1. ( 1868) 3,,,, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,, : ( 1),,,, ( 2),,,,, ( 3 ),,, ( 4),,,,, 20 3,,,, ;,,,,, 37
;, 1870 1885 15,,,,,,,,,,,, 1871, ( ),,, ( ),, 1877 2. 1871 1873,,, 1875, 29,,,, 1872,,,, 1874,,,,, 50, 1879,,, 38 1875,, 2
,,,,, 3.,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 1877,,, 7,, 1. 19 70,,,, 80,, 1881, 10,,,, 39
, 1887,, 2. 1885,, 1,, 1889,, 1, ( ),,, ( ),,,, 1890 1, 1 3., : ( 1 ) 40 ( 2 ) ( 3 ),
( 4 ) ( 5 ) 1. 1894,, 6, 7 27,, 8 1, 3,, :,, 2,, 4 3,, 2. 1899, 1900,,,, 1902,, 1904,,, 1905,, : ;, 41
, :,,,, ;, ;,, : 3. ( 1884 ) ( 1884),,,,,,,,,,,,, 42
1.,, 1905, 2,,, 1907,, 1910,,,, 1906 ( ),,, 2., 1897,,, 1900,, 1901, 1903,,,,,, :, 43
1906,, 1 1910,,,,, 1. 1911,, 3,, 2 1912,, 3,,,, ( 1 ),, ( 1913 ), 53 2 3,, 44
2. 1914 7, 1, 8 23,, 1915, : ;, ;,, 3. 1917,,,, 1918 1920,,,, 1922 2 3000 10, 4.,,, 1917,, 45
,,,,, 1918 7,,,,, ( ),,, 9,, 5. 1918, 1,,,,,,,,,, ( 1919 5 4 ) ( 1919 3 1 ) 6., 1920,,, 1923 9 1,, 46
1920 1912,, 1921,,,,, 1922,,,,,, 1911,, 1920, 1924,, 3 ( ), 2, 1925,, 1 1925,,, 1. 1926 7, 47
,,, 1927 ( 1 ) 1928,,, 4000 1928 6 4,,, 2. 1928 3, 1, 8, 3 15,,,, 10, 1929 4,, 4 16, 3. 1931 9 18,,,,, 1932 3, ( 1934 ), 48
4.,,,,,,,, 1932 5 15,, 1924,,, 1932 9,, 1933 2,,, 30 3, 5. 1919,,,, 1936 2, 1400,, 4 49
,, :, ( ) ( ), ;,, 1936 ;,, ;, 6. 1937 7 7,,,, 12 13, 30, 1937, 5,,, 31 32 3 34,, 1938 11, 1940 3,, 7.,, 1937 1938 4,, 50,
1940 5, 2 ( ),, 10, 8. 1940 9, 1941 6,,,,, 1941 12 8,, 1942 5, 9. 1944 6, 11,,, 1945 3, 12 1943 11, 3,,, 1945 2, 3,, 3, 1945 4, 1945 5, 7, 3, 3, 8 6 8, 51
8,, 9,, 8 15, 1. 1945 9,,, ( GHQ),,,,,,, 1946 1,,, 1945 1947, 35, 1946 8, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) 52
1945, 15, 1946,,, 9, 2. 1946 11,, ;,,,, 3. 1947,,, 1950,,,,,,,, 1951, 48,,,,,,,, 70% 12 53
,,, 1956, 1960,,, 1972,,,, 1978 4. 1989 1, ( 1926 12 25 1989 1 7 ) 1989 1 8,,,,, : 1. 2. 3.,? 4. 5. : 54,, 1999
, 10, 674,,,,,,,,, 589, 6,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 12 13,,, 14 5 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 3 ) ( ) ( 55
56 ) ( ) 16,, 17, 18, 19,, 20, 21,, 2, 23 3,, 24 25, 26,,,, 27 862 8,, 4, 28 860,,,,, 29 1860, 30,, 1933,,,,,,
, 31 1937 7, 32 8 13,, 11, 4 3 937 10,, 34 838 3 4, ( ),, 35 945, 1946, 1947 : 1.,, 1984 2.,, 1989 3.,, 1994 4. ( ),, 1996 5.,,, 1980 6.,, 1986 7.,,, 1992 57
,,,,,,,,,, : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6.,,,,, 1. 58,
,, 19 80,,,,, : 1., 2., 3. 4.,,,,,,,,,,, ABC 2.,,, 1955 1960 ", 70,,,,, 59
,, :,,, " ", 60, ",, 90,,, ", ",,,,,,,,,,, ",, 1990, ",, 1997,, 90 ",, 20, 21,,, 21 60
,,,,, " ",,,,, ",,,,,,, ( ),,, ( 1868 ),, 3400, 10%, 100,, ( 1912 1925), 1920, 232, 5596, 32% ; 1940, 125, 38%,, 30 %,, 50 61
1950, ",,,,, 1951 1960,, 50 % :, (,, ), ", " 1961 1980, ",,,, " 1980, ",,, : 1. ; 2. ; 3.,, 1995, ( ) 78%, 62
, 1999, 338 / km 2, 3955 / km 2 2181 / km 2 1184 / km 2,,, 1., 1920 5596 ; 1948 8000 ; 1967 1 ; 1999 1 2669, 80 2. 3, 2007 1. 2778 2. ( 1 ) 50 ; 1960 65, 70 ; 1980, 75, 80,, ( 2) 3%,, 1960 1. 8%, 1989 1. 2%,, ( ) 2. 08, 1989 1. 57 ( 3 ) ( 65 ) 1950 4. 9%, 1970 7%, 1989 11. 6%, 1999 16. 7%, 2000,, 2015 3188, 65 ( 0. 14 ) 1950 35. 4%, 1975 63
, 1989 18. 8 % 2000 14. 7%, 1874 ( 4 ), 5, 1985 3. 2, 1999 2. 69 ;,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, 80,,, : 64
( % ) 955 980 2. 0 6. 3 53. 2 27. 3 43. 6 65. 0 ( ) 12. 5 22. 7 ( ) 22. 4 28. 1 ( ) 6. 8 11. 8 ( ) 1. 9 2. 5, 50, 50%,, 80,, 70%,,,,,,, 70 %, ",,, 22. 7%,, 1999, 5. 2% 31. 1% 63. 1 % 2., 65
1920,,,,,,,,,,,, 70%,,, 3.,,,, 1980 76. 2%, 59. 7 %, 1996, GDP 1. 3%, 1998 4. 6%,, 66
,,,, 1920,,,,, 1. " ; ; ;, ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1945 8 15 ;, 1946 11 3,,, ;,, 1950, " 1950,,, " 67
", " 1956 : :, " ( 43 ), ",, 1960 5,, ; 12,, ", ", 90,,,,, 21,, ", ",,,,,, " 2., " 1977 ", 68,
, 1958 72. 4 %, 1979 91. 3%, 1989, 87. 3 % ;,, " ", ",,, " ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1990, 2000,, ", 69
,,,,, :,,, ;,,, 1998 2000,, : 1.? 2.? 3.? : 70,, 1991 2001,, 2000 11,, 1986 11, 7,, 1971,, 1986 11,,,,,,,,
,, 1980,,, 1986 9, 6,, 1985, 2,, 1990 71
??? ( 3 2 ),,, 4 5,, " " ",, ;, " 7, " ", ",, ",, 72 645, "
, :, " ", ",, 6 ; ;,, 701 " " ; ; ", ; ", " ; ", ( ) ( ) ", 1192,, ", ", 25%, 70 % 270, " 700, 1868,, ", 73
" ( ) " " ( ) " " " ", " " ", 1869 5, " " " ", " ( ), " ", " ", " 1871 7, " ", " ( 2 1 ) 1 1 " ",, ",, " 1873,, " ( " ),,,, ",,, " 1885,, " 74
1885,, 36 6, 29 104 " " " " " 1889 2 11,, ", ", 1945 ", " " " ",,, 3 ;, 5 ;, ;,,, " ", : " ( 1 ) ; " ( 3 ) ; " ( 4 ), " :, 75
55 1945,,,, ", 10, 1955, 55 " 55 " " 1955 10 13,,, ", 1955 11 15 55 " 38, ", : ; ; ", 5 " 60, " 1992 6 15,, ( PKO ), " ", 1993, 6 17, 18,, 35, 7 18, 76
, ( 223 ) 511,, 70 ( 134 ) 55 " 1994 6 29 3, 90,,,,, ", ", 9 11, 2001 10 3 ( ), ", " ", " " 1400,, ", :,,, 77
, " : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.,, " 1989 1 8, 125 ",, ", " 1933 12 23, 55,,,,, 10, 78
,,, ", ", " 80, " " ", " " ", 1890, ", " ", " :, " :, 500, 252 4, 6, 3,,,,, 79
,, 18, 16 12, 150 1 /4, ; ;,,,, ", 130, 3 5 1996,, " 300,, 11, 200, ;,,, 155, 113, 88,, 80
, 1885 12 22 69, " 1889 ",,,,, 1885 1945,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ; ; ;,,, : ( ) 3 81
9 2000,, 1 10 : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 1874 ",, 1881 ", 1882 ", 1896 " 1898 6,, ", " 1900, ", 1913, ", 1910 " ( ) 82
1915 ", 1927 " 1920 30,, 1924,, 40,,,,, 10, 1955, 55 " 38 1993,,, : 1. 1955 11 15 " 1955, 38 1993 55 " 2000 6 25 42, 233, ( 241 ), 2001 7 29 19 ( : 2001 7 ), 111 ( 108 ), 1 " " " : " ; ", 83
, 2,,, 1955, " 1956,,, 8, 8 " 3, 5 ( ) 3 : ", ", ", :, ",, 2. 1964 1970 ", " ; 84
" ; " " :,,, 31, 20 3. 2000 4 2,,,,, ", :, " 21 " " " ", 7, 5 4. 1996, 1999 4 ", ( ) 127, 59 85
, ", ", ", : ; " ; " ",, 5. 1922 7 15, 1945 12 1 1951, 1952, ", 60, ( ) 70,, " 1993,, 2001,911", 3 ",, 20 19 6., 1945 11 2 1947 5 1948 2 55 ", 86
, " 1960 ",,, " 1986,, " " PKO 1994 6 1995 11, 1994 9, 61 1996 1 19, ( 64 ), ", 19, 5, 7. 1998 1 6, " ( 1994 ), " " " " : ", ", ", ", " " ", ", 22, 6 1889, 87
, 1946 11 3,, 1947 5 3 11 103, : " ; " ; ; ; ; ;,, ", 9,,,, ", ", 50, " " 80, 9 " " " ", 1991 6 9, 137 102, ( PKO ) 911, 3 ", ",,, ",,, 2001 10 16, 3, 88
20 ",,, 1889 1907,, 20 30,,, 1945, ", : ",, " ", ( 1 ) 1 14, ; ( 8 ) ( 50 ) ( 50 ) ( 450 ) ; ; ; ",, 89
,, 78 :, ",,,,,, :, ",, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), 3 ( ), 265, 737, 171, 262 45, 752 47, 236 1487, 236, 821 90
, 1 5 5, 3,,,, 1, 5 3 7, ( ),,, 257, 296 7, 599, 1, 198, 915, 5, 486 249, 697, 219, 679, 30, 018 1970 70, " ",, 1968 " 91
, ", " " " " ", :,,,,,,,,, ", 1978, 80 ", ", " 90 80, 15% " ", " " 90, ", ;, " ", " 1993, ", " " " ", " 92,,
,, ", " ", 1976 1 ", ",,, ",, " ", 1. 6, GNP1%, " " ( ), ", 1984 ", 1987 ", ", 90 1993 7, 38,, " ( ), " " " " ", ;, " 1996 4, 93
, " 1997 9 23, 1999 4, ", " " " 911 ", 3 ", ",,,,, : 1. 2.? 3. 4.? 5. : 94,, 1998, 7 8, 12, 18,, 1997, 8,, 1995, 133,,
1993, 60,,, 1995, 77 : 1.,, 1977 2.,, 1983 3.,,, 1984 4.,, 1989 5.,,, 1995 6.,, 1995 7.,, 1997 8.,, 1998 9. 21,, 2000 95
, 19, ( 645 1868) 645,,, ",, : " 8,,, " ( 723 ) " ( 743 ),,, ", ( 10 ),,,,,, ( ), ( ), 96
, ",, " ",, ",,,,, " ",, ",,, ( ),,,,,,, " " " ",,,,,,, ( ),,,, 97
,,,, ",,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 18,,, ( ),,, 19,,,,,,,, ( 1868 1946) 1868,, : ; ; ; 98
, :,, ", ( ", ),,, ", " ",,, 1894 1895 ( " ), " ( ) " ( 2 3150, 3 6400, 7000 8000 ),,,,,,, 1873 2,,,,, 1873 7, ( ), ( 3% ),,,,, 99
,,,,, ", ",, 1880,,,,,,,, 1869, 1874 1876,, 1872, 1879, " ( ) 153, 1887 ", ; 1882 ( ) ",,, 1869 1871, 1879, 1886, 1870 22. 9%,, ( 1914 1918 ),, 100
( 1918 50%, 56. 8 % ),,,,, ( " ), 1923, 1929, 1937, 1941,, 7558, 1930 62 1945 1439, ( 1945 1954) 1946,,, 30 60%,,,,, ",,, ",,, 1946 ", ", 101
, ",,,,, ", ( ), 1947 ",, 1948,,,, ", 1948 12, ", :,,,,,,,,,,, " : ( 1 ), 1 360 ; ( 2), ; ( 3 ) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 102
, 1950 6, ",,, " 1952,,,,,, ;,,, " 1953, GNP 1944, 1946 GNP 1944 56% 1946 1955 10, GNP 9. 2% ( 1955 1973) 1956 : " 1955 1973 20, 10% 1973, GNP 1946 11, ( 1934 1936 ) 7. 7,,,,,,,,, ", 14 4, : ( 1 ) 1956 1957 5 ", 1 ; ( 2 ) 1958 1961 ", 42 ; ( 3 ) 1962 103
1964 ", 24 ; ( 4 ) 1965 1969 ", 57, 4, 135, 14 168 80. 4%,,,,, 1955 1972,, 36,, " 20. 8, ", ( 1 ), ( 2 ),, ( 3 ),,,, ( 4 ), 104 ( 5 ),
,, ", 50 60 ( 5. 0% ) 1959,, 1963 2 11, 1964 4 8,,, 1959 11 12 1960 1 1960 6, 9 1960, 41%, 1964 4 93%, 1965 10, 1973 4, 32, 24, 1964 4,, " 1967 6, 1969 3, 1970 9, 1971 8, 1973 5,, 100 %,,,, 105
( 1973 1986),,,,, 1971 8 15, : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) 10% ; ( 3 ) 10% ; ( 4) 90 ; ( 5) ",, 8 28,, 1965, 1971 35. 6, 1972 41. 6 1969,, 1971, ", 1973 3,, 1 = 308,,,,,, ",,,, ",,,, 1972, 1973 2, 106
, 1 = 280, 1973, 1972,, " 1973 10 ",,,, 3. 01 5. 11, 1974 1, 11. 65, 4,, 97%,, 99. 7%, 81%,, 1973 15. 8% 11. 7%, 1974 31. 4% 24. 5%,,,,, 1974,,, 1972 66. 2, 1974 45. 4, " ",, ", 1973 12 ",, 50 60 107
148,, 1974,,, ",, " 1976,, 1980 ( 1979 ), 20 % 27% 1976, 6. 5%,,,,, 1978, 1978 12, OPEC,,, 5%,, 1 /3,,,,,,,, " 1985,, 1985 9 1988 11 3, 1 230 1 121,, 108
", 1980 ", " ( ) " ( ), " ( 1986 ),, 1986 1,, 4, 3. 5 %,,,,,, ",,, 15%,,,,,,,,,, 109
,, 1986 4, " 9 3,,,,,, ",, 1986 : 33, 22, 66,,,, 1987 1987 5, 6 " 4. 3, 0. 7, 1,, 4,,, 1987, 5% 1988,,,,,,, ",,,, 1989 5 3. 25%, 110
, 1989 12,, 90,, 1992,, ",,,,,,,,, " 1,, " 12, 1993 10,,, 1992 0. 4%, 1993 1994 ( 0. 5% 0. 7% ), 3, 1995 1996, 2. 4% 3. 5%,, 1997-0. 7%, 1997 11,, " 13, 111
,, 1997 7, 1, 1998 11 4. 4%, 300, 1999 3 4. 8%, 2001 11 5. 4 % 1998 2. 8% ( 5 ),,, 1999 3 2000 9, 32. 9,,,, 60,,,,,,, ( " ),, : ; 7. 7 ;,, 3. 2, 2000 1. 3,, 112
: 1.,? 2.? 3.? 4.? 20 90? : : ", ", ", 964,, ", 11 ", 11 ( ), 8 " 8 : ; ; ", " : ", ", " " : 113
1 " :,,,, 12 " " 13 " :bigbang,, : 1.,, 1994 2.,, 1998 3.,, 1994 4.,, 1999 5.,, 1997 6.,, 1991 7.,, 1997 8.,, 1981 9.,, 1997 114
, ;,,,,,,, 2 3,,,,, 600,, 610,,, 708,, 861 ;,,, 1543,, 1590, 1605,, 115
, 1633,, 18 19,,, 1720,, 1774, 1853,,,, 1868,,,,,,,, 1926,, 3,,,,,,, : ( 1) 116
,,, ; ( 2 ), ; ( 3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 50,, 50, 60 6000,, 1961,, 1966,, MHD( ) 60,,,,,, 50,,,, 20%, 80, 1516 606 618, 37. 6, 5,, 117
60, 1969 : ; 70 70 20 70 80, 70 80,, 80, 84,, 86, 90 60,, 1973,,, 70,,, 70,,, 1973, 100%,,, 1974, 78 118
,,,,,,, :, 1979,,,,, 60 80, 34, 2900, 30% 60,, 1971, NEC, 1972 500,, M ACOS COSMO,, 1976,,,, 119
,,,,, 21 1980 80,, 3 : ( 1) ; ( 2 ) ; ( 3) ( ),,, ;, ;,, : ; ;, 90,,,,,,,,,,, 120
;, 90, 80% ; ; ; 90,,,, IT, ;,, NEC,,, IT,,,,,, DVD, 90,,, ;,,,,,??,,, :, ;,, 121
90,,, 21,, 5000 : 10,, 7, :, : ( 1 ),,, ; ( 2 ),,, ; ( 3 ),,,,,, : 1998 ; 2001 ; ; ;, 3%, 50 30, 2002 6, :,,, 122
, ; ; ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,, : : ; ; ; ; ; 147 ; ; CVCC ; ( ),,,, 90,,, 123
50,, 1964,,,, 60, 1995,,,,,,, : 1.? 2.? 3.,? 4. 70,? 5.? 6.,? : 124 1., 1995 2., 1997 3., 1986
4., 1989 125
17 19,,,,,,,,,, ( 645 673), 701 :, ( ), ;,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 126 794, ( ), 400
:, ;, 12,, 700,,, 1631,, 1793,,, 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 10 13, 2,40% 127
, 18,,,, 19,,,,,,,,,,, 19,,,,,,, 1868,,,,,, 128
,,,,,,, 1868 3,,,, 1871,, 7,, 1872 8,,,,,,,, 8, 32, 1, 210, 1 19, 50 200 20,,,, 1890, 129
,,,,,,,,, 1, 1872,, 80 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12, 130
1945 8 15,,,,,, :,,,,,, : ( 1 ), 1946 11,, 1947 3 31 13, 1948 6, 11,, 9 ( 6, 3 ),,, 9 108, 6 3 3, 131
, 50,, 14 ( 2 ),,,,,, 1948 7,, ( ), : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 15 ( 3 ) 1949 5,, :,,,,,, 16,,, 132 50,,
1951 9,, 1955, 1956,,, 17 1957,,, 1958,,, :,,,, 18,,, :,,, ;, ;,,,,,, 133
19 70,,,,, :,,,,,,, 20 1971, : ( 1 ),,,,,,, 1988,,, 134
1991 3, 41% 75% 99 % 21 ( 2 ) 60,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ; 2 ( 3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1987, 1990 6 23 ( 4 ) 135
, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21,,, 24,,,,,,,,, ( 1 ),,,, : 136
,,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ( 2 ) : :,, 3 6, ;,, 0 6,,,,, :, 6 137
, 12,, :,,,,, 9,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,, 5, 5 : :,,, 138
:, 2, 3, :,,,, 4, 6 ( ),,,, :,, 2 3,, ( ) :,,,,,, :, 25 : 1.? 2.? 139
3. 4. 5.? : 140,, 1992, 2,, 1981 81,, 1992, 2,, 1992, 3,, 2000, 237 239,, 1997, 181,, 2000, 239,, 2000, 241,, 2000, 242,, 1995, 118 1,, 1995, 240 12,, 2000, 251 253 13,, 1995, 245
14,, 1995, 246 15,, 1995, 246 247 16 http: / / www. cbe21. com 17 http: / / www. cbe21. com 18,, 1995, 248 19 http: / / www. cbe21. com 20 http: / / www. cbe21. com 21 http: / / www. cbe21. com 2 http: / / www. cbe21. com 23,, 1995, 250 24,, 1995, 253 254 25,, 1995, 253 254 : 1.,, 1992 2.,, 2000 141
2.,, 1997 4. http: / / www. shtu. edu. cn xxgk gdjyzl / /. htm 5.,, 1995 6. http: / / www. cbe21. com 7.,, 1992 8.,, 1989 9.,,, 1997 10.,, 1998 11.,, 1996 142
,,,,,, :, 8,,,,, 586 587,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 143
,, :,, (,,,, ), (,,, ) ; ( ) ; ( ) ;,, (,, ) ( ),, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1945,,, 1946 144
,,,,,,,, : ; ; ( ) ; ( ), (, ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,? :, 538, ; 522,,,, 145
,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 520, 46 ( 710 794),,,,,,,,,,, 146
,,, ( 754 ),,,,,,, ( 794 1192 ),,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 147
,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1192 1333 ),,,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 148
,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ; ;, 24,, 24, :,, (,,, ) (,,,, ) ; ;, 149
,,,,,,,,, 1336,, 1573,, 238,,,,,, ( 1415 1499),, 13,, ( 1532 ) 21,,,,,, 150
,, ( ),, 265,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 151
,,,, 1868,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1868 1,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 152
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1872, ;, ; ;,,, 12,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 153
, 13, 13 56 13 28,,,,,,,,,,, 1946,,, 200,, ( ),,,,,, ; ( ) ( ) ;,, :,, : 154
( 1 ),,,,,,,,, ( 2 ),,,,, 7,,,, 14,, ( 3 ),,,,,, ( 4),,,,,, ( 5 ),,, 155
,,, ( ),,,,,, 16 ( ) 1549,,,,,1582 15, 200, 75,,, 1552,,,,,,,, 156
,,,,, 17, 70,,, ;,,,,, ; ; 1612,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ) 1639, 1873,,,,,,,, 157
, 1872,, 5,,,, ( ) 1889 :, ( 28 ) ( ),,, ( ), 1947,,,,, 1912 ( ), 14,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200, 158
1951, 16,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, PL,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 159
81539 77213 34307 30748 6897 230704 664991 ( 4324) 81511 2 6671 2080 700 90964 10437 ( 24) 6 77186 3187 3584 4393 98356 286200 ( 248) 6446 1604 1005 9055 16563 ( 3747) 22 25 18003 23480 799 42329 257854 ( 305) 217229831 108999505 96255279 1463791 10511256 : 1) 1991 ( 2) ( 3) ( 4),, 1 2 : 1.? 2.?? 3.?? 4.? 5.? : 160,, 1996, 32,, 1990, 59
, 1995, 582, 610, 623, 31, 194, 530, 70 : 1.,, 1996 2.,, 1995 3.,, 1990 4.,, 1981 5.,, 1985 161
,,,,,,, 9,,,,,,,,,, ", ",,,,, 162
,,,,,, 13 3 A 206,,,,,?, 1945, ",,,,,,,,, 163
,,,,,, +, +,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 164
,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) :,,,,,,, ( delicate),,,,,, :, : ( 1) ( ) 165
( 2 ) ( 3 ) ; ( 4 ), ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ; ( 3 ),, : ( ) ( ) ( ), : ( 1 ) ( ), ( ),,,, :,, 166
( 2) ( ),,, ( 3) ( 4 ) ( ),,, :,,,, ( 5 ),,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( 1 ),,, 167
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( 1956),, ( 1960) ( 1960) ( 1962) ( 1961 ),, 60, 82, SF( ) SF, SF, SF : ( 1964 ) ( 1972 ) ( 1967 ) ( 1972 ) ( 1983) 60, 1968 60 70,,,,, 83,, 84, 70 80, " ( 1979 ) ( 1981 ) ( 1980 ) ( 1974), ( 1969) ( 1970) 229
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50, ( 1905 1980) ( 1913 1960 ), ( 1954) ( 1960) ; ( 1955 ) ( ) 60 70, ",, 89,, ( 1936 1983 ),,,,, :?? : 1. "? 2.? 3.?? 4. 5.? 6.?? 7., : 234,,, 1997 12 13
1994, 1999,, 1998, 523, 18, 663, ( 672),,,, ( 724),, 4, 6 (, ) 1 5800 :,,,,,,,,, " 12 184106 4109 :,,,,,,, " 13, 117,,, " " 14 3, " " 15, 16,, 17 235
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38 1198, 1221 39 45% 40,, 41,,,,,,, ( ), 42 ( 1467) ( 1477),,, 43,, 4, 45 ( ) 1986 123 46 ( 1246 1317),, 47 48 49 50 51 52 2 ( 1191) " 53,, 1990, 4 5 54 988,, 5 56, 237
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, 7 :, 1946 7 78 :, 1946 4 79 1955 80, 81,,, 1989, 46 82, 83, 1868 84 :,, 1987 8 85 :,, 1979 86 :, 1987 8 87, 8, 1946 11 89 1989, ", 20 : 1.,, 1969 2.,, 1986 3.,, 1987 4.,, 1984 239
5.,, 1990 6.,, 1988 7.,, 1987 1989 240
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, 200,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) " ( ) 5,, 3 3, 1, 2 1, 10, 10, " ( ) " ( ) " ( ),, 1970,, 1976, 20 40, 700, 110,, 2001 7 ( 2001 12 7 ) 255
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, 1400,, 24,,,,,,,,, 1972 1998,,,,,,,,,, : 1., 2., 3., 4.? 5.? 262
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: 1.,, 2000 2. ( ),, 1997 3.,, 1996 4.,, 2001 5., 1996 6. desk,, 1983 264
,, 10 10, ( " ), ( " ),,,,,,,,,, 1. ( ),,,,,,, 265
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, ", ",,,,,,,,,,,, ( " ), ", " " ", ",, ", 1 ( 1 2 ), " " " " 1 ( 1 15 ) 20,,, 267
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4 29, 5 3, 4, 5, 4, 8,,,, 1995,,, 5 5,,,,,,,, 5,, 1949,,,, 3.,, ( 869), 66,,,,,,, 269
,, 7 1 31, 7 17, ( ),,,, ;,, ullambana, ",, 7 15,,,,,,, 7 8, 7 8, 8 13 8 15 ( ), ", 13,,,, 14 15, 16 15,,,,,, ( ), 7 7, ( 734),,,, 270
,,, 15, 10 15, 7 15 7 15,,,,, ( ), 18, 7 20 8 7 ",,,, " 1986 ( 61), ( ), 1945 8 6, 14 9, 7, 8 6, 6 9,, 1 " 4.,, 271
9 15, 1966,,,, 1964 10 10, ( 10 22 ) 10 22 1895, 1100,, 10, 1000, 11 3, 1937,, 10, 5,, 1994, 56, 271, 6, 72. 7, 1943 36 ( 1949 ), 11 15,,, " ",,,, " " ( ) ", 1 3, 3, 272
, 3 7,, 11 15,,, ",,, 9,, 5, 7, 1,, 12 27 28 31, 11,,,,,,, " ", 1960 ",,,,,, 12,,,,,,,,,,,,, 273
,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18, 16, 98. 9% ( 1980 NHK ),,,,, :,,,,, " 274
,, :, 20 70,,, 70,,,,,,,,, 4 9,,, ( ),,, " " ", 1 2 ( ), 2. :,,,,, ",,,,,,, 275
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: :, NHK,,,,,, 298 199 MSN : 1., 2.,, 63 10 3.,, 1993 3 4.,, 1989 6 5.,, 1999 6.,, 1999 11 277
,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 278
,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 279
,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1. 6000 200,,,,,, 2., 280
,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ;,,,,, ( 710 784),,,,,, 281
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,,,, ( ) 4. 1867 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1946,,,,,,, 285
17,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ) ( ), ( ) 286
2.,, ( ) ( ) ( ), 36. 4 cm,,, 3.,, 287
,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 288
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,,,,,, 7. ( ), 8. ( ),,,,, ;, ;,,,, : ;,, 290
;, ;,, ;, ;, ;,,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 291
: 1.? 2.?? 3.? 4.?? : 907,,,, 153, 154 : 1.,,, 1984 4 2.,, 1992 11 3.,, 1986 5 20 4.NHK,,, 2001 10 5.,,, 1981 6 6.,,,, 1982 1 292
, 20 60,,,,,,, 1972,,,, 1985, 2000 12, 529, 138,,, 293
,, 21,,, " 1. : ( 1 ), ; ( 2 ),, ; ( 3 ), 2.,, : ( 1 ) :,,, ; ( 2 ) :,, ; ( 3 ) :, 294
1992 6, 125 2000 12, 11, 9, 2,,, : 1 1993 12 2 1993 12 1 1993 12 2 1993 12 3 ( 17 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1994 12 295
4 1995 12 5 ( ) 1996 12 6 1996 12 7 ( 8 ) 1998 12 8 ( 3 ) 1999 12 9 ( 9 ) 2000 12,,, 5 10 5 13,, 15,,,,,,,,, 1992 296
1993 12 100 1243, 450,, 1000 1200,, 50%,, 30,,,,,,,,,, 503 ( 1935 ),, 1993 12 20, 90%, 80%,, 4000mm, 8000 mm,, 700 1000, 1500,, 20, 1 2 90 %, 2800, 32. 5 42 43,, 297
1600,,,,, 607,, 40, 7 8, 48,,,, 11 8 8,, 670, 620,, 298
, 7,, 706,, 45. 6,, 1709, 1564, 233. 7,,,,,, 1333, ( 1277 1350), 1346 1600, ( 1564 1613 ), 1601 9, 3, 387, 75000 3048,,,,,,, 17,, 270,, 13, 530, 16,, 299
,, 794, 1868,,,, 1500, 2000,,,, " 38, 199 1. ( ), 7, 34 6 2. ( ), 1863, 1629 5 15 3. ( ),,, 300
, 796,, 823,,,,, 56. 9,,, 21, 4., 798, 1633,, ( ),,, 139, 15,,, 5.,,,,,, 785,,,, 788, 804 7,,, 6., 301
,, 50,, 16 7.,, 886,, 888 904,,,,,,,, 8.,,,,, 1052, 9.,,,,, 302
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,,,,, 3, : 1, 2, 3, 1950, 1955,,, 14. ( ), 1489,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15.,, 1450,, 1488,, 16. ( ),,,,, 304
1591,,,,,,,,, 17. 1602,, 1603, 1886, 1939, 500, 300, 1626,,,,,, 1995 12,,, 110, 25 305
,, 3 4,, 60,, ( ) 1945 8 6,,,,, 1915,,,,,,,,,,,, 306
, 593,,,,,, 12, 21,,, 300,, ( 8 ) 710 784 710,, 1 /4 4. 3 4. 8, 400,,,,, 1.,, 745,, 57, 50, 46, 15,, 16. 21, 307
,, 752, 3. 86, 2. 71,,, 2., 710,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4., 1000, 308
5., 6,,,, 718, 1451,,, 6., 680,,,,, 718, 698 37. 9,, 3,,, 6 7.,, 759,, 3000 ",, 763,, 309
8. 710 784, 8, 70 1, 1. 3,,, 784 ( ) 9,, 9,, 8 ( 3 ),,,,, 1. 790,,,,,, 23,, 310
,, 2. 1617, 17,,,,,, 55, 36,,,,,,,, 3., 12 14,, 311
( 9 ) 9,,,,, 400, 270,, 14, 15 1945, ( 1527 1555 ),,,,, 2, 1800,,, 1941 1976 : 1. 2000 12,? 2. 3. 4.? 312
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