20 60/40 mmhg 60 mmhg
55 30 B 80
56 medical futility futile medical treatment nonbeneficial medical treatment futility futilis Danaus49 Schneiderman 1990 Hippocrates Plato
57
58
59 Schneiderman principle of beneficence principle of nonmaleficence principle of justice principle of respect of autonomy
60 1% medical futility policy
61 1. 2. 3. 4.
62
63 1. 2. 3. 4.
64 5. 1. Freer JP. (1997), Ethics Committee Core Curriculum:An Orientation Manual for Ethics Committee Members. 2. Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS, Jonsen AR. (1990), Medical Futility: Its Meaning and Ethical Implications, Ann Intern Med 112:949-54. 3. Baker R.(1993), The Ethics of Medical Futility, Crit Care Clin 9:575-84. 4. Wear S, Logue G.(1995), The Problem of Medically Futile Treatment: Falling back on a Preventive Ethics Approach, J Clin Ethics 6:138-48. 5. Youngner SJ.(1996), Medical Futility, Crit Care Clin 12:165-78. 6. Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS, Jonsen AR. (1996), Medical Futility: Response to Critiques, Ann Intern Med 125:669-74. 7. Bay Area Network of Ethics Committees Nonbeneficial Treatment Working Group. (1999), Nonbeneficial or Futile Medical Treatment: Conflict Resolution Guidelines for the San Francisco Bay Area, West J Med 170:287-90. 8. Weijer C.(1999), Medical Futility, West J Med 170:254. 9. Doty WD, Walker RM.(2000), Medical Futility, Clin Cardiol 23 (Suppl 2): II6-16. 10. Lofmark R, Nilstun T.(2000), Conditions and Consequences of Medical Futility: From a Literature Review to a Clinical Model, J Med Ethics 28:115-9.