1 10, 10 O I A B C Z 26 B A D G How are you? 131 morse code A 2 6 Z How are you 32 131 d o t d a s h
2 c o d e ( ) B r a i l l e
1 3 A 3 1 3 A A 1 3 h e l l o 2 3 6 hi there E T Q Z 10 S O S S O S B A H B A H B A H B A H M M M M M V Vi c t o r y 5 ( ) 5 6 7
4 S O S 5 1 0 10 d i h ( d a h )
2 1791 1 872 Y E T 4 I A N M 8
6 1 6 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 3 0 30 26 4 4 4 1 2 2 4 3. 8 4 1 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 8 16 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
2 7 2 = 2 2 R 5 5 32 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 10 16 5 5 6 64 2 + 4 + 8 + 1 6 + 3 2 + 6 4 1 2 6 = 2 2
8 1 2 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 4 3 2 3 = 8 4 2 4 = 16 5 2 5 = 32 6 2 6 = 64 7 2 7 = 128 8 2 8 = 256 9 2 9 = 512 1 0 2 10 = 1024 binary code 2
3 18 1809 C o u p v r a y 25 3 10 Valentin Haüy(1745 1 8 2 2 ) H a ü y A A A H a ü y Charles Barbier 1 819 écriture nocturne B a r b i e r B a r b i e r 12 B a r b i e r 3 15 1835 1852 43
10 2 3 1 6 6 1 3 5 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 64 ( 2 6 ) 64 6 64 6 64 2 2 4
3 11 you and me W 64 25 1 a j 4 1 2 4 5 2 3 1 3 3 6 1 3 you and me 31 10 64 a j 6 W a b o u t : a j 2 3 5 6
12 4 51 6 3 4 5 6 b l e a j 256 7 64 7 4 4 6 5 5 6 6 l o u i s b r a i l l e 6 64 64
4 e l e c t r i c i t y electron theory
14 3 3 4 112 1 112 3 H 2 O e l e c t r o n e l e c t r i c i t y η λ ε κ τ ρ ο ν( e l e k t r o n ), η λ ε κ τ ρ ο ν +
4 15 D C A A A A A A 1. 5 +
16 3 1. 5, 1. 5
4 17 1. 5 Count Alessandro Vo l t o ( 1745 1 827 ) 1800 4 André Marie Ampére(1775 1 836 ) 10 6 240 000 000 000 000 000 1 G e o rg Simon Ohm (1789 1 854 ) I = E / R I E R E 1. 5 R I 1. 5 0
18 1. 5 1. 1. 5 1847 1 931 1879 3. 0 4 3 4 0. 75 750 4 680 000 000 000 000 000 4 1736 1 819 P P = E I 3 0. 75 2. 2 100 120 10 120 0. 83 100 12 0. 83 144
5 1 2 : : :
20 :! 25 %
5 21 ( ) 25 % 1. 5 D 100 7900 8 1 / 2 150 e a r t h, g r o u n d g r o u n d g r o u n d
22 8 8 1. 5 D
5 23 V V V 4 V
24 20 1 00 $ 9.99 50 AW G AW G 20 0. 032 1000 10 1 100 4 0. 75 3 4 0. 03 3 100 10 35 $ 11. 99 0. 1 1000 1 5 120 100 144 150 200
6 1 7 9 1 C a t h e r i n e Marie Antoinette 1791 35 General Lafayette ( 1825 ) 1836 5. 7 % Louis Daguerre 1840 17 Mathew Brady 19 19 1832 1879
26 ( ) Valentin Haüy 1836 1843 1844 5 2 4 Wa s h i n g t o n What hath God wrought / /
6 27 V C D D V D, 300 300 200
28
6 29
7 c a t g a t o c h a t K a t z e K O I I I K κ α π α 3 3 3 3 3 11 10 1 5 8 12 D i g i t f i v e f i s t 10 10 10 1 0 1 = 10 1 0 2 = 100 1 0 3 = 1000 1 0 4 = 10 000 1 0 5 = 100 000 1 0 6 = 1 000 000 1 0 7 = 10 000 000 1 0 8 = 100 000 000 10 9 = 1 000 000 000( )
7 31 4 4 4 1 4 27 M C M L I I I 2 7 X 10 V 5 I V V X L C c e n t u m D M m i l l e I V V X X L
32 Muhammed ibn-musa a l - K h w a r i z m i a l g o r i t h m 825 1120 1 00 1 000 000 1 10 10 10 205 2 50 4825 4 8 2 5 = 4 0 0 0 + 8 0 0 + 2 0 + 5 4 8 2 5 = 4 1 0 0 0 + 8 1 0 0 + 2 1 0 + 5 1 10 0 1 4 8 2 5 = 4 1 0 3 + 8 1 0 2 + 2 1 0 1 + 5 1 0 0 7 0 9 999 9999
7 33 10 1 1 0 ( ) 42 7 0 5. 6 8 4 4 10 000+ 2 1 0 0 0 + 7 1 0 0 + 0 1 0 + 5 1 + 6 1 0 + 8 1 0 0 + 4 1 0 0 0 4 10 000+ 2 1 0 0 0 + 7 1 0 0 + 0 1 0 + 5 1 + 6 0. 1 + 8 0. 0 1 + 4 0. 0 0 1 10 4 1 0 4 + 2 1 0 3 + 7 1 0 2 + 0 1 0 1 + 5 1 0 0 + 6 1 0 1 + 8 1 0 2 + 4 1 0 3 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000
34 10 3 4 7 30 40 70 3 00 400 700 3 000 4000 7000 4 6 10
7 35 4 8
8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
8 37 4 10 8 8 8 10 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 7 1 0 10 1 10 1 3 2 0 20 8 8 9
38 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 1 0 0... T E N E I G H T 7 T E N 7 E I G H T 8 T E N 1 0 E I G H T 9 T E N 11 E I G H T 10 T E N 1 2 E I G H T 12 T E N 1 4 E I G H T 14 T E N 1 6 E I G H T 16 T E N 2 0 E I G H T 24 T E N 3 0 E I G H T 26 T E H 3 2 E I G H T 32 T E N 4 0 E I G H T 52 T E N 6 4 E I G H T 64 T E N 1 00 E I G H T Sunset Strip 17 77 T E N or 115 E I G H T 100 T E N 1 44 E I G H T 128 T E N 2 00 E I G H T 256 T E N or 400 E I G H T 100 E I G H T 2 00 E I G H T 4 00 E I G H T 100 T E N 1 0 T E N 10 T E N 100 E I G H T 1 0 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 8 T E N 8 T E N 64 T E N 100 E I G H T 2 00 E I G H T 4 00 E I G H T 64 T E N 128 T E N 256 T E N 2 400 E I G H T 4 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 3 8 1 0 2 4 1 6 2 0 2 5 3 2 4 0 2 6 6 4 1 0 0
8 39 2 7 1 2 8 2 0 0 2 8 2 5 6 4 0 0 2 9 5 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 2 11 2 0 4 8 4 0 0 0 2 1 2 4 0 9 6 1 0 0 0 0 8 8 64 512 4096 32768 3725 E I G H T 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3000 E I G H T + 700 E I G H T + 20 E I G H T + 5 E I G H T 8 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3 5 1 2 T E N + 7 6 4 T E N + 2 8 T E N + 5 1 8 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3 1 0 0 0 E I G H T + 7 1 0 0 E I G H T + 2 1 0 E I G H T + 5 1 3 7 2 5 E I G H T = 3 8 3 + 7 8 2 + 2 8 1 + 5 8 0 2005 T E N
40 5 E I G H T + 7 E I G H T = 14 E I G H T 1 3 5 + 643 1 0 0 0 5 3 10 0 1 1 3 4 10, 0 1 1 1 6 10 2 2 4 3 3 9 3 11 E I G H T 9 T E N 4 6 30 E I G H T 30 E I G H T 4 6 24 T E N
8 41 4 0 1 2 3 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 3 11 0 4 31232 3 1 2 3 2 F O U R = 3 2 5 6 T E N + 1 6 4 T E N + 2 1 6 T E N + 3 4 T E N + 2 1 T E N 3 1 2 3 2 F O U R = 3 1 0 0 0 0 F O U R + 1 1 0 0 0 F O U R + 2 1 0 0 F O U R + 3 1 0 F O U R + 2 1 F O U R 31232 F O U R = 3 4 4 + 1 4 3 + 2 4 2 + 3 4 1 + 2 4 0
42 31232 F O U R 878 T E N 2 0 1 0 1 1 10 10 0 1 1 0 11 1 0 0 1 0 1 11 0 111 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 11 11 0 0 11 0 1 111 0 1111 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 T E N 1 T W O 2 T E N 1 0 T W O 3 T E N 11 T W O 4 T E N 1 00 T W O 5 T E N 1 01 T W O 6 T E N 11 0 T W O 7 T E N 111 T W O 8 T E N 1 000 T W O 9 T E N 1 001 T W O 10 T E N 1 010 T W O 2 2 4 8 16 32 1 2 2
8 43 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 2 2 4 4 1 0 1 0 0 2 3 8 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 4 1 6 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 5 3 2 4 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 6 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 1 2 8 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 2 5 6 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 5 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 2 0 4 8 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 4 0 9 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 101101011010 1 0 11 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 T W O = 1 2 0 4 8 T E N + 0 1 0 2 4 T E N + 1 5 1 2 T E N + 1 2 5 6 T E N + 0 1 2 8 T E N + 1 6 4 T E N + 0 3 2 T E N + 1 1 6 T E N + 1 8 T E N + 0 4 T E N + 1 2 T E N + 0 1 T E N 1 0 11 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 TWO = 1 2 11 + 0 2 1 0 + 1 2 9 + 1 2 8 + 0 2 7 + 1 2 6 + 0 2 5 + 1 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 0
44 2048 + 512 + 256 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 2 906 T E N 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 8 8 8 8 10010110 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 2 25 225 128 64 0 1 0 1 150 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 10
8 45 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 + 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 5 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 7 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 13 T E N 11 T E N 143 T E N 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0011 11 16 0000 0 0001 1 0010 2 0011 3 0100 4 0101 5 0110 6 0111 7 1000 8 1001 9 1010 10 1011 11 1100 12 1101 13 1110 14 1111 15 4 0 1
46 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 4 0 1 16 1 16 10000 16 10001 17 10010 18 10011 19 10100 20 10101 21 10110 22 10111 23 11000 24 11001 25 11010 26 11011 27 11100 28 11101 29 11110 30 11111 31 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 12000000 12 000 000 1 0 11 0 111 0 0 0 11 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1011-0111 - 0001-1011 - 0000-0000 1 01101110001101100000000 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
8 47 0 1 0 1948 John Wilder Tukey 1915 binary digit b i g i t b i n i t b i t ( ) binary digit
9 1 9 7 3 0 1 10 1 0 1 0 0 b i t ( ) binary digit b i t 1 b i t 1 1 Paul Revere
9 49 Paul Revere ( ) Paul Revere
50 1 0 Paul Revere 0 0 = 0 1 = 1 0 = 11 = Paul Revere Paul Revere Paul Revere Paul Revere 1 Roger Ebert
9 51 Gene Siskel 00 = 01 = Siskel E b e r t 10 = Siskel E b e r t 11 = Siskel E b e r t S i s k e l 0 S i s k e l 1 S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t Impolite Encounter S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t 8 000 = Siskel E b e r t 001 = Siskel E b e r t 010 = Siskel E b e r t 011 = Siskel E b e r t 100 = Siskel E b e r t 101 = Siskel E b e r t 110 = Siskel E b e r t 111 = Siskel E b e r t 8 3 0 7 3 S i s k e l E b e r t Leonard Maltin Movie &Video Guide Leonard Maltin
52 M a l t i n M a l t i n M a l t i 1 4 B O M B 3 000 = BOMB 001 = 1 / 2 010 = 011 = 1 / 2 100 = 101 = 1 / 2 110 = 111 111 111 M a l t i n S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t M a l t i n 2 2 M a l t i n 0 0 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 / 2 010 = 1 / 2 0 11 = 101 = 1 / 2 11 0 = 111 = B O M B M a l t i n 000=MAJOR BOMB 0 0 1 = B O M B 0 1 0 = 1 / 2 0 11 = 100 = 1 / 2 1 0 1 = 110 = 1 / 2 111 =
9 53 ATO M I C B O M B 3 Entertainment We e k l y C D C D - R O M A + F 13 0000 = F 0001 = D- 0010 = D 0 0 11 = D+ 0100 = C- 0101 = C 0 110 = C+ 0 111 = B- 1000 = B 1001 = B+ 1010 = A- 1 0 11 = A 1100 = A+ 3 1101 1110 1111 16 3 10 3 1000 000 9 99 212 7 10 7 10 000 000 212 260 104 10 000 2 1 2 1 = 2 2 2 2 = 4 3 2 3 = 8 4 2 4 = 16 5 2 5 = 32 6 2 6 = 64 7 2 7 = 128 8 2 8 = 256 9 2 9 = 512 1 0 2 1 0 = 1024 2 2 7
54 128 2 128 7 2 7 = 128 l o g 2 128 = 7 2 128 7 2 256 8 2 200 7. 64 200 8 ( C D ) 35 1 1 2 D X 12 12 1 0 1 7 1 A S A American standards association 100 2 00 4 00 A S A 24 A S A 2 5 3 2 40 5 0 6 4 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 5 1 6 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 2 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 4 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 5 0 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 2500 3 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 A S A 5 2 4 = 16 24 2 5 = 32
9 55 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 0 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 1 32 0 0 0 1 1 40 1 0 0 1 0 50 1 0 0 0 1 64 1 0 0 1 1 80 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 0 1 125 0 1 0 1 1 160 1 1 0 1 0 200 1 1 0 0 1 250 1 1 0 1 1 320 0 0 1 1 0 400 0 0 1 0 1 500 0 0 1 1 1 640 1 0 1 1 0 800 1 0 1 0 1 1000 1 0 1 1 1 1250 0 1 1 1 0 1600 0 1 1 0 1 2000 0 1 1 1 1 2500 1 1 1 1 0 3200 1 1 1 0 1 4000 1 1 1 1 1 5000 35 1 6 6 1 1 2 6 4 5 2 3 6 400 A S A 2 3 50 1 00 2 00 4 00 A S A 8 1 2 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 U P C universal product code U P C U P C U P U P
56 U P C 3 0 3 C a m p b e l l 10 U P C 4 U P C O C R optical character recognition? 1 0 1 2 3 4 U P C 95
9 57 3 101 U P C 7 0 9 5 01010 U P C 7 6 101 U P C U P C 1 2 U P C 6 7 0 0 0 1101=0 011 0 0 0 1 = 5 0 0 11001=1 0101111 = 6 0 0 1 0 0 11=2 0111 0 11 = 7 0 111101=3 011 0 111 = 8 0 1 0 0 0 11=4 0001011 = 9 7 0 1 0 U P C 1 1 1 1 U P S 7 1110010=0 100111 0 = 5 11 0 0 110=1 1010000=6 11 0 1100=2 1000100=7 1000010=3 1001000=8 1 0 11100=4 111 0 1 0 0 = 9 1 0 0 1 1 3 U C P C a m p b e l l 10 4 U P C 12 0 51000 01251 7 U P C
58 U P C 30 12 0 0 U P C U P C 2 U P C 5 5 51000 Campbell C a m p b e l l 5 01251 3 10 4 01251 U P C 7 11 0 51000 01251 A BCDEF GHIJK 3 A + C + E + G + I + K + B + D + F + H + J 10 3 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 5 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 5 = 3 4 + 11 = 23 23 2 10 30, 3 0 2 3 = 7 U P C U P C U P 0 9 4 U P C 7 95 11 U P C 9 0 113 11 10 U P C 7 1 0 1 0 0 111 = 0 0111001 = 5 0 11 0 0 11 = 1 0000101 = 6 0 0 11 0 11 = 2 0010001 = 7 0100001 = 3 0001001 = 8 0 0 11101 = 4 0010111 = 9
9 59 1 0 11000 = 0 1000110 = 5 1 0 0 1100 = 1 1111010 = 6 1100100 = 2 11 0 1110 = 7 1 0 11110 = 3 111 0 110 = 8 1100010 = 4 1101000 = 9 7 0 1 3 1 0 2
60 1 0 0 H i, t h e r e U P C 6 6 ( ) 3 1 6 c o d e 1 0 6 c o d e 100100 101010 100110 100010 1 6 1 0
10 O rg a n o n 4 ( ; ;, ) 19 Charles Dodgson Lewis Carroll ( ; ) ( S o m e dostinate persons are not philosophers) ( s o m e ) 19 1648 1 716 ) 1815 1849 C o r k 1 9
62 The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, Being an Essay Towards a Calculus of Deductive Reasoning ( 1 8 4 7 ) An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities ( 1854 ) The Laws of Thought 1864 49 1854 + 3 2 5 3 A = 3 B = 2 A C = B+5 D = 3 C D = 3 C D = 3 B + 5 D = 3 2 A + 5 D = 3 2 3 + 5 D = 33 A+B = B+A A B = B A A + B + C = A + B + C A B C = A B C A B + C = A B + A C
10 63 M F M T B W O N U + + B + W F T F T F T F T + + W + B F = W + B W + F W B F W + B W + F 1 ( ) 1 M + F = 1
64 T + B + W + O = 1 N + U = 1 1 1 M 1 M = F 0 0 F M = 0 1 0 1 F = F 0 F = 0 0+F = F 1+F = 1 F 1 F 0 F + 1 F = 1 F 1 F = 0 F F = F F X 2 = X
10 65 F + F = F P M S P M = P P M = M S P = S P = P M S P M = S S P M = S S P S S M = S S M 0 S M M 2400 M N W + T+ F N 1 - W+ B O R / A N D / 1 N O T
66 + O R A N D 1 - N O T M AND N AND W OR TO R F AND N AND NOT W OR B M AND N AND W OR T F AND N AND NOT W B 0 1 1 0 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B 0 1 1 0 0 + 1+ 0 0 1-0+ 0 1 M T 1 + O R A N D A N D O R + + A N D 0 0 = 0 0 1 = 0 1 0 = 0 1 1 = 1 1 1 8 A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 + O R
10 67 0+0 = 0 0+1 = 1 1+0 = 1 1+1 = 1 + 1 1 + 1 = 1 O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 0 1 +0 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 0 0 1 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B 0 1 1 + 0+ 1 1 1-1+ 0 0 1 1 + 1 1 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 0 1 0 + 0+ 1 1 1-0+ 0 0 1 0 + 1 1 1 + 0 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1 1, ( )
68 Roger Ebert 0 E b e r t 1 E b e r t 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 A N D O R
10 69 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 A N D A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 A N D
70 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 O R O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
10 71 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B A N D O R + 8 ( ) W W 1 W ( ) M T W
72 15 1 844 The Laws of Thought 10 19 1792 1 871
11 20 logic gates Bill Gates G a t e s M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B 19 20 30 ( 1916 ) 1938 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits 1 0 The Mathematical Theory of Communication ( b i t ) 1 1 9 3 8 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B N M W + T+ N F 1 W+ B X Y X = M W + T
74 Y = F 1 W N X + N Y + B X Y N N X Y N X + Y+ B N M W + T+ F 1 - W+ B ( )
11 75 B T T O B T W 4 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits r e l a y 6
76 V ( 5 6 ) V
11 77 V V
78
11 79 ( ) 2 7 5-2 0 6 2 7 5-2 1 4 275-240 $ 2.99
80
11 81 AND gate
82 0 1 A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
11 83
84 OR gate O R O
11 85 0 1 O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
86 0 1 F M F 1 M 0 W W 1 0 0 1 1 0
11 87 1 1 W 1 0 B 1 4 2 2-4 4 4 1 3-8 4-16 N M W + T+ F 1 - W+ B ( + ) ( )
88 2-4 1
11 89 NOR gate
90 N O R 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
11 91 NAND gate
92 N A N D 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 A N D 0 1 O R 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 N A N D 0 1 N O R 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
11 93 1 4 2-4 2-4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 9 Formal logic 1847 T h e Mathematical Analysis of logic A B
12 120 245 6 73 1 5 3 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
12 95 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 + 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 6 7 8 8 0000-0000 1111-1111 0 2 55 8 1-1111 - 1110 510 8 0 1 9 0 1 9 8 9 0110-0101 1 011-0110
96 1-0001 - 1011 8 144 18 8 1 8 = 144 144 1 + 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 A N D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 N A N D 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 A B
12 97 A \ B 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 A B A B 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Exclusive OR gate X O R 1 A 1 B 1 1 X O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 + 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
98 X O R 0 1 A N D 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 A B A B A B Half Adder A B ( S) ( C O ) 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 A B A B ( CI)
12 99 1 1 Full Adder A B A B 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 144 2 6 8 1 18 8 8 144
100 1 1 0 1 8 8 8 8 A B A 0 A 7 B 0 B 7
12 101 S 0 S 7 A B 8 0 A 0 B 0 S 0 A 7 B 7 S 7 0110-1001 A 7 A 6 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 0110-1001 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 1 05 8 A B 8 8 8 A 7 A 0 B 7 B 0 S 7 S 0 8 8 1 6 A B ( 8 ) ( 8 ) A B ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 16
102 8 3 2 20 30 8 144
13 2 5 3 1 7 6??? 6 3 5 1 13 6 7 5 1 5 4 4 7 2 1 1 4 7 7 2 1 1 1 1 0 77 2 5 3 1 7 6 7 7 999 9 9 9 1 7 6 8 2 3 999 3 4 9999 9 1 76 9 823 823 9 176 9 9
104 2 5 3 + 8 2 3 1 0 7 6 1000 1 0 7 6 + 1 1 0 0 0 7 7 2 5 3 1 7 6 1000 2 5 3 176 + 1000 1 0 0 0 2 5 3 176 + 999 + 1 1 0 0 0 2 5 3 + 9 9 9-1 7 6 + 1 1 0 0 0 9 1 7 6 2 5 3??? 1 7 6 2 5 3 7 7 253 9 9 9 9 2 5 3 7 4 6 1 7 6 + 7 4 6 9 2 2
13 105 1 1000 923 1000 999 9 2 2 9 9 9??? 9 2 2 9 9 9 7 7 2 5 3 1 7 6??? 1 11111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 1 1 1 1 9 9 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 11 0 1 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 100000000 2 56 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 + 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
106 77 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 7 6 2 5 3??? 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1???????? 1 11111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 11111111 1 100000000 11111111 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 77 7 / 8 A B 8
13 107 A 0 A 7 B 0 B 7 8 S 0 S 7 8 9 183 10110111 22 00010110 205 11001101 ) / 8 / 255 8 8
108 X O R 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 8 8 0 11 0 0 0 0 1, 0 11 0 0 0 0 1 1 01100001 10011110 8 8 A B
13 109 3 S U B / 0 1 B ( C I ) 1 1 C I 0 S U B C O / S U B 0 C O 1 255 C O 1 100000000 C O / / 77 1001101 0 1 1 0 0 1 000 000-999 999 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 999 999 1 000 000, $ 500 $ $ 499 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 500 4 99 1000 3 1000 50 9 9 9 5 00 5 00 5 01 4 99 5 02 4 98 9 98 2 9 99 1 0 00 0 0 01 1 0 02 2
110 4 97 497 4 98 498 4 99 499 5 6 7 8 9 3 500 499 498 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 497 498 499 500 501 502 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 497 498 499 500 499 999 1 1000 3 000 3 10 999 1 10 9 1 255 10 999 255 744 1 745 10 $ 143 $ 78 7 143 999 7 8 + 1 922 143 9 22 65 $ 150 150 850 065 850 915 $ 85 8 00000000 11111111 0 2 55 1 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 2 5 11111101 3 11111110 2 11111111 1 00000000 0 00000001 1 10000010 2 01111100 124 01111101 125 01111110 126 01111111 127
13 111 128 1 27 1 0 2 1 1 1 125 01111101 2 125 10000010 1 10000011 1 127 + 124 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 + 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 127 128 125 1 25 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 + 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 6 125 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 + 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 8 1 8 6 8 0 2 55 8 128 1 27 1 0110110 182 74 0 1
14 C D
14 113 11 0 1 1 0 0 1
114 0 1 0 1 0 1 c l o c k c y c l e 0. 05 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.10 0.125 0.15 0. 05 1 0. 0 20 2 ( 1857 1 894 )
14 115 20 20 20 H z 0 1 N O R 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
116 0 1 0 1 1918 William Henry Eccles(1875 1 966 ) F. W. J o r d a n R - S R e s e t - S e t /
14 117 Q Q Q Q 0 Q 1 S S e t R R e s e t Q 1 Q 0 S 1 Q Q 0 R 1 Q 0 Q S R 0 Q R - S 4 2 S R Q Q S R Q Q S R 0 S R 1 S R 1 Q Q Q R - S R S 1 R - S R - S 0 1 D a t a 0 1 Hold that bit 0 1 0
118 1 Q 0 Q 0 Q X R-S 1 Q 0 Q 1 0 1 R - S
14 119 R - S R - S 1 0 S 0 R 1 R 0 S 1 S R Q 0 Q 1 0 1 Q Q 0
120 1 D D D a t a 1 0 1 D C l k D 1 16 1 12 8 1 2 8 1
14 121 Clk 8 8 D 0 D 7 8 Q 0 Q 7 C l k 0 1 D Q 0 8 1 8 8 8 8 8 A 8 B C I 8 S C O 8 ( D ) S a v e A B 2-1
122 2-1 B 2 Q 8 B 2-1 8 B A S e l e c t 1 B B 0 A A B 8 1 ( C O ) 1 16 17 D C l e a r 0 1 Q 0 Q 0 0 1 8 8
14 123 ( A d d ) 0 B 0 8 0 1 1, Q Q 0 1 0 1 0 D R - S
124 D 1 0 1 0 Q 0 1 1 0 1 Q 1 0 Q
14 125 Q Q 0 1 D 0 1 C l k 0 1 Q C l k 1 0 0 1 D Q C l k Q 0 Q 1 D
126 C l k 0 1 Q D Q 0 D 0 C l k 1 C l k 0 C l k 1 D 0 Q 0 Q 1 D 1 C l k 0 1 Q 0 1 0
14 127 C l k 0 1 D Q Q C l k 0 1 D Q 20 2 Q 10 ( Q ) C l k 4 0 1 90 4 0 1 5
128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 11 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 5 0 11 0 6 0 111 7 1 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 1 9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 11 11 11 0 0 1 2 11 0 1 1 3 111 0 1 4 1111 1 5 8 0 1 1 8 8 8 Q 0 Q 7 Q 0 8 8 Q
14 129 1 8 11111111 00000000 8 0 256 10 256 1 0 25. 6 P r e s e t D 0 1 Q 1 Q 0 1 Q 0 Q 1 R - S S R 1 D
130 100
15 8 8 6 7 9 10 12 8 1956 I B M b i t e y i b i t 20 60 I B M 3 60 8 8 00000000 11111111 0 2 55-128 1 27 2 8 2 56 8 I B M B C D 23 256 256 2 16 65 536 4 8 10110110 8 2 10110110 2 2 1 8 2
15 132 8 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 11 3 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 5 11 0 6 111 7 10110110 3 10110110 266 00000000 11111111 000 3 77 3 2 16 4 2 ( 4 ) 2 4 ( 1 6 ) 16 h e x a d e c i m a l h e x a - 6 h e x a d e c i m a l 16 hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
133 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 4 4 5 6 7 0 1 0 1 2 3 10 11 12 0 1 10 11 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 10 16 6 6 10 11 13 14 Julius Caesar 15 4 10110110
15 134 6 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 11 3 3 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 1 0 1 5 5 0 11 0 6 6 0 111 7 7 1 0 0 0 8 8 1 0 0 1 9 9 1 0 1 0 A 1 0 1 0 11 B 11 11 0 0 C 1 2 11 0 1 D 1 3 111 0 E 1 4 1111 F 1 5 10110110 B 6 10110110 T W O 2312 F O U R 266 E I G H T 182 T E N B 6 S I X T E E N B 6 H E X B 6 h 16 1 16 256 4096 65 536 9 A 48 C h 9A48Ch = 9 1 0 0 0 0 h + A 1 0 0 0 h + 4 1 0 0 h + 8 1 0 h + C 1 h
135 1 6 9A48Ch = 9 1 6 4 + A 1 6 3 + 4 1 6 2 + 8 1 6 1 + C 1 6 0 9A48Ch = 9 6 5 5 3 6 + A 4 0 9 6 + 4 2 5 6 + 8 1 6 + C 1 9 9 A 10 9A48Ch = 9 6 5 5 3 6 + 1 0 4 0 9 6 + 4 2 5 6 + 8 1 6 + 1 2 1 631 948 4 79 A C h A C 10 1 2 255 1 16 182 16 11 6 B 6 h 65 536 4
15 136 4096 256 31 148 10 1 2 A C 79 A C h. 31 148 4096 7. 6044921875 4096 7 28 672 31 148 4096 0. 6044921875 65 535 256 16 51 966 12 1 0 1 5 1 4 C A F E
137 4 A 3 3 7 8 E 2 + 8 7 7 A B 9 8 2 D 1 A E 3 2 6 4 13 2 8 1 8 9 A B C D E F 99 h 153 1 103 99 h 99 23
16 QED(quod erat demonstrandum / ) 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 D 14 1
16 139 Q Data Out 14 Wr i t e Data In ( W ) 0 ( D I ) 1 0 14 1 1 8 8 8 0 8 1 0 8 1
140 8 8 1 8 8 8 1 8 1 8 8 1 8 8 3 3 8 000 0 01 0 10 0 11 1 00 1 01 11 0 111 8 1 3 1 8 3 8 14 2-1 8-1
16 141 8-1 8-1 8 3 (Select Input) 000 D 0 111 D 7 101, D 5 8-1 4 8 S 2 = 1, S 1 = 0, S 0 = 1 S 0 S 1 S 2, 1 0 D 5 0 D 5 1 1 10 D 5
142 8 1 8-1 8 8-1 8 8-1 3-8 11 3-8 8 0 S 0 S 1 S 2
16 143 S 0 - S 1 S 2 101 0 0 1, 1 8 3-8 8-1
144 A d d r e s s 3 8 8-1 8 R A M R A M 8 1 8 1 01 100 R A M R A R A M 8 1 8 1 R A M R A M 8 1 RAM 8 1 RAM 8 2
16 145 R A M 8 2 8 1 RAM 2-1 1-2 1-2 2-1 S e l e c t 8 1 RAM 4 16 1 RAM R A M 16 1 R A M 1 8 1 2 4 8 16 RAM = 2 RAM RAM
146 R A M 8192 1024 8 1024 = 2 10 10 8 8 RAM 1024 1024 1 1024 1K k i l o b y t e1 K k k h i l i o i, 1 1 k g = 1000 g, 1 k m = 1000 m 1 K = 1024 1000 10 2 10 10 1 00 1 000 1 0000 1 00000 2 2 4 8 1 6 3 2 6 4 10 2 1000 1024 ( ) 2 1 0 1 0 3 2 10 1024 1 K K K K B R A M 1024 1 K ( 1 K B ) 1 K B R A M 1000 1024 1 K 1 K 1 K 8 8 10 R A M 2 10 1KB = 1024B = 2 1 0 B 1 0 3 B 2KB = 2048B = 2 11 B 4KB = 4096B = 2 1 2 B 8KB = 8192B = 2 1 3 B 16KB = 16 384B = 2 1 4 B 32KB = 32 768B = 2 1 5 B 64KB = 65 536B = 2 1 6 B 128KB = 131 072B = 2 1 7 B 256KB = 262 144B = 2 1 8 B 512KB = 524 288B = 2 1 9 B 1024KB = 1 048 576B = 2 2 0 B 1 0 6 B 2 1024 1 K B 1024 K 1 M m e g a b y t e m e g a s M M B 1MB = 1 048 576B = 2 2 0 B 1 0 6 B 2MB = 2 097 152B = 2 2 1 B 4MB = 4 194 304B = 2 2 2 B
16 147 8MB = 8 388 608B = 2 2 3 B 6MB = 16 777 216B = 2 2 4 B 32MB = 33 554 432B = 2 2 5 B 64MB = 67 108 864B = 2 2 6 B 128MB = 134 217 728B = 2 2 7 B 256MB = 268 435 456B = 2 2 8 B 512MB = 536 870 912B = 2 2 9 B 024MB = 1 073 741 824B = 2 3 0 B 1 0 9 B g i g a s 1024 M B 1 G ( g i g a b y t e ) G B 1 T ( t e r a b y t e t e r a s 2 40 10 12 1 099 511 627 776B,terabyte T B 1KB 1000B 1MB 1 000B,1GB 1 000 000B,1TB 1 000 000 000B 1 P B p e t a b y t e = 2 50 B 1 125 899 906 842 624 10 15 1 E B ( e x a b y t e ) = 2 60 B 1 152 921 504 606 846 976 10 18 1999 32 M B 6 4 M B 1 2 8 M B R A M 33 554 432B 67 108 864B 134 217 728B 65 536 64 K 33 554 432 32 M 1 073 741 824 1 G K M 8 k b p s ) m b p s ) 56 K 5 6 K b p s, R A M 65 536 64 K B 32 K B 1 28 K B 65 536 2 16 B R A M 1 6 2 0000 h FFFFh. 64 K B 1980 P C 9 64 K 8 R A M 500 16 8
148 8 0 ( t a k e o v e r ) 0 1 2-1 25 1 6 8 1 25 25 2-1 8 6 4 K 8 RAM 2-1 R A M R A M 8 64 K 8 RAM
16 149 16 65 536 8 8 64 K 8 RAM 65 536 8 11 65 536 64 K 8 RAM R A M
17 14 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 5 5 1 4 1 0 1 14 0 1
17 151 100 500 64 K B R A M R A M R A M 100 R A M R A 16 14 R A M RAM 16 16 0000 h R A M R A M 0000 h 8 100 0 000 h 0 063 h R A M 00 h
152 R A M R A R A M 0000 h R A M 8 00 h 0 1 0 1 16 R A M 0 1 0001 h 0 1 0002 h R A M 00 h F F F F 0000 h 8 R A M 255 255 2 128 1 27 16 R A M 8 100 50 50 10 100 50 50 R A M R A M R A M R A M 16 8 8
17 153 R A M R A M R A M 0000 h R A M 16 R A M 8 L o a d ( A d d ) ( S t o r e ( H a l t ) 0000 h 0001 h 0002 h 0003 h 0004 h
154 0005 h 0006 h 0007 h 0008 h 0009 h 000 A h 0000 h R A M R A M R A M R A M RAM R A M R A M R A R A M R A 16 R A M R A M 4 4
17 155 L o a d 10 h Store ( ) 11 h Add ( ) 2 0 h Halt ( ) F F h R A M R A M R A M R A M R A M 8 R A M 8 R A M 8 2-1 8 2-1 8
156 8 16 2 R A M RAM 8 R A M 2-1 R A M 16 C l k ( C l r ) 8 C l k C l r R A M ( W ) 2-1 ( S ) RAM RAM 2-1 S 0 R A M R A M W 1 1 L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t ( ) H a l t 10 h 11 h 20 h 21 h FFh 21 h R A M 1 C 0 2-1
17 157 56 h 2 A h 38 h R A M 56 h 56 2 A 80 h R A M 38 h C 7 h 1 C 7 h 8 0 h C 7 h + 80h + 1h 4 8 h 48 h 86 4 2 5 6 72 8 8 16 16 7 6 A B h + 232Ch 16 A B h + 2Ch D 7 h 7 6 h + 23h 99h 99 D 7 h 16
158 D 7 h 0002 h 99 h 0005 h 16 76 A B h 236 C h 2 A B h + 6Ch 11 7 h 2 9 A 17 h 1 h + 76h + 23h 9 A h 16 1 1 Add with Carry 8 0 16 0 0 16 Subtract with Borrow 1 16 7 L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t 1 0 h 11 h 2 0 h 2 1 h Add with Carry( ) 22 h Subtract with Borrow( ) 23 h H a l t 1 8 1 8 F F h
17 159 1 16 8 16 24 32 40 32 7 A 892 B C D h 6 5 A 872 F F h 7 A 892 B C D h 0000 h 0 003 h 0 006 h 0 009 h 0002 0 0 0 5 h 0 0 0 8 h 0 0 0 B h 3 8 8 R A M R A M 0000 h R A M R A M
160 R A M 7 L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t Add with Carry Subtract with Borrow H a l t 10 h 11 h 20 h 21 h 22 h 23 h F F h 1 3 16 R A M R A M R A M 0000h 0001h 0002h 2 R A M 16 0000 h 0 001 h 0 002 h 16 76 A B h 2 32 C h 2 0000 h 0 001 h 2 0003 h 0 004 h
17 161 0002 h 0 005 h 6 64KB R A M R A M 4001h 4000h 4003h 4002h 4005h 4004h 4001 h 4 003 h 4005 h 4000 h 4 002 h 4004 h R A M R A M 3 8 3 RAM 16
162 3 3 1 / 4 TA N S TA A F L TA N S TA A F L 64KB RAM 1 K B 0000 h 0 3 F F h 64 k B R A M R A M 3 R A M R A 2-1 R A M 16 R A M 2 16 2-1 R A M 8 16 2-1 8 8
17 163 R A M 8 0010h 0011h 0012h 0013h 0000 h 0000 R A M 000 C h 3 R A M 13 0010 h 000Ch 0010h R A M 0020 h 0030 h 0013h 0030h 0031h 0032h
164 0013 h 0000 h 0010 h 0020 h 0030 h 0000 000 C h 3 0 0 0 F h 0 0 1 2 h 0 0 1 5 h 0 0 1 8 h 0 0 1 B h 0 0 1 E h 11 h 0023 h 001 E h 0021 h 0020 h 0020 h 000 C h J u m p L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t Add with Carry Subtract with Borrow 1 0 h 11 h 2 0 h 2 1 h 2 2 h 2 3 h Jump ( ) 30 h H a l t R A M R A b r a n c h g o t o 000 C h F F h 0020h 30h 16 0000 h 0020 h 16 16 D P r e ( C l r )
17 165 0 Pre = 1 Q = 1 Clr = 1 Q = 0 A 0 1 0 1 A = 1 Pre = 1 Clr = 0 A = 0 Pre = 0 Clr = 1 Q A 1 6 R A M 16 2-1 R A M 16 8 2-1 8 8 30 h 1
166 8 A 7 h 1 C h 8 16 3 16 A 7 h 1 C h 28 A 7 h 28 1 004 h 1 005 h 16 A 7 h 1005h 1004h 1001h 1000h 1005h 1004h 6 1004 h 1 005 h 16 A 7 h 1 1 6 A 7 h 1 C h 6 27 0012h 27 6 0012 h 28 ( ) 16 0012h 0000 h 0000h 1004 h 1 005 h 16 A 7 h 1 16 A 7 h 2
17 167 A 7 h 1 C h 1 8 0 1 8 8 0 1 0 1 0 L o a d 10 h S t o r e 11 h A d d 20 h S u b t r a c t 21 h Add with Carry 22 h Subtract with Borrow 23 h J u m p 30 h Jump If Zero ( ) 31 h Jump If Carry ( ) 32 h Jump If Not Zero ( ) 33 h Jump If Not Carry ( ) 34 h H a l t F F h 0 0 0 16 0012 h 1003h 001Eh 1003h 0 0000h
168 1004 h 1 005 h 16 A 7 h 1 1003 h 1 C 001 E h F F h 1 C h 1 C h 1 1 B h 0 1 B h 1003 h 1 0000 h 1004 h 1 005 h 16 A 7 h 2 1 B h F F h 1 A h 0 28 1004h 1 005 h 16 A 7 h 1 C h 1003 h 1 F F h 0 0 0 0 0 h 8 16 24 32 4 64 K B R A M R A / C P U 18 8 8 8 R A M 16 8 256 65 536 8 8 A L U A L U A L U 1 6 P C
17 169 1 10 h 11 h / Add with Carry 2 3 L o a d 10 h L O D S t o r e 11 h S TO A d d 20 h A D D S u b t r a c t 21 h S U B Add with Carry 22 h A D C Subtract with Borrow 23 h S B B J u m p 30 h J M P Jump If Zero 31 h J Z Jump If Carry 32 h J C Jump If Not Zero 33 h J N Z Jump If Not Carry 34 h J N C H a l t F F h H LT 1003 h LOD A [1003h] L O D A [ 1003 ] L o a d A 1003 h 1003 001 E h ADD A [001Eh] 1003 h STO [1003h] A 1003 h 1 0000 h JNZ 0000h 0000 h
170 0000 h 0000h LOD A [1005h] 1000h 00h A7h 1002h 00h 1Ch 1004h 00h 00h 1000h 00h A7h 00h 1Ch 00h 00h 0000h: LOD A [1005h] ADD A [1001h] STO [1005h] A LOD A [1004h] ADC A [1000h] STO [1004h] A LOD A [1003h] ADD A [001Eh] STO [1003h] A 001Eh: HLT 1000h: 00h A7h 1002h: 00h 1Ch 1004h: 00h 00h JNZ 0000h 2000 h 2 005 h BEGIN LOD A [RESULT+1] ADD A [NUM1+1] STO [RESULT+1] A LOD A [RESULT] ADC A [NUM1] STO [RESULT] A LOD A [NUM2+1] ADD A [NEG1]
17 171 STO [NUM2+1] A JNZ BEGIN NEG1 HLT NUM1 00h A7h NUM2 00h 1Ch RESULT 00h 00h N U M 1 N U M 2 R E S U LT N U M 1 + 1 N U M 2 + 1 R E S U LT + 1 N E G 1 negative one H LT BEGIN LOD A [RESULT+1] NEG1 HLT ADD A [NUM1+1] STO [RESULT+1] A LOD A [RESULT] ADC A [NUM1] STO [RESULT] A LOD A [NUM2+1] ADD A [NEG1] STO [NUM2+1] A JNZ BEGIN NUM1 00h A7h NUM2 00h 1Ch RESULT 00h 00h Add low-order byte Add high-order byte Decrement second number 1 R A M 10 h ( ) 11 h A 7 h 256 1003 h 0 F F h 0
172 23 100 20 30 1945 100 500 64 K B R A M 12
18 Join Napier(1550 1 6 1 7 ) 400 Edmund Gunter 1 581 1 626 William Oughtred 1 574 1 660 1976 K e u ff e l & E s s e r Smithsonian N a p i e r N a p i e r 1620 Wilhelm Schickard 1 592 1 635 N a p i e r ( 1623 1 662 ) ( 1646 1 716 ) 8 8 9 13 19
174 ( 1752 1 834 ) 1 8 0 1 1 1 8 20 40 1791 1 871 1820 10 10 1 8 3 3 ( ) 19 1815 1 852 G e o rg Edvard Scheutz 1853 20 30 20 20 10 1880
18 175 1890 10 ( 1860 1 929 ) 1880 6 5 8 3 1 4 24 12 288 1 / 4 288 5 0 4 5 9 1 0 1 4 5 28 7 0 1 27 1890 288 26 1890 620 1880 2 1880 1 / 3 1895 1897 1896 1911 ( c c o m p u t i n g - Ta b u l a t i n g - R e c o r d i n g ) C - T- R 1915 C - T- R Thomas J.Wa t s o n ( 1874 1 956 ) 1924 I B M
176 1928 1890 I B M 80 1 2 50 2 0 2 1 2 4 20 19 19 20 30 ( ) 20 70 20 30 524 288 Conrad Zuse 1 910 1 995 193 Z u s e 35 1937 G e o rge Stibitz 1 904 1 995 1 K K k i t c h e n 1939 Howard Aiken 1 900 1 973 I B M Harvard ark I A S C C automated sequence controlled calculator 1943 Mark II 13 000 A i k e n 1 1947 Harvard Mark II Grace Murry Hopper 1 906 1 992 1 944 A i k e n b u g John Ambrose Fleming 1 849 1 945 Lee de Forest 1 873 1 961 20 40
18 177 1 1000 1 2 0 40 1945 C o l o s s u s 1943 E n i g m a M ( 1912 1 954 ) 1937 J.Presper Eckert(1919 1 995 ) John Mauchly(1907 1 980 ) E N I A C electronic numerical integrator and computer 18 000 1945 30 E N I A C 1977 E c k e r t M a u c h l y John V. A t a n a s o ff ( 1903 1 995 ) A t a n a n s o ff E N I A C ( 1903 1 957 ) 1930 E N I A C E D VA C electronic discrete variable automatic computer 1946 Arthur W. B u r k s Herman H.Goldstine Preliminary Discussion of the logical Design of an Electronic Computing instrumert E D VA C E N I A C E D VA C
178 E N I A C E N I A C E N I A C 17 3 / 4 E D VA C 5 1 1024 20 50 1 2 0 40 ( 1916 ) 11 1938 1948 Bell System Technical Journal A Mathematical Theory of Communication 1949 1 1952 Norbert Wi e n e r ( 1894 1 964 ) 18 C y b e r n e t i c s, o r Control and Communication in the Animal and Macbine1 9 4 8 C y b e r n e t i c s c y b e r- c y b e r s p a c e William Gibson 1984 N e u r o m a n c e r c y b e r p u n k 1948 E c k e r t - M a u c h l y Remington Rand U N I VAC(universal automatic computer) 1951 U N I VA C C B S 1952 Walter Cronkite 1952 I B M 701 1947 G e o rge Stibitz Claude Shannon
18 179 20 70 U N I X C 1 9 2 5 1 1 1 9 1 2 1947 1 2 1 6 John Bardeen(1908 1 991 ) Wa l t e r B r a t t a i n ( 1 9 0 2 1 9 8 7 ) William Shockley 1 910 1 989 20 8 1939 1 2 2 9 S h o c k l e y 1956 S h o c k l e y B a r d e e n B r a t t a i n 4 N n e g a t i v e P N P N P N C o l l e c t o r ( B a s e ) ( E m i t t e r ) N P N
180 1 / 4 1954 AT T 1 960 1956 S h o c k l e y S h o c k l e y P a l o A l t o Silicon Va l l e y A 1 B 1 A A B B
18 181 1956 17 6 4 K B R A M R A M G e o ffrey Dummer(1909 ) 1 952 5 D u m m e r 1958 7 Jack Kilby 1 923 6 1 959 1 Robert Noyce 1 927 1 990 N o y c e S h o c k l e y 1957 7 F a i r c h i l d K i l b y N o y c e 6 N o y c e 10 K i l d y N o y c e I C dual inline package D I P 14 1 6 4 0
182 16 1 1 6 16 1 / 10 20 60 1964 Z e n i t h 1971 P u l s a r 1965 E I n t e l 1959 18 2015 S S I small-scale integration 10 M S I 1 0 1 00 L S I 1 0 5000 V L S I 5 000 50 000 S L S I 5 0000 100 000 100 20 70 V L S I I C 70 T T L C M O S T T L 70 I C 1. 25 1973 The TTL Data Book for Design Engineer ( T T L ) ( T T L ) T T L 7400 74 7 4 0 0 7400 T T L 2 1 0 14
18 183 14 V C C V ( V C ) 7 G N D T T L 7400 V C C 4. 75 5. 25 V 5 V 5 % 4. 75 V 5. 25 V T T L 5 V T T L 7400 1 0 5 V V C C T T L 0 0. 8 V 02 5 V 1 0. 8 2 V T T L 0. 2 V 03. 4 V 1 / 1 0 1 0 740 T T L 0. 2 V 03. 4 V 1 0 0 0. 8 V 1 2 5 V T T L 1 1. 4 V 1 0 0. 6 V 0 n s 1 1 7400 22 0. 000000022 2 1 17 17 Robert Noyce T T L 7402 7404 7408 7432 7430 8
184 N C 7474 D T T L 14 14 T T L
18 185 H L 1 0 0 1 T T L 7483 4 74151 8-1 74154 4-16 74161 4 74175 D 8 11 T T L T T L T T L T T 17 T T L 64 K B R A M 1973 T T L R A M 256 1 2048 64 K B R A M T T L 21 T T L 100 M H z 17 T T L 10 M H z 400 C M O S 70 C M O S National Semicondactor( ) CMOS Databook C M O S 4000 T T L 4. 75 5. 25 C M O S 3 1 8 C M O S T T L C M O S C M O S CMOS 4008 4 5 750 1 0 25 15 190 C M O S TTL 4 TTL 4 2 2 5 T T L C M O S T T L C M O
186 5 4 7 0 1971 I n t e l 1968 Robert Noyce Gordon Moore I n t e l 1970 1024 I n t e l B u s i c o m I n t e l Ted Hoff Intel 4004 1971 11 4004 2300 18 4000 1000 4004 4004 4 4 4 17 8
18 187 4 8 70 16 17 8 16 16 80 32 4004 108 000 108 K H z 1999 500 M H z 4004 5000 4004 640 64 K B 17 1999 I n t e l 64 T B R A M 256 M B 4 32 4 1973 4 32 32 1 20 70 4004 1972 4 I n t e l 8008 8 200 K H z 16 K B 1974 5 I n t e l M o t o r o l a 8 0 0 8
19 C P U 1971 Intel 4004 2300 30 10 000 000 1974 I n t e l 4 8080 M o t o r o l a 2 0 50 8 680 1974 TMS 1000 National Semiconductor PA C E 16 8080 6 800 I n t e l 8080 $ 360 IBM System/360 IBM System/360 $ 1. 95 8080 S y s t e m / 360 I B M 8080 8 6000 2 M H z 64 K B 6800 $ 1. 95 4000 64 K B 1 6 800 1 MHz 1977 M o t o r o l a 6800 1. 5 M H z 2 MHz R A M 21 17 8080 6 800 40 I C 2 1 / 8
19 189 8 1 / 4 8080 4 0 8080 20 5 11-5 28 12 2 1976 I n t e l 8085 8080 1 7 8080 2 MHz 22 1 5 1 2 I n t e l 8224 18 MHz 8080 1 6 A 0 A 15 2 16 65 536 8080 8 D 0 ~ D 7 10 R E S E T R A M R A M D 0 ~ D 7 8080 8228 8080 8080
190 8080 64 K B 8080 0000 h A 0 A 15 16 0 8080 17 H LT 3 8080 1 2 3 8080 8080 R A M 8080 8 080 2 MHz 500 1 2 000 000 0. 000000500 17 4 8080 4 1 8 2 9 1 7 12 8 256 8 2 8 080 244 17 8080 1 7 1 7 L o a d S t o r e 1 6 LOD STO A [aaaa] [aaaa] A A a a a a 16 4 8080 8 A 17 17 8080 8080 32 h 3 A h 16 8080 S TA L D 3 2 S TA [aaaa],a 3 A LDA A,[aaaa] 8080 6 r e g i s t e r 8
19 191 6 8 080 6 B C D E H L F G I J K H L H H i g hl ( L o w ) H L 8 H L 16 H L 16 17 8088 63 8080 M O V M o v e M O V 7 32 M O V 4 0 MOV B B 5 0 MOV D B 4 1 MOV B C 5 1 MOV D C 4 2 MOV B D 5 2 MOV D D 4 3 MOV B E 5 3 MOV D E 4 4 MOV B H 5 4 MOV D H 4 5 MOV B L 5 5 MOV D L 4 6 MOV B [ H L ] 5 6 MOV D [ H L ] 4 7 MOV B A 5 7 MOV D A 4 8 MOV C B 5 8 MOV E B 4 9 MOV C C 5 9 MOV E C 4 A MOV C D 5 A MOV E D 4 B MOV C E 5 B MOV E E 4 C MOV C H 5 C MOV E H 4 D MOV C L 5 D MOV E L 4 E MOV C [ H L ] 5 E MOV E [ H L ] 4 F MOV C A 5 F MOV E A H L MOV B [HL] L D A 16 L D A M O V B H L H L 16
192 LDA MOV A [aaaa] B [HL] 32 M O V H L MOV A A 60 MOV H B 70 MOV [HL] B 61 MOV H C 71 MOV [HL] C 62 MOV H D 72 MOV [HL] D 63 MOV H E 73 MOV [HL] E 64 MOV H H 74 MOV [HL] H 65 MOV H L 75 MOV [HL] L 66 MOV H [ H L ] 76 H LT 67 MOV H A 77 MOV [HL] A 68 MOV L B 78 MOV A B 69 MOV L C 79 MOV A C 6 A MOV L D 7 A MOV A D 6 B MOV L E 7 B MOV A E 6 C MOV L H 7 C MOV A H 6 D MOV L L 7 D MOV A L 6 E MOV L [ H L ] 7 E MOV A [ H L ] 6 F MOV L A 7 F MOV A A MOV [HL] [HL] M O V M O 8 01dddsss ddd 3 s s s 3 3 000= B 001= C 010= D 011= E 100= H 101= L 110= HL 111= A MOV L E 01101011 6 B h
19 193 8080 s s s 3 8-1 d d d 3 3-8 B C 16 B C D E 16 D E 0 2 S TAX [BC] A 0 A LDAX A [ B C ] 1 2 S TAX [DE] A 1 A LDAX A [ D E ] M V I 1 H L 06 MVI B x x 0 E MVI C x x 16 MVI D x x 1 E MVI E x x 26 MVI H x x 2 E MVI L x x 36 MVI [HL] x x 3 E MVI A x x MVI E 37h E 37 h 32 17 A D D A D C S U B S B B 8 0 ADD A B 9 0 SUB A B 8 1 ADD A C 9 1 SUB A C 8 2 ADD A D 9 2 SUB A D 8 3 ADD A E 9 3 SUB A E 8 4 ADD A H 9 4 SUB A H 8 5 ADD A L 9 5 SUB A L 8 6 ADD A [ H L ] 9 6 SUB A [ H L ] 8 7 ADD A A 9 7 SUB A A 8 8 ADC A B 9 8 SBB A B 8 9 ADC A C 9 9 SBB A C 8 A ADC A D 9 A SBB A D 8 B ADC A E 9 B SBB A E 8 C ADC A H 9 C SBB A H 8 D ADC A L 9 D SBB A L 8 E ADC A [ H L ] 9 E SBB A [ H L ] 8 F ADC A A 9 F SBB A A
194 A 35 h, B 22 h, SUB A B 13 h A 35 h, H 10 h L 7 C h 107 C h 4 A h ADD A [HL] 35 h H L 4 A h 7 F h A D C S B B 8080 / 1 6 24 32 B C D E 16 B C MOV A C ADD A E MOV C A MOV A B ADC A D MOV B A A D D A D C 4 M O V M O V 8080 8080 17 C F Z 8080 3 S F P F A F P S W program status word 8 L D A S TA M O V A D D S U B A D C S B B 1 S F 1 0 Z F 1 1 P F = 1 P F = 0 P F 8080 A D D A D C S U B S B B C F = 1 17 4 4 A F = 1 D A A C F 3 7 S T C C F 1 3 F C M C C F 1 7 A D D A D C S U B S B B 8080 A N D O R X O R A L U
19 195 A 0 AND A B B 0 OR A B A 1 AND A C B 1 OR A C A 2 AND A D B 2 OR A D A 3 AND A E B 3 OR A E A 4 AND A H B 4 OR A H A 5 AND A L B 5 OR A L A 6 AND A [ H L ] B 6 OR A [ H L ] A 7 AND A A B 7 OR A A A 8 XOR A B B 8 CMP A B A 9 XOR A C B 9 CMP A C A A XOR A D B A CMP A D A B XOR A E B B CMP A E A C XOR A H B C CMP A H A D XOR A L B D CMP A L A E XOR A [ H L ] B E CMP A [ H L ] A F XOR A A B F CMP A A A N D X O R O R MVI A 0Fh MVI B 55h AND A Bh 05 h O R 5 F h X O R 5 A h C M P S U B C M P MVI B 25h CMP A B A 25 h Z F A 25 h CF = 1 8 C 6 ADI A x x E 6 ANI A x x C E ACI A x x E E XRI A x x D 6 SUI A x x F 6 ORI A x x D E SBI A x x F E CPI A x x CPI A 25h 8080 27 D A A 2 F C M A C M A complement accumulator 0 1 1
196 0 01100101 C M A 10011010 XRI A FFh D A A Decimal Adjust Accumulator 8080 D A A B C D B C 0000 1 001 0 9 B C D 8 B C D 27 h B C D 27 27 h 39 B B C D 94 h MOV MOV ADD A 27 h B 94 h A B BB h B C D B C D 9 DAA 21 h CF = 1 27 9 4 121 B C D 1 1 17 1 FFh - 1 2 8080 1 1 0 4 INR B 0 5 DCR B 0 C INR C 0 D DCR C 1 4 INR D 1 5 DCR D 1 C INR E 1 D DCR E 2 4 INR H 2 5 DCR H 2 C INR L 2 D DCR L 3 4 INR [HL] 3 5 DCR [HL] 3 C INR A 3 D DCR A I N R D C R C F 8080 4 1 C F 0 7 R L C 0 F R R C 1 7 R A L 1 F R A R A 7 h 10100111 R L C A C F 01001111 CF = 1 R R C 10100111 R R C
19 197 11 0 1 0 0 11 CF = 1 R A L R A R R A L C F C F 10100111 CF = 0 R A L 01001110 CF = 1 R A R 01010011 CF = 1 2 1 2 R A M R A M R A M 1 s t a c k L I F O p u s h p o p A B C AB C A B C A B C PUSH A PUSH B PUSH C
198 POP C POP B POP A P O P A B C C D E PUSH PUSH PUSH C D E C B A POP POP POP E D C R A M 8080 16 1 8080 8080 P U S H 1 6 P O P 8080 PUSH C POP C 8 C 5 PUSH BC C 1 POP BC D 5 PUSH DE D 1 POP DE E 5 PUSH HL E 1 POP HL F 5 PUSH PSW F 1 POP PSW PUSH BC B C POP BC P S W 8 P S W PUSH PUSH PUSH PUSH PSW BC DE HL P O P POP POP POP POP HL DE BC PSW 8000 h PUSH BC 1 7 F F F H B 7 F F F h
19 199 1 7 F F E H C 7 F F E h 7 F F E h POP BC 7 F F E h C 1 7 F F F h 7 F F F h B 1 8 000 h P U S H 2 P O P 8080 64 K B 0000 h P U S H 1 F F F F h 0000 h L X I load extended immediate 16 0 1 LXI BC x x x x 11 LXI DE x x x x 2 1 LXI HL x x x x 3 1 LXI SP x x x x LXI BC 527Ah MVI B 52 MVI C 7A h L X I L X 0000 h LXI SP 0000 h 1 1 16 0 3 INX BC 0 B DCX BC 1 3 INX DE 1 B DCX DE 2 3 INX HL 2 B DCX HL 3 3 INX SP 3 B DCX SP 16 1 H L 09 DAD HL B C 19 DAD HL D E 29 DAD HL H L 39 DAD HL S P
200 6 MOV ADD MOV MOV ADC MOV A L A C L A A H A B H A D A D C F 2 H L 2 h SHLD [aaaa] H L H L 2 A h LHLD HL [ a a a a ] H L L a a a a H a a a a + 1 H L P C S P E 9 h PCHL PC H L H L P C F 9 h SPHL SP H L H L S P P C H L 8080 H L S P H L S P H L H L D E E 3 h XTHL HL [ S P ] H L E B h XCHG HL D E DE H L P C H L 8080 17 P C P C P J u m p B r a n c h g o t o P C C F Z F 17 8080 5 4 8080 9 Z F C F P F S F 1 0 C a l l C a l l J u m p P C P C C a l l
19 201 R e t u r n R e t u r n P C C a l l R e t u r n J u m p C a l l R e t u r n 17 8080 B C 16 H L Multiply: PUSH PSW ; PUSH BC SUB H,H SUB L,L MOV A,B CPI A,00h JZ AllDone HL 0000h A 0 MVI B,00h BC 0 Multloop: DAD HL,BC BC HL DEC A JNZ Multloop 1 0 AllDone: POP BC POP PSW RET 1 M u l t i p l y P U S H H L 0 M V I S U B 4 2 H L B A 0 0 H L 0 J Z P O P B 0 B C 16 A D A D B C H L A 1 0 J N Z B C H L B C H L 8080
202 25 h 1 2 h MOV B, MOV C, 25h 12h CALL Multiply C a l l P C C a l l C a l M u l t i p l y R E T C a l l 8080 C A L L R e t u r n ( ) I / O 8080 65 536 256 I / OI/O PortI / O A 0 A 7 I / O 8228 O U T I / O I N D 3 OUT PP D B IN PP i n t e r r u p t
19 203 8 0 8 0 I N T 8080 E I Enable interrupts D I Disable Interrupts F 3 F B D I E I 8080 I N T E 8080 I N T 1 8 080 8080 C 7 RST 0 E 7 RST 4 C F RST 1 E F RST 5 C 7 RST 2 E 7 RST 6 D F RST 3 F F RST 7 R e s t a r t C A L L R e s t a r t RST 0 0000h RST 1 0008 h RST 7 0038 h RST 4 0020 h 21 243 12 08 h 1 0 h 1 8 h 20 h 2 8 h 3 0 h 3 8 h C B h D 9 h D D h E D h F D h 255 0 0 N O P N O P no op no operation N O P 8080 N O P Motorola 6800 8080 6 8 0 0 4 0
204 V S S V C C 5 V 8080 6800 1 6 8 R E S E T R / W I R Q 6 800 8080 680 I / O 6800 6800 16 P C 16 S P 8 8 A B B A B 6800 8 6800 16 index register 16 8080 H L 6800 8 080 6800 2 0 h B R A 2 2 h B H I 2 3 h B L S 24 h B C C 0 25 h B C S 1 2 6 h B N E 2 7 h B E Q 28 h B V C 0 29 h B V S 1 2 A h B P L 2 B h B M I 2 C h B G E 0 2 D h B LT 0 2 E h B G T 0 2 F h B L E 0 6800 8080 P F 8080 overflow flag 8080 6 800 24 8080 6 800 L D A 8080 8080LDA
19 205 347 B h 6800 L D A 6800 6800LDA 7B34h A 8080 3 A h 6800 B 6 h 8080 6800 I n t e l M o t o r o l a I n t e l M o t o r o l a l i t t l e - e n d i a n ( I n t e l ) big-endian (Motorola ) b i g - e n d i a n Jonathan Swift G u l l i v e r s Tr a v e l s Lilliput B l e f u s c u l i t t l e - endian b i g - e n d i a n 8080 Altair 8800 1975 1 P o p u l a r E l e c t r o n i c s Altair 8800 16 64KB RAM 8080 Intel 8085 Z i l o g Z - 80 Z i l o g Intel I n t e l 4004 Federico Faggin
206 Z - 80 8 080 1977 Z - 8 Radio Shack TRS-80 Model1 1977 Steven Jobs Stephen Wo z n i a k APPLE II APPLE II 8080 6800 M O S 6502 6 8 0 0 1978 6 I n t e l 8086 16 1 M B 8086 8080 I n t e l 8088 8086 8080 8 I B M 5150 IBM PC 8088 1981 I B M P C P IBM PC Intel inside x 86 I n t e l Intel x86 1985 32 386 1989 486 1993 Intel Pentium P C I n t e l 8086 Macintosh 1984 Motorola 68000 16 6800 68000 K 1 994 M a c i n t o s h Power PC, M o t o r o l a I B M A p p l e P o w e r P C R I S C R I S C P o w e r P C 32 RISC P o w e r P C 68 K A P P L E M a c i n t o s h PowerPC 68 K PowerPC 68 K P o w e r P C 18 4 8 16 32 23 Cache( ) R A M C a c h e 2 1
20 ASCII Call me Ishmael Call me Ishmael Å n o 9 9 % 6 e s c a p e s h i f t s h i f t I have 27 sisters
208 18 ( 2 7 ) 10 111 2 7 2 7, 5 1874 Emile Baudot 1877 Donald Murray 1931 C C I T T (ITU) N O. 2 I TA - 2 B a u d o t M u r r a y 2 0 B a u d o t B a u d o t 30 B a u d o t 5 32 00 h 1 F h 32 : B a u d e t B a u d e t 00 10 E 01 T 11 Z 02 C a rriage Return( ) 12 D 03 O 13 B 04 S p a c e( ) 14 S 05 H 15 Y 06 N 16 F 07 M 17 X 08 Line Feed( ) 18 A 09 L 19 W 0 A R 1 A J 0 B G 1 B F i g u re Shift( ) 0 C I 1 C U 0 D P 1 D Q 0 E C 1 E K 0 F V 1 F Letter Shift( ) 00 h 31 26 5 04 h 02 h 0 8 B a u d o t B a u d o t B a u d o t 1 B h
20 ASCII 209 ( 1 F h ) B a u d o t B a u d o t 00 10 3 01 5 11 + 02 C a rriage Return 12 Who Are Yo u? 03 9 13? 04 S p a c e 14 05 # 15 6 06 16 $ 07 17 / 08 Line Feed 18-09 ) 19 2 0 A 4 1 A Bel 0 B & 1 B F i g u re Shift 0 C 8 1 C 7 0 D 0 1 D 1 0 E 1 E ( 0 F = 1 F Letter Shift I T U 05 h 0 B h 1 6 h Who Are Yo u 5 I SPENT $25 TODAY. 0C 04 14 0D 10 06 01 04 1B 16 19 01 1F 04 01 03 12 18 15 1B 07 02 08 : 1 B h 1 F h 1 h I SPENT $25 TODAY. 8 03,5 $25 TODAY. B a u d o t B a u d o t 5 2 0 9 10 62 64 6 128 8 7
210 A S C I I 1 9 6 7 A S C I I A S C I I 7 0000000 1111111, 00 h 7 F h A S C I I 32 32 10 A S C I I A S C I I 20 s p a c e 30 0 21 31 1 22 32 2 23 # 33 3 24 $ 34 4 25 % 35 5 26 & 36 6 27 37 7 28 ( 38 8 29 ) 39 9 2 A * 3 A : 2 B + 3 B ; 2 C, 3 C < 2 D - 3 D = 2 E. 3 E > 2 F / 3 F? 20 h 32 @ A S C I I A S C I I 40 @ 50 P 41 A 51 Q 42 B 52 R 43 C 53 S 44 D 54 T 45 E 55 U 46 F 56 V 47 G 57 W 48 H 58 X 49 I 59 Y 4 A J 5 A Z 4 B K 5 B [ 4 C L 5 C \ 4 D M 5 D ] 4 E N 5 E ^ 4 F O 5 F -
20 ASCII 211 32 A S C I I A S C I I 60 ` 70 p 61 a 71 q 62 b 72 r 63 c 73 s 64 d 74 t 65 e 75 u 66 f 76 v 67 g 77 w 68 h 78 x 69 i 79 y 6 A j 7 A z 6 B k 7 B { 6 C l 7 C 6 D m 7 D } 6 E n 7 E ~ 6 F o 7 F h 95 A S C I I 7 128 33 Hello you A S C I I 48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 79 6F 75 21 2 C 20 21 A S C I I I am 12 years old. 49 20 61 6D 20 31 32 20 79 65 61 72 73 20 6F 6C 64 2E 12 31 h 3 2 h 1 2 A S C I I 12 01 h 0 2 h B C D 1 2 h 0 C h A S C I I ASCII 20h 8080 HL C Capitalize: MOV A,C CPI A,00h JZ AllDone ;C=number of characters left C ;Compare with 0 0 ;If C is 0, we re finished C 0 MOV A,[HL] CPI A,61h ;Get the next character ;Check if it s less than 'a'
212 JC SkipIt ;If so,ignore it( ) CPI A,7Bh JNC SkipIt ;Check if its greater than 'z' ;If so,ignore it( ) SBI A,20h MOV [HL],A ;It s lowercase,so subtract 20h ;Store the character( ) SkipIt: INX HL DCR C ;Increment the text address 1 ;Decrement the counter 1 JMP Capitalize ;Go back to the top AllDone: RET 20 h ANI A,DFh A N I D F h 11011111 A 3 0 A S C I I 95 A S C I I 33 33 A S C I I 00 N U L 01 S O H 02 S T X 03 E T X 04 E O T 05 E N Q 06 A C K 07 B E L 08 B S 09 H T 0 A L F 0 B V T 0 C F F 0 D C R 0 E S O 0 F S I 10 D L E 11 D C 1 1 12 D C 2 2 13 D C 3 3 14 D C 4 4 15 N A K 16 S Y N 1 7 E T B
20 ASCII 213 1 8 C A N 1 9 E M 1 A S U B 1 B E S C 1 C F S 4 1 D G S 3 1 E R S 2 1 F U S 1 7 F D E L A S C I I A S C I I 41 09 42 09 43 09 09 Ta b 0 Ta 8 A B C 12 h e 65 08 60 B a u d o t A S C I I I B M S y s t e m / 360 I B M 8 B C D E B C D I C BCDIC 6 I B M 8 0 IBM 1928 50
214 8 E B C D I C 10 1 9 0 11 12 10 I B M 0 9 11 1 2 I B M 0 9 8 E B C D I C 4 B C D 19 B C 4 0 9 0 9 1111 B C D 0 9 E B C D I C E B C D I C F 0 O F 1 1 F 2 2 F 3 3 F 4 4 F 5 5 F 6 6 F 7 7 F 8 8 F 9 9 12 1100 11 1101 0 1110 E B C D I C E B C D I C E B C D I C E B C D I C C 1 A D 1 J C 2 B D 2 K E 2 S C 3 C D 3 L E 3 T C 4 D D 4 M E 4 U C 5 E D 5 N E 5 V C 6 F D 6 O E 6 W C 7 G D 7 P E 7 X C 8 H D 8 Q E 8 Y C 9 I D 9 R E 9 Z E B C D I C a i 12 0 1000 j r 12 11 1001 s z 11 0 101 E B C D I C
20 ASCII 215 E B C D I C E B C D I C E B C D I C 8 1 a 9 1 j 8 2 b 9 2 k A 2 s 8 3 c 9 3 l A 3 t 8 4 d 9 4 m A 4 u 8 5 e 9 5 n A 5 v 8 6 f 9 6 o A 6 w 8 7 g 9 7 p A 7 x 8 8 h 9 8 q A 8 y 8 9 i 9 9 r A 9 z E B C D I C I B M 12 1 12 7 A S C I I E B C D I C 8 A S C I I 7 A S C I I A S C I I 6 A S C I I 8 8 7 8 A S C I I 7 8 K M 8. 5 11 1 27 6. 5 10 1750 2 3. 5 K B NEW Yo r k e r 3 60 40 720 6, 155 35 32 550 32 K B 500 5 6 3000 333 ( ) 1 M B F Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby 300KB J D SalingerCatcher in the Rye 400KB Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 540KB John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath 1MB Herman Melville Moby Dick 1.3MB Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones 2.25MB Margaret MitchellGone With the Wind 2.5MB Stephen King The Stand 2.7MB Leo Tolstoy War and Peace 3.9MB Marcel Proust Remembrance of Things Post 7.7MB
216 20 000 20 T B A S C I I A S C I A S C I I A S C I I 7 A S C I I, A S C I I 10 A S C I I 40 h 5 B h 5 C h 5 D h 5 E h 6 0 h 7 B h 7 C h 7 D h 7 E h # $ 8 A S C I I 256 128 00 h 7 F h A S C I I 80 h F F h 96 A S C I I 1 A 0 h F F h
20 ASCII 217 A 0 h A S C I I 20 h A0h WW II A D h A S C I I A S C I I S h i f t - J I S, 81 h 9 F h 2 S h i f t - J I S 6000 S h i f t - J I S A S C I I 1988 A S C I I U n i c o d e A S C I I 7 U n i c o d e 16 2 U n i c o d e 0000 h F F F F h 65 536 U n i c o d e 128 0000 h 0 07 F h A S C I I U n i c o d e 00 A 0 h 0 0 F F h A S C I I 1 U n i c o d e U n i c o d e A S C I I A S C I I U n i c o d e 1 A S C I I The Grapes of Wr a t h 1M U n i c o d e 2 M B U n i c o d e
21 R A M R A M R A M 4 R A M R A M i n p u t o u t p u t R A M R A M S - 100 1975 M I T S A l t a i r 8080 6800 S - 100 5. 3 1 0 100 S - 100 S - 100 ( 12 ) S - 100 S - 100 8080 19 S - 100 RAM S - 100 S - 100 8080 16 8 8080 8 C P U 8080
21 219 8080 Intel 8214 8080 8 080 R S T R e s t a r t 0000 h 0 008 h 0 0 1 0 h 0 0 1 8 h 0 0 2 0 h 0 0 2 8 h 0 0 3 0 h 0 0 3 8 h IBM PC 1 981 I B M P C I B M P C P P C P I B M P C IBM PC 90 % I B M P C M a c i n t o s h M a c i n t o s h 10 % IBM PC Intel 8088 1 M 8088 16 8 I B M P C I S A i n d u s t r y standard architecture, 62 20 8 / 6 3 D M A d i r e c t memory access D M A / D M A / S - 100 IBM PC R A M I B M 1984 I B M Personal Computer AT ( ) 16 I n t e l 80286 16 M I B M 36 7 4 8 / 5 4 D M A 8 16 32 R F I
220 1987 I B M micro channel architecture M C A I B M I B M M A C 1988 9 ( I B M ) 32 E I S A Extended Industry Standard Architecture, I n t e l peripheral component interconnect P C I P C 70 A l t a i r 8080 6 800 1 6 R A M R A M R A M = 2 / 70 2102 2102 MOS(metal_oxide semiconductor, ) 8080 6 800 M O S M O S T T L T T A 0 A 9 D O D I 1024 2102 3 50 1 000 R / W / 1 R / W 170 5 50 2102 C S 1 R / W C S 8 1 8 2102 8 R / W C S
21 221 1024 8 R A M 1 K B R A M S - 100 64 8 K B 32 4 K B 4 K B 4 8 8 080 6 800 8 16 64 K B 4 4 K B 16 RAM 10 A 0 A 9 R A M A 10 A 11 4 A 12 A 15 4 K B 64 K 16 4 K B 0 0 0 0 h 0 F F F h 1 0 0 0 h 1 F F F h 2 0 0 0 h 2 F F F h F 0 0 0 h F F F F h 4 K B A 000 h A F F F h A 000 h A 3 F F h 1 1 K B A 400 h A 7 F F h 2 A 800 h A B F F h 3 A C 00 h A F F F h 4 4 K B D I P 2 1 2 I C 4
222 1 X O R 1 0 1 0 A 1 3 A 1 5 A 000 h A F F F h A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 4 0 N O R 1 E q u a l 2 4 C S 4
21 223 CS 1 CS 2 CS 3 CS 4 A 10 = 0 A 11 = 1 3 16 R A M 8 4-1 4 T T L 2. 2 1 0. 4 0 1 0 2102 0 1 C S 1 2102 4 8 8 2102 S R A M R A M D R A M S R A M 1 4 16 D R A M D R A M S R A M 2102 D R A M D R A M 1 D R A M DRAM D R A M 1975 I n t e l D R A M 16 384 D R A M 4 D R A M S I M M D I M 128 M B D I M M $ 300 C RT
224 C RT 2 60 15 750 60 262. 5 52 V C R / 60 0 400 0 5 15 750 0. 5 2 0. 5 2 525 4. 2 M H z ( ) 4. 2 M H z 420 2 15 750 2 4 200 000 533 1 / 3 3 2 0 525 2 0 0 320 2 00 320 200
21 225 320 2 00 64 000 8 8 6 4 A S C I I 2 0 h 7 F h A S C I I 00 h 1 F h 7 A S C I I 64 6 4 320 2 00 25 40 Amy Lowell
226 R A M R A R A M R A M 1 K B 1 92 K B 25 40 1000 R A M 1000 7 A S C I I 1000 7 1024 1 K B A S C I I R O M R O M R A R O M R O M 128 A S C I I 8 8 R O M 7 A S C I I 64 R O M 7 A S C I I 64 64 10 8 7 A S C I I 7 3 000 111 8 A S C I I 41 h A 8 8 A 1 0 A S C I I 1000001 000 00110000 1000001 001 01111000 1000001 010 11001100 1000001 011 11001100 1000001 100 11111100 1000001 101 11001100 1000001 110 11001100 1000001 111 00000000
21 227 0 1 A 8 R A M 320 2 00 64 000 1 R A M 64 000 R A M 8000 1 1 0 1 R A M 00h F F h 256 320 2 00 64 000 R A M 8 3 192 000 R A M 2 = 2 3 2 0 2 0 0 1981 IBM PC 25 80 I B M C RT I B M 80 I B M C RT 1987 IBM PS/2 Macintosh II 640 480 6 4 0 4 8 0 1889 William Kennedy Laurie D i c k s o n 1 / 3 E d i s o n D i c k s o n 1. 33 1 4 3 60 1950 4 3 4 3 640 4 80 4 3 100 100 640 4 80
228 800 6 00 1 024 7 68 1 280 9 60 1 600 1 200 48 100 A S C I I A A S C I I 4 1 h 6 1 h s h i f t A S C I I A S C I I 16 4 0000 1111 2-4 4-1 16 4 4 2-4 - 1 1 1 4 1 0110 1
21 229 2-4 4-1 1 64 6 6 3-8 8-1 8 8 65 1 28 7 8 1 6 4-16 8-1 3-8 16-1 1 R A M R A M 0 1 R A M 8080 C P U R S T I B M
230 1878 Oberlin Smith(1840 1 926 ) 20 1898 Valdemar Poulsen 1 869 1 942 P o u l s e n 1928 Fritz Pfleumer Reming Rand 1 950 1 / 2 I B M P C I B M 1 956 R A M A C random access method of accounting and control 50 2 5 M 8 IBM PC 5. 25 3. 512 IBM PC 40 8 512 163 840 160KB P C 3. 5 80 18 512 1 474 560 1440 K B IBM PC/XT 1 983 10 M B 1999 20 200 $ 400
21 231 S C S I small computer system interface, E S D I enhanced small device interface, I D E integrated device e l e c t r o n i c s, D M A 512
22 Victor Frankenstein G e p p e t t o A S C I I R A M 8080 0000 h 1 6 O N, O N A 0 A 15 16 D 0 D 7 8 D 0 D 7 O N O F F
22 233 O F F O F F 1 K B 25 40 A S C I I 4 B h K A S C I I 4 B h A S C I I 34 h 4 A S C I I 42 h B A S C I I 8 A S C I I 8080 A S C I I 00 h 0 F h NibbleToAscii: CMP A,0Ah JC Number ADD A,37h RET ;Check if it s a letter or number ;A to F converted to 41h to 46h A F 41h 46h Number: ADD A,30h ; 0 to 9 converted to 30h to 39h( 0 9 30h 39h) RET N i b b l e To A s c i i A A S C I I B C ByteToAscii: PUSH PSW ;Save accumulator( A) RRC RRC RRC RRC ;Rotate A right 4 times... A 4... ;...to get high-order nibble( ) CALL NibbleToAscii;Convert to ASCII code( ASCII ) MOV B,A ;Move result to register B POP PSW ;Get original A back A AND A,0Fh CALL NibbleToAscii MOV C,A RET ;Get low-order nibble ;Convert to ASCII code ASCII ;Move result to register C 1 0 24 / 0 1
234 R S T RST 1 0008 h 20 h A S C I I O U T O u t p u t 1 1 E I H LT H LT H LT I N I n p u t R E T R e t u r n H LT S h i f t A S C I I A S C I I B a c k s p a c e A S C I I 08 h A S C I I 2 0 h B a c k s p a c e R e t u r n ( ) E n t e r R e t u r n E n t e r R e t u r n E n t e r A S C I I 0 D h W D R W Wr i t e W 1020 35 4F 78 23 9B AC 67 35 4 F 1020 h A S C I I D D i s p l a y
22 235 D 1030 1030 h 11 40 11 D i s p l a y R R u n R 1000 1000 h 1000 h H L P C H L H L R O M R O M A S C I I R O M P R O M ) E P R O M R A M D I P D I P R A M 8080 R A M 0000 h R O M R O M 0000 h R A M R O M R A M R O S S 2080 2 15 3 2080 h 2 15 3 L o a d L 2080 2 15 3 J u m p C a l l
236 8 C P / M Gary Kildall 1942 20 70 Intel 8080 D R I digital research i n c o r p o r a t e d C P / M C P / M 8 77 26 128 256 256 C P / M C P / M C P / M 75 C P / M C P / M 75 8 1024 243 0 2 42 2048 32 2048 / 32 64 32 0 0 1 8 9 11 1 2 13 1 4 0 1 5 1 6 3 1 C P / M 0 13 1 4 C P / M 8 1 8 3 9 11 T X T A S C I I C O M C o m m a n d 8080
22 237 MYLETTER.TXT CALC.COM 8. 3 8 3 4 14 h 1 5 h 0 7 h 2 3 h 0 4 4 K B 15 128 16 384 16 K B 12 0 12 1 A S C I I A S C I I C P / M C O M 8080 16 5 A 48 h 7 8 B F h F 510 h 6 48 5A BF 78 10 F5 I n t e l M o t o r o l a 5A 48 78 BF F5 10 A S C I I 3 1 6 35 41 34 38 68 0D 0A 37 38 42 46 68 0D 0A 46 35 31 30 68 0D 0A A S C I I 0 D h 0 A h, 5A48h 78BFh F510h 3 A S C I I 32 33 31 31 32 0D 0A 33 30 39 31 31 0D 0A 36 32 37 33 36 0D 0A 3 A S C I I 23112 30911 62736 C P / M C P / C P / M R O M 128 C P / M
238 C P / M R A M C P / M TPA CCP BDOS / BIOS C P / M / B I O S B D O S C C P 6 K B T PA 6 4 K B 58 K B C C P A A C P / M C C P C C P C C P DIR * DIR *.TXT DIR A B.* 5 A B E R A E r a s e ERA MYLETTER.TXT ERA *.TXT R E N R e n a m e T Y P E A S C I I
22 239 TYPE MYLETTER.TXT S AV E 256 C P / M C O M C C P C P / M 0100 h C P / M CALC C A L C. C O M C C P 0100 h 0100 h C P / M 0100 h C P / M P I P peripheral interchange program E D P I P E C P / M C O M C P / M C P / M C P / M C P / M C P / M C P / M C P / M C P / M C P / M C P / A P I application programming interface C P / M C A P I CALL 5 A S C I I MOV C 01h CALL 5 A A S C I I MOV C 02h
240 CALL 5 A A S C I I D E MOV C 16h CALL 5 C A L L 5 C P / M C A L L 5 0005 h C P / M J M P J u m p C P / M B D O S C P / M B D O S B D O S C P / M / B I O S B I O S B I O S C P / M C C P B D O S C P / M A P I C P / M C P / M C P / C P / M 8 080 8080 Intel 8085 Z i l o g Z 8 0 C P / M C P / M A P I C P / M 8080 C P / M 16 Q D O S quick and dirty operating system Q D O S seattle computer products Tim Paterson I n t e l 1 6 8 086 8 088 Q D O S 86 - D O S M i c r o s o f t I B M M S - D O S 1 IBM PC C P / M 1 6 C P / M 8 6 IBM PC M S - D O S M S - D O I B M P C - D O S IBM PC M S - D O S C P / M M S - D O S FAT M i c r o s o f t 1977 512 16 384 FAT M S - D O S 32 C P / M 8. 3 3 M S - D O S M S - D O S C P / M M S - D O S B I O S IBM PC B I O S R O M M S - D O S C O M M A N D. C O M M S - D O S C O M 64 K B E X E
22 241 MS-DOS CALL 5 API 8086 INT 21h MS-DOS API 20 70 80 M S D O S IBM PC IBM PC IBM PC IBM PC IBM PC 100 MS-DOS 2.0 1983 3 MS-DOS 2.0 M S - D O S MS-DOS 2.0 U N I X U N I X 2 0 7 0 Ken Thompson 1943 D e n n i s R i t c h i e 1941 U N I X M I T G E M u l t i c s multiplexed information and computing services U N I X U N I X U N I X AT T AT T U N I X 1973 U N I X 1983 AT T U N I X U N I X U N I X U N I X U N I X U N I U N I X U N I X
242 U N I X U N I U N I X C P / M M S - D O S U N I X F S F free software foundation G U N Richard Stallman G U N G U N U N I X G U N U N I X G U N U N I X G U N U N I X L i n u x U N I X L i n u x Linus To r v a l d s L i n u x 2 0 80 M a c i n t o s h Wi n d o w s,
23 2. 75 1 8. 25 % 2. 6 2. 6 2 8 16 32 2 8 0 2 5 5 1 2 8 1 2 7 1 6 0 65 535-32 768 32 767 3 2 0 4 294 967 295-2 147 483 648 2 147 483 647 3 / 4 3 4 0. 75 / 100 7 10 10 7 42 705.684 4 10 000 2 1 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 1 6 1 0 8 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 4 10 000 2 1 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 1 0
244 5 1 6 0. 1 8 0. 0 1 4 0. 0 0 1 10 4 1 0 4 2 1 0 3 7 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 5 1 0 0 6 1 0 1 8 1 0 2 4 1 0 3 1 / 3 3 1 0.3333333333333333333333... 3 0. 3 1 / 3 1 / 7 0.142857142857142857... 0.142857 2 2 x 2 2 = 0 π 3. 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5 8 9 7 9 3 2 8 4 6 2 6 4 3 3 8 3 2 7 9 5 0 2 8 8 4 1 9 7 1 6 9 3 9 9 3 7 5 1 1...... 1+ 1 n n n 2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369996... 0 1
23 245 32 0 4 294 967 295 4. 5 B C D 19 B C D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 11 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 1 6 0 11 0 7 0 111 8 1 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 B C D 1 B C D B C D 2 B C D B C D ( ) B C D 4 8 1000 9 999 999.99 9 999 999.99 5 4 325 120.35 5 00010100 00110010 01010001 00100000 00100101 14h 32h 51h 20h 25h 1 0 4 99 999 999.99 99 999 999.99 6 1 0 5 490 000 000 000
246 0. 00000000026 12 1 0 0 490 000 000 000 4. 9 1 0 11 0.00000000026 2. 6 1 0 1 0 4. 9 2. 6 10 11 10 1 10 4. 9 1 0 11 4 9 1 0 1 0 4 9 0 1 0 9 0. 4 9 1 0 1 2 0. 0 4 9 1 0 1 3 5. 8 1 2 5 1 0 7 58 125 000 5. 8 1 2 5 1 0 7 0. 00000058125 10 2 1 0 1. 11 0 1 1 4 0 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 0 8 1 1 6 2
23 247 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 3 1 2 4 2 1 2 1 4 0 2 1 1 1 0. 5 1 0. 2 5 0 0. 1 2 5 1 0. 0 6 2 5 101. 1101 5. 8125 1 10 1 10 2 101. 1101 1. 011101 2 2 1 I E E E 1 985 ANSI(the American national standards institute ) A N S I / I E E E S t d7 54 1 985 I E E E 18 I E E E 4 8 1 0 1 8 2 3 s 1 e 8 f 23 32 4 1 I E E E 23 23 24 2 4 8 0 2 55 127
248 0 2 55 1 254 s e f 1 s 1. f 2 e 1 27 1 s s 0 1 s 1 1 1 1. f 1 23 2 8 127 0 e 0 f 0 0 32 0 0 1 0 0 0 e 0 f 0 1 s 0. f 2-127 0 e 255 f 0 s e 255 f 0 N a N N a N 1. 00000000000000000000000 2 1 26 23 0 1. 11111111111111111111111 2 127 1. 175494351 1 0 3 8 3. 402823466 1 0 38 10 3 10 1 ( 3 F F h 1023 ) 3 9 999 2 1 0 1 0 3 24 7 24 7 1 / 2 24 1 / 16777216 16 777 216 16 777 217 16 777 216.5
23 249 3 32 4 B 8 0 0 0 0 0 h 0 10010111 00000000000000000000000 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T W O 2 2 4 16 777 218 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 T W O 2 2 4 $262 144.00 $262 144.01 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T W O 2 1 8 3. 50 3. 499999999999 8 s 1 e 11 f 52 1023 3 F F h 1 s 1. f 2 e 1 023 0 N a N 1. 0...... 0 T W O 2 1 0 2 2 5 2 1. 1...... 1 T W O 2 1 0 2 3 5 2 1 2. 2250738585072014 1 0 3 08 1. 7976931348623158 10 308 1 0 3 08 1 308 53 1 16 140 737 488 355 328.00 140 737 488 355 328.01 6 4 4 2 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 h
250 1. 0...... 0 T W O 2 4 7 5 2 0 1. 1101 2 5 1. 0010 2 2 11101 1 0010 11101000 1 0010 1. 1111 0 1 0 2 5 S i n x 360 2 π 1 5! 1 2 3 4 5 0 π / 2 12 53 1 1 6 1954 IBM 704 7 04 36 27 8 1
23 251 1980 I n t e l 8087 floating-point unit F P U 8087 8086 8 088 8086 8 088 I n t e l 16 8087 4 0 8086 8 088 C P U E S C E s c a p e 68 I E E E 8087 F S Q RT R O M 10 IBM PC 8088 40 8087 8087 8087 I n t e l 286 287 386 3 87 1989 Intel 486DX F P U C P U 1991 I n t e l 486 S X F P U C P U 487 S X 1993 P e n t i u m C P U F P U M o t o r o l a 68040 F P U 1990 M o t o r o l a 68881 6 8882 68000 P o w e r P C 2 0 50
24 22 22 M O V A D D C A L L H LT 8080 46 h H L 16 B MOV B [HL] 8080 C P / M C P / M E D. C O M P R O G R A M 1. A S M A S M ORG 0100h LXI DE, Text MVI C,9 CALL 5 RET Text: DB Hello!$ END O R G o r i g i n 8080 0100 h C P / M L X I load extended immediate 16 D E 16 Te x t D B Data Byte D B D B
24 253 M V I move immediate 9 C CALL 5 C P / M 9 D E C P / M R E T C P / M C P / M E N D 7 C P / M C P / A S M. C O M C P / M C P / M A S M. C O M ASM PROGRAM1.ASM A S M P R O G R A M 1. A S M P R O G R A M 1. C O M C P / M P R O G R A M 1. C O M H e l l o! P R O G R A M 1. C O M 16 11 09 01 0E 09 CD 05 00 C9 48 65 6C 6C 6F 21 24 3 L X I 2 M V I 3 C A L L R E T 7 H e l l o A S C I I A S M. C O M L X I D E 0109 h L X I 0100 h C P / M 0109 h Te x t A B Initel 8080 M o t o r o l a 6 800 6800
254 A Sin 2 PI B /C A B C PI 3. 14159 A B C 20 50 1993 1000 ) 2 2 2
24 255 Grace Murray Hopper 1 906 1 992 1952 U N I VA C A - 0 H o p p e r 1944 Howard Aiken 80 D E C F O RT R A N F O RT R A N FORmula 3 T R A N s l a t i o n 4 20 50 I B M 704 F O RT R A N A L G O L ALGOrithmic LanguageA L G O L 40 A L G O L A L G O L 58 1957 1 958 1960 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68 A L G O L Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 1962 1963 1 A L G O L A L G O L. C O M C P / M S - D O S A L G O L F I R S T. A L G A L G O L b e g i n e n d begin ende print('this is my fist ALGOL program!'); A L G O L F I R S T.ALG ALGOL FIRST.ALG A L G O L Line 3: Unrecognized keyword 'ende'. A L G O L e n d e n d e A L G O L F I R S T. C O M M S - D O S F I R S T. E X E F I R S T
256 FIRST F I R S T This is my fist ALGOL program! run-time error A L G O L p r i n t A L G O L C P / M p r i n t A L G O L ALGOL p r i n t ALGOL b e g i n e n d p r i n t 3 a b c begin end real a,b,c; a:=535.43; b:=289.771; c:=a b; print ('The product of ', a, ' and ', b, ' is ', c); real a b c A L G O L i n t e g e r A L G O L I E E E 3 4 8 A L G O L a b c A S C I I E B C D I C * A L G O L / A L G O L A S C I I p r i n t A S C I I p r i n t A S C I I The product of 535.43 and 289.711 is 155152.08653 r e a d
24 257 begin real a,b,c; print ('Enter the first number: '); read (a); print ('Enter the second number: '); read (b); c:= a b; end print ('The product of ', a, ' and ', b, ' is ', c); r e a d A S C I I 3 5 7 9 begin real a, b; end for a := 3, 5, 7, 9 do begin b := a a a; print (' The cube of ', a, ' is ', b); end f o r a 3 d o b e g i n e n d f o r a 5 7 9 f o r 3 9 9 begin real a, b; end for a :=3 step 2 until 99 do begin b := a a a; print ('The cube of ', a, ' is ', b); end f o r a 3 f o r a s t e p 2 5 a 2 99 f o r ALGOL 60 f o r f o r for example A L G O L s q r t s q r t
258 begin real a, b; print ('Enter a number: '); read (a); end if a< 0 then print ('Sorry, the number was negative.'); else begin b = sqrt (a); print ('The square root of ', a, 'is ', b); end 0 p r i n t 0 p r i n t A L G O L real array a[1:100]; 100 a [ 1 ] a [ 2 ] a [ 100 ] 1 1 00 begin real array a[1:100]; integer i; for i :=1 step 1 until 100 do a[i] := sqrt(i); end for i :=1 step 1 until 100 do print ('The square root of ', i, ' is ', a[i]); i i n t e g e r for f o r 10 t r u e f a l s e E r a t o s t h e n e s E r a t o s t h e n e s 276 1 96 1 2 3 5 7 11 1 3 1 7 E r a t o s t h e n e s 2 2
24 259 2 3 3 4 5 A L G O L 2 10 000 2 1 0 0 0 0 begin Boolean array a[2:10000]; integer i, j for i :=2 step 1 until 10000 do a[i] := true; for i :=2 step 1 until 100 do if a[i] then for j := 2 step 1 until 10000 i do a [i j] := false; end for i := 2 step 1 until 10000 do if a[i] then print (i); f o r t r u e f o r 1 1 00 10 000 a [ i ] f o r f a l s e f o r a [ i ] i Donald Knuth The Art of Computer Programmign Richard Feynman 100 E r a t o s t h e n s F O RT R A N A L G O L C O B O L common business oriented language, 1959 C O B O L Grace Hopper C O B O L C O B O L
260 C O B O L I B M 8 0 2 4 2000 20 60 S y s t e m / 360 I B M P L / I I 1 P L / I programming language number onep L / I A L G O L F O RT R A N C O B O L F O RT R A N C O B O L F O RT R A N ALGOL C O B O L P L / I B A S I C B A S I C b e g i n n e r s all-purpose symbolic instruction code D a r t m o u t h J o h n K e m e n y Thomas Kurtz 1 964 D a r t m o u t h D a r t m o u t h D a r t m o u t h B A S I C B A S I S AV E B A S I C L I S T R U N B A S I C B A S I C 10 LET X = (7 + 8) / 3 20 PRINT X 30 END A L G O L B A S I C B A S I C 1955 1953 197 Altair 8800 B A S I C B A S I C P a s c a l A L G O L C O B O L Niklaus Wi r t h 1934 20 60 P a s c a l IBM PC Turbo Pascal 1983 B o r l a n d $ 49. 95 Turbo Pascal Anders Hejlsberg 1960 P a s c a l Turbo Pascal P a s c a l A d a A d a Augusta Ada B y r o n 18 C 1969 1973 Dennis M.Ritchie C B B B C P L Basic CPL B C P
24 261 C P L combined programming language 2 2 U N I X 1973 U N I X C C C A L G O L P a s c a l b e g i n end C i =i+5; C i+=5; 1 i++; 1 6 32 C C C A L G O L C A L G O L L I S P LISt Processing J o h n McCarthy 2 0 50 L I S P A P L A Programming Language Kenneth Iverson 20 50 A P L A L G O L
25 1945 9 1 0 L i f e Vaslav Nijinsky Vannevar Bush 1 890 1 974 Van Bush 1927 1931 1945 L i f e B u s h The AtLantic Monthly B u s h L i f e As We May Think B u s h Memex M e m e x 20 As We May Think 65 20 50 60 7 D a r t m o u t h 2 0 60 A S C I I 70 C RT
25 263 C P / M M S - D O S U N I X A S C I I A S C I 1 B h E s c a p e 1979 A N S I A S C I I E s c a p e 1 B h 1 E s c a p e 1Bh 5Bh 32h 4Ah Escape [ 2 J 1Bh 5Bh 35h 3Bh 32h 39h 48h E s c a p e [ 5 2 9 H 5 29 C RT A S C I I E s c a p e 20 70 21 Vi s i C a l c Vi s i C a l c Dan Bricklin ( 1951 ) Bob Frankston( 1949 ) 1979 Apple II Vi s i C a l c Vi s i C a l Vi s i C a l c Vi s i C a l c Vi s i C a l Apple II IBM PC 10 20 80 I B M P C IBM PC 21 A S C I I 8 1945
264 20 50 I B M S A G E s e m i - a u t o m a t i c - ground environment, S A G E P C P C 1 640 48 307 200 1 1 0 1 307 200 38 400 00h F F h C RT 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 11 1 0 0 1 0 1 11 0 111 2 5 1 32 768 3 256 16 777 216 640 480 921 600 1 M
25 265 = 2 1 M 640 4 80 3 800 6 00 3 2 S A G E S A G E C RT Van Sutherland( 1938 ) 1963 S A G E S k e t c h p a d Douglas Engelbart( 1925 ) 194 Vannevar Bush As We May Think 5 20 60 S a n f o r d ( ) E n g e l b a r t X e r o x X e r o x 1970 Palo Alto PA R C PA R Alan Kay 1940 14 Robert Heidein Van Bush D y n a b o o k PA R C A l t o 1972 1973 16 2 3 M B 128 K B 512 K B 16 A l t o 200 A l t o 8 10 606 808 489 648 1 64 K B
266 2 0 70 A l t o A l t o Douglas Engelbart 1 963 for the Augmentation of Man's Intellect A l t o PA R C G U I graphic user interface X e r o x A l t o 3 10 1979,Steve Jobs PA R C 1983 1 Apple Lisa 1 M a c i n t o s h M a c i n t o s h Matorola 6800 64 K B R O M 1 28 K B R A M 3. 5 400 K B 512 342 C RT 9 175 104 1 R A M 22 K B M a c i n t o s h 1984 M a c M a c i n t o s h Mac OS. C P / M M S - D O S A P I 22 Mac OS A P I M S - D O S A P I Mac OS A P I A P I A P I W Y S I W Y G What you see is what you get ( ) Flip Wi l s o n G e r a l d i n e
25 267 A P I G U I M a c i n t o s h IBM PC A p p l e M a c i n t o s h P C IBM PC 1981 M S - D O S P C M S - D O S M a c i n t o s h Apple II 1985 Digital Research C P / M G E M Vi s i c o r p ( Vi s i l a l c ) Vi s i O n Microsoft Windows 1.0 1990 3 Windows 3.0 Wi n d o w s 90 % Wi n d o w s M a c i n t o s h Wi n d o w s A P I Macintosh Windows 1.0 Windows 1.0 ( ) 200 M B 32 M B M a c i n t o s h P a s c a l Wi n d o w s C PA R C 1972 PA R C S m a l l t a l k O O P s e t f o r if A L G O L C P a s c a l
268 C C + + C + + Bjarne stroustrup 1950 C + + C C C M a c i n t o s h Wi n d o w s A P I A P I Macintosh Windows API I D E 2 2 A S C I I M i c r o s o f t RT F rich text format {} \ P o s t S c r i p t P o s t S c r i p t A d o b e John Wa r n o c k 1940 C A D /
25 269 2 3 C C D C C C C D C C D C C D V C R C C D M a c i n t o s h P a i n t M a c P a i n t M a c i n t o s h P I C T Wi n d o w s B M P 3 72 72 7 R L E run-length encoding R L E 10 G I F Compu Serve 1987 G I F L Z W L Z W L e m p l e l Z i v We l c h L Z W R L E R L E L Z W
270 J P E G J P E G j o i n t photography experts group O C R optical character recognition A S C I I O C R O C R O C 100 % O C R A S C I I 1 9 8 3 C D P h i l i p s S o n y 12 c m 74 74 C D C D PCM (pulse code modulation) P C M 1877 C D 1 / 0 A D C A D C 8 12 1 6 12 A D C 000 h F F F h 4096 C D CD D A C D A C 1 928 H a r r y N y q u i s t 20 20 000 C D 44 100 C D 1 b e l 10 1 ( d e c i b e l ) 1 1 / 10
25 271 16 96 C D 16 C D 44 100 2 176 400 10 584 000 20 80 C D 7 4 783 216 000 C D C C D - R O M C D C D - R O M 660 M B CD C D - R O M 10 A D C D A C C D M a c i n t o s h Wi n d o w s 22 050 11 025 8 000 8 8000 480 A S C I I A S C I I A S C I I 128 47 M I D I M I D I 20 80 M I D I M I D I M I D I 1 2 3 M I D I
272 M I D I M I D I M I D I M I D I M I D M I D I M I D I M I D I M I D I 24 30 25 640 4 80 24 921 600 30 27 648 000 1 658 880 000 199 065 600 000 200 G B J E P G M P E M P E G M P E G M P E G - 2 H D T V D V D D V C D D V D 50 4 G B D V D 16 G B C D 2 5 D V D C D - R O M C D - R O M D V D - R O M Vannevar Bush M e m e x C D - R O M D V D - R O M C D D V D B u s h G e o rge Stibitz 1930 1940 D a r t m o u t h 0 1 8 F S K 300bps 0 1070 1 1270 10 300 b p s 30 100
25 273 B B S C o m p u S e r v e A S C I I I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e T C P / I P T C I P A S C I I T C P / I P I n t e r n e t World Wide We b H T T P We b H T M L Vannevar Bush M e m e x H T M L We b H T M L RT F A S C I I H T M L G I F P N G portable network graphics J F I F J P E G World Wide We b H T M L H T M L H T M L 19 24 We b H T M L We b We b C G I H T M L Java Script We b H T M L Java Script We b M a c i n t o s h P o w e r P C Mac OS API; PC Intel Pentium Windows API S u n J a v a J a v a S c r i p t J a v a C + + J a v a J a v a J a v J a v J a v a J V M J a v a J V M J a v a J a v a