( ) 039 (CIP) (2005)/, :, ISBN Ⅰ Ⅱ 1 2 Ⅲ 2005 Ⅳ F42 CIP (2005) (2005) : : : ( ) :(010) (010) :(010)

(2005)

( ) 039 (CIP) (2005)/, :,2005 10 ISBN7 5025 7720 3 Ⅰ Ⅱ 1 2 Ⅲ 2005 Ⅳ F42 CIP (2005) 115526 (2005) : : : ( 3 100029) :(010)64982530 (010)64918013 :(010)64982630 htp://www.cip.com.cn 880mm 1230mm 1/16 29 579 2006 1 1 2006 1 1 ISBN7 5025 7720 3 :110 00,

,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, 2004, 2005,,,,

, 20,,,,,, 21,,,,,,, (2005),,

, 20,,,,,, (2004), 2004 10, (2005),, ; 200 ;,, ;, ;,,,, (2005)

1,,,, ( ), ;,,, 1 1,,,,,,, 4000, 21 21, 70%,

2,, 21, 1 2,,,, 2003 200 ; 2000 10000t, 55?, 2004~2006, 55 ~70, (OLED) 2002 8500 2007 25, 89%,OLED 2008 9 26, 15%, 2015, 50, 20, 5 800, 2010 4000 500, 2010, 14400,, 2010 1000,,2001 2750, 10%, 2010 6500,2004 180 1, 27 7% 20%,2005 219 0,2009 555 5? 1 =0 0254m,1 =6 4516 10-4 m 2,

1 3 1 3 1956,,,,, : 1,, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4, ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,,, 1000, 10, 40%,,,,, 300, 10, 200,,160 20 20 60 70,, 80, 90,,,,,,,,

4,,,,, 500 40,,,2004,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, ;, 2~4, 1/4~ 1/3,,,,,,,,, ;, 1 4 21,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,

1 5 ;,,,,,,,,,, (1),,, (2),,, (3), ;, 20% ~30%, 20% (4) ;,, (5),,, ;,,,,

6

2 2001~2004 2 1,, 21,,,,, 2000,,,,2001, ;2001 ( [2000]2433 ),,, 201,, 2002, 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 (1)

8 201 2 1 2 1,, 2 1 / 44 404152 70 29590 00 30 477766 16 51900 00 22 193087 58 16500 00 26 282095 00 26500 00 21 133738 00 14750 00 27 247697 04 23150 00 31 307384 83 31800 00 201 2045921 31 194190 00 (2) 21 4 3 ( 2 1), :,, 2 1 (3) / 2 2,,,, ;,

2 2001~2004 9,, ; ;,, ;, 2 2 ( : ) 3 2 4 5 1 5 20 5 2 1 8 3 2 2 1 1 3 12 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 2 2 1 7 2 2 2 6 3 2 2 2 9 4 2 1 1 8 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 8 1 1 1 3 15 1 2 2 1 1 2 9 1 1 2 1 5 3 1 3 2 1 2 5 17 3 2 1 1 2 9 1 2 3 4 2 2 1 9 4 1 1 6 1 1 2 2 6 3 2 3 2 2 12 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 2 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 3,,, 2 2 1 2, 189 201 18056, 58 7%, 23 3%, 7 9%, 10 1% ( 2 2),, 70% 20 90 (80 53%)

10 2 2, 17 14%, 43 65% ( ),, 2 2 1 3 4 (1),, (2), (3), (4),, 76 1% ( 2 3) 2 3,,,, 2 4 2 5 67 2%,75%

2 2001~2004 11 2 4 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,,,,,, 80%, 20% 2 2 2 2, 2 3, 2 3 (1) / (2) ( )/% : ( )/% 204 8 88 54 94 67 ( )/% 88 91 ( )/% 77 18 ( )/% 60 84 2 2 2 3,,,, 2 4

12 2 4 ( 201 )/ /% 68 33 83 106 52 74 27 13 43 2 3 (1),, 201, 19 42, 966 12, 200mm (8 ), 2,,, 204 76, 10 54, 1 02,, 10 (2) 109, 286 14, 21 24, 21 50, 40 37, 2 63, 1948 63, 1972 48, 3703 67 2 86,, 1, 2001 89103, 9661, 20493, 5465, 2003, 5850, 1400, 2 5 ( ), 28 81% 2, 500t 1200t 2000 1152t, 5000 1 415, 1414 2003 1955 4t, 1 73, 3 4

2 2001~2004 13 (MDI), 2000 3 44 2001 5 7, 0 498 1 007 4 (PPS), 1 37, 4500 ; PPS, 1500 5 1200 PU,2003 2 18, 3965, 316, 633 85 6 1,2003 1, 2800, 1100, 15% 25%,,, 7, 2003 12,2004 5,13, 70%,2005 6, 51840, 12122, 8,, 36935,,2003 59379 2 4, ( 70%), 30%,,, 1,,,,, 4NEu 2O 3 5~6N Eu 2O 3,,

14,, VFD PDP,,, 2 MDI, BASF Bayer ICI DOW MDI 90 70 2, 90, 30 10, 50%, 2 19,, MDI4 10 MDI, 1 3,,, 3,,,,, : 20, 20, 2 4 PPS,, PPS, PPS, 5 ( ),, ;,,

2 2001~2004 15 6,,, PU,,, PU, ( ) ( ) 7,,,,,, 1/3, 10%,, 2002 4, 2500t,,, 1 2, 2500t,, 8, 2004 10 2005 12,,,,,2003 2100,2004 4100, 226,,, 2005, 1500,, 9,, 2002 11,,2003 7, 2004 10,,

16,,,,, 2 5,,,,,,, 1,,, Ga In As Sb 65t, 2, 2002 2003,, 10 5~7N 57t/a ( 10t/a ) 2003 4 29, 2003 10,,,, 2,,,,,,, 2004 7

2 2001~2004 17 3,, 7, 2, 60% 30%, 10%,, 2003 4,, 4 1,,,, 2002 12, 5,, 1992, 60,,,,, 40, 35%, 65%, 100t, 30 120 400t,2003 3 6, 6000, 6,, 13, 6, 100mm, 80m/min,,,, ;,, ;,,

18 7,, 80t/a,,,,,, 8 (PPS),,,,, 2003 8,2004 9,,,,,,,,,, 10, 5930, 3017m 2, GeCl 440t, GeCl 4, 2004 1~6 4t, 5 10-6 70% 2004,, 2005,,,,

2 2001~2004 19 瑏瑡 800t, 2001, 2002, 1 4, 2,, 1200t/a, 3,, 瑏瑢 300t,,,,,, 2004 5,6, (300t/a ), 瑏瑣 TFT TFT PMMA TFT,,, PMMA, 4,, 13320, 3224 2002,2002 10,2003 1,2004, PMMP TFT, 瑏瑤,,, 2003 8, 11360, 21326m 2, 150,

20,,,,,, ;,,, 瑏瑥 21,,,,, 2004 10,,,,,,, 2 6,, : ;,, 1 C C, C C,, 9%, 25%, 100%,, 757,,, C C,

2 2001~2004 21, 2 2 /,, 40% 8%,,,,,, 3,,, 55% 80%;,, ;, ;,,, 4, Ⅱ, Ⅲ,,,, 5,,,, 6 700t,,,,,,, 7 1 5

22,,,,,,,,,, 8,,,,,, 2002 6, 1999 10, 1 3, 10, 2000,, 9, 5%~25 4%, 25 8% 58 3%,, 2000, 3, 10 5000t,, TDK PC40, ; MnZn NiZn AlN BN 2003 9 28 瑏瑡 ( ),,,

2 2001~2004 23,, 2002 7, 瑏瑢 10,,, YFZZ101, YNFWH101 2003 2004,,,,, 2004 4 瑏瑣, 3~5,,,, ; ;, ITS SGS, 0 0015%, 0 06% 0 009%, MEL, 瑏瑤,,,,,, 2004 8, 瑏瑥,, 4813 56, 90%,, 10251, 1193

24,, 2 7 2 7 1, 7 21, 2 7 2,,, 70%,, 2 7 3, (1),,,, (2),,, (3),, (4), (5),

2 2001~2004 25, (6),,,,, (1),, (2),, (3),,,, (4),,, 2 8,, 4000,, 21, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,

26,,,,,,,, :, :,,,, 2 8 1 (1), (2),,, (3),,, (4),,,,,,,, (5),, (6), (7),,,,

2 2001~2004 27 (8),,,,, 2 8 2,,, 1 (8 12 ;SOI SiGe Si GaAs InP GaN ) 2 ( ) 3 (PDP LCD LED OLED) 4 5 6 ( ) 7 8 9 ( ) 10 ( ) 瑏瑡 ( ) 瑏瑢 瑏瑣 ( ) 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 瑏瑦 瑏瑧

28 2 8 3,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 8 4 (1),,,,,, (2),,,,, (3),,,,,,,,, WTO,

2 2001~2004 29,,,,, ( ),, (4), 1999 2000,,, ; 2 9,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,

30,

3 3 1, 200, 20,,,,,,,, (1), 1,,, 2, 3 ( ), (2), 1940 100,1970 1000,1985

32 2000,2004 ( ) 4000, 3%~5% 2010 3500, 4500 85%, 2004 3000, 5%,2004 667 1, 618, 1980 40 600 / ( ),,,,,,,, (3),,, 1 ~ 2,, 70% 20 50, 20%, 60, 25%, 70~80, 20% 80 90,,, 20%, ( + ) 4000 /, 3000 /, ( ) 36%, 20%, 20% 3% 1950, 20 50~60 80,, 1980 52 9, 35,2004 618, 1980 1068%, 1980 17,

3 33,,, ; ;,,,, (4), ( 80% ),, 36%,,, :,,,,,,,, 3 2 3 2 1,,,,, 1940 100, 2004 ( ) 4000, 2010 4500 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), (ALCOA) (ALCAN) (REYNOLDS) (KAISER) (PECHIN EY) (ALUSWISSE) (VAW),

34 60%,,, 3 1~ 3 4 1990 3 1 1991~2004 ( : ) 1991 1962 1853 2 +108 8 1992 1927 1838 7 +88 3 1993 1927 1 1822 2 +149 9 1994 1912 1959 3-47 3 1995 1974 2029 9-59 9 1996 2078 9 2045 1 +37 5 1997 2180 4 2140 6 +39 8 1998 2265 6 2168 8 +98 8 1999 2360 2304 +56 2000 2446 4 2395 +52 1 2001 2549 5 2498 +51 5 2002 2613 9 2563 5 +50 4 2003 2792 8 2737 8 +55 2004 2970 8 2913 1 +57 7 3 2 ( : ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 360 3 371 1 375 8 366 8 336 7 369 5 370 21 351 290 6 300 6 313 8 342 4 330 2 334 7 347 9 360 217 9 246 3 261 8 282 7 342 7 451 1 556 3 667 1 232 7 237 4 238 3 237 4 258 3 270 9 279 1 274 149 4 161 6 170 2 176 4 178 5 183 6 186 4 190 3 3 1991~2000 ( : ) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 /% 519 29 551 56 640 21 652 45 700 26 693 52 734 59 673 13 724 43 706 61 3 48 256 46 245 15 236 94 257 92 264 24 270 73 278 62 254 81 257 21 266 85 0 44 50 52 65 74 77 26 85 52 174 23 162 01 176 11 147 15 176 55 217 15 17 59 131 89 136 97 128 40 140 72 149 70 148 27 180 88 181 70 186 42 200 99 4 79 78 54 82 57 80 39 88 58 92 41 87 33 93 62 95 85 100 79 105 73 3 36 72 61 73 24 67 29 73 70 73 95 68 70 74 09 74 96 77 41 75 75 0 47 1335 7 1385 6 1435 3 1548 1 1709 2 1646 4 1794 0 1804 6 1903 8 2005 8 4 68 3 4 21 (2002 ) [ : /( )] 27 4 17 0 2 30 0 75 6 8 0 55 19 4 9 10 0 65 0 30 9 15 0 20 16 40 10 00 1 00 0 12 5 55 1 08 21 25 10 80 1 20 0 10 5 82 2 75 14 6 6 0 0 90 0 20 6 7 0 80 12 00 5 40 1 00 0 30 4 00 1 50 12 10 7 75 1 35 0 13 2 50 0 80 9 6 5 20 1 15 0 12 2 80 0 33 3 2 1 05 0 22 0 05 1 80 0 08 3 30 1 80 0 25 0 12 1 25 0 15

3 35 1990,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 20 80,,,,, 3 :1 25%~30%, (3 1)~(3 5 1);2 97%, ;3 50%,,, 3 2 2 20 50 (1954 ),, 20 80,, 40 1983,,, 1989 76, 42, 87 1990,,,,

36 20 90, 15%, 20% 2001 427, 342 7, (336 ) 2004 667 1,, 2004, 1100, 500, 450, 2004 200, 120,, 2004 ( ) 618,, 20 80 0 8 /( ), 2004 5 0 /( ) 3 5~ 3 7 1990 3 5 2000 ( : ) 5290 1460 655 432 2445 2 342 0 325 8 282 7 1777 6 788 0 266 8 217 8 882 4 347 0 121 3 100 0 ( ) 2481 2 546 1 222 2 353 2 ( ) 3303 6 930 3 343 5 485 8 3 6 1990 ( : ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 39 38 50 52 65 24 77 26 85 52 174 23 162 01 176 11 : 16 60 19 89 20 30 20 27 17 31 33 96 36 63 43 00 1 12 1 50 1 97 2 21 2 72 9 07 9 24 11 36 10 05 26 35 19 31 27 68 25 33 91 42 82 80 88 39 2 79 2 60 2 41 2 40 2 19 17 42 19 39 16 33 8 82 10 17 21 72 29 71 37 96 22 56 13 71 16 83 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 147 15 176 55 217 15 240 298 9 400 450 21 4 : 26 72 29 53 34 55 54 1 65 2 88 6 135 20 5 9 90 12 25 17 53 25 1 28 3 35 0 43 31 4 38 28 46 17 57 75 108 172 211 232 25 4 7 11 8 04 9 07 12 1 13 5 19 1 20 2 9 6 65 14 80 56 98 25 40 7 19 9 46 3 19 8 15 0 /%,,,,,

3 37 3 7 1998~2001 ( : ) 1998 147 1 34 1 16 3 164 9 1999 173 5 42 7 9 5 208 2 2000 217 1 45 7 13 0 249 8 2001 24 0 40 4 13 5 266 9,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,, ;,, 3 8 3 9 3 8 2005 ( : ) 800 700 250 500 750 561 3 9 2005 ( : ) 150 48 10 18 260 14 500 30 3 4 4 15 5 61 180 51 14 22 275 19 561 3 3,,, (85% ), ; ; ; ;, 3 3 1, 10% 80%

38 2004 120, 55, 30, 29, 4 58 12%, 3 10 3 11 3 10 ( : ) 2002 2003 2004 2005( ) /% 41 56 47 46 53 16 60 12 9 24 23 27 14 30 26 33 38 11 8 25 29 27 82 29 50 32 45 10 3 78 4 15 4 58 4 99 9 1 94 86 106 57 117 50 129 85 10 5 31 34 35 17 38 78 42 85 10 5 3 11 ( : ) 2002 2003 2004 2005( ) /% 33 72 37 52 40 69 46 25 13 6 1 85 2 12 2 37 2 65 12 2 8 3 8 5 6 6 05 8 1 75 2 29 2 57 2 88 11 2 1 41 1 73 1 94 2 17 11 2 41 53 47 46 53 17 60 00 11 2,,, 6000, 7, 2004 500, 2000, 200 /, 380 / ( ), 100 / 80%,,,,, 3 12 3 13,,, 1 8, 6200 /,,,

3 39 3 12 ( ) AC1A AC2A AC2B AC3A AC4A AC4B AC4C AC4D AC5A Al Cu Al Cu Si Al Cu Si Al Si Al Si Mg Al Si Cu Al Si Mg Al Si Mg Cu Al Cu Ni Mg, AA295 0 AA308 0, Al (Lautal), AA319,,, Al (Lautal),,,,,, r (Silu min),,,, Cu, AA356 0 AA355 0,,,,,,, AA242 0Y AC8A Al Si Cu Ni Mg AAA332 0,, AC8B Al Si Cu Ni Mg,, AC8C Al Si Cu Mg AAF332 0 3 13,, ( ) JIS AA Al Si ADC1 A413 0 Si12 0 Al Si Mg ADC3 A360 0 S19 5 Mg0 5 Al Mg ADC5 518 0 Mg7 5 Al Mg Mn ADC6 Al Si ADC7 C443 0,, Al Si Cu ADC10 A380 0 Al Si Cu ADC12 384 0 Al Si Cu Mn Mg Mg3 3 Mn0 4 Si5 3,, : Cu3 0, Si5 5 Cu2 5,Si10 5 Mg0 6,Mn0 7

40, 1994 Silafont 36,, Mgsimal 59,,, 2004 Castasil 37,,, 3 3 2, 442, 1 9,,,, σb 750MPa, 2 4 10 3 kg/m 3,, :1, ;2, 3 3 2 1,, 2 7 IM, PM SF, 3 14,,, (1) Al Cu Mg Al Cu Mg Zn 1,,

3 41 3 14 Al Cu Mg Al Cu Mg Zn 2124 2048 2024 T351 T851uddyr38~,SCC 2024 152mm 2124,SCC 2024 2124 T851, 2419 2219, 2224 2024, T3511 767 2024, 2024 2324 T39, 767 Д16ч 1161 1163 7075 7049 7149 7249 7175 7475 7050 7150 7010 7055 7090 Д16ч T,TH,T1,T1H T,TH,T1H 10%~15% Д16ч 2 T,TH,T1,T1H T,TH,T1H Д 16ч 20%~50% Д16ч 2 T,TH,T1,T1H 96 300 204 Д 16ч 10%, T6 T73 T76,T651, 150 T7651 T7351,T6 T73,,, T7352,T6511 T73511,, SCC T73511 T76511, 7079, T73 T7352,T73, SCC, SCC, T73 T74 T7452, 7049, 7049 T73511 T76511 Д 16ч 7149, (T76) 7075, T76 T761,T651 T7651 T7351,,,,T 39,, T7651 T7451,T3511, T76511 T73511 T74511,,,,,T7452,,,,, 7150 7050 10%~15% T76 T7652 T7452,, T73,T76 7050,,,, T7651,T74 T7452 Cu, 7050,,,,, 7150 T7751,,, 10%, 7150 T77511,T77,, PM7090 T7E80 7050 T76 10% ~20%, T7E80 T7E71 IM7050, T7E71,,

42 7091 CW67 7090, T7E68,TE70 TE69 7090 7090 T7X2 1 7064 TX651 TX7651 TX7351 7B93пч,,,, T1 T3, (3 /s) T1 T2 T3 B95 7075, B95пч B950ч B96ц B96ц1 B96ц3 01975 01970 T1 T2 T3 B95, T1 T2,,, B95 T3 B95, T3 T2 T3 B95пч,,,, T1 T2 T3,, B96ц,σb 735MPa,T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 B96ц B96ц1, T1 T2 T3 50%~100% Al Zn Mg Sc Zr Al Zn Mg Sc Zr, Al Cu Mg Zn, Zr Mn Cr, B96ц3 σb 700MPa 2 Fe Si, ;,,,,, 3,

3 43,,, 2024 2124 2324 2424 7175 7475 7055 7155, Fe Si 0 5% 0 1%,,,,,, T351 T7451 T851 T651 T765 T7351 T7451 T77 T7751 Alcoa Davenbot, 12500t, 150mm 4060mm 33500mm 6000t, (2) 1 Al Li Cu Zr Al Li Cu Mg Zr, 7 Al Li Cu Mg Zr 2090 8091 7075 T6 7075 T73 1996 20%,2005 30% 3 15 3 15 ( : ) Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ag Ti Li Zr Al 2090 0 10 0 12 2 4~3 0 0 05 0 25 0 050 10 0 151 9~2 6 0 08~0 15 2091 0 20 0 30 1 8~2 5 0 10 1 1~1 9 0 050 25 0 101 7~2 3 0 14~0 16 2094 0 12 0 15 4 4~5 2 0 25 0 25~0 8 0 25 0 25~0 60 100 7~1 4 0 04~0 18 2095 0 12 0 15 3 9~4 6 0 25 0 25~0 8 0 25 0 25~0 60 100 7~1 5 0 04~0 18 2195 0 12 0 15 3 7~4 3 0 25 0 25~0 8 0 25 0 25~0 60 100 8~1 2 0 08~0 16 X2096 0 12 0 15 2 3~3 1 0 25 0 25~0 8 0 25 0 25~0 60 051 3~0 9 0 04~0 18 2097 0 12 0 15 2 5~3 1 0 10~0 50 0 25 0 35 0 151 2~1 8 0 08~0 16 2197 0 10 0 10 2 5~3 1 0 10~0 50 0 25 0 05 0 121 3~1 7 0 08~0 15 X2297 0 10 0 10 2 5~3 1 0 10~0 50 0 25 0 05 0 121 1~1 7 0 08~0 15 8091 0 30 0 30 1 6~2 2 0 10 0 50~1 20 100 25 0 102 4~2 8 0 06~0 16 2,,,,, Al Sc, Al Zn Mg Sc Zr Al Mg Sc,,,

44 3,Al (7 0~30)% Be (3~8)% Mg Al Be Mg, Mg (Al), Al7 0% Be3% Mg 650MPa, 10%,, (3) 1 PM,, IM PM 7090 7091 CW67, 600MPa ( 3 14), SCC IM, CW67 350kg, 2 SD ( ), DC PM SD PM,,, PM 1/3~1/7, ( 1000kg ),, IM,SD IM,,, 3, B Al BC Al SiC Al Al 2O 3 Al, Sic Al,, 2,, 3 3 2 2,,,, 6009 6111 6010 6082 2038 CP609 ; 7021 7029 ; 2011 6262 ; 6005A 7005 Al Zn Mg ; Cp703 7120 ; 1370 Al Mg Si 6101 6201 A4/L A4G/L ; Al Si

3 45 Mg Bi ( 3000 ); 4006 PS 3 16 3 16 T6 σ0 2/MPa σb/mpa σb/mpa 6060 200 230 175 6106 235 265 180 6005A 270 290 200 6082 290 340 200 6013 331 359 200 7020 310 370 330 CP703 300 340 310 7120 390 440 340 (1),,,, 6063, 6061 6351 6082 5005 6005 7005, T5 T6,, (2) PS,,,, 8011 1050A 3103 3105 5052A 5N01 5657 5182 3204 3404 H 2n H 3n,, (3),,, 1074A 1060 1050A 1A09 1A93 1A85 (4),,, 6005 6005A 6N01 7N01 7005 3 3 2 3 1960,

46,,,, (1),,,,,, 1 ~9,,,, (2) (3),,, (4) 3 4,,,,,,2003, 215, ( ) 24%, 64%, 12%; 136 4, 19%, 77%, 4%; 119, 15%, 46%, 39%;, 40%, 60%,,, 2004

3 47 ( ) 3 17 3 17 2004 ( : / ) 3500 667 1 : 2800 450 ( ) 1800 200 ( ) 1000 250 / 64/36 44/56 : 800 200 300 170 500 30 / 37 5/62 5 85/15 /[kg/( )] 5 3 5 0 /[kg/( )] 4 2 3 5 /% 2~3 15~18,,,,,,, 3 4 1 3 4 1 1 1, 10 2, 3,, 4,, 5,, 6, 3 4 1 2 2004, 1100 350, 250 /, 180, 40% ( 60%), 35 650,

48 320 /, 250, 56% ( 40%),,,,, 10 /, 1+4 1+4 1+5 1+3 1+2,, 80/95MN, 125MN 75MN 55MN 31 5MN, 100MN 80MN, 80MN 55MN, ; ;, (1), (2),,,, (3), (4),, (100kt/a ), 1+3 1+4 1+5 (80MN, 95MN,100MN,125MN ),,,,, 3 4 2 3 4 2 1 1,

3 49 2, (H 2 ), 100gAl H 2 0 1mL;Na 3 10-6, 3, Al Ti B Al Ti C, Sr Na P 4, 150t, 5,,, 6, 3 4 2 2 1 5588mm, 5000mm, 30m, + ( 1+1), 1+3,1+4,1+5, 2, 2000mm, 2mm, 10m/ min,, 3 ( 2000mm) ( 45m/s), (±2μm),,, 0 004mm 3 4 2 3 350MN, 1500mm, 200MN 2500mm 30 80MN,,,,

50 3 4 2 4 750MN, 650MN, 450MN 300MN 3 5m 2, 1 5t, 3 4 2 5, (ISO9000 ), 3 4 2 6, 3 5 3 5 1,,,,, 3 5 2 ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,, 1,

3 51, 2 ( 150t) ( 85%),,, 3 4 ( 80MN) 5 ( 3900mm) ( 10000t) 6 ( 2000mm) (1+3 1+4 1+5) (1+2 1+3 1+4) ( ) 7 (150~200MN) (500~800MN) 8 ( 10m/min) ( 1~2mm) ( 2000mm) 3 5 9 conform 10 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 ( ) 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 3 6 3 6 1 3 18, 3 6 2 3 6 2 1 ( ) 1,,,,,

52 3 18 1 2 3 4 5 1,,, 2, 3,,,,, 1 2 700,48% 3 4 2004, 2004 6000, 460kg /, 370kg / 970~1370kg /, 100 300,, 5% 10% 1,, 2 3 4,,, 20 5 5 /, /, 150 80 / / :88% ~94%, :95% ~97%, :14530~13750kW h/t 12500~13000kW h/t, 12000~12500 / 5 ( ) 10kg / 1kg / 1 <20% >40% 1250~1330 / 2,, 3 54 46 45 55 4,,, 5 70 / 150 /,, 1 0 5 /,, 5 55 / /, 170,,, 2,,, 3 / 120/50 442/150 4 / 20/80 / 44/56 / 85/15 79/21 64/36 37 5/62 5

3 53 5 6 7,, 5,,, 74%, 65%, 6 /( 6 ( ), 150 /( ) ) 1,, 2,,, 3 4,,, 1, 10%, 1%, :15% :35% 2, :12% :21% :30% :20% :5 /( ) : 5 8 /( ), 32 /( ) 3 :4 2 /( ) 4 6 /( ), 28 /( ), 10~15 ; 15~ 4 20 ; 20~, 30 5 :>60% :<40% :<40% :>60%,,, 2,, 3, 100 / ( 150, 3000 ),, 4,, ;, ; ;, 3 6 2 2 ( ) 1,, 20%, 40%,

54 2,,, 3,,,,, 20 90 1800 1100 ( 650, 350 ), 15%, 85%, 0 5 / ( 55 / ), 5 /, 170 / 4,,, PS ;,,, 5,,,,, 20 90, 20 60~ 70,,,,, 70%,,,,,,,,, 6 3 18, ( ), ;, ; ; ; ;,,,

3 55 7 ; ; ;,, ; ; ; ;, 3 6 3 3 6 3 1,,,,,, 3 6 3 2,, ;, ;, ;,,, 3 6 3 3 1,,,, ( ),,,,, 2,,,

56,,,, 50, 2 5,, ( ),,,,,,, 3,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,, ( ),, 60%~75%, 25%~40% ( ),,,, ( ),, 4,,,,,,,,

3 57,,,, 5,,,,,, 6,,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,,,, 7,,, 3 7 1,,,, 2,,,,,

58, 3,,,, 1,, :,2005 2, :,2004 3 20 20 2004,(3):38~39 4 2000,(4) 5,, 2004, 2005,(3):2~13 6, 2004,33 (5):1~3 7, 2001,24 (4):49 8, 2005,5 (8) 9, 2005,(4):26~30 10, 2005,(2):45~50 11, 2004,32 (1) 12 2004 2005, 2005,(2):32~44 13 2004 2005, 2005,(4):2~8 14, 2004,(10):2~14 15 2004 2005, 2005,(5):51~54 16, 2005,(5):7~16 17 [ ], 2005,(1):33~38 18, 2005,(1):1~8 19,,2005,(2):5~9 20, 2004,(10):1~3 64 1964 5 40 20 300 200

4,,, 21,,, 32, 16, 60% 40%, 15,,2003 60%,2004 45 2000,, 5,,, 4 1 4 1 1, 1808 H Davy 1886,, 20 30,,

60 20 80 90,, 21,,, 21 14000,, ;,,, 150~250,,,,, 863, ; ;, ;, ;, ; ; 3C ;,, 21, ; 4000, 6, ; ; ; ; 3C ; : ; ; 500 ; 33 ( 15 ); ;

4 61 2004,, (863 ):, 5~10,, 1500, 7 ; ; ; ; ;, 3 175 ; ; Mg Al Zn, ;,, 4 1 1 1, 5, 30, 2004 12, 80%,,, 2 10,,,,,, 1A/dm 2

62 4m 2,, 4 1 1 2 (1),,, ( ),20 90, (RE) (Si) QE22 WE54, Mg Al Si (AS) 175, AS41 AZ91 AM60,AS Mg2Si, Ca Mg2Si, Mg2Si, AS (2) 1 Fe Cu Ni, AZ91HP AZ91C 100, A380, 2,,, (3), SF 6 SO 2 CO 2 Ar,,,,,,,,

4 63 200~300,,,, MP3 (4) Mg Zn Mg Y Ca Zr, ; Ag Th Mg RE Zr, Ag QE22A, ; (ECAE), (5),,,,,, + ZK60 (RS)+ (PM)+ Mg Al Zn EA55RS,, 7075, (300,436%), 2024 T6, SiC, 1999 IM Mg Y, Mg Al B, Magnox,,,,,, 3C,,, AM50 ; ; 8 6 ; ; 10

64 4 1 2, (1), 16 (2),, 3 ~4 /, 20% Magnesium Electron CumberlandCathodicProetction 5000kg (3), 100kg, 0 7L, 10%, 5 5%,,,, 1990, 15% 10, 3 5kg 2010 10kg 2kg DarrylL Albright 2001 4 12, 2 3kg, 20 2 3kg ( 113kg) 4 1 4 1, /,,, /,,,,,,,,ABS AZ91D,AM50A AM60B, AS21,SA41 AE42,

4 65,, 6, 6, CAST AM SCI, 70% 5 6 2004 2 5L DURATEC 2005 20, 7~8, 14%, 14%, (4),,,,,, 3C ABS,PC (DELL) 2004 ( JM5) SONY,IBM, LG,, 3C,,2003, 8219 67, 1/3, 3C 2005 14520t 3C, PDA CD MP3 DVD, (5),,,,, 3 300,,,

66,,,,,,,,,,, 2004,,,, 7 :1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7,,, 4 2 1957, 3000t/a, 20 70 80, 1988,1992,1995,, 1996,, 4 1, 1 10, ; 40, 120,50%,

4 67 4 1 4 2 1 (1) 2003 10 5 2003 60, 36 74%, 35 4, 32 10%, 69 4%, ; 9 88, 47 55% 28 5, 80 2%; 4, 11 3%; : 4 2 2 87 2 8 2 1 1 24 1 0 2004 45, 2003 27 1% (2),,, 1991 14 11t 2004 10t, 1 45t 1 10t, 20 65t 10 0t, 2496kW h 1100kW h (3) 2003 29 8, 4 70, 63 76% 10 4,, 2003 117 43 02, 39 64%

68 4 2 2 1995 85%, 60%,,,, ( ), AZ AM AS ( ),,,, 2003 2004 29 8 38 3, 42 58% 28 7% 4 2 4 3, 4 2 2004 12 6 /kg /kg / / 99 8% 22780543 228349586 39809173 420834507 8084472 80496599 16568242 167031293 282485 3372369 381315 5511369, ; 7022852 69383248 13193506 132510104 218500 704248 621044 2018671 131636 1432400 384527 3661387 38520488 383738450 70957807 731567331 4 3 2004 12 6 /kg /kg / / 99 8% 0 27389 0 43052 369797 4006778 827461 9165261 114997 1468132 114999 1561077, ; 63000 750887 192507 3022777 450 60512 2647 284536 5061 168800 71239 1591408 553305 6482498 1253853 15668111

4 69 1990~2003 12 1%, 1990 0 66 2003 5 12, 2004 7, 2003 38 23% 2004 2 3, 32 62%; 1 5, 21 28%; 1 8, 25 53%, 4 2,, 4 2 2004 4 3, 2002 1~3,,,68%,65%, 20%,, 21,, 2005 2000 29 2% 35%,2005 10%,,,, 70mL, 3200 ; 125mL 5200,2001 125 1236 70, 1213 05 1200, 15%,

70, 2005 9500 ~ 10000, 1200 ~1300, 1 0kg,2005 1 2,, 500, 4 5, 6500, 2270, 2000, 3 12kg 2 08kg, 1 04kg,, 2000,, ( ), 2005 2010 3 55 17 64, 2000 3400, 10 4 51 9 3C, 2005 1 62t,2010 3 15t,,,,,,,,,,, 4 4,,, 1,,, 2, 15%,, 3,,

4 71 4,,,,,, 5,, 2004 38 3, 85%,,,, 6,, WTO,,,,,, 7,,,,, 4 5,,,, 1, 2,

72 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 2005,1 (26):43~49 2 2005,(3):38~40 3,, 2002,4 (23):200~202 4 2004,12 (14):1977~1984 5 2005,(1) 6, 2003,3 (24):161~162 7 2003,(2):4~49 8,,2003,(5):4 9,2003,(12):4 10 MengShukun,XuHe,WuXiuming,XieShuishengandHanWeifromCMA UpliftChina spidgeonmagnesi um ReductionProcessingLevelandDevelopRecyclingEconomy 2004ChinaMagnesium Report 863 973 863 30 250 犛犆犐犈犐 35 64 34 1 14

5 5 1 ( 40%),,, F 15 F 22 F 117, B1 B1B, 50, :, ;, ;, ;, ( ), 3C, 95% (TiO 2 ), 5% (TiO 2 ) (

74 ) ( ),, ( ), 2004,,,,, 2004, 2004 5 2 50, ( ) 4,,,,, Timet ( ) RTI ( ) ATI (AleghenyTeledyne) 90% Timet,,,,, Timet,2003 3 85,2004 8 RTI,, 2003 1 48 ATI,, ATI,

5 75,, 9 11,2002~2004, 10,,1990, 30000t/a,2003 20000t, 2004 8000t,, : ( 18000t/a) ( 12000t/a), 30000t/a ( 19000~26000t), ( 6000~10000t) ( 3000~10000t),, 2004, 26233t, 2003 41%, 2005 30000t, 10, 11000~14000t/a,, 2009 30000t 2004 26%, 17387t,,2004, (VSMPO) 15000~16000t,,VSMPO ATI (Uniti) (Avisma), VSMPO 70%, VSMPO 2004, 25000t,,,, 90%, 80%,, ( ), 1/5, 1/2,,

76, ( ), TiO 2 TiCl 4,, (MgCl 2 ), Mg Cl 2,,, 50, 80 90,TiCl 4,, 90, TiO 2, FFC,, TiO 2 TiCl 4,,,,FFC, 15~20,, 1 2 TiCl 4 3 MgCl 2, Mg Cl 2 4, 0 9t/t ( ), 2500kW h/t, ArmstrongProces TiCl 4 Na,,, 120kg, 1/10 5 3 5 1 5 1,2004 5 3 1 2004, : ( ), 2004 4809t, 2003 700t, 17% 5~7 5 1 5 2

5 77 5 1 ; 5 1 5 ( :t) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2004 /2003 1751 2313 3008 3089 3393 ( ) 154 155 320 1023 1416 1905 2468 3328 4112 4809 17% 5 2 7 2001, 2000 7 ;2001, 5000t ( );2002 9 ;2004 10 1,,2004 300t 2005 6000t, 3500t/a,, 2003,,2004 11, 10

78, 2 56m, 8 Ⅰ 2005 2000, 2006, 5000t/a 2004, 400t 2004, 8000t,, 2000~2004 5,, 1,,,,,,, 2, ( ), 3 2001~2003,, ( ), 9 11,,, A380 777 200LR 787,,, 2004, 1~2,,,, 2004, ( ), 5000t/a 5 3 2 2004, 9292t, 2003 2212t, 31 3%,, 3846t, 41 4% 4 ( ), 3208t, 34 5%, 24 1% 4, 5 2 5 3,

5 79 5 2 ( :t) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2020 1355 2847 3846 860 420 1000 1800 455 287 642 673 315 111 324 294 230 123 826 760 265 83 270 354 172 404 140 146 130 350 725 85 200 575 3103 940 169 4720 5482 7080 9292 5 3 1998~2004 4, 4 2001,,, 2004, 60 15t ( 12 5t), 22000t/a, 15000t/a,,,,

80 2004, 4, 798 5 3 5 3 2004 /t /t 690 90 15 3 798 5 3 3 2004, 1838 7t, 57 5t, 1781 2t, 2003 2751t 970t,, 2004, 4197 4t, 1309 8t, 2887 6t 2003,, 5 4 5 4 2003 2004 /t /t /t 2003 3787 1108 2679 2004 4197 1310 2887 10 8% 18 2% 7 8% 4000t, 5507t, 11590, 2004 5 5 5 5 2004 /t / /t / /t 1838 7 1064 9 57 5 45 0 1781 2 1095 9 1054 9 613 0 512 8 482 9 57 7 23 1 159 8 79 1-102 1 701 5 884 9 348 9 586 1 352 6 106 1 285 1 51 8 107 6 54 3 0 8mm 855 9 904 1 45 2 178 7 810 7 0 8mm 885 9 1030 6 268 8 532 2 617 2 1474 9 3437 4 170 7 531 1 1304 2 173 1 1455 6 424 4 1577 2-251 3 4197 4 7997 4 1309 8 3512 9 2887 6,2004, 1 5000t ( 4809t)

5 81 2 9000t ( 9292t) 3 4000t ( 4197t) 4 10000t ( 12179t) 5 14000t 6, 8 ~10,,, ( ) 1 2, 12000t 14000t, 5000t,, 2001,,,, 5 4, GDP 8%, ( + ) 12000, 2004,, ( ) 44%, ( ) 12%, 16%, 19%,,, 2004, 17387t, 8593t, 49 3%, 8814t, 50 7% 2004 5 6 5 6 2004 ( :t) 12179 8573 9292 17387 ( ) 1010 8814 5 4 (4500t/a) (8600t/a),, ;, ; ;

82 5 4 7 ;,,, (2010 ) 25000t, 25000t, 30000t/a,, ;,, 2004, 8000~10000t 20000t, 2005 5 5, 5 5 1, 1~2 (1 1 ),,, (1), (2), ; ( ),,

5 83 (3), TiO 2 92%, (4),,, (5),, (6),,,, (7),,,,, 5 5 2 (1) 3~5 2 5~3 03t/a,, (2) 1, 2 3 4 5, 6 ( 350mm ) 7 (3t ) 8 1 (2004),, :,2004,144~159 2 2005,22 (2):4~7

84 1940 1 2 1 80

6 6 1 (,, ),,,,,,,, (2004) [1], 2 6 2 6 2 1 2 3 4,,, 10, ( 6 1),20 70, ; 80,, ; 90,, ( ) ( ), 21,, 2,

86, ( ),2003 2004 90 8% 93 1%, 9 2% 6 9%,,, 6 1 ( :%) APT ( ) 1923~1949 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950~1975 98 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1980 89 7 9 8 0 2 0 3 1985 62 4 35 6 1 2 0 8 1990 37 9 58 0 2 0 2 1 1995 0 6 88 6 5 6 5 2 2000 0 0 80 0 13 4 6 6 2003 0 0 72 5 16 5 11 0 2004 0 0 63 8 22 3 13 9 6 2 2 2 5~10 2003~2004,, 20 15000t/a 20000t/a ( ), 15000t/a, 50%, 40%,, (42000t,2003 ) 14% ~15%, (150000t,2003 ) 4%, (2400t,2004 ) 70% ~75% (34000t,2001 ) 2% ~3% 35000~36000t/a, 50% ~ 55%, 8%~10% 2,, ( ) 20 5000t/a 2003~2004 9500~ 10000t/a,, 5000t/a, 4000t/a, 1000t 2003, 2570t 15%~16%, 148 ( 580t), )75t, 660t, 230t, 700t, 320t 2003, 2500t, 40 ( 80t), 838t, 150t, 982t, 80t, 60t,

6 87 100t, ( ) 330t ( ) 800t/a,, ( ),, TaC, 2,, 6 2 3 11~13,,,, 10000μF V/g, 1 5 10 5 μf V/g, 2 10 5 μf V/g, J P D DP W, 5 10 3 ~1 10 6 μf V/g, 1 10 5 ~ 1 2 10 5 μf V/g,, 4 10 3 μf V/g ( 20 60 ), 0 5g, 2 10 4 ~3 10 4 μf V/g (20 80 ), 0 077~0 180g, 7 10 4 μf V/g (21 ), 0 065g, 32, 0 250g,, 0 250~0 170mm, 0 065mm, 320~1680MPa,, 20 90, Y, 52mm 10~15kg, 50%~89% 70mm 30mm, 80%, 6 2 4 5, 2003~2004 NbTi Nb 3Sn,,

88 150t/a NbTi 50t/a NbTi 300t/a NbTi 100t/a 100t/a Nb 3Sn 2004,,, 5t 1600t 200,, : ;1 5 10 5 μf V/g ; 0 065mm ; ; ;, ( ) 800t, ;K 2TaF 7 2000t, 50%,,, 6 2 5 14~17,,, ( ),, 100mg/kg, 99 99%,, O C, 1994 0 2000% 0 0300% 2000 0 1600% 0 0020% 42 113 836mg/kg, O C 50mg/kg 8mg/kg 173 791mg/kg ( 42 ),,O C 34mg/kg 11mg/kg,2003~2004, 400mm ( ) 0 2mm ( ) L ( )mm,200mm ( ) 2mm ( ) 2000mm ( ),200mm ( ) 0 4mm ( ) 400mm ( ) 93W NiFe, 50 1000mm 31 610mm Mo 3Nb 0 065mm,

6 89 6 2 6 2 18~20,,,,, Ta Nb, W Mo 2600,,, (PIM), W Mo Ta, (MST),, (MEMS) MST 2005 680, MEMS MST 5μm Al 2O 3, Si, (SPS), SPS W Mo, SPS,,, 6 2 7 4 5 6 10, (1),,2000~2004 25000~30000t/a,, 2003 2570t,, 2003 148,2004 180,,

90 (2), 2002 2003 2004, 15 49 13 96 14 73, 15 77,14 29 15 07, 15 01,15 08 15 52,2005,, 70%~80% 2004 25%, 2/3 30%~40% 2003 2500t (3) 2000, 10, 2267t 2000 1315t 2002 1996t, 60%~65%, 2003 7674, 2 5% ( 191 8 ), 12 7% (19 62 ),, 9% ~ 10%, (4),, 2%~3% ( Nb Zr ),, NbTi Nb 3Sn, 6 3,,,, 6 3 1 (1),, 20 90, 60%,,2000, 50 7%,

6 91, 30 8%, (2) 2003, APT 13, 6, 3 56, 2 09, 50% ~ 70% (3), 2, ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,, (4),,,, 6 3 2 (1),,,, ( 2010 ), (2004) [1],,,,, (2),,,,,,,,,,

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6 93 17 2004,23 (1):36 18 Zauner R,Korb G Micro powderinjection moldingfor microstructored components In:Kneringer G e d Proceedingof16 th Inter PlanseeSeminar (Ⅱ ) Austria:2005,May30 June3 RWF,Werbegeselschaft m b H,Watens,Tyrol,Austria 2005 59~68 19 MerzL,RathS,ZeepB Powderinjectionmoldingofcementedcarbidesfortheproductionofmicropartsand microstructuredparts In:KneringerGed Proceedingsof16 th InterPlanseeSeminar (Ⅱ) Austria:2005 May 30 June3 RWF,Werbegeselschaftm b H,Watens,Tyrol,Austria 2005 549~557 20 ZhangJ,Song X,Liu D Sparkplasmasinteringandapplicationonadvanced materials In:KneringerG e d Proceedingsof16 th Inter PlanseeSeminar (Ⅱ ) Austria:2005 May30 June3 RWF,Werbegeselschaft m b H,Watens,Tyrol,Austria 2005 97~107 1936 1962 1979~1982 1982 犐狀狋犲狉 犑 狅犳犚犲犳狉犪犮狋狅狉狔犕犲狋犪犾狊牔犎犪狉犱犕犪狋犲狉犻犪犾狊

7 7 1,,, 60%~80%, : ( ) 20 20, :Mn Zn,BaTiO 3,PZT,PLZT,NdFeB,YBCO,PMN PT,, ( ),,, (1), (MLCC), (SMT),80%~90%, MLCC 0402, MLCC, (2) (PZT),,,

7 95 (3),, (GPS) (WLAN) (4),, (HTCC LTCC), (5) BaTiO 3,SrTiO 3,MgTiO 3,SiC,ZnO,Bi 2O 3,SnO 2,MgCr 2O 4 (6),, (7) (SAW), La 3Ga 5SiO 14 (LGS), PMN PT PZN PT, (8),, Ramtron 32 MB (FeRAM), ; 64 MB FeRAM Raytheon 240 320, MEMS,,,, (9),, :PLZT ITO ATO (SOFC ),,

96,,,,,,,, 15%, 1 ( 7 1), 2010, 800 ; 5%, 2010 300, 7 1 1999 2005 2000 1999 2005 2000 / 567 54 (1999) 2086 19 / 7 35 (1999) 12 94 / 390 (2000) 530 /t 600 (2000) 1000 / 1 4 (2000) 5 5 /t 1700 (2000) 2000 / 13 5 (2000) 20 / 7 (2000) 13 5~16 4 / 566 (2000) 2300 / 25 (2000) 36 /kt 237 (2000) 314,,,,,, 7 2 7 2 1 2004, 9500, 7 5%, 5650 3850 2004, 4 9000, 50 /,

7 97 6, ; 1, ; 2, ; 2000, 34%,,,,2004 2 3, 1 4 2005 2 6, 13%, 1 6,,PC DVD Primark,, 10 1, 50 1, 100 1,,,2005 3000 (20000 ), 15%, 10%, 1500 ~1800 (14000 ) 2005 3000 (5000 ), 18%~20%, 8% ~10%; 1600 (1600 ), 60%~70%,, 3 4, 5%~8% : 45%, 20%, 70%, 10%,, : ; (SMT),,,, ; (HIC) ; (2006~2010 ), 3G,2005~2006

98 3G,2009 3G 2 3 3G, PC,, 7 2 2, 10, 400t, 120t, 350t, 220t, 500t 60%,, 7 2 2 1,,,, Motorola DuPont AMP Molex Vishay Kemet Holeywel ;, 60%, : (Murata) TDK TaiyoYuden NEC (Mat sushita),, MLCC,Murata MLCC 140 ~160, 26%,, TDK 110 ~112, Kyocera/Avx Samsung, 10 ( 50 ) MLCC Y5V X7R X8R X9R, (Pb) (Cd) (100~200nm ) ; 1~5μm, 0402 MLCC, 0201 ; ;Murata TDK 1μm 100 MLCC; 0 3~0 6μm 100μF MLCC MLCC 1200t, 7200, 1800t TDK MLCC 800t, 3000t, 2000 (X7R) (Y5V) (2F4), :, ; ;,

7 99, MLCC, /, 2004,,MLCC, 2004 1~4, 2003, 40 8%,,1005 1608 0603 0402 DSC 2004 ( 7 2 7 3 ),,2004,,, 7 2 2004 ( 3 31 ) 2003 2004 / /% / /% /% 148299 37 7 144191 34 9-4108 -2 8 13909 3 5 13352 3 2-577 -4 0 76797 19 5 74926 18 2-1871 -2 4 50044 12 7 62910 15 2 12866 +25 7 54187 13 8 60159 14 6 5972 11 0 50389 12 8 57314 13 9 6925 13 7 393625 100 412852 100 19207 4 9 : : : : SAW :,, : EMI, 40%,2004 MLCC R Chip 500 ( 50 ), 2000, 12 7, 20 80%; 3400, 3 08%; 2461, 4 96% MLCC MLCC (FG301,FG351)

100 7 3 2004 ( 3 1 ) 2003 2004 / /% / /% /% 51095 13 0 40092 9 7-11003 -21 5 55947 14 2 62294 15 1 6347 11 3 149421 38 9 162438 39 2 13017 8 7 256463 65 2 264824 64 1 8361 3 3 137162 34 8 148028 35 9 10866 7 9 393625 100 412852 100 19227 4 9 :, ;, / 7 4 2004 / /% / 469548116 86 36 81 111349790 78 49 06 123573073 53 9 69 12062491 58 5 31 113101336 43 8 87 19842101 23 8 74 107729811 94 8 45 19212015 87 8 46 96958786 03 7 60 15678314 27 6 91 59237433 77 4 64 12261162 58 5 40 53318512 74 4 18 5636405 84 2 48 45233292 90 3 55 5095707 14 2 25 206876740 15 16 22 25835873 18 11 38 1275577104 35 100 226973862 45 100 /% 600 600 10 7 4, ( ), 0402 0201,,2004 1500, ; IC 3 ; 12 ; 2001, 4000t 5 ~6,,, ; X7R Y5V 863,

7 101 01 03 04 05 1000t Y5V X7R 500t, 7 2 2 2 1/3,, ( ) ; ;, ; ; HDD ;,,, 7 5 7 5 NEC Tokin,TDK NEC Tokin,TDK,Murata NEC Tokin NEC Tokin NEC Tokin NEC Tokin TDK,Murata TDK TDK TDK TDK,Murata Murata Murata 999 10, 50~ 60 20, SMD 1, 5 20 : ;,,,, 2000, 6000, CR CW (2 5mm 2 0mm 1 2mm) 2001, SMD 50% 7 6 7 7 3 SMD

102 7 6 2001~2003 ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 /% 20145 30363 28213 18 30 13633 20984 25003 35 43 3788 6230 22063 141 34 4050 11935 194 69 2150 1564 2955 31 47 7 7 2000~2002 SMD ( : ) 2000 2001 2002 /% 1226 1731 41 2 457 1184 3504 176 9 1500 2000 33 3 7 8 7 9 3 SMD 2001 AV, 72 7%, 13 1%, 6 1%, SAW IC :, SMD ;, 7 8 2001~2003 ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 /% 4644 4550 16183 86 7 8310 10427 15527 36 7 20867 18740 15422-14 1600 2245 2610 27 7 4721 4809 3976-8 2 7139 7520 5305-13 8 1675 4292 3729 49 2 7 9 2000~2002 SMD ( : ) 2000 2001 2002 /% 2296 3935 71 44 457 1184 3505 176 9 1200 1500 25,PLZT PMN PT PZN PT, 7 2 2 3

7 103, 2002 Chimera :2001 ( 76 5%) (18 3%) GPS (4 3%) :,,, Murata EPCOS Trans Tech Narda Frequency West 300 MHz~40GHz, 10 : ( 100 150), GPS, ( ),, LTCC, 1 2000, 800 MHz~ 2 7GHz 350, 500, ; 2002, LTCC GPS GPS OEM ;2003, GPS,, 7 2 2 4, Vishay EPCOS Murata TDK Shibaura SEMI TEC BETA KETEMA TDK HDK, 60%~80%,,, :,EPCOS PTC, 10 NTC,9 PTC, Thinking 0402 NTC,Uppermost 2001 0805 0603 NTC,Walsin PTC PTC

104,,,, Walsin Uppermost, PTC (2 2Ω), PTC ( 5 ) ( 0402 0201) PPTC NTC PTC, PPTC, Paumanok, 2001~2003,,2005 22 9, 2008 21 6 7 10 (Paumanok, 2004 ) 7 10 2003~2008 ( : ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10 98 11 45 12 96 12 52 12 02 11 45 PTC 2 55 2 69 2 9 3 0 3 11 3 22 PTC 3 11 3 08 3 1 2 77 2 82 2 78 NTC 3 45 3 78 3 94 3 9 4 0 4 1 PTC 40,, 3, PTCR 1 NTCR 10,, NTC,,, NTC, NTC, 2004 NTC 30%,, NTC 2005, PTC MZ23 PTC PTC, 50 SMD, 1206 0805 0603 SMD (PTC) SMD (NTC)

7 105,,SMD (PTC) 25 680Ω~22kΩ, -55~ 125, SMD (NTC) 25 220Ω~100kΩ,B ±2%, -55~125 2 0402~0805 NTC 7 11 2005,2005 8 2 ~10, ( ) 12 6 ~16,2005 20 7 11 2005 ( : ) 2005 2005,,CCD, 2 0~2 5 3~4 ZnO,SrTiO3,ZnO 3 5~4 0 5~6 NTCR,PTCR,PN 2 0~2 5,, / / 0 4~0 6, (,,,,, ),,, 0 4~0 6,,CO,H2S,NH3,SO2,Cl2,NO, NO2 ;,,,CO2 0 15~0 2, 0 08~0 1, 3~4 1 0~1 2 1 0~1 2 0 3~0 4 0 15~0 2 7 2 2 5 Vishay, 3 ~3 5, WIT, 2 26 Litelfuse 22% EPCOS 20%, 1998, (SrTiO 3 ), 2005 105 ;,2005 8,, ZnO, 2, 3 : SrTiO 3,,,, 10~15,

106, 2005 2 6, 30, SMT Paumanok,, 15%, 11% 2005 119 EIA 1206 0805 0603,Litelfuse BC Components AVX 0402 5 6V 9V 14V 18V, 50mJ, 90pF (18 V ) 360pF (5 56 V ) AVX Litelfuse AVX MultiGuard ( ), 0612, 0508, 5 6V 9V 14V 18 V, 0 1J AVX TransFeed, TransGuard Feedthru /, 0805, EPCOS T4N A230XFV, 863, 0402~2220, 2, 1000 12 0402, ZnO,2004 7 12,, 35kV, 7 12 2004 ZnO / / / / 10kV 198120 1981 35~69kV 22198 3329 110kV 14086 8451 220kV 4981 5479 330kV 341 920 500kV 913 5292 2003 1646, 13 85%, 1632 6, 15 38%, 868 2, 5 9%,, 2003 1638 73, 14%, 7 13 3,

7 107,, 77 3% 7 13 2003 ( ) /% ( ) /% ( ) /% 16459824 13 85 16325994 15 38 8681789 5 90 16387305 14 04 16255344 15 61 8646755 6 01 67807 1-8 46 66164 6-10 68 35034-13 77 37264 3 57 18 35722 6 50 67 11621 7 55 24 32273 8 50 53 29552 4 37 83 7815 5-20 31 2001, 33 27%, 7 14,,,,,, 7 14 ( : ) 2001 1~6 2002 1~6 2003 1~6 2004 1~6 25076 10935 33050 14325 41115 16343 56105 22634 14141 18725 24772 33471 2003 2003 37264, 57 18%; 32274, 50 53%, PPTC, NTC, 20%~30%, 5%~10% 2003, R Chip 5, YAGEO (28%) ROHM (17%) MATSUSHITA (13%) KAO (11%) VISHAY (7%) YAGEO ( ) MLCC ( ) 120,

108 35% 40%,,MLCC10 ~20, MLCC,2004,MLCC 12% ~17%,R chip 10% ~ 15% 3 20%~25% 30,, ( 100 ) (6 ) (4 ) 0805 0603 0402 0201 0805 ;0603 ;0402, ;0201, 7 2 2 6 (EPCOS) (SAWTEK) (Murata), SAW (900MHz~4GHz) 70, α SiO 2 ( ) 1700~2000t, ;LiNbO 3 LiTaO 3 20~30t,, 50t, 1 5 :1 ;2,, IC ACT GaAs AlN ZnO 7 2 2 7,,2003 37, 10%,,TDK ;,, 400, 15%~20%, 2005 15, 1/3 2000 50, 7%, 2/3

7 109, 42%, 24%,, 60 2000 1 75, 22 4%,, 9540t, 15%~20%,2000 15, 6400t; 6600t, ; 3200t, 6 7%, 400t,,, 90%, 2004,,, (2004 25 2 ) (4 89 ) (2 39 ), 20%~50% 21,,, :1 ;2, : MEMS IC ;3,,, 7 3 7 3 1, 1 1 1 2, 2005 : 15, 6, 8000~10000t, 1000t, 2000~3000t;, 5300 ; 2200t, 30t,

110 15t 7 15, 7 16 7 15 (2001 )/t (2005 )/t 2000 5000 2000 3500 MLCC 600 3000 10 30 500 1000 10 10 4 15 10 4 4 10 4 6 10 4 3800 8000~10000 160 1000 400 2000~3000 1700 2200 10 30 3 15 7 16 2005 / /% 3837 5 22 2000 22 1500 20 200 15 80 85 25 20 20 51 2005 / /% 6 64 5 27 1 5 71 10 19 3 10 35 4 5 27 7 3 2 2003, 5039, 602, 47 55%; 2695 ( 2033 457 205 ), 2944 ( 342, 1998, 85, 519 ) 132, 1 3%, 36 9% 2005 18,, 34,,

7 111,,,,,,,,, (1) 7 1 10 2004,,,, 2004, 736 39, 150 76, 25 74% 10 18 88%, 14 71% 7 1 10 ( ); ( ) (2) 2004, 31 9, 6 16%, 77 86% 7 17 2004,,,

112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 17 2004 / ( )/% / TDK,,,, 28012 25 14 276488 7 22 11 NEC, 21330 32 47 176543 10 30 23 ( ), ( ),,, 15844 38 71 143347 14 14 21, 15517, 39 29 165322 12 20 12,,, 14486-25 89 252140 8 5 7,,,,,IC 14393,, -32 93 473336 1 1 1 13229 1 96 145340 13 39 32,, 11845 28 00 142335 15 7 10 11623 52 29 125877 17 10 18 FBT,, 9909 10 09 171647 11 3 15 80%,, 90% 1999, 1 9, 30% 33, (3) 7 18 18 (2004 ), 17, 17 2 16 3, 4 : 26, 21, 18,

7 113 7 18 18 (2004 ) /% /% /% /% 26 26 174 76 23 73 12 48 20 92 192 37 24 91 21 21 120 65 16 38 11 17 18 73 116 17 15 04 18 18 188 25 25 56 14 77 24 76 184 39 23 87 8 8 82 64 11 22 5 47 9 17 65 37 8 46 6 6 33 68 4 57 2 13 3 57 39 81 5 15 4 4 84 59 11 49 9 17 15 37 86 01 11 14 10 17 17 51 82 7 04 4 46 7 48 88 2 11 42 100 100 736 39 100 59 65 772 32 100 8, 3 65 68% 64 41% 65 25%, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20% (4) 7 19 2004, PCB 14,2004 62 9 TDK ( 12, 16 5 ), ( 16,12 6 ) ( 38,3 6 ) ( 48,3 2 ) ( 76,1 4 ),2004 12 7, 20 80%; 600 600 10 ( ) 1000, 40%; 80, 3 MLCC,

114 7 19 2004 / / / 1 14 1742108 143287 25 1858026 93061 2 13 2349103 13111 3 2405871 28090 3 13 758688 88489 887150 46867 4 14 629003 49222 599459 20853 5 8 500764 52181 2 427849 30386 6 8 443365 41548 58 633575 26187 7 7 282276 31631 236629 16054 8 5 169790 12144 65 124822 6246 9 4 149829 12929 9 141638 8019 10 4 142915 13246 198204 6914 11 4 88280 11744 84 103117 4092 12 5 78922 8692 82237 5713 13 1 28860 314 24655 930 100 7363903 596541 72 7723232 293412 (715 ), 16 PTC 7 4 7 4 1,,, 400 ; 180 ;,,, :

7 115,,,,,,,,,,, 7 4 2 Paumanok,2004 MLCC 7300, / MP3 DVD,MLCC 0402, 0201,, SMD R/L/C / PPTCR 7 4 3 R/L/C, 90% 0201,, / LTCC PCB MCM /, LTCC, L C LTCC ; LTCC

116 LC, ( ), 3 2mm 1 6mm 1 2mm, 0 02g, 2 5G WCDMA3G, 20m LTCC,, NiZnCu MnZn Li,LTCF LTCC,,, NiZn, 1200~1300, MnZn 1300~1450,,LTCF Ag ( 850~900 ) :1 ;2 ;3 ;4LTCF,, ;,, 7 4 4 2006 7 (RoHS) ( ),,,2005,, ; 2004 ; ; ; ISO14001, 80% ; RoHS WEEE,,,,2004 KPE 243,,

7 117,,Qm d 33, SrBi 2Nb 2O 9 (Murata)Nb Bi, (Na 1/2Bi 1/2 )TiO 3, (Na,K)NbO 3,, 36, Murata,TDK,Toshiba,Kyocera, NGK,Toyota,NEC,,, : d 33,,,, (5~2μm ) 7 5 (1),,,Murata Caddock TDK IR Intel,, WTO,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2),,,

118,,,,, :1 ;2 ;3 ;4 LTCC LTCF ;5 ;6 (3) DMEGC, 1 :,2000 2 2001 3, 3 (2004) :,2004 4, :,2005 5 2004 2005, 5,6 6 2005 6 7 2005 3 8 2005 3 1984 1987 1991 1998 1996~1999 犅犪狔狉犲狌狋犺 犚犕犐犜犝狀犻狏犲狉狊犻狋狔 863 973 170 3 1 犐犈犈犈 犛犲狀狊狅狉犔犲狋狋犲狉狊 1965 1979~1981 30 160 10 6 863 犐犈犈犈

8 8 1, 22%, 11%, 2 4%, 1 2%,, 2030,, CO 2, CO,NO x,,, 2004 12,,,,,, 20%~40% ;,, ;,, 30% ~70%,, ;, CO NO x HC ;,,, ;

120 ; ;,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,, 8 2 8 2 1 ( ),, ( ), 1000, 30%~70%,,,, 8 2 2 ( ),,, 45% 8 1 8 1 45% 30% 1300 1100 (1000m 3 /h) 36 150 1300 10 1100 1 (10% )

8 121 (SiC) (Si 3N 4 ),, 2 5, 5, 15,, Carborundum Hex oloy 100 70% HNO 3, 100 45% KOH 0 2mg/(cm 2 a), Carborundum Kyocera, 8 2 3 SiC, :,,, 8 2 ;,, 8 2 / /(g/cm 3 ) 0 70~0 85 0 95~1 05 1 70~1 95 /( 10-6 / ) 1 80~2 5 4 4~5 2 5 8~6 5 /(W/m K) 1 1 1 0 1 0 / 1350 1600 1650 /MPa >34 6 >42 3 >36 8, 200~600, 0 5~2 0mm, 1300, 5, 4~5, 1/3,,,,, ( )

122 8 2 4 2001,, 20%~ 40%, 15%, 40%,NO x 100 10-6, 150, ; ; ; ; 8 3 8 3 1 (SiC) 70, 33%,50%,, (RSiC), (RBSiC), (SSiC), (HPSiC), (CVD SiC,PVD SiC),, Sialon (SSSiC) (LPSSiC),,, 8 3 2 SiC Saint GobainStructuralCeramics ( Carborundum, Saint Gobain ),Ceradyne (, ESK ),Coorstech ( ),Penn UnitedTechnology ( ),Morgan AdvancedCeramics ( ),Kyocera ( ),NGK ( ) Toshiba ( )

8 123 8 3 8 3 SiC SiC SiC SiC d/(g/cm 3 ) 3 10 3 12~3 15 3 18 2 65 /MPa >400 400 550 100(1400 ) K ⅠC /MPa 1/2 4 3 5~4 0 6 9 HV0 1 2800 2700 Si /% <10 0 0 <0 1 Saint Gobain,SA ESK ESK EkaSiC EkaSiCFCoorstekSC 30 CoorstekSC 30 T, SiC (SSiC) 20 80 1000~1100t, SiC ( ) SSiC, LCD Toshiba SSiC SSiC 1 2 ( ) 1 0, Ceradyne 90% ; 0 7 ~0 8,Saint GobainStructuralCeramics 95%, JohnCrane SSiC SSiC 1 5 ~2 0, SiC, SiC Saint GobainStructuralCeramics SP, 4%~6%,, SiC, SP SiC 10 ESK Ekasic P ESK EKasicG Coorstek SC 35 8 3 3 SiC, SiC, SiC,,, SiC SiC 20 80,

124 40, SiC,, FCT SiC, SiC,,,,, 200t SiC, 12, 6000 ~ 7000 SiC,,, SiC SiC,, SiC, 20 80, SiC Norton,Anawork,HIK SiC, 90, SiC,,,,,, 250t 200t, 4000 20% SiC,,, 8 4 8 4 1,,, 1600, 20~30

8 125 1380, 800~900, 1000~1380 10~20,,,,,,,,, 1%,, 8 4 2 Novaref Sirma 5~6, 2~3, 3~4, 300 ~400 /, 50mm,, ( ), ; ( 0 05%), ( ±0 2mm ) 2~3, 4~5, ( ), 8 4 3 20,, 7,,, 400 ~500,

126 GF (1350 ) 70MPa, 1850, 1600, 4%~6%,, 150,,,,,,, ( 1380~1400 ), 1230,, : ( );, ; 8 4 4,,,,,,, 8 5 8 5 1,, 10%~14%, (840 ),, 20 70, 250, 16, 8 4 /(lm/w) 7~20 40~60 40~60 60~90 100~150

8 127 8 4, ( ) ( ),,, 20 40, 1300 1959 GE Al 2O 3, Al 2O 3, 8 5 2, GE, ; Philips NGK,,,, Al 2O 3 96% ~97%, 20 60, 110lm/W; 70, 130lm/W ; 150lm/W, 20 90,, 900 1000, 80% 90%, Al 2O 3 (1200 ), Al 2O 3,, (250W 400W) 8 5 3 20 70,, 3 5 ( ) 772,, 200 ~300 /, 100,, ; 772,, 30,,,, 70,

128,,, 6,2004 600,, 95% 8~10,, Al 2O 3,,,,, α Al 2O 3, 8 6 8 6 1,, 20, 10, CO NO x 85% 40% GDP 5%, 8 6 2,, 20 70,3M Ford, (Corning) (2MgO 2Al 2O 3 5SiO 2 ),,, Al 2O 3, NGK 50% NGK 40%, 300 /,

8 129, α, α 2 6 10-6 / 1 0 10-6 /, 450 800,, 20 70 200~300 80 400~600, 1200, 400~600, 0 15~0 10mm 2003, 20 70 15, 30 8 6 3 20 80,,,, ( ) 1999, 7700 ( ),2000, 700 600 ~ 800 /, 2008 :,,,2002 2, 2007 ( 2005 ) 3 (CO2 3g/km,HC0 2g/km,NO x0 15g/km) 8 7,,,, (1),,

130 (2),, (3),,,, (4),,, 8 8 (1), (2),, (3),,, (4),, 1 C L Grahl AdvancedCeramicsMarketsExperienceRecovery CeramicsIndustry 2004,27~28 2 GlobalNews Amer Cera Soc Bul,2004,83 (10):3 3 A Sonntag,etal New RolersforAdvancedFiringApplications CeramicsIndustry,2004 29 4,2004,12 (1):42~48 5 2004,(11):3~10 6 2001,38 (6):23~30 7 Carbourundum,htp://www hexoloy com 8,2004,(12):5~9 9,, 2001,22 (2):42~75

8 131 10 2001,34 (2):22~23 11,,2003,39 (6):46~48 12,,2000,(3):45~50 13,,2005,54 (3):292~295 14,2002,36 (4):235~239 1936 犜犻犆犖 犅犖

9 9 1,,,,,,, 20 80, 1982,,,,,,,, 2003 7 1 0 8 170,,, 9 2 9 2 1 9 2 1 1 1958,,

9 133,, 125t 1990,, 5000t/a 60000t/a 2004 :, 65 25, 41 2 66 67%, 15% 2004 7 97,,,, 33 8% 24 2% 2004 6, 17 5, 41 2, 2004, 32, 50 7, 60%, 2004 6000, 90% 2004 42 64, 6 39 9 2 1 2 (1) 2004, 32, 41 2, 20 6 / ( ), 200 2 7, 74 / ( ), 10 9 ;, 6, 0 2, 1 6, 3 ;,, 1000, 1/4 (2),, :, ;,, 4000,,2003 4 5kg, 3 5kg, 0 36kg

134 9 2 1 3,,, (1),,,, 4000, 1/10 (2),,, ;,,,,,,, (3),, 9 2 2 9 2 2 1 2004 77469 75 ( ) 24 75%, 9 1 9 2, 9 1 2004 ( )

9 135 9 2 2004 ( ) 1 SBS/APP ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8, SBS/APP 2004,, (1) 2003 12 20 [2003]227 2004 3 18 218,,,,,SBS/APP 46 7%; 16 7%, ; 28 0%,, 1 2mm, (2) SBS/APPⅡ,2004,, 1400, (3) SBS/APP 1,,,,2004 50%, 2004 83 3%

136 (4)2004, 46 24%, 2003 11 4, 2003 64 6% 53 76%, (5) 2004 10, (6) 10,,,, : 1994, 2004,2004 500, 40% 2004 8 18, 1000,,,, : SARNA 1998, 1400, PVC, 1000, 2004 10 15 Sarnafil PVC, PVC, PVC ;, 9 2 2 2 (1), (2),, (3),,,,,,,,, (4), ;, ;, (5),

9 137 10 10, 5, 9 2 2 3 9 3, 1, 20 90, 9 4, 9 3 ; ; ; 9 4

138, ( ), 2005 2010 2005 2010 9 1 9 1 2005 2010 2005 /% /% 2010 / /% SBS/APP 18 1 20 97 24000 32 65 14 3 12 90 13000 17 69 3 7 13 39 14000 19 05 25 0 2 42 4000 5 44 27 3 2 26 4500 6 12 50 0 2 90 5000 6 80 54 84 64500 87 76-10 5 9 68 4000 5 44-12 0 35 48 5000 6 80 0 8 100 73500 100 00 9 2 3 9 2 3 1 2004 WTO,,, 273 :2004 32 6 67%, 11 72%; 100 53 ; 93 ; 9 31, 43 45%; 17 02, 27 4% 3000, 800,, 2004,, WTO (1) 1 GF ( ) 2004 65 25 5 90%,,

9 139 2 2004 87, (82 ) 6% 1998~2004 UPR 9 5,2004 UPR FRP 9 6,2004 UPR FRP 9 7 9 5 1998~2004 UPR ; 9 6 2004 UPR FRP 9 7 2004 UPR FRP,2004 30, 26, 6 12, 4,

140 (2)FRP 21, (FRTP), (FR SP) 1997~2004 FRP 9 8,1997~2004 FRP 9 9, FRP 9 10 9 8 1997~2004 FRP 9 9 1997~2004 FRP 9 10 FRP 1 FRSP,, 15%~20%,2004 20,,

9 141 18 SMC SMC,, 43,,,, 60 3 6 RTM SMC, SMC,,,,,, 300 ; 2005,, 30,,, 3 1m, 400km,,,, 2500mm 800~1400mm 3 : 236m;DN2500 69m;,,, 6,2004 1600km

142, 6000km, 2000m 3 2 FRTP PA PP PET PBT GMT GMT, 3000t/a TPAC ( ) (3)CCL ( ) CCL 2004 CCL 15 9 2 3 2 2005, SMC BMC,, 863,,,,,,,,,,, 9 2 3 3,,, 1,, 2 ( FRSP), 3, 4,

9 143 5,, 6,,, 7, 8,,, 9 2 4 9 2 4 1 (Low E) : (2~15) 10 3 nm 80%, 80%, 25% ( 84%), 70%,,,,,, Low E Low E, PPG,,, Low E :, U Low E 2, Low E, Low E,,,,,,

144,,,,, 60%, 70%,,, 34dB, ;, ;, 9 2 4 2 Low E 20 80,,, 1995, 2W/ (m 2 K), 20 80 90,, 15% 60 Low E 1978 In terpane Low E 1985 Pilkington Low E 1998,,, (CVD) (Low E), CVD,, 5, 450T/D, 2004 60,, 1813 24, 1516 91 9 2

9 145 9 2 /% /% /% /% /% /% Pilkington 66 65 81 02 86 3 0 54 0 43 0 57 PPG 67 51 81 23 85 7 0 56 0 45 0 53 1 72 4 81 91 84 1 0 63 0 49 0 52 2 61 4 75 39 84 2 70 03 81 03 84 0 0 55 0 44 0 56 9 2 4 3 Low E 21,,,, Low E SUN E, 30 9 11 Low E, 50%, 60%, 30%, 25%, 9 11 30 9 2 5,,10 80,,, ;, ; WTO,,,,

146,, 9 2 5 1,,,, 130~150, 200~250, 2, 8000 ~1, 30%~40%,,, 20, ( ) 2000 ~3000, 4000,, 7200, 20%,, 9 2 5 2,, 1,, ( ), 18 928, 1/3~1/2 2,,, 3,,, 4,, ;

9 147,,, 1, 2, 3 ( ), ( ),, 4,,, 9 3,, (1),,, 7000, ( 6000 ), 2 5kg, 500kcal?, 250~300kcal/kg, 1 2t, CO 2, (2),,, 85%~90%,, 90%, 30%,,,,,? 1cal=4 1868J,

148 (3),,,, 2000 /,6000 /, 3 /, (4),,,,,, (5),,,,,,,,,,,, (6),,,,,,,,,, (7),,,, (8),,,,,, 9 3 1,,, 2020 2000,,,,

9 149,,,,,,,,,, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 : 1 2010 65%, 15kg /m 2 ; 30%; 2 2020 75%, 10kg /m 2 ; 40%; 3 2020 30%; 4 2010 CO 2 20%,2020 35% 9 3 2,,,,,,,,, 4 1, 2

150, 3, 4 9 3 3 2020, 2000,,,, 9 3 3 1,,,, 9 3 3 2 (1), 30% 50% ~60%,, (2),, (3),, (4),, (5),, (6), 9 3 3 3 (1),, (2)

9 151 (3) (4), 9 3 3 4,,,, 2010 65% 30%, 2020 75% 40% 9 3 4, (1) 1, 2 3 (2),,,, (3),, 1 ( ), 60%~90% 1t, 5%,, 2 (4)

152, : : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 (5) 1,, 2 3 9 3 5 (1) (2), (3) ( ) (4), 1 2004 2005,2005 2 2004 2005 3 2004 2005 4 1962 1986 1986~1990 1990~1998 1999~2000 2001

10 10 1 5 :1, ;2, 180, (, Nomex Conex), 260 1000h 65%, (PPS), ;3,,, 2400 ;4, 18cN/dtex 400cN/dtex, (, Kevlar Twaron), (,DSM Dyneema Honeywel Spectra)! ( PBO) ( ),, 5,,, :1,, ;2, ( ), ;3, ( ),,,, ;,,, X

154 CT γ ;, ( ) 10 2 20 80,,,, 1996, 1997,,, 9 11,, 2004 10 2 1 20 90, 1 (PAN),, 21 Tenax 75%, 70%, 2007 80%, 50 2, Kevlar DSM Dyneema,, PBO 3,, 80, PPS, AK20Nobel Tw aron, Kevlar, Tenax, 4, ( ), 5~6,, 5,

10 155 10 2 2 20 60~80, PRD,,,,, 90,, ( ), (Kevlar) (Nomex) (PBI) ( ) ( ) ( ) PAN, For tafil (3500t/a) Tenax,, ZOLTEK ALDILA, BASF 10 2 3,,,, DSM Dyneema,,AKZONOBEL! M5 ; Kermel; Lenzing P84, ; Ac rodis, PAN ; SGL PAN,,, ; ZOLTEK PAN, ;,, SVM ARMOS Rusar,,, PAN ;,,,

156 10 2 4 20 60,40, PAN 1975,, 1980,,,,,,, (1), 3,,, (UD) (2), 500t, 10000t/a 5, (3)PAN, PAN, ; 863,, 10t/a T300, T400 500t/aPAN 200t/a,, 2005 3 5GPa 3K 6K 12K 2~3 400 t/a 1000t/aPAN 2 1000t/a 2500t/aPAN 1K 3KPAN (4), 2 500~ 1000t/a

10 157 (5) ( Ⅲ), 20t/a (6)PBO, 863 (7) 863, Kevlar, (8),,,,, 20 70, ( ), (9), 10t/a, PAN,, 100t/a, PAN, ;2006 300t/a (10) 20 70,,, (11),,, 200, 10 3 10 3 1 PAN 10 3 1 1 10 1 PAN,

158, 2007,2007, 10 1 PAN ( :t) ( ) Tenax 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 4400 4400 4400 4400 6600 Soficar 800 2600 2600 2600 2600 +1800 +1800 +1800 CFA 1800 1800 1800 3600 3600 7000 8800 8800 10600 13100 14600 1 16400 1 18200 1 Tenax 3700 3700 3700 3700 3700 Tenax 1900 1900 1900 3400 3400 TTA 700 700 5600 5600 5600 7800 7800 9800 1 3200 3200 3200 3200 5200 Grafil 1500 1500 2000 2000 2000 SGL 500 500 4700 4700 5200 5700 7700 1 9700 1 Hecxel 2000 2000 2000 2800 2800 Cytex 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 2700 2700 3100 1 4000 1 10(1K) 10(1K) 10 1100 2000 200 200 200 400 ( ) 20 60 1600 1 2200 22900 24710 26330 35300 46100 Fortafil( 2005 TTA) 3500 3500 TTA2000 1300 1300 ZOLTEK SGL 1800 1900 2500 1900 2500 1900 4000 1900 4000 1900 ALDILA 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 300 300 300 300 3000 8500 9200 7700 8500 8500 8500 1 8500 1 8500 1 1 : 1K~24K, 36K~460K,1K 1000 /,, 2007~2010 100~2000t/aPAN,40~ 800t/a 7 10 3 1 2 T300, T400, 20 80,, (1), DMSO, 300t/a

10 159 5h 85% 15h 95%, 95% 22h;, 200t/a NaSCN, T300, DMSO (2) 863 T700 T800 PAN (3), T400 T600 T700, :1 ( );2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8, ;9 ; 10,,,,,,,,,,,,, 220~280,,,, 10 2, 10 3 10 1 Torayca 10 2 (2005 ) /(t/a) 10600 200 /(t/a) 1800 200 DMSO AN DMSO AN, ( ) T300~T1000,M35J~M70J,M30~ M50, T300 /GPa 7 3 5( ) /GPa 9 /GPa 650 230 /GPa 700 2010 /(t/a) 18200 400

160 10 3 PAN /MPa /GPa /% /(g/cm 3 ) T300 3530 230 1 5 1 76 T300J 4210 230 1 8 1 78 T400H 4410 250 1 8 1 80 T700S 4900 230 2 1 80 T800H 5490 294 1 9 1 81 T1000G 6370 294 2 2 1 80 M30 4020 294 1 4 1 70 M30S 5490 294 1 7 1 73 M40 2740 392 0 6 1 81 M50 2450 490 0 5 1 91 M35J 4700 343 1 4 1 75 M40J 4400 377 1 2 1 77 M46J 4200 436 1 0 1 84 M50J 4120 475 0 9 1 88 M55J 4020 540 0 8 1 91 M60J 3820 588 0 7 1 93 M65J 637 1 9 M70J 688 1 9 3500 235 1 5 10 1 Torayca 10 3 1 3 10 4 2001~2010 PAN, 10 5 ( Soficar )

10 161 10 4 PAN ( :t, %) 2001 6430(36) 5100(28) 2800(16) 3570(20) 17900 2002 6080(33) 5230(28 5) 3030(16 5) 3960(22) 18300 2003 6230(33) 5430(28) 3480(18) 4070(21) 19210 2004 6550(32) 6260(30) 3590(17) 4280(21) 20680 2005 6650(30) 6800(31) 3970(18) 4500(21) 21920 2006 7580(31) 7380(31) 4470(18) 4780(20) 24190 2007 8350(32) 7900(30) 4940(19) 5080(19) 26270 2008 9000(32) 8100(29) 5450(20) 5190(19) 27740 2009 9850(34) 8300(28) 5950(20) 5410(18) 29510 2010 11390(35 5) 8500(26 5) 6300(20) 5720(18) 31910 10 5 PAN ( :t, %) 2001 2690(15) 4690(26) 10520(59) 17900 2002 2140(12) 4670(25) 11490(63) 18300 2003 2457(13) 5012(26) 11741(61) 19210 2004 2741(13) 5081(25) 12858(62) 20680 2005 3215(15) 5101(23) 13604(62) 21920 2006 3775(16) 5135(21) 15280(63) 24190 2007 4170(16) 5097(19) 17003(65) 26270 2008 4741(17) 5107(18) 17892(65) 27740 2009 5201(18) 5104(17) 19205(65) 29510 2010 5389(17) 5118(16) 21408(67) 31910 10 4 10 5, 9 11,,, 2003, 2004,,,, (CNG), 10 6, 2006 A380 2008 B 787,, 30 23, 2000~3000,

162 10 6 PAN ( :t/a) 2300 600 600 500 200 100 495 200 4995 10 7 5,, 10 7 2003~2010 ( :t) 2003 2005 2010 2003 2005 2010 1500 1750 3500 210 980 1650 20 80 400 20 50 200 1250 1940 4450 3000 4800 10200 10 3 2 PPTA 10 3 2 1, PPTA 2000 30000t/a, 2006 50000t/a 10 8 PPTA 2006 1500t/a, 5000, 2010 3 10 8 ( :t) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 ( ) Kevlar 17500 17500 19500 19500 19500 (, ) Kevlar 5000 5300 5300 5300 5300 ( ) Kevlar 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 0 7 Twaron( ) Twaron 10500 18500 18500 18500 23000 Technora 1000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1 4 ( ) SVM 400 400 400 400 400 ( ) ARMOS 30 30 30 30 30 ( ) Rusar 600 600 600 600 600 AKZO NOBEL( ) M 5 20 20 : 5 1 5 10 3 2 2 N (NMP),CaCl 2 (TPC) (PPD), 6 3 PPTA,, ( ) 18%~20%,

10 163 Kevlar29, 350~500, Kevlar49 10, 10 9 Twaron, PPTA,, Technora PPTA : H2 師 N O NH 帩 師 師 師 師 2( 25%), Telon SVM ARMOS Rusar 10 2, Terlon B C, PPD M 3, m 3%~ 5% : SVM B, M 3 50%, : Armos B C,, M 3, m 50%~70%, Terlon, m n Rusar 10 2, :PPD M 3,, Rusar RusarC Rusar HT Ru sark, Armos, 10 9 PPTA ARMOS Ⅲ, 30, 20 60 10 10

164 10 2 : P:m 15%,n 80%,l 5%;Q:m 5%,n 80%,l 15%;R:m 5%,n 25%,l 70%; S:m 25%,n 5%,l 70%;U:m 75%,n 20%,l 5% 10 9 2005 PPTA (Kevlar) PPTA ( Ⅱ) (ARMOS) Ⅲ /(t/a) 18500 5 30 20 /(t/a) 2500 5 30 20,,,,,, 1500 200 / 11 2 2 2 /(cn/dtex) 26 4 20 5 5GPa 5 0GPa /(cn/dtex) 28 2 21 1 6 5GPa 5 5GPa /(cn/dtex) 968 700 180GPa /(cn/dtex) 1056 800 10 10 /dtex /(g/cm 3 ) /% /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /% Kevlar29 1167 1 44 7 0 20 0 405 3 6 Kevlar49 1578 1 45 4 5 19 4 880 2 4 Kevlar68 1578 1 44 6 5 20 6 688 2 9 Kevlar100 1667 1 44 7 0 18 8 419 3 9 Kevlar119 1667 1 44 7 0 21 2 378 4 4 Kevlar129 1111 1 44 6 5 23 3 669 3 3 Kevlar149 1267 1 47 1 5 15 8 968 1 5 KevlarHT 1 47 6 5 26 4 Twaron 1 44 19 5 70GPa 3 6 Twaron 1 44 23 0 90GPa 3 3 Twaron 1 45 19 5 121GPa 2 1 Technora SVM 588 19 52~23 54 115 0~119 6GPa 2 8~3 0 143 19 31~22 83 118 0~121 0GPa ARMOS 588 21 58~24 32 130 7~136 5GPa Rusar 588 24 25~27 58 134 0~143 0GPa 2 6~3 5

10 165 10 3 2 3 10 11 PPTA, 200, 10%,, 1000t, 10 ~12, 10, (LNG), IT 10 11 PPTA ( :kt/a) ( ) 2000 12 0 11 85 6 55 3 10 2 60 0 70 35 00 2001 13 0 12 16 6 38 1 95 3 42 1 14 38 00 2002 14 0 11 10 7 00 2 30 3 80 1 80 40 00 2003 15 0 8 90 9 00 3 30 4 20 2 60 43 00 2004 16 0 8 70 11 00 3 60 4 60 3 00 46 50 2005 16 5 8 50 13 00 4 00 5 00 3 50 50 00 10 3 3 UHMWPE 10 3 3 1 10 12 UHMWPE 10 12 UHMWPE ( :t) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2010 DSW( ) 1500 2500 3000 3000 DSW( ) 0 1500 1500 1500 Dyneemn( ) 600 1000 1000 1000 Spectra( ) 1000 1000 2000 3000 400 500 1000 1000 2000 400 500 1000 1000 2000 300 300 400 400 600 30 30 300 500 2005, SK, 30t/a 10 3 3 2 UHMWPE,, DSM,, ; Honeywel,

166 20 80 DSM, ; Dyneema DSM, UHMWPE, ( 10 3),, c/c (c,c )=20~ 40, 35cN/dtex 1999, 10 4 (PE) ( ) ( ), (c/c = 2, 9%), 1000, PE, PE,,, 330~1100dtex, 15~19 4 cn/dtex 10 3 ( : =1 ) 10 4 PE

10 167 10 13, 10 14 10 13 2005 DSM Honeywel PE DSM Honeywel /(t/a) 4500 2000 1000 /(t/a) 500 30 / 6 3 /(cn/dtex) 37 31 35 2 /(cn/dtex) 40 46 6 42 2 /(cn/dtex) 1200(116GPa) 116GPa /(cn/dtex) 1400 2141 10 14 DSM Honeywel /(g/cm 3 ) /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /% SK60 0 97 28 2 7 910 89 3 5 SK65 0 97 31 3 0 970 95 3 6 SK66 0 97 33 3 2 1010 99 3 7 SK75 0 97 35 3 4 1100 107 3 75 SK76 0 97 37 3 6 1200 116 3 75 SK77 0 97 40 3 9 1400 137 3 75 Spectra900 0 97 22 0~24 7 2 06~2 22 62~79 3 6~4 4 Spectra1000 0 97 28 8~30 3 2 77~2 93 98~113 2 9~3 4 Spectra2000 0 97 28 5~31 0 2 74~3 00 113~116 2 8~2 9 Tekmilon 0 96 3 43 98 4 0 10 14 SK60,,SK77,, Spectra2000, Tekmilon,,,,, 10 3 3 3,1993 1300t,2001 1800t,2003 4700t,2004 6000t, 10 13 7%, 2005 7500t, 5~6, 2, 1, ( ) 1,, ( 1000~2000t) (

168 ) ( ) ( ) 10 3 4,, 10 3 4 1 10 15,,, 10 15 ( :t) 2004 2005 Sudaglass( ) 2006, 2005 Kamenny( ) 1 / Ivotglass( ) ( ) ( ) 900 5000 ( ) Khmelnitskyrey( ) ( ) 1000 4000 ( ) ( ) 35 500 2010 10000 ( ) 650 1000 2010 3000, ( ) Albarrie 4840MPa 10 3 4 2 (1400~1500 ),,,,, 800, 200 10 16, 10 17 10 16 SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Na2O+K2O TiO2 Fe2O3+FeO /%51 6~59 3 14 6~18 3 5 9~9 4 3 0~5 3 3 6~5 2 0 8~2 25 9 0~14 0 0 09~0 13

10 169 10 17 /(g/cm 3 ) /MPa /MPa /% / 2 5~2 8 3000~4840 89~108 3 15 650 2 8 3000~4840 79 3~93 1 3 10 650 2 8 3500~4840 79 3~93 1 5 60 650 10 3 4 3 3500t/a, H 10 3 5 PBO Zylon M5,, Kevlar29 1, 100,LOI 68,, 10 3 5 1 10 18, 10 18 Zylon ( :t) 1995 1998 2000 2003 2004 2005 2010 20 180 200 300 400 500 800 10 3 5 2 PBO 4,6 ( ), P205 (PPA), (AS), (HM) 10 19 AKZO NOBEL M5 (2,5 1,4 )(PIPD), 2,6 2,3,5,6,,, LOI 50,,,

170 10 19 Zylon M5 PBO AS PBO HM PIPD(M5) PIPD(M5) /dtex 1 67 1 67 /(g/cm 3 ) 1 54 1 56 1 70 1 70 /GPa 5 8 5 8 5 3 9 5 /(cn/dtex) 37 37 /GPa 180 270 350 400~450 /(cn/dtex) 1150 1720 /% 3 5 2 5 1 4 >2 /% 2 0 0 6 2 0 2 0 /GPa 0 42 2 00 0 50 /% 0 15 / 550 530 530 /LOI 68 68 >50 >50 6 10-6 (100kHz) 3 0 0 001 PBO,M5, 1 1GPa, 2 2GPa, T300 Twaron HM 2 10GPa 0 48GPa,M5 200 400 1 7GPa 1 1GPa, PBO, 10 3 5 3 10 20 Zylon,,, 180t/a, 200t/a, 1 5 /,2003 300t/a 1 /, Kevlar 3~4, Kevlar 1/100 10 20 Zylon ( :t) 1995 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 3( ) 20 100 150 200 250 300 400

10 171 M5, CNG LPG 10 3 6 PMIA 10 3 6 1 10 21 PMIA,,, Kermel 10 21 PMIA ( :t) 2002 2003 2004 2005 ( ) Nomex 15000 15000 17500 17500 ( ) Nomex 4000 4000 4000 4000 Fenelon 300 300 300 300 ( ) Conex 2300 2300 2300 2300 Kermel ( ) Kermel 750 750 750 750 50 100 100 200 500 1800 1000 20 500 500 1000 10 3 6 2 DMAc CaCl 2,, 6 2~6 8cN/dtex 10 22,,, 10 22 PMIA 2003 2005 2003 2005 /(t/a) 19000 22000 500 10000 / 2 2 1 1 / 7 7 2 2 /(cn/dtex) 3 5~4 7 3 5~4 0 7 0 4 5

172 10 3 6 3 2003, PMIA,,, 2003 2004 1 8 2 3,2005 3 0 10 3 7 PPS 10 3 7 1 10 23 PPS, PMIA, PMIA,,, 10 23 PPS ( :t) 2002 2003 2004 2005 ( ) 1600 1600 1600 1600 2002 ATY PPS ( ) 640 640 640 640 ( ) 300 300 330 400 Celanese 20 200 2010 500 10 3 7 2, TAY PPS PPS, PPS, 10 3 7 3 3, 2004 3%,2004 2200t,2005 2500t, 180~200 C 10 3 8 ACF 10 3 8 1 ACF 4 :, Adol ( ), PAN ACF, Acrodis SGL, ACF 3500t/a,

! 10 173 ACF 250t/a,PAN 50t/a 10 3 8 2 10 24 4, 10 25 10 24 ( ) (800~ 1500 HCl,PCl5 ) 800~900 H2O,CO2, :1450~ 1550m 2 /g : :1000m 2 /g N (200~300 ), (800~1500 ) (800~900 H2O,CO2), (1100~1200 ) :1500~3000m 2 / g,, :1500 ~ 2000m 2 /g : 10 25 / μ m 9~11 15~18 6~11 10~14 /(m 2 /g) 1000~2300 1000~1500 700~1200 1000~2000 800 /(m 2 /g) 1 0~1 2 0 2~0 7 1 5~2 0 0 001~0 01 /(ml/g) 0 5~1 2 /nm 1 5~3 5 1 0~1 6 2 0~3 0 1 5~4 5 4 0~6 0 /(kn/mm 2 ) 0 294~0 882 0 069~0 098 0 196~0 490 0 098~0 176 /(kn/mm 2 ) 19 6~29 4 9 8~19 6 68 6~78 4 3 92~6 27 /% 2 7~2 8 2 2 4~2 8 /(mg/g) 30~80 30~60 20~45 30~35 /(ml/g) 310~380 100~150 250~350 70~80, :1 ACF ACF,, ACF,,, ACF, ;2 ACF,,,!, 99% 10 5 10 6 ACF, 10 7 ACF

174 ACF (a) ACF (b) 10 5 ACF (c) ACF ACF ACF ACF (d) ACF 10 6 ACF 10 3 8 3 ACF 3500t/a, 320t/a, 60%, 40% ( ) ( ) ( )

10 175 10 7 ACF ( ) 10 3 9,,, 21, 80 1 1996,40%, 20%~40% ( ) 2005 40%,20%~40% ( ), 2 5%,, 70%,, 0 0001%, 0 4m 3, 0 15~0 2m 3,, 900,, ACF,

176, :1 (RO), 0 5nm, 1 ;2 (NF), 5nm,, 1 ;3 (UF), 100nm, ;4 (MF), 500nm,,RO, 6 /, 4 5 ~5 /, RO, 12 ~12 8,, 500 20 ~40, 10 800, 2003,, 160μm 130μm,,,, RO,, UF MF,,,,2004 400, 2008 1000,, 13, 2005 10 4 10 4 1 PAN 1975 863, 30, T300, 1K,12K,, ACE Amec 500t/aDMSO PAN 200t/aPAN,,, 3 5GPa PAN 1K 3K,,, 2004 PAN 3500t, 90%,

10 177,, 400t, 200t,, 90,, 10 4 2 1973,1980,,,, 911,,, 2004 PPTA 1255t,2005 1400t, 10 26, 10 26 PPTA ( :t) 2004 200 590 330 60 40 35 1255 2005 230 600 400 70 60 40 1400 10 4 3 1999, 30t/a, 2004 500t/a, 1330t/a, 2430t/a,, 10 27 UHMWPE 10 27 UHMWPE ( :t) + + 2002 25 20 54 1 2003 27 16 55 2 2004 29 10 57 4 2005 32 5 60 3 10 4 4 2004 700t/a, 1500t/a,

178 500t/a, 1000t/a, 10 4 5 PBO, 10 4 6 2004 2300t/a,2005 11000t/a, 10 28 PMIA 10 28 PMIA ( :t, %) 2001 255(39 2) 275(41 3) 80(12 3) 30(4 7) 15(3 2) 655 2002 317(37 7) 349(41 5) 105(12 5) 41(4 9) 28(3 4) 840 2003 370(36 5) 420(41 4) 135(13 3) 55(5 4) 35(3 4) 1015 2004 425(35 4) 500(41 6) 165(13 7) 70(5 8) 42(3 5) 1202 2005 480(34 3) 580(41 4) 200(14 3) 90(6 4) 50(3 6) 1400 10 4 7 2004, 20t/a,2005 10 (200t/a), 80%, 8% 10 4 8 2004 ACF 220t/a, 60%,40%, 320t/a,, 300t/a ACF 1000~3000m 2 /g, 10 5,

10 179,,,,,, T800 T1000 MJ PAN PPTA UHMWPE PMIA,,,,, PAN, 10, 400t/a 800t/a 1000t/a 1200t/a;PPTA 4, ; UHMWPE 4~5 10 29 2010 PAN PAN 10 29 ( :t/a) 2005 2010 2020 2020 PAN 220 4600 10000 2~3 5~6 PPTA 1500 3000 3 4~5 UHMWPE 2430 5100 10000 2 3~4 1500 13000 20000 2~3 3~4 PBO 30t/a 100 2 2 PMIA 11000 15000 20000 2 2 PPS 200 500 1000 4 5~6 40 1200 2000 1 1,2005 ACF 350t/a,2010 500t/a,2020 1000t/a RO,2005,2010,2020 10 ~20 ;,,, 10 6 10 6 1

180 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, 9 10,,, 瑏瑡,,, 瑏瑢, 瑏瑣, 10 6 2 1, 2,,,PMIA PPTA,, 3, 4, 5,,,, 6,,

10 181 7,,,,,, 1 2005 5 9 (2592):6 2 250 2005 4 18 (2390):1 3 ( ) 2004 7 4 2005 ( ) ( ) P 1 5 2 2005 3 9 (3940):9 6 2005 5 26 (20634):3 7 2010 1 5 2005 3 16 (20588):2 8, ( ) 2004,29 (2):11 9 2000,25 (4):1 10 11, 2005 JEC 12 1999,24 (3):28 13, 1999,24 (2):18 14 TheFiberYear2004 Saurer 2005,Issue5 P 14 1964 2 863 8 79 170 160 21 20 35

11 11 1,,,,,,,,,,,, 11 2 11 2 1 2004 35350t, 11 1, 2003,,, 2005~ 2010 11 2,2006 2010,,,2004~2007

11 183 11 3 1 11 1 2004 1 /( / ) 12800 13700 7100 1750 35350 /% 36 39 20 5 100 1 11 2 2005~2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 /% 75 8 71 3 79 1 85 5 92 4 99 3 11 3 ( : / ) CFA( ) COEICAR( ) 2004 2005 2006 2007 4700 4700 4700 4700 1800 2600 9100 1800 2600 9100 3600 2600 10900 3600 2600 10900 2006 3 1800t 2004 1000t 3700 3700 3700 3700 TENEX( ) 1900 1900 3400 3400 2006 10 1500t FORTAPIL( ) 1300 1300 1300 2004 FORBAFILL 700 700 700 2005,1300t, 5600 7600 9100 9100 700t GRAFIL( ) GGL( ) 3200 1500 3200 1500 3200 2000 500~700 3200 2000 500~700 4700 4700 5700~5900 5700~5900 1750 1850 1950 1950 2005 500t 2006 SGL HEXCEL 2270 2270 2270 3178 CYTEC 1850 1850 1850 1850 FORBAFILL ZOLTEX ALDILA SGL 3500 1800 1000 1950 1800 1000 1950 1800 1000 1950 1800 1000 1950 31770~31970 32878 (%) 27370 25270 8 3 26 5 30 1 2005 2 8000 3, 40% 2004 9 8250 6050 6050 6050 48K 33520 33420 37820~38020 38928

184, T300,12K 2003 11~13 /kg 30 /kg,,,,,,,,,, 11 2 2, 2003 11 4,, 2004~2010 11 5,,,,6 1, 11 6 11 7, 11 4 2003 /% /t /% 38 35 27 6600 33 33 53 14 5100 26 4 18 78 2800 14 3500 18 1900 9 19900 100

11 185 11 5 /t /t 2004 2741 5081 12858 20680 2005 3215 5101 13604 21920 2006 3775 5135 15280 24190 2007 4170 5097 17003 26270 2008 4741 5107 17892 27740 2009 5201 5104 19205 29510 2010 5389 5118 21408 31910 11 6 /t /t 2003 60 3000 200 3260 2004 90 3600 340 4030 2005 120 3800 500 4420 2010 250 4000 1900 6150 11 7 /% / /% / 2004 1240 87 10 2008 1480 68 8 27 2006 1360 79 4 17 2010 1560 62 3 33 2004, 2004 4500t,2009 7000t, 10%,,,,2003 90% ( 11 6) 10%, ( 11 4),, 2004,,,2005~2008,, 3000t,B 787,A400M

186 50% 40%, 11 8 11 8 2005~2008 /% /t / / A380 2005 4 25 36 555 154 B 787 2007 50 32~33 220 186 A400M 2008 34~40 37t 190, B 787 20 3000,,,,,1997~2002 35%, 2003~2007 10GW/a, 11 1,, 5MW 61 5m, 18t, 2002 100 /,2003 700 /, 11 1 ;,,, (risers),, 10~18, 1500m ; (tether), 1500m 10km, 200t,,

11 187,, :,, 4,, 11 9, 90%,, 11 9 /m 2 /m 2 /% /% 0 39 70 0 74 >60 1 23 75 11 4 65, 2003 8% 2004 10%,2005 15%, 1,, 200g/m 2,2001 100 2,, 3 ( ) 4 5 X CT γ 6 11 2 3 60%~70%,,, 10% ~15%, 24,,

188,, 20, 2000 /, 11 10 11 10 /mm 1000 1 1000 1 3K 1000 1 1000 1 1000 1 1000 1 1000 1 1000 1,, β 40m/min, 20m/min, 300 /, 11 2 4,,, 1 T300,,, 2,,,, 3,,,,,

11 189 a b ( ) c ( ) d,, 11 3 11 3 1 863,,,,,,,, ;, ; ( ),, 1/40~1/20, 1/5~1/4; ;, 20%~50%, ;, ;, 11 3 2,

190, 1 1200 ( ),,,,,, 1~2,,,,, 11 3 3 2004 12,,2004 11,,,,,, 500, 2004 2005, 2004,, 10 ( ) 5,, 36, 10,,,,,, ( ) Douglas

11 191 11 3 4,,,,, 2001 173 21, 33 3%,2004 600 ( 2004 ), 11 7, 2 4,, 9 3, 4 32, 13 62, ( ) 2003, ( ) 100, 80%,,,,,,, 11 4 20 50 60, 1957, 20 60 70,,

192, 20 80,,, 20 90,,,, 14%, 20 90 2 3L,,,, 20%,,,,,,, 70,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

11 193,,, Kovar Fe Ni Co (W Cu Mo Cu),,, (SiC Al),,, 20 90, 180 W/(m K),,,, 70%,,, LEC,,, 10 20, : ( ) 5 4%,,, W Cu Mo Cu 1/10~1/5,, 55%~75%,,,, 60%, 10 ( ) 20 90,,,, ( 200~240W/(m K) 20μΩ cm), 20, 2005,

194 500, 500, 1 3,,,,,,,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,,,,, 1 BobGrifiths BoeingSetsPaceforCompositeUsageinLargeCivilAircraft Composites,May 2005P68 2 Schreiber H A, Frasier G W, Increasing rangeland forage production by water harvesting Soil Sci Soc Am J,1982,(46):602~807 3 FinkD H Parafin waxwater harvestingsoiltreatmentimprovedwithantistrippingagents SoilScience,1984, 138 (1):46~53 4 FinkD H,EhrlerW L RunoffarmingforgrowingChrisitmastrees SoilSci SocAm J,1983,(47):983~987 5 FantaGF,BurrRC,GraftCopolymersofStach Ⅲ CopolymerizationofGelatinized WheatStarchwithAcrylo nitrile:influenceofchinamodifiersoncoplymercomposition J Appl PolymerSci,1967,(11):457 6 FantaGF,BurrRC,GraftCopolymersofStach Ⅱ CopolymerizationofGelatinized WheatStarchwithAcrylo

11 195 nitrile:influenceofreactionconditionsoncopolymercomposition J PolymerSci,1966,(B4):745 7 :,1993,215~229 8,1984,59 (5):665~669 9 ( ),1986,(8):8~9 10,,,1997,(12):31~32 11 BowmanDC,EvansR Y Calciuminhibitionofpolyacrylimidegelhydrationispartialyreversiblebypotassi um Hortsci,1999,26 (8):1063~1065 12,1991,13 ( 1) 13,,,2002,38 (5):18~23 14,,,2002,24 (1):16~21 15,,,2002,24 (4):56~59 16,,2001,16 (4):10~12 17 C S Zhen,etal AustralianJ ExperimentalAgriculture 2002,42 (3):145 18,, 2002, :,2003,4 19 BusinessCommunicationsCompany,Inc MetalMatrixCompositesinthe21 st Century:MarketsandOpportuni ties,2000 20, 2002,(6):3~6 21 CUIYan,HighVolumeFractionSiCp/AlCompositesPreparedbyPressureless MeltInfiltration:Processing, PropertiesandApplications,KeyEngineering Materials,2003,Vol 249,45~48 22 G M Robinson DesignNews,AEROSPACE,1997,143~144 23 F 22,,1995,(7):15~16 24,,, F 22,,1996,(6):25~26 25,1996,(30):1~3 26 B M Daniel 2 nd AnnualAluminum MetalMatrixCompositesMeeting,1997,p75 1969 1997 1999 30 863 15 60

196 1965 211 863 2001 犃犃 322100 6000 3 50 5

12 12 1,,,,, 1964,, 210~230 km/h;1983, 270km/h,1989, 300km/h, 515 3km; 1985 ICE, 330km/h 2003, 250km/h 10200km; 20 46, 8000km, 20~30 1994, 160km/h;2001, 292km;2002, 321 5km/h,,,,, :1 2005 9, 3000 ;2 200km/h ;3,, 70%, 200km, 200km

198 300km, ( 200km/h 250km/h ),, 2020,,1998~2002,, 162 326, 25% 2003 440,80% 2004,, 2004 10, 18% 2004 11 1804 72, 27 75%, 10 GDP 9%, 15 3%, 10 2010,2020 2010 800~1000,,, 50 2003 456 24,, 2003 2350 (260 ), 900 (100 ), 10% 12 1 ( : ) 2005 2010 2015 2020 1352 77 1929 31 2471 02 3371 25 334 55 472 07 580 2 803 05 24 8 40 77 65 25 85 57 4 78 6 13 6 9 7 56 5 49 8 43 12 48 15 85 81 43 118 42 201 31 246 92 138 33 233 1 355 36 590 57 44 76 71 624 105 17 163 5 67 14 107 436 157 76 245 25 ( ) 5556 37 9062 51 13478 44 21596 02 13 58 23 68 38 05 40 71 5 42 7 62 9 47 30 14 12 28 17 56 23 63 28 73 :1 2,

12 199,,,,,,,2000, 15 12 1,,,,,, 12 2 12 2 1,, (1) (2), (3),, (4),,,,, (5),,, 12 2 1 1 (1),,, 3 2~6 0mm 1 0~1 5mm, 40% 20 60,,, 5000, 10%, 200km/h TGV

200,,,, 45% ~50%, 10 Al Mg ( 5083 ) Al Mg Si ( 6061 6063 6N01 ) Al Zn Mg ( 7N01 7003 ), 200 300 400 500, TGV 2 ICE :,, 700~800mm 30m,,,,, 66%,,,, (FRP) ( ), 60,,,, 58%, 20%, 20%, 2%;, 35%, 22%, 21%, 15%, 4%, 3% TGV FRP, 10t, ETR500 ( Tedlar Nomex / ), (CFRP),,, FRP,, ( 1/10),,,, STAR21,, ; ETR460,

12 201 ; (2), ( 500, 1 8 10 9 ) TGV 200 300 600MPa 6mm, 0 8t 20 80 AEG MBB,, ICE FRP,, 1989 CFRP 0 3t, 70% SNCF TGV, 350km/h, 12 2 1 2,,, Cr Mo,, STY80 ( C0 6% ~0 75% ), V2, C 0 55%, 0 18%~0 21% V;1988,, C 0 46%~0 77% 6, C 1998, C 0 42%,, 3,,, FRP, 12 2 1 3,,, Ag, Cd, (0 15% ~0 18% Ag), (0 7%~1 3%Cd) (0 3%Sn), (, ),, ICE TGV,,

202,, 12 2 1 4,, Ni Cr Mo Cr Mo V, C C 1997, 20 ;, 250km/h, 400km/h SiCp Al C C TGV A,,, ICE /,,, 1997 12 2 1 5,, 12 2,, ;,, 20 50, ;70, ;80,, 12 2 2,,,,,,,

12 203 12 2 CFRP CFRP CFRP 1 2 3 4

204 12 2 2 1,, ( ), 2008, 60% (1) :, PNGV Class,, 218kg,,, ( ),, A6, 6 (2),, AISI300 AISI200,, AISI301 AISI204M LPG, 30%, ;,,, (3), 60mm 2170kg 1820kg 1720kg (4) 21,

12 205 12 2 2 2,, 1991~1999,2002 86%, 1999 20%; 1999 58% 2002 62%;, ( P2000), 37%,,, 20, :, ;, ;,, 30%,HC 30%, 5%;,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 12 2 2 3, 15% ~20%, 1990, 3kg, 20%,,, 60%,,,80%,,,,

206, AM AZ AS, AZ91D,, 60, 45, 38, 25%, AE Mg Al Ca Mg Al Ca RE AJ ZAC8506, MRI201S MRI202S MRI203S,, US AMP (USAutomotiveMaterialsPartnership) (USCAR) (USAMP), 2001,,, 2005 2003 10, 3 0LDuratecV6,,, 130,, :1 AZ91 ; 2 130 AZ91 ;3 AE42 ;4 AZ91 ;5 AZ91 ;6 AZ91, BeerSheva 150 MRI153M 200 MRI230D, MONASH QUEENSLAND AMC CSIRO AVL, 200 AM SC1, LUPO 3, 14kg 12 2 2 4 (1), 454 /, 172 / 136 /,

12 207,20 70, 5%,80 10%, 300kg, 22%, RENAULT 15 5%; 100kg, 7 5%,, ( ) 90,,,, (2),, 200kg, 15% :21 20%~25%,,, 80,SMC/BMC (sheet/bulkmoldingcom pound),, RTM (resintransfermolding),,,, (3),,,,,,, 20~40kg, :,,

208 ; 12 3 12 3 1,, 12 3 1 1 (1) SUS301 ( C 0 1% ~0 12%),, SUS300L ( C0 01% N0 1%),, 210km/h 6005A 7005A, 5t, 37 5%,,,, 6005 7N01,, FRP 25 5m,,,,,,, (2), 300 MPa Q345 16Mn, 600 MPa, 12 3 1 2 9 3000km, 40 ~50, 20, ( )

12 209,,,, 12 3, O S,P 0 02%,S 0 02%,C < 0 06%,, ; O S,,P<0 40%,S<0 40%,C 0 10%,,, 12 3 LF (RH ) LF (RH DH VD ) ; (3 ) (U71Mn ) ( ),, 2000, 200km/h, CL60, 300km/h 12 3 1 3, ICE DSA 380,, ( 70%), 400 ( 3000 ), 120,,,, : 2600t, 6000t, 4, 12 3 1 4, 1000,

210 500,,, 12 3 1 5, V, 12 3 2 20, WTO,,,,, 12 3 2 1 2002, 400, 2000 200,, IF 60%, 12 3 2 2,, 133kg, 12%, 2010 270 /, 32 %, 50% 60 /, 5%,, 1998 90%, 8 %, 100kg,2005 95 %, ( ) 125kg (12%),,,

12 211, 1000, 300 /, 360 /, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,, 488 319, 810~820,, (Si> 7%),,,,,,,,, 30 ~40,,,,,,,,,,,,,

212 [ (1 0~6 0) 1000~1400mm 2000~8000mm],,,,,,, 12 3 2 3 2001, 2001,,,,, ( ), 2000t, Meridin,, 863 36, CA4GE2, 20 3, 1500t 8, 3 ~10 12 3 2 4 (1), 8 ~10 /,2005 15,2010 23, 10 10% 10, : 21% 19 6%

12 213 12 2% 10 4% ABS8% 7 8% 6%,,, :,,, (2) 40 10, 10%,, ;, (3), 20kg 2000, 4000,,, 12 4,,,,,,,,, ( ),

214,,, 12 5 12 5 1, 20~ 30,,,,, 5~10,, 12 5 2,,,,, 250km/h, 300km/h 350km/h,,,,,, (1),,,, (2),,

12 215, (3),, (4),, (1),,,, 3~4 (2), 1~2 (3), 50% (4), 3~5 ( ) ( ) (5),, 2~3 5000t ( ) (6), 2~3 1 2010 6000km 2003,3:23 2, 2000,3:2~3 3, 2001,24 (1):25~27 4,,, 2003, 5,, 2003, 6 A P Ketle 2001,9:37~39 7,,, 2005,30 (3):1~5 8,, 2003,15 (3):66~69 9,,, 2002,26 (4):71~73 10,,,YvesBerthier 2004, 125 (4):11~17 11, 2003, 12, 2003,17 (6):15~17

216 13 SAE2004 2004 (6):6~12 14 2004 (6):1~5 15,, 10 1999,(1) 16 1999,(6):1~3 17 1998,(6):1~7 18 2004,(5):7~10 19 2000,(8):14~20 20 (3),2001,(1) 21 (1) 2002,(5) 22 (2) 2002,(6) 1956 2 1 6 5 50 犛犆犐犈犐 犐犛犜犘 30 1 5 2003 犛犖犈犆犕犃 2004 2005 2005 1949 5 1 1 1 5 863 1 2 92 1 5 1 100 犛犆犐 45 犈犐 8 犐犛犜犘 3

13 13 1,,, 30kW, 100kW, 0 2μm 3~5μm, (LD) (DPSSL),,2004 10 3 [1],,,, 2000 2005 (JHPSSL),,, 20 90, [1] 20%, 21, IT,2002 2003,2004,,,2001~2003 YAG [2], ;2001~2003, 2001-43 8%, 2002 2003, 47 2%,

218 13 2 13 2 1, 20 90, IT,, LitonAirtron Synoptics U nioncarbide Crystalproducts NorthropGrumman Saint Gobain, 2004 40 [3], ( 20 ),, VLOC NorthropGrumman Saint Gobain OnyxOptics Sci entificmaterials SuperOptronics CrystalOpticsResearch Marke techinternational Kentek, 10, AlphalasGmbH FEE GmbH MolTechGm bh IngcrysLaserSystems PhotoxOpticalSystems EKSPLA, 10 Ox ide NECTOKIN,, LaserFocusWorld, 2002 2003,2004,2004 ( LD ) 9 4, 2003 19% ( 13 1), 2008 14 7, 10%, 12 2004 9 45, 5, (53%), 2 28, 24%, 1 24, 13%, 90% ( 13 2),,,

13 219 13 1 2001~2004 ( : ) 2001 2002 2003 2004 75205 61812 58309 64465 3760 2890 3038 3128 LD 13940 19232 18151 26983 92905 83934 79498 94576 4 4% -9 6% -5 3% 19 0% 13 2 2004 ( : ) 50534 22800 3266 12421 1040 1100 3414 94576 53% 24% 3% 13% 1% 1% 4% 100% 13 2 2,, 13 3 13 3 Nd 3+ Yb 3+ Ho 3+ Er 3+ Tm 3+ Ce 3+ Cr 3+ Ti 3+ Cr 4+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Y3Al5O12(YAG) Gd3Ga5O12(GGG) Gd3Sc2Ga3O12(GSGG) Al2O3 YLiF4 (YLF) LiSrAlF6 (LiSAF) LiCaAlF6 (LiCAF) YAlO3(YAP) YVO4 GdVO4 BeAl2O4 Sr5 (PO4) 3F(S FAP) KGd(WO4) 2 (KGW) YAl (BO3) 4 (YAB) CaY4(BO3) 3O(YCOB),, 20 [3], (1) (Nd:YAG) (Nd:

220 YAP) (Nd:Cr:GSGG) (Cr:Al 2O 3 ),Nd: YAG,,, LD,, Nd:YAG Nd:YAG 30,, 50% ~65% VLOC NorthropGrumman Nd:YAG, 90~100mm, 200~300mm (2)LD LD LD,, LD,, LD LD : (Nd:YVO 4 ) (Nd: YLF) LD,, Nd: YVO 4 LD, 1 06μm 0 53μm Nd:YVO 4 20,, Nd: YAG, 10% Nd:YLF LD, 17,, Nd:YAG Nd:YVO 4, 10%, VLOC NorthropGrumman (40~50) (150~200)mm (3),, : (Ti:Al 2O 3 ) (Cr:BeAl 2O 4 ) (Cr: LiSAF) (Cr:LiCAF) (Ce:LiSAF) (Tm:YAG), Ti:Al 2O 3, 660~1180nm, Ti: Al 2O 3 (CZ) (HEM), 16, 9, NorthropGrumman CZ, (100 300)mm,CrystalSystems HEM, 100mm (4) 1μm

13 221 :2μm (CHT:YAG, Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG) (Ho:Tm:YAG) (Ho:Tm:YLF) 3μm (Er:YAG) 2μm 3μm Q,,, 10, 13 4 13 4 Nd:YAG 1 064μm Nd:YAP 1 079μm Nd:Cr:GSGG 1 061μm Cr:Al2O3 0 6943μm Nd:YVO4 1 064μm Nd:YLF 1 047μm/1 053μm Ti:Al2O3 660~1180nm Cr:BeAl2O4 700~830nm Cr:LiSAF 760~920nm, Cr:LiCAF 720~840nm, Ce:LiSAF 280~310nm Tm:YAG 1870~2180nm CHT:YAG 2 097μm Ho:Tm:YAG 2 097μm Ho:Tm:YLF 2 06μm Er:YAG 2 94μm 13 2 3,, ;, ;,,, LD 1 Nd:YAG, Nd:GGG, (Nd,Yb), (Nd,Yb) S FAP 2 LD Nd:YVO 4 Nd:YLF, LD, (Nd,Yb) GdVO 4 KGW

222 3 Ti:Al 2O 3 Cr:BeAl 2O 4 Cr: LCAF Cr:LSAF,, Ce 3+ Tm 3+ 4 2μm 3μm (Ho Er Tm) YAG YLF, 3~5μm 5, Q, Nd:YCOB Nd:YAB 13 3 13 3 1 20 60,1961 40, Nd:YAG, ;Nd:YVO 4, ; Nd:Ce:YAG, ; (IFSM) (TGT) Ti:Al 2O 3, Ti ; Nd:YLF (ICF) Ⅱ, ;, 1961, 20 [4], :Nd:YAG Nd:YAP Yb:YAG Tm:YAG Nd:Ce:YAG Ho: Cr:Tm:YAG Er:YAG Cr:Al 2O 3 Nd:YVO 4 Nd:YLF Ho:Er:Tm: YLF (HET:YLF) Cr:LiSAF Cr:LiCAF Ti:Al 2O 3 Cr:BeAl 2O 4, 1000 Nd:YAG Nd:YVO 4 Nd:Ce:YAG Nd:YAG,,,, 4000,, 60~80mm, 150~230mm Nd:YVO 4, 10,,, 1500,, (20~30) (30~40)mm Nd:Ce:YAG,

13 223 3~4,,, 1000,, (20~50) (100~150)mm,,, 13 5 13 5 /mm / Nd:YAG Nd:Ce:YAG Yb:YAG Nd:YAP Nd:GGG Cr:Al2O3 Nd:YVO4 Nd:GdVO4 Nd:YLF Ti:Al2O3 Cr:BeAl2O4 Cr:LiSAF Cr:LiCAF CHT:YAG HET:YLF Tm:YAG CZ, (50~65) (150~230) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (40~50) (100~150) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (50~65) (150~200) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (50~70) (50~60) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (20~30) (30~40) CZ, (30~35) (30~50) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (30~40) (100~150) TGT,IFSM, (50~100) (50~60) CZ, (30~35) (100~150) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (50~60) (100~150) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (50~60) (100~150) Er:YAG CZ, (50~60) (100~150),,,3~4,,5,3,2,1, 10,,4,2,4,1,2,2,4,1,3,5,2 4000 1000 1500, Nd: YAG,,, ; Nd:YVO 4 Nd:Ce:YAG Nd:YLF Nd:YAP Ti:Al 2O 3 CHT:YAG Cr: LiSAF Cr:LiCAF, ; Nd:GGG (Nd Yb) ; LD ; 13 3 2 40, (20 60~70 ),,,

224,1999 13 [5], 15 21,,,,,,,, 2004 20, 24 600, 7000,,,, 20 60,, YAG, 70%~80%,YAG,2001~2003 YAG,2001 33 5%,2002 36 4%,2003 8 6%, 26 1% ( 13 6) 2003 98255 6, 57132 02, 58%, YAG 13 6 2001~2003 YAG 2001 2002 2003 ( : ) /% /% /% 66288 6 33 5 90447 5 36 4 98255 6 8 6 2001~2003, 43 8% ( 13 7),,2002 3969 11, 56 6%, 2003 5476 6, 37 9%, 16 9% 2004 7000, YAG,YAG,,, 2004 6000, 10% 2005, 7000, 16%, YAG

13 225,, YAG, 2001~2003 YAG 212 6%,YAG, ;,, YAG 13 7 2001~2003 2001 2002 2003 ( : ) /% /% /% 2536 82-43 8 3969 11 56 6 5476 6 37 9 13 4, 1,,,,, (1),,,,,, (2),, 2001~ 2003 YAG 37 5%,,, (3)

226,,, 2001~2003 YAG 43 6% 2 1μmHo:YAG 2 94μmEr:YAG, 1 06μmNd:YAG, (4),,,2001~2004 12 2%,, (5),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13 5 13 5 1,, (1),,

13 227, (2) Nd:YAG Nd:YLF Ti:Al 2O 3,, (3),, (4) Nd:YAG,,,,,,, (5),,,,, (6),,, 13 5 2 (1),,,, (2),,,, (1), Nd:YAG Nd:YVO 4 Nd:Ce:YAG Ho:Cr:Tm:

228 YAG Nd:YLF Nd:YAP Ti:Al 2O 3, (2), Yb:YAG Nd:GGG Nd:GdVO 4 Ho: Tm:YAG Ho:Tm:YLF,, (3) 20%, 50%,, 20% 13 5 3 (1), (2), (3), (4),, ( ), (5),, (6),, 1 KATHY KINCADEetal Consumerapplicationsboostlasersales10% LaserFocusWorld 2005 (1):83~99 2 2003 2004,14 (2 3): 36~40 3 FrankT Lauinger Lasercrystals/Rods LaserFocusWorld2005buyersGuide Volume41Issue2:170~172 4 :,2001 38~44 5 :,2000,6 犖犱犢犃犌 犖犱 犢犃犌 1 3

13 229 20 70 犖犱犢犃犌 863 1 1 3 1 2 20 1962 ~1987 12 30

14 14 1,,, (LED), (OLED) LED 20 60, LED,20 90 GaN LED,, OLED, ( ), ( 26lm/W),,,LED 1/10, 1/2, 50~100 14 1 LED,LED,,, LED OLED, 14 1 LED /(lm/w) /h /(lm/w) /h 16 1000 2010 LED 100 50000 85 10000 2020 LED 200 100000 2004 LED 25 20000 : : ( ) ( ) 14 1

14 231 14 1, 2025, 55%, 350, 500, (GE) (Philips) (Osram),,,,,,, 14 2,,,,, 14 2 1,,,,2004 21900, 2624 ( 12%),2010 3500, 2005~2015, 4000,2015, 2020 GDP 4, 2020 8 ~8 5 4 4, 3 6 ~4 1,

232, 3200 ~4000,, 14 2 2,,,2003 800, 54,,,, LED,, 2005~2015, 1500,,, 14 2 3,,, GaN GaN Si, OLED 6,,,,,,,, 14 2 4, 80%,, CO 2 SO 2,

14 233, CO 2, LED, LED,,, 14 2 5,,,,, 2005~2015, 2600, 100 14 2 6,,,,,, 14 3 14 3 1 14 3 1 1 StrategiesUnlimited, LED 2002 36, 2003 45, 2004 55,2001~2004 22% LED, 2002 18 2003 27 2004 37,2001~2004 46%, LED 1995~2004 10 46%, 2002 50% 2004 67%, 14 2 LED LED StrategiesUnlimited, LED, LED 17%, 2008 LED 60, 14 2 14 3 14 4

234 14 2 14 2 LED :StrategiesUnlimited LED ( )(2003~2008 ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 /% InGaNLED / 6821 10922 14368 17261 20645 24243 28 9 / 1968 2719 3225 3552 3947 4460 17 8 InGaAlPLED / 6181 7300 8715 10478 12535 14652 18 8 /534 615 692 795 924 1075 15 0 AlGaAsLED / 1097 1088 1069 1053 1055 1039-1 1 /71 66 61 57 53 49-7 0 LED / 73 110 156 213 279 354 37 1 /129 175 222 274 322 368 23 4 / 2702 3576 4200 4677 5247 5952 17 1 : StrategiesUnlimited 14 3 InGaN LED ; 14 4 InGaAlP LED ;

14 235 14 3 1 2 LED, 14 3 14 5 GaN LED LED 70%,, 14 4 14 3 LED (2003~2008 )( : ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 /% / 481 526 572 643 773 1092 17 8 1369 1896 2197 2272 2300 2263 10 6 50 63 74 87 98 94 13 2 397 457 534 625 735 865 16 9 129 197 282 386 522 691 39 8 / 276 436 540 664 818 946 28 0 2702 3576 4200 4677 5247 5952 17 1 : StrategiesUnlimited 14 5 LED (2003~2008 ) / ; ; ; ; ; / 14 4 GaN LED (2003~2008 ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 /% LED / / 635 754 876 1016 1168 1343 16 2 / 246 262 275 287 297 307 4 6 / 4249 6907 8814 9947 11084 12124 23 3 / 1229 1728 1999 2042 2039 1975 10 0 / 70 89 105 112 109 106 8 4 / 26 30 33 32 28 25-1 1

236 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 /% LED / / 675 885 1160 1439 1699 2051 24 9 / 176 215 263 299 322 355 15 0 / 192 289 401 505 596 708 29 9 / 79 107 134 153 163 170 16 6 / 982 1964 2946 4124 5774 7506 50 2 / 196 334 426 536 676 791 32 1 / 6804 10887 14303 17143 20430 23840 28 5 / 1953 2677 3129 3349 3525 3623 13 2 LED / 14 26 42 65 94 130 55 1 / 6 9 11 16 23 30 35 38 5 LED / / 0 0 2 9 8 20 52 153 170 0 / 0 0 10 24 55 133 351 143 0 / 1 5 1 8 3 1 5 0 7 2 8 2 39 8 / 5 4 6 3 10 14 18 19 28 5 / 0 0 1 2 0 8 22 41 351 1 /0 0 4 11 39 102 183 362 4 / 1 1 4 1 10 20 40 71 132 3 / 3 7 14 35 72 138 249 132 3 / 2 6 8 9 23 53 121 273 153 9 / 9 1 31 79 180 392 802 145 1 / 6821 10922 14368 17261 20645 24243 28 9 / 1968 2719 3225 3552 3947 4460 17 8 : StrategiesUnlimited LED PDA LCD, LED 50% 2003 13 7, 2002 87% LED, LCD 2008 22 63, 10 6% LED,,,LED 2008 10 92, 17 8%,LED, 2008 8 65, 16 9%,LED

14 237 2008 0 94, 13 2%, LED,,, LED, 2008 6 91, 39 8% OLED (PDA) MP3 DVD 2005 2006~2010,OLED,, 2015,OLED, 14 3 2, 14 5 14 5 (0 3mm 0 3mm) /nm (1mm 1mm) /mw /mw 450/460 18 8 Nichia 520 20 Cree ToyodaGosei Lumileds Nichia 365/400 22 118 455~475 17 500~535 8 390/410 21 200 450 5~10 130 460~480 30 495~535 130 50lm/W Lumileds Osram 50lm/W 40~50lm/W : 2004, 100lm/W LED 50lm/W LED, 46,

238, LED 14 3 3 14 3 3 1 LED, ;, LED, ( 60% ), LED,LED 2004, (50%) (22%) (13%) (9%) 94%, 28% 14 6 14 6 2004 LED / ITIS,2004 10, LED Nichia, LED ; ToyodaGosei LED ; Cree SiC GaN, ; Gelcore LED, ; Lumileds LED,,, LED LED LED, LED, OLED, OLED, Toyoda UDC, 14 6

14 239 14 6 LED / MOCVD Sanso Kyocera Nichia,Rohm Citizen,Stanley Toshiba ToyodaGosei MatsushitaElectric Cree Color Veeco Honywel Lumileds Agilent Kinetics UnionCarbide Gelcore Aixtron Osram Samsung,LG : 14 3 3 2, LED,,, 2003,GaN, 2115 GaN LED, 14 7 14 7 LumiledsLighting Nichia Osram OptoSemiconduc tors Si Submount Flip Chip ; GaN LED/LD; : ; SiC Faceting ; LED ; Cree SiC Ⅲ :, Nichia 1993 100 LED, LED ToyodaGosei Cree LED,Nichia 1996

240, Nichia2002 Osram (2002 6 ) Toyo dagosei (2002 9 ) Lumileds (2002 10 ) Cree (2002 11 ), Cree,, 1995 SiC Osram, Rohm (Everlight) LED 14 3 3 3 /,,, (1) 21, 21 1998, 60 13 4 21 2004, (2) 2000 [NationalResearchProgram on SemiconductorLighting (USA)], (DARPA) (OIDA), 12, 2000~2010 5 (3) 2000 7, (Rainbowproject AlInGaNformulticol orsources),, LED 6 2 2004 7, (4) GaN 2000 (PhonicsIndustry), 2008 2002, GaN, 2004~2008 1 30% LED (5) 2002 9 16

14 241 2002 10,, LED 2004 10 LED, LED,, 14 3 4 (1), LED, LED, 2004 8 Sony LED 46 ; A8 LED, LED (2),,,, 2004, Nichia ToyodaGosei, Cree Lumileds 10 Cree, Cree Osram, (3), (FlipChip), Nichia ToyodaGosei 2005 LED 50~60lm/ W,,,, LED LED, Nichia LED, LED, 2004 6, LED, LED (4),, 2003,2004 2800,2004 7

242 14 4 14 4 1 14 4 1 1 ( ),2004 LED 250, 125 1993~2004 LED 30%, 14 7 LED 12%, LED 24%, 2005 300 LED 14 7 LED 2004, InGaAlP, 20 ~30,GaN, 36, 1 ( ), GaN 20%, 2010 GaN 60 /, 2010 GaN 120 / (10 / ), 84 / LED, 5 ~8 3~5 LED 23% 14 4 1 2 LED, PDA LCD, 5,,, LCD 5, LED,2005 LED 14 8

14 243 14 8 2005 LED LED / LED / LED / 80 50 90 12 10 16 17 10 16 60 35 65 25 12 40 7 10 15 10 6 12 211 133 254 : 2003, LED, ; 1/5 ; LED 15% ;, 14 8 14 8 2003 LED 2004, 1 7,2004, 127 29, LED, 14 9 14 9 LED ( : ) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2008 424 506 551 585 750 /% 21 42 70 90 100 LED /% 100 100 99 97 85 8 1 9 45 10 5 11 7 17 LED /% 10 35 50 70 100 25 3 32 5 42 0 51 9 95 0 LED /% 50 75 99 97 90 PDA 12 1 11 4 12 6 13 8 13 /% 46 55 60 67 100 LED /% 75 90 100 99 90 :

244, :37 1 5,51 1,600 800,2000 200, 200 2008 2010, LED 2008, LED 30% 2003 30, 2008 120 2004 20%, 500, 220 LED, 300 LED,3~5 LED LED, 10, LED 2000 663, 37, 51, 216, 359, 500, 5 LED, 20 3000, LED, 1, 6 LED, LED LED, 15, 50 ~100 LED, LED 100, 4 ~5 LCD LED 14 4 2, 863,, 120mW 30lm/W, 6 8,, 863 MOCVD, In xga 1 x N/GaN ;MOCVD,,GaN, 14 10

14 245 14 10 GaN LED LED /(lm/w) /mw 4~8 2~4 3~4 /mw 130 80 90 30~35 35~40 :, LED (7 ) 20, 155, 85, 8, 863 30 OLED,, OLED, 2 72% 14 4 3 14 4 3 1 LED, 2004 LED 600, 50, 250, 300 ; 50000, 80 14 9 90%LED 20 90,2000 48% LED,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, LED,, 14 9 LED ;

246,,, LED LED ;,, 200 LED, MOCVD, GaN LED,,, GaN LED,, LED,, OLED,,,, OLED, 2 72% 2003,, 40,,,, GaN LED,, 5 21 MOCVD ( 80~100kk), 3 ~4,,,, 14 10, 14 11 14 10 LED

14 247 14 11 LED InGaAlP GaN : GaAs : MO : :MO : : (1),,, LED 50%, ( ) (2) 1999,, LED, 55,, (3),,, (4)

248,,, LED, LED,,, AXT, LED, VCSEL, 14 4 3 2 20, 10,,,,,,,,,,, OLED, OLED 100, OLED,, ( ) : 31 4 43, 1997~2001, 2001 2002 Cree 18, 1997~1999 ToyodaGosei 1999~ 2000, 9 ;Sony 2001, 4 ; (Osram) 1999 17 /, (1998 ),,,,, 14 4 3 3 863 LED 863 1994 GaN LED,1999 LED,,LED 863, GaN

14 249 MO NH 3 2003 6,, 2003 10, LED,, 863,, 14 11 14 11 14 4 4 14 4 4 1,,,, LED, LED LED 20, LED,

250 14 4 4 2,,, LANCASTER 10,, LED AXT, 12 30, LED,,, 14 4 4 3,,,2004 20% LED 30lm/W, MOCVD, MOCVD,, LED, LED,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

14 251,,,,,, 14 5 14 5 1 14 5 1 1,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, LED,, OLED,,,,,,OLED,

252 14 5 1 2,,, LED, LED, 2020,,,,,,,,,, 14 5 2,,, 14 5 2 1,, ; /, LED,, ;MOCVD, : 1, MOCVD,, MOCVD; 2, ; 3, MOCVD,,,,,, 14 5 2 2 (1)

14 253,,,,,,, (2),,,,,, LED, LED LED,, LED,,,,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,, (4),,,,,,

254 (5),,, ( ),,,, (6),,,,,,,, ;,,, (7),,,,,,,,, (8),,,,,,, ; ;,,,

14 255,,,, 1982 1992 1995~2002 犔犻狀犽狑狅狉犾犱 犆犈犗 犕犅犃 2003 10 1973 1996 2003 2003 10 1938 2003 2005 180

15 15 1 21,,, CRT ( ) LCD ( ) PDP ( ) OLED ( ) EL ( ) FED ( ) VFD ( ) CRT, (FPD) 20,CRT, 21, :CRT,FPD 2002, 15 1 CRT FPD DisplaySearch,2003 7

15 257 CRT, 2007 FPD 699 ( 15 1) 15 2 15 2 1 (LCD) 15 2 1 1 LCD (LCD), TN LCD STN LCD TFT LCD TN/STN LCD TFT LCD 2004 LCD 400, 2005 LCD 500 2008 TN/STN LCD 800 ~1000, TFT LCD 4000 LCD,TN/STN LCD,,, TN/STN LCD TN LCD STN LCD, LCD 100,2003 LCD 425, 132 TFT LCD (a SiTFT LCD) (Poly SiTFT LCD), TFT LCD (a SiTFT LCD) a Si TFT LCD, TFT LCD, LCD, 3, TFT LCD LCD TFT 2003, LG 54 55 TFT LCD 2004 65 TFT LCD 2005 82 TFT LCD TFT LCD, 55 TFT LCD, TFT LCD, TFT LCD TFT LCD, TFT LCD a SiTFT LTPSTFT, 5 a sitftlcd 8 6 ~10, 3 4 3 2 15, 5 LG 12 Samsung 15, 3 3 3 75,, LCDTV

258 TFT LCD 2 TFT LCD ( ),2 TFT LCD ( ) 3 TFT LCD 15 2 1 2 LCD LCD ( ) ( ) ( ), LCD 65%, LCD, LCD LCD LCD ( ITO ) (CF) 15 TFT LCD, 2% 4% ( ) CF 22% ( ) 12% ( 15 2) 15 2 TFT LCD (1) TFT LCD 2%,, LCD, STN LCD TFT LCD, 8ms, MERCK CHISSO DIC ADK, MERCK 2004 9, TFT LCD 90%, 8, 160t 15 1 15 1 /t / TFT 160 5 8 STN 25 3 0 75 TN 50 1 0 5 /

15 259 2005,TN STN, TFT LCD 25%, TN TFT,, 50%,,TFT LCD 200, 10 (2) TFT LCD 12% 1997 : Polatechno 1998, ( 15 2),2004 1 4,2005 2 1 15 2 ( : ) / 2003 2004 2005 2135 4400 5248 6500 8100 12300 954 1730 3530 140 140 344 9729 14370 21422 : IEK ITIS,FPDisplay,2005 5 (3) ( ITO ) TN/STN LCD GLVB NSG, 1200, TFT LCD, TFT LCD 2004 TFT LCD 32 TFT ( 1 8m ), ITO,, ITO,ITO :1 TN STN STN ;2, COG (ChipOnGlass) CF TOPITO ;3 LCD, OLED PDP (TP) ITO 2004, ITO 1 5, 1, 20, ITO 30, TN, STN, STN,

260 TN STN (4) ( CF), CF Toppan DNP Toray, CF : ( ) ; CF (IntegRatedCF) 2004 40 15 2 2 (PDP) 15 2 2 1 PDP PDP, PDP, PDP, PDP, PDP, 55 PDP, PDP 1100cd/m 2, 5000 1, 256~1024, 32~102, 1920 1080 2004 LG SDI 71 80 102 PDP, SDI 2005 PDP,PDP :,, PDP 1 PDP,,,,, 40 PDP 65 / 40 / (2007 ) 2 PDP, 40 PDP 300W 200W, 100W 3 PDP R G B 8, 10 12, PDP PDP 5000 1, 100 1, 4 PDP,, 1 8lm/W 2 5lm/W 1 6, 1 1, 1 2, 5lm/W

15 261 PDP, 3, 2, PDP,PDP, PDP PDP, PDP,, PDP PDP, PDP, PDP, 24 PDP,LG philips 15 2 2 2 PDP PDP PDP (1) PDP 0 7~3mm PDP,,, PDP,, 500, (Central), PDP PD200, 570, Saint Gobain CS25, 610 PDP 42 ( ),, PDP,, (2),,, (ITO) SnO 2 ITO, SnO 2,, ITO Cr Cu Cr Ag Ag (Agpaste),

262 Ag, DuPontFodel, Nori take Toray (3) :,,, (Al 2O 3 TiO 2 ),, Toray Noritake (4) PDP PDP (VUV),, PDP, Optonix,,,, PDP 15 2 3 (OLED) 15 2 3 1 OLED OLED (1) OLED, : MP3 1,, 10000h 1 5~2 AM OLED, 2005 AM OLED SKD Sony 2 16 ( ) 3 8 ( PDA) TMD 3 5,SamsungSDI Pieneer AM OLED

15 263 OLED Philips PLED 2 AM OLED (2) OLED OLED, LTPS, a SiTFT,,,, OLED sony Epson LGPhilips 2005 5 40 OLED 2007 (3) OLED OLED + + (4),OLED, 15 2 3 2 OLED OLED : ITO (1) OLED OLED OLED 26lm/W, 1000cd/m 2, 25000h; 1000cd/m 2, 21000h;, 6cd/A, 11cd/A, 500cd/m 2, 35000h; 29cd/A, 1000cd/m 2, 30000h; 30cd/A,, 35cd/A, 40cd/A OLED, OLED

264 UDC, UDC CDT NHK DOW COVION (2),,,, PI KPR KOR KMER KTFR 3 (3) OLED LCD, ITO,, ITO OLED 15 2 4 (FED) 15 2 4 1 FED FED! FED SED,2004 36 SED 2005 8,2008 15 2 4 2 FED FED, (1)FED FED, FED (300~10kV), ( 100μA/cm 2 ), CRT ZnO Zn, 7lm/W,, (2)FED (FEA) FEA (Spindt )

15 265 FEA, (AD), (CNT) FED, TFT, TFT, CNT,, FED, Motorola 2000 FED 15 2 5 ( EL),,, 2002, EL EL, EL (CBB), (EBU) (NTSC) 2004 34 EL, 2005,2006 15 3 15 3 1 20 60,,, TN/STN LCD 2003 118 TN/STN LCD,27 TN LCD,80 STN LCD,12 CSTN LCD ( 15 3) 11 CSTN LCD : (2 ) SDI (2,LCD ) CSTN LCD CSTN LCD

266 2003, SDI CSTN LCD STN LCD 15 3 TN/STN (2003 2004) 2004 CSTN LCD 9, : (2 ) SDI ( CITI ZEN,LCD ) (STN LCD ) TFT LCD,2004 TFT LCD ( ) 7 1969 1987, TN LCD, STN LCD, TFT LCD TN LCD 80%, TN, 4 15 3 15 3 2004 /t / TN STN HTN 25 2500 TN STN HTN 6 200 TN 4 100 TN 1 50 2005, STN TN LCD,, STN, CF LCD, TFT LCD,, LCD

15 267 15 3 2 PDP, PDP,, PDP,, PDP 2, PDP PCT 20 2004 42 PDP PDP, PDP PDP (PDP), PDP, PDP PDP,, MgO,, PDP 15 3 3 OLED 30 ; OLED ; OLED, OLED,,, OLED 100 OLED,,1~1 7 PM OLED OLED, OLED,, PDA 2005 OLED,TCL OLED, OLED, 2~3 15 3 4 FED

268, :, CVD, 7 5cm 7 5cm, 1997, Spindt FED FED FED 1989 FED, 20 FED 1997, FED 1995, FED, FED,FED FED :,, FED, (Spindt ) FED,, FED 15 4 21,FPD CRT 2004 CRT 39%,FPD 61% 2007,FPD 74% ( 15 4) DisplaySearch2003 ( 15 5),FPD 2000 246 2007 700, (CAGR) 17 2% 15 4 DisplaySearch,2003 7

15 269,LCD 231 26 591 53, 15%;PDP 4 87 68 08, 46%;OELD 0 21 24 58, 103% 15 5 LCD DisplaySearch,2003 7 TFT LCD 5~10 FPD 2004 LCD 397, TFT LCD 366 2007 LCD 591, TFT LCD 569 TFT LCD TFT LCD, TFT 5, 6 7 TFT LCD 2004 PDP 26 8,2007 PDP 68 PDP PDP, PDP 37~60 PDP 60~80, 100 OLED2003 1726,2004 OLED 3617 5, 4 7, 2007 OLED 24 2008,OLED, PDA MP3 PM OLED,2004 PM OLED 95%,2005,AM OLED,2007,OLED,AM OLED OLED, 3~5

270, 2005~2006 15 5,,, (1),, (2) TFT LCD PDP OLED, (3), (4),,,, 1988 1994 犛犐犇犅犲犻犼犻狀犵犆犺犪狆狋犲狉 863 40

16 16 1 21,, [1], 30 17%,,,,,, SOI, IC 16 2 16 2 1 16 2 1 1 2004 WSTS 2005 5 31,2004 2130, 2003 28% 1787 7 ( 84%), 27 7%; 157 6 ( 7 4%) 137 3 ( 6 4%) 47 7 ( 2 2%), 18 1% 43 8% 33 6% 2004 16 1

272 16 1 2004 2004 1787 7,, 507 3 495 4 471 4, 28 4% 27 7% 26 4%, 16 6% 33 4% 45 0%, (17 5%), 17 1%, 0 14% 2004 16 2 16 2 2004 2004 390 7, 18 3%, 20 8%;, 41 7%, 887 8, 41 3%, ;, 457 6, 22%, 2003 27 7% 17 5%; 394 2, 18 5% 22 0% 2004 16 3 2004,,,2005 2006 2007 2004~2007 [2] 16 1

16 273 16 3 2004 16 1 WSTS 2004~2007 / /% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2004 2005 2006 2007 39065 38528 39050 42373 20 8-1 4 1 4 8 5 39424 41461 43443 47630 22 0 5 2 4 8 9 6 45757 47261 49331 53753 17 5 3 3 4 4 9 0 88781 99284 106408 119568 41 3 11 8 7 2 12 4 / 213027 226534 238232 263324 28 0 6 3 5 2 10 5 15762 15846 16590 17999 18 1 0 5 4 7 8 5 13726 14960 16285 18231 43 8 9 0 8 9 11 9 4767 4641 5428 6503 33 6-2 6 16 9 19 8 178772 191087 199929 220592 27 7 6 9 4 6 10 3 31367 30530 32502 35950 17 1-2 7 6 5 10 6 50734 55236 60024 66152 16 6 8 9 8 7 10 2 49535 58355 62402 69136 33 4 17 8 6 9 10 8 47136 46966 45001 49354 45 0-0 4-4 2 9 7 / 213027 226534 238232 263325 28 0 6 3 5 2 10 5 : 2005 16 1,2005 2265, 2004 6 3%,,2005,, 2005 6 8 (SIA) 2005~2008 [3], WSTS,2005 2260, 2004 6% 2005,, 2005 13%, 10%, 50%~65%, 6%~15%,,2005 1 85%, 2004 1%, 0 16μm, 94%, 1% 87%,

274 78% 1 72% ICinsight2005 4 28 [4], 16 2 16 2 2005 ( : ) 2005 1 2004 2005 1 2005 2 2005 2 /1 2004 /% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 7 5 4 6 8 9 11 8,490 4,361 2,597 2,275 2,200 2,108 2,083 1,765 NEC Freescale 1,519 1,442 8,035 4,360 2,650 2,325 2,230 2,110 2,145 1,800 1,570 1,435 16525 8,721 5,247 4,600 4,430 4,218 4,228 3,585 3,089 2,877-5 0 2 2 1 0 3 2 3 0 30900 15830 10700 8,531 9,000 9,180 8,760 7,648 6,469 5,519 10 28840 28660 57500-1 112537 11 12 1,414 1,440 2,854 2 5,070 12 10 1,328 1,370 2,698 3 5,692 16 2, 2005, 3, 2005,,Freescale, 10, 12,2005 10 575, 2004 51%, 2005 2004 8, 8 236, 54, 75, 33, 74 12 12, IC, ; 1999 1 ( Infineon)12, 2000 12 ( ),2002 14 ( 3 ) 2004 24 ( 7 ), 5, 5, 9, 1, 1, 2, 1 2005 42, 13, 6, 5, 11, 2, 4, 1 2006 47 12 ( 9 ), ITRS2004, 16 3

16 275 16 3 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 hp90 hp65 hp45 DRAM /nm 100 90 80 70 65 57 50 45 MPU/ASIC /nm 45 37 32 28 25 23 20 18 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 hp32 hp22 DRAM /nm 40 35 32 28 25 22 20 18 MPU/ASIC /nm 16 14 13 11 10 9 8 7, 16 3, 2001 130nm 2003 100nm,2004 Intel AMD 90nm, 65nm 45nm ( 16 4),, / 16 4 ( ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 /nm hp90 hp65 /mm 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 /mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 /nm 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 / 238 238 241 123 123 63 63 /nm 101 90 80 71 64 57 51 (p v)/nm 25 23 20 18 16 14 13 : CPU 3 3GHz,,, 70%,,Intel 2003 90nm, 65nm, ; IBM SOI 65nm k :, SiO 2,,CMOS 2nm, k, : 65nm CMOS, k (HfSiON), SiO 2, 1/1000, 1050 NEC k HfSiON 2006 k, (NiSi), NiSi k, STMicroelectronics,Aixtron HfO 2 /SiO 2 /Si, 65nm (CoSi) (Ni Si), 45nm, k UMC (SiON)

276 k : 8,,,,, k k=3 9, 2 7 k, Intel 90nm (CDO),, 90nm, CMP,,,,Intel,,, ( CPU I/O, ),, I/O,,, Compaq, 16 4 16 4 16 4,,, 20 40, 1958 (GE),

16 277, 70,,,, (GTR) (GTO) MOSET,,, (IGBT) MOS (MCT) (PIC),, (SiGe),, ;, MPS MOSFET IGBT MCT MPS, IGBT MCT, MOSFET IGBT, GTO ; MOSFET ; (8000V ), GTR MOSFET (600V ) IGBT (600V ) ;MCT, 1999 36,2000 45, 2004 94, 25%, 44%, 22%, 10%, 8%, 7% GaAs,, 30 Kopin ConexantSysten RF Micro DevicesInc Triquint M/A COM Bookham TechnologyPLC Filtronic, GaAs,, 6~7 GaAs, Hexawave PhotonicSystemsInc Advanced Wireless Semiconductor Corp Win Semi TranscomInc Triquint, RF MicroDevices

278 ( ) (MEMS),, MEMS,,2004 Intel RF MEMS ; MEMS MEMS MEMS, MEMS, MEMS :, (LIGA), MEMS, MEMS, MEMS 16 2 1 2,, 30%, 2004 996 5, 45%, 5 64%, 3 75%, 545 3, 451 2 0 35μm 0 25μm 0 18μm 0 11μm,,,, (1),2004 545 3, 2003 55 2%, 3 7%, 2 1% 2004 211 5, 2003 70 4%, 1 2004 81 8, 2003 82 1%, 15%, 2008 1000 3, 2000 98,2001 200,2002 389,2004 421, 2 2004 1 17, 2 5 NEC,2004

16 279 1250 MP3,, 0 13μm,,,, 50~100 2 2004 180, 2003 197 5%, 33%, 2003 33 2004 39, 4 15,5 8,6 6,8 9,12 1 ; 2005 46 ; 2008 20, 70, 12 5 8 12, 2004 9 12, 0 11μm 2, 1, Hynix 12 8 9 NEC ( 2 ) ( ), 8 0 25μm 0 18μm, 30 6 6, 18 2004, NEC 4 7 3 2004 283 5, 2003 15 2%, 52%,,,, 25% 2004, 108, 230 / 10 3, 1 20, 9 (Intel Renesas AMD Samsung Span sion ST Fairchild Toshiba Infineon), 4 Amkor,,DIP SOP PLCC QFP,BGA PGA CSP MCM,,,,2003

280 13 17 70, 2004 15 33 52,,,,,,,, [6] 20%, 80% 2004,, 2004 2908 1, 40 2%,, 576 6, 32 4% :, ; ;, 2004, CPU DSP ;, 2005 3409 2, 2004,,2005 17 2%,,2004, 2006, 25 2%, ( 16 5) 16 5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 ( ) / 58 8 63 6 96 27 134 1 211 5 / 186 2 188 3 268 4 351 4 545 3 593 9 /% 1 2 3 7 / 975 2 1144 1471 2074 2908 3409 / 14030 18800 26000 /% 7 13 15 3 : CSIA (2) 2004, 300 10 2004 1049 4, 2003 35%; 451 2, 2003 34 3% ( )

16 281 15 7% 2004 13 3, 4 1 2004, 4~5 20, 5 6,4 22 16 2 2 2005 1 11 SEMI,2004 279 3 74 3 28 6 8 81 7 9 19 7 12 9 111 4 ( 30 0 25 3 11 12 8 ) 2005 7%, 298 6 79 3, 2004 7 3%; 30, 2004 5%; 9 6, 2004 9%; 120 7, 2004 8 4% [7],2004 173 4, 2003 94 8 82 9% 2003~2004 16 6 16 6 2003~2004 2003 / 2004 / /% /% 2 8 3 1 1 8 10 7 16 2 42 3 24 4 161 1 15 5 20 9 12 0 34 8 7 0 9 9 5 7 41 4 8 7 14 6 8 4 67 8 11 6 29 8 17 2 156 9 1 9 5 5 3 2 189 5 31 1 47 3 27 3 52 1 94 8 173 4 100 82 9 : 2005 2 16 2 2 1 95%, [5] 2005 4 16, 2004~2005 16 7

282 16 7 2004~2005 ( :t/a) 2004 2005( ) ( ) 4800 4800 3600 1200 5200 5200 3800 1400 ( ) 1600 1500 1400 100 1600 1600 1400 200 ( ) 700 700 700 0 700 700 700 0 ( ) 7000 7000 4900 2100 7400 7400 5200 2200 ( ) 2600 2600 2450 150 3000 3000 2800 200 SGS( ) 2200 2200 0 2200 2200 2200 0 2200 MEMC( ) 2700 1500 1500 0 2700 1500 1500 0 ( ) 1200 1100 1000 100 1200 1200 1100 100 ( ) 5000 4600 2800 1800 5000 5000 3200 1800 MEMC( ) 1000 1000 1000 0 1000 1000 1000 0 28800 27000 19350 7650 30000 28800 20700 8100 16 7,2004 27000t, 19350t, 7650t 2005 28800t, 20700t, 8100t, 10, 90% (1),,,, N 500Ω cm ;, 200~250mm, 2~3m (2), (70% ),, MEMC,,,,,, (3),,, 30%,,,, 2004 30 / 60, 80 /, 1983 14 2 2004 2500t/a, 2 100t, 2003

16 283, 1000t 300t,,,, 16 2 2 2 (1) ( ) 16 8 2002~2004 16 8 2002~2004 2002 2003 2004 2004 /2003 /% /4681 5149 6262 +21 6 / 55 58 73 +25 9 : SEMI2005 2 8 SOI SEMI, 2002~2004 16 9 16 9 2002~2004 2002 2003 2004 2004 /2003 /% / 3521 3812 4657 +22 2 / 943 1111 1363 +22 7 /217 226 242 +7 1 / 4681 5149 6262 +21 6 SEMI 2004 10 7,2003~2007 16 10 16 10 2003~2007 2003 2004 2005 ( ) 2006 ( ) 2007 ( ) / 5149 6313 6596 6784 7201 /% 10 22 9 4 5 2 9 6 2 SOI,, SOI, ULSI 1998 IBM SOI CPU, 30%, 2/3, SOI HP OKI NTT IBM, SOI (STOL)2004 11, Intel IBM 2001 2002 2003 IEDM :IBM SOI 130nm 90nm Intel CMOS SOI SOI Ibis Soitec

284 Ibis SOI, Soitec SOI SOI, 5 SOI,, Soitec,MEMC Ibis,Wacker Nippon Steel 2001~2006 SOI 16 5, 2004 SOI 2 2,2005 3 16 5 2001~2006 SOI ;,SiGe SiGe,,,SiGe GaAs Si, SiGe BiCMOS 10%, 0 13~0 35μm SiGeBiCMOS,,, ( ) ( ) SiGe, 90nm, P MOS N MOS, SEMI DanTracy 2005 1,2005 79 3, 2004 74 3 6 7% 2004 26% 7% SEMI2005 5, 1465, 2004 4 2%, 2004 4%,12, 5 88% 2003 2004 5 16 11

16 285 16 11 2003 2004 5 2003 / 2004 /% /% 1 ( ) 18 815 30 1 28 9 2 SUMCO( ) 14 042 22 4 22 3 3 ( ) 9 026 14 4 14 4 4 MEMC( ) 8 091 12 9 14 8 5 ( ) 5 561 8 9 8 6 7 075 11 3 11 0 62 61 100 0 100 : :GartnerJapan2004 6 10 8, 16 12 16 12 8 SUMCO MEMC / 120 110 61 60 42 LG OKMATIC, 4 5 6 8 12 16 6 16 6,2003,8 67%,, 6 18%,12 7%,5 6%,4 2% 2008,12 16 6 ICInsighte 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 8 ; 12

286 30%,8 54%,6, 6 11%,5 3%,4 2% 12 8 2 25, 30%, 12, 8 1, 12 2~3 12, 12 SEMI Gartner,2003~2006 12 16 13 16 13 2003~2006 12 2003 2004 2005 2006 SEMI / 2004 3 412 759 1141 1356 Gartner / 2002 7 480 810 1060 1400, 2004, 12 : 30,SUMCO15, 15,MEMC10, 4 5, 2 4, 77 2005 100 IC, 2003 1190t,2004 1700, 1100t, 600t 2000~2004 16 14 16 14 2000~2004 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2004 /2003 /% /t 256 293 409 495 590 19 2 / 89 9 126 2 156 5 186 2 18 9 / 0 645 0 744 0 917 1 095 1 265 15 5 : 2005 2 2004 2812t,, 75%, 25%, 590t, 552t, 38t 2004 6 82, 1 86 2003 109 5, 2004 15 5%, 126 5 6 5 ;8,, ;12 :

16 287 : Ferro Tech,2002,, 2004 40 ( :5 6 ), 5 863 12,, 2005 1 12 : 10, 4 5 6 SOI 4~5, 49 4 SOI,6 SOI SiGe 4~5, (2),GaAs GaAs, GaAs, GaAs StrategyAnalytics, 2003 GaAs 15 MSI,2004 19 MSI GaAs 4 6, Freiberger 8 GaAs,GaAs LEC VB VGF, 6, VB VGF GaAs Freiberger AXT 2000 LEC VB VGF LEC 3~6, 45000 ( 4 ), 2 3 VB VGF 95000, 1 7 Freiberger 1997, 2001, 845 ( 4 67 28 ) LEC VGF,LEC 3 4 6 GaAs,VGF 4 6 AXT VGF GaAs,, GaAs 90000~ 100000 GaAs, 2002 900,2004 2t GaAs : 4 6, 8, 3 4 ;,

288, AXT ; LitonAirtron, ; ; HB ;, 16 2 2 3 (1), 2004 8 81,2005 9 6, 9% 248nm 193nm, 0 13~0 1μm 2003, Intel 157nm, 193nm 45nm 157nm, 45nm 16 15 16 15 2002 /% 2002 /% 1 ( ) 27 0 2 ( ) 16 0 3 Sumitomo( ) 9 8 4 Shipley( ) 21 0 5 Arch( ) 9 6 6 Clariant( ) 7 0 90 4 SAMSUNG DONGWOO FINECHEM DONGJING SEMICHEM, 5~1 2μm 150~200t/a, ; 248nm, ;193nm :1, 100 ;2,,,, ;3,

16 289 16 16 16 16 2003 /L G 31828 37779 53100 4500 :50 : (2), (IC),, H 2O 2 HF H 2SO 4 IPA NH 4OH HCl H 3PO 4 HNO 3 HAC 2003 6 7,2004 7 4 6 16 17 16 17 2002 /% 2002 /% E Merck Merck Kanto 36 4 Ashland 25 7 Arch 9 5 MalinckradtBaker 4 4 Wako 10 1 Sumitomo 7 1 93 3 ; DONGWOO FI NECHEM DONGJIN SEMICHEM SAMYOUNG FINECHEM,, 100nm (10~20) 10-12 ; (50~100) 10-12, 1 ;2 ;3 90nm~0 2μm, 90nm ( 16 18),, 1 10-9

290 16 18 /(t/a) MOS 3000 MOS&BV Ⅲ 500 MOS 1000 MOS MOS 50 ( MOS ) 1000 ( ) MOS 1000 2003 27758 5t, 2004 71172 8t, 156 4% 2003 7716 9t,2004 40 2%, 10819 0t SEMIC 8 1 10-9, 80% 2004 60353 8t 16 2 2 4, 1/3~1/4,, Cu Fe P Cu Ni Si Cu Cr Zr 70 2004 30,2005 30 5,, 70%, IC, (PDIP) (SOP) (QFP) 4 8, 0 5~0 8mm, (PGA) ;8~32pin (QFP),, 2004 790 1, 2003 37 2%, 241 5 30 6%; 548 6, 69 4% 2004 500 9, 2003 38 0%, IC 149 7, 351 0 60%,,

16 291, 95%, 2%, IC, Cu Fe P,, 3 ~4 / 10, 749, 16 2 2 5 97% (TO) (DIP) 20%; (SO) (PL CC) (QFP) TAB, 60%; (CSP) (BGA), 2010 30%,, (EMC), 95%, : Hysol Plaskon Cheil 2004 15, 14 ~15 2005, 16 ~17, 16 EMC 0 35~0 18μm, 0 09μm, QFP/TQFP PBGA CSP TO DIP SIP SOP SO PLCC QFP, BGA CSP 95%,2004 44093 4t, 45 4%, IC 24145 0t, 54 8%, 19948 4t, 45 2% 2004 31695 7t, 38 5%,2004 12947 7t,, 40%,2003 2 5, 2005 3 :1 QFP/ TQFP BGA CSP ;2 / / ;3,,

292,, 7000t/a, ( ), 16 2 2 6, BGA CSP,, Sn 63Pb 37 Sn 10Pb 90 Sn 62Pb 36Ag2,,,,,, 1990, 1998 WEEE ( ),2006 6 WEEE/ROHS ( ), 2006 1 2004 1 1, Alpha Metals HeraeusSilica & Metals Indium Liton Kester, 16 2 2 7, BGA 40%~ 50%, CSP 70%~80% BGA CSP MCM :BT ;PI ;,BT, PI, Prismark,2004 BT 32 2,PI 4 9, 34 6 BT BT (Bismaleimide Triazine), BT BT, BGA/CSP BT BT

16 293 BGA/CSP BT, 2003 BGA/CSP 12 50, 20, 2005 43, 28 ~30, 18%~20% MitsubishiGasandChemical,HI TEK Polymers,Dow Chemical,CibaGeigy,Ba yer Rhone poulene BT MitsubishiGasandChemi cal BT,ISOLA, BT, BT, BT PI BGA/CSP, I/O PI, BGA/CSP ; PI,, PI ;,,PI PI, Kaneka Hitachi Mitsui, DuPont 3M,,, (HTCC) (LTCC),, LTCC,,,, LTCC,, MCM LTCC, DuPont Ferroh Heraeus LTCC,,,, 16 2 2 8 99 99% (4N) 18~ 50μm,,, 2004

294 10612 2kg, IC 8692 2kg, 1920 0kg 2004 6223 9kg, 2003 4260 46 1% 2004 4838 3kg :, 6000kg,, 16 2 2 9, (1), (carriergas) (purgegas),, 9 (2), : (, SiH 4 SiHCl 3 Si 2H 6 ) (, BCl 3 PH 3 AsH 3 ) (, Cl 2 NF 3 HBr CF 4 C 2F 6 ) (, CO 2 NH 3 N 2O ) (, WF 6 ) [ (PFC), NF 3 CF 4 C 2F 6 CVD ] SEMI,2004 19 7 AirProd ucts,praxair,airliquide,bocedwards,lindeelectronicgas,cambridgefluid System,NipponSanso 2004 48226, 2003 81 3% 2004 10067,,2004 38159, 104 7%, 2~3μm,, IC

16 295 4, (SiH 2C1 2,H 2S,Cl 2,SF 6,BF 3 ) 5 : 16 3 2004 16 19 16 19 2004 2004 2004 2004 / / 3 1 105t 3000t 9 42 3, 590t 2812t 1 86 6 82 126 5 29 8 10819 0t 71172 8t 12 9 73 8 81 20 9 500 9 790 1 30 0 9 9 31695 7t 44093 4t 11 0 14 6 6223 9kg 10612 2kg 12 8 5 5 10067 48226 19 7 [7], 2005~2009 16 20 16 21 16 20 2005~2009 ( ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 / 3 6 4 8 5 6 6 4 7 1 / 57 4 75 2 95 2 123 0 152 3 / 27 0 31 5 38 4 45 1 51 9 / 13 0 16 0 20 4 25 2 30 5 / 16 7 21 0 26 9 33 7 41 0 / 35 5 43 4 54 2 68 2 83 1 / 7 6 9 5 12 1 15 8 19 5 / 68 8 95 7 127 8 172 8 221 4 / 229 6 297 1 380 6 490 2 606 8 16 21 2005~2009 ( ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 /t 1086 2 1327 6 1551 7 1741 4 1896 6 /t 3815 1 4998 2 6327 5 8175 3 10122 7 / 1038 5 1261 9 1599 5 1958 9 2360 /t 56382 4 69514 8 88597 3 109697 132747 6 /kg 11949 2 14985 5 19219 7 24091 6 29297 2 /t 84786 4 103654 3 129448 5 162885 4 198471 8

296 16 4 16 4 1 2005 7 (SEMI) Myers,, 26000t 28000t, 20 50, 70,, 80, 14, 2, 100t, 3800 2003, 1000t 300t,,,,,,,, 2000t, 16 4 2 IC, 2004 39,2005 46, 2008 70 4 5 6, 6, 2008, 11%, 6, 30%, 60% 8, 2004 8 22, 2005 34 12, 70%, 1999 0 9% 2008 30% 2015,12,2020, 2005, 0 13~0 10μm12,,, 12,,EOS 8 12, 2~3,, 20 ~30, 30%,

16 297 SOI, SOI, ULSI 4 SOI, 6 SOI,, 8 SOI,, ( k + ), (Cu+ k ) / k, / k, ; k 3 k,,,sige/si, 50nm,, IC, 6 VB/VGF,, 6, 20% 16 4 3,, 2~3 16 4 4,, ( ) 2~3, 16 4 5 Sn Ag Sn Zn Sn Bi, 217 Sn Ag Cu,,,,

298,, 16 4 6, SEMIC8 SEMIC12, 50 10-12, 10 10-9,, 2~3 16 5 16 5 1 (1), (2),, (3),, (4),, 16 5 2 (1), 2005 4 8, (2) IC,,,,,,

16 299 (3),,,,,, (4), 300mm,, (5), (6),,,,,, 1, 2001 11 2 WSTSSemiconductor MarketForecast,The WSTS BoardofDirectors,Spring Forecast Meeting17 20 May 2005,Singapore,31 May2005 (Internetaddress:www wsts org) 3 SIA projects6percentgrowthforglobalsemiconductorsales,semiconductorindustry Association,SanJose, California,June8,2005 (Internetaddress:www sia online org) 4 ICInsightsAnnounces1Q05 Top10SemiconductorSupplierRanking,CompanyReportofICInsights,April 28,2005 5 THERARE METAL NEWS 2005 4 16,No 2213:1 6 2004~2005 2005 2 7 2004~2005 2005 2 8 (CSIA), (CCID) (2005 ) 2005 5 9 InternationalTechnologyRoadmapforSemiconductors (2004update) 1946 1969 1970~1978 1979~1983 1994~1995 1984 1938 1961 1961~1999 1999

17 17 1, 53 5%, 77 2% 4f,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; 21, (2004 ), 8 17 2 17 2 1 17 2 1 1 4f, 3d

17 301,,,,, 64MGOe, 53MGOe,,, 25%,, 200,,,, NdFe 12N x, 22MGOe,, 100MGOe,, Nd 7Fe 89B 4 Sm 7Fe 93N 20 6MGOe 25MGOe,,,, 863,, 500 9 6MGOe,,,,,, ;, 2002,, 17 1 1995, 2004 NdFeB 50%,, [1,2] 17 1 1995~2004 NdFeB NdFeB SmCo 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 / t 1820 2602 3340 4000 5100 6500 8000 9000 13700 25000 /% 48 43 28 20 27 27 23 12 5 52 82 5 /t 60 70 112 140 180 450 500 1000 1300 1500 /% 200 17 60 25 30 150 11 100 30 15 /t 105 117 130 160 190 220 390 /% 16 12 11 23 19 16 77

302 NdFeB 50000t, 150 2010 NdFeB 70000t, 75%, 260 10,,, (VCM) (MRI),2004 226, 2 5kg, 5650t, 17 2 17 2 ( :%) ( ) 55 15 14 8 3 5 69 10 7 4 8 4 10 32 22 4 2 100,, 100t,, 21 ( ) 17 2 1 2 Fe REFe 2, 1500 10-6 ~2000 10-6, (Ni Co ) (PZT), 20 70,,, Ho Tb Dy Terfenol DH,,,,

17 303,, 17 3, RTREMA TDK, Tb Dy Fe Sm Fe,, 10t/a,,, 17 3 1989 1993 1995 1996 1999 2002 2006 /t 0 1 1 10 60 70~80 90~100 >300 / 0 1 0 86 4 4~5 5~6 >18 17 2 1 3,,, (GGG) (DAG) ErAl 2 HoAl 2 (HoDy)Al 2 1~77K, ( ) ( Gd 6Fe 23, Dy0 5Er 0 5Al 2 ), 1997 Ames Gd 5Si 2Ge 2, Gd 1 2002 21,, 2010,, 3~5,, LaFeSi Gd 80Tb 20 Gd 5Si 4 Gd 3Al 2

304 2004 Gd,, 3 1K/T, 17 2 1 4 REMnO 3 RE 1 xtm xmno 3 (RE=La,Pr,Nd,Sm,TM=Ca,Sr,Ba,Pb), ( ), La 0 67Ca 0 33MnO 3 77K 4800k A/m, 1 27 10 5 %, Nd 0 7Sr 0 3MnO 3 60K 6400k A/m, 10 6 %, 1994, NVE, 1998, IMB,,, 56Gb/in 2 400 / 2001,, 1000, 2002, 17 2 2 4f,, 300, 17 4, 1/3, 1/2, 2003, 2000, 8,,2000 5500t ( REO ), 6%, 40%, 3 3, 2005 5000t, LCD PDP 1 5~ 2 5

17 305 17 4 1995~2004 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 /t 260 360 520 650 900 1200 1300 1500 1800 1650 /t 150 180 200 200 220 300 700 900 1300 1900 /t 162 210 270 320 450 550 750 950 1250 1500 /% 52 30 28 18 28 34 36 27 32 20 17 2 2 1, (CRT),CRT Y 2O 2S:Eu Y 2O 3 :Eu,, 1000t CRT, CRT, 5~10 CRT,CRT,, Y 2O 3 :Eu, Y 3 (Al,Ga) 5O 12 :Tb Y 2Si 5O 12 :Tb, CRT,, 40, (LCD) (OLED), CRT ; 40~70, (PDP) ;70 (LED), 1~2, PDP,,, PDP 2004 12 :1 CRT,, ;2 CRT, 1500t/a, ;3, ;4 PDP (FED) OLED,, 17 2 2 2, (LED)

306 Y 2O 3 :Eu CeMgAl 11O 19 :Tb (La,Ce,Tb) PO 4 BaMgAl 10O 17 :Eu,, 20,,, 2004,, (GB50034 2004) LED 21, 21, LED 2003,, 50,, 1kgLED 30 LED,,,,,, APL 1000, 5, 15%~20% 17 2 2 3,,X,, 2002 X 50t, 2005 30% 1994, 1992, 50,,

17 307,,,, 17 2 3, 4f,,, 17 2 3 1 20 70~80,,,, 2004 1 8, 1, 85% 35% (FCC), REY Y, FCC 17 5 1995,,,,,2005~2010 FCC 5000t/a 17 5 1995~2003 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 / 13501 14321 15372 15239 16784 19406 19289 21955 24255 /t 3200 3500 3710 3800 3800 4300 4500 4500 4935 /% 24 6 24 1 24 6 24 2 23 7 22 3 20 0 21 5 17 0,,FCC,,,

308,, 2 4000 / FCC, 80, 900t,,, 21 10, La Mg La Ba La,Ce W Mn/SiO 2, 17 2 3 2,,2004 507 4 ( 231 4 ),, 2010, 7000,,,,, CEZIRENCAT, 17 6,, 2008 Ⅲ, 2010,,, 2010 3000t 17 6 [3] 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2010 / 233 325 444 507 600 1100 / 1802 2053 2422 2800 3400 7000 /t 130 240 320 410 550 1000 /t 370 684 912 1020 1567 >3000

17 309 2004 Ⅱ,,, Engelhard Johnson Mat they Degussah AliedSingal, 8,,,, 10, 200 /,, 2003 1300,2004 1700, 2004 Ⅱ, (CNG) (LPG),,,2004 600,, 17 2 3 3, 2 /, 2003 180, 1/4, 20%,, 2020, 1000, 2% 8%, (VOCs) 1997 VOCs 10, 20%~25%,,

310,,, 40%~80%, 21 (SOFC) SOFC, 25W, 2010, 3000, 863,, COD,,,,, 17 2 4,,,,, 21 17 2 4 1,,,,AA AAA 5 5 /,,, 20, 9100t,2003 4300t AA AAA,

17 311, 17 7, 1998, 4500t 1800t 2010 10, 2005 20, 20000t 17 7 1995~2003 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 / 0 18 0 3 0 9 1 5 2 5 2 7 3 0 3 3 4 3 /% 50 67 200 67 67 8 11 10 30 /t 150 300 900 1500 2000 2500 3000 3000 4300, 2010 20000t, 20,, 30,2002, 863 2004 200~500A h,,, 17 2 4 2,,, 17 2 5,,,, 700t, 10%~15%,

312, 2003 1000t, 300t 17 3, 20 90, [ ( )] 25%~30% 17 1 1984~2004 1999 16000t, / / /, 13%,,, 2004, 3 34, 13 22%, 1 6, 47 6% ( 17 8), 66 1 2004 26890t, 79 3% 2004 4270t, 16 5%, 1900t, 1650t, 690t,2004 410, 4500t 2005 50% 17 1 17 8 2004 ( REO ) [1] ( :t) / 250 4000 750 4000 6200 2135 10756 2000 1020 2000 300 15 0 12 0 18 5 47 6 6 0 0 9

17 313,,,, 17 9 2003, ; ;,, 50% ;, 40% 17 9 2003 ( REO ) ( :t) 9500 3500 2000 2500 500 18000 1000 2500 6500 4000 5000 14500 2000 2000 4000 2750 760 11500 1250 1250 2250 7500 750 13000 1500 1000 4250 5000 500 12250 500 750 2000 2250 250 5750 500 250 1700 1500 50 4000 250 300 400 4000 50 5000 16500 11550 23100 29500 3350 84000 17 4,,, 2010 2005 4 11, 1 76,2005 2 3, 60% 2010 10 27, 4 4 2005 23, 2 3, 0 92,2010 3 7, 1 48

314, PDP, CRT,,,, / 17 5,, (1),,,,, (2),,, (3),,, (4),,,,,,, (5)

17 315 1998,,,,, (1),, (2),,, (3),, (4),, (5),,, (6),, ;, 1 2005,252 (3):22 2 2005,15 (2):26 3 WuXiaodong,WengDuan JournalofRareEarths 2004,22 (6):841 1975 2002 10 40 4 2

18 18 1,, (drugdeliv erysystems,dds),,21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,

18 317,,, :1 ;2, ;3 ;4 ;5, ;6, :1, ;2 ;3 ;4,,, ; 4 ~6 5, 10~15, DDS 20%,5~7,, 18 2, ; 10, 2001 410, 15%~20% 2007, 1140, 18 2 1, 1997~2002, 9%, 3222 4952 2002~2007 7 9%,, 2002~2007, 11 6% 18 1 2001~2007,,, 2001 12 8% 2007 15 8%, 18 2 2002 :,, 47%; 2%,

318 18 1 2001~2007 18 2 2002,,, : 2001 18 3,, 2001 210,, :1 ;2 ;3 ;4,, 5~10, 2001 6% ( 18 3),,, 2006 2001

18 319 18 3 2001,2001 104 8, 25% 2001~2006 2006 250, 25%,,, 5~10, 25%, 2001 40, 10%, 18% 2006 80, 8%, 18 2 2 18 2 2 1,, :Alza Andrx Elan Penwest Shire ( 18 1) 1, Alza OROS OROS? Push Pul TM L OROS TM OROS? Tri Layer CAB171 15S

320 18 1 ALZA OROS Andrx SCOT Andrx Portab Andrx Peltab Andrx PPDS Elan SODAS Elan PharmaZome Elan IPDAS Shire Microtrol Andrx DPHS Andrx SMHS Penwest TIMERx 2 Andrx Elan Shire ph ( ),, 3,,, : 1, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, / Altus EliLily Emisphere Amgen Nobex Novartis Emisphere,,,, Emisphere 30

18 321, LMW Cortecs,, Macrosol,, Nobex Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ : Nobex (polyfunctionalmolecular modification,pmm),,,, Covera HS (COERverapamilHCl, ), / Searle AL ZA, 1996 2 FDA Elan AHP VerelanPM ( ) 18 2 2 2 (transdermaldrugdelivery),,,,, 18 2 18 2 ALZA D TRANS TheraTech Theraderm LRSSystem 3M Latitude Ethical Jendermtechnology Ethical Betatechnology Noven DotMatrixtechnology TheraTech Theraderm MTXSystem ALZA E TRANS(electrical) Elan Panoderm(electrical) MicroCHIPS,Inc MicroCHIPStechnology

322 (transdermalpatch) :3M Noven Ethical, TheraTech 30, 1~7 : (reservoir) (drug in adhesive) (matrix),,,, : (<500Da) ( ) (162Da), (359Da), 20, ( ) / ( ) ( ) ( ),, 2 n nonyl 1,3 dioxolane (SEPA),,,, (iontophoresis) (electroporation) 18 2 2 3, /,, :1, ;2,, ;3 ;4,,, :AstraZeneca BoehringerIngleheim GlaxoSmithKline Novartis Pfizer Schering Plough Ya manouchi

18 323 (aerodynamicdiameter),, 1~3μm, : (metereddose inhaler,mdi) ;, :1, ;2 2~3μm,,, Langer 5μm,, 96h, 4h 18 2 2 4,, :Alza AHP Atrix DebioR P Guilford Organon ( 18 3) 18 3 ALZA AdvancedPolymer Atrix Guilford AHP DebioR P Organon,, Norplant Organon Implanon 3~5,,,,

324,,,,,,,,,,,, : > > > > >,,,,, PCL, PLA PGA PLGA GuilfordPharmaceuticals GliadelWafer 1996 FDA, 1997 GliadelWafer 20 FDA, Gli adelwafer,, 18 2 2 5,,,,, Anesta DanBioSyst Core Anesta DanBioSyst Anesta, OTsystem FentanylOralet 1994, Anesta Actiq ( )

18 325,1998 FDA, Dan BioSyst,,, Core, Strathclyde, ;, Core Hydro V miconazole Ⅲ,, Ⅱ, DanBioSyst,, 18 3,,,,, 30, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 18 4,2002 2001 13 6%, 980 ; 2007 2071, 2002 107 2% 2002 99 ( 18 4); 1998~2002 22 5%, 2007 225, 2002 126 2%, 2002~2007 17 7%,,,

326 18 5,, 18 4 ; 18 5, / 18 6 2002, 52 4%;, 22 6%;, 11%, NorplantⅠ ( ) Ⅱ, 3~ 5,,,

18 327 18 6 2002,,, 18 4, ;,,, 5 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

328 18 5,,,,, :1 ;2 ;3,, ;4, ;5, 1 Langer,R,AdvDrugDelivRev2004,56 (5):557~558 2 Prausnitz,M R ;Mitragotri,S ;Langer,R,NatRevDrugDiscov2004,3 (2):115~124 3 Edwards,D A ;Ben Jebria,A ;Langer,R,JApplPhysiol1998,85 (2):379~385 4 Edwards,D A ;Hanes,J ;Caponeti,G ;Hrkach,J ;Ben Jebria,A ;Eskew, M L ;Mintzes,J ; Deaver,D ;Lotan,N ;Langer,R,Science1997,276 (5320):1868~1871 5 Yang,J Y ;Gu,Z W,ChineseJPolymSci2001,(19):509 6, :,2005 7 Aulenta,F ;Hayes,W ;Rannard,S,EurPolymJ2003,(39):1741~1771 1981 1984~1986 犚犜犐 1991~1993 70 973 1999~2004 犉犲犾狅狑 973 2005~2010 985

18 329 70 犛犆犐 60 30 1996 1997~2002 2002~2005 犛犆犐 17 3

19 19 1 19 1 1 PTCA, 1700,,, 110,, (percutaneouscoronaryinterven tion,pci), PCI,,PCI, :1 (percutaneoustransluminal coronaryangioplasty,ptca) ;2 (coronaryarterystent ing,cas) ;3 (coronarydrugelutingstent,des) (1) (PTCA) PTCA 20 70 1977 9,AndreasGruentzig PTCA, PTCA PTCA, Myles Sterter 1978 PT CA, 10, 1990 PTCA20 ;1991 35, (CABG) ; 1992 40, CABG,PTCA, PTCA 200,

19 331 (2) (CAS) PTCA,, ( 35%~45%) PTCA, : PTCA ; (SMC), 20 80, PTCA PTCA,, PTCA, PTCA 35%~ 45% 13%~18% [1] 1986 Jucques, Cook Gianturco Roubin (G R ) (Johnson &Johnson,Cordis) Palmaz Schatz (P S ), 1993 1994 FDA,,,1994 3000 ; 2001 90 (3) (DES), SMC, SMC,, SMC, (drugeluting stent,des) (cel seeding stent) (radioactive stent) (biodegradablepolymerstent) (pol ymercoatingstent), DES DES 2003 2004 (sirolimus) (cypher) (paclitaxel) (taxus) FDA, SMC, PTCA 13%~18% 8% 19 1 2,,

332,,,2001 200 [2], 8%,2005 270, PTCA (1),,,, Duralyn,,,,,, 15%,,1997 60 (2) 1987, G R P S AVE Wiktor Cordis ACS Multi link 316L ; ( Wiktor Cordis ), ; 20 90, PTCA, SMC DES,DES DES (platform) (drug) (polymer), DES,, Cypher Taxus,2003 Cypher FDA, DES 70% [3]

19 333 19 1 3 (1), PTCA 2003 2004 Cypher Taxus FDA, 2004 6,2004 47 8%, (2) SMC ( ),, (3) 20,, 20 90,, (4), 2%~3%,,, PTCA,, 19 2 19 2 1 19 2 1 1 1978 PTCA, 1993 FDA

334, 2001 PTCA 200, 100, 90 2005 PTCA 270, 150, 19 1 [2] 19 1 PTCA,,,, 40% ; 60%, (Medtronic) (Guidant), 2003 120 ~130, 2003 200 ~220, 10%, Bern MarioTogni 1992~2001 PTCA 19 1 [4],2001, PTCA 200 61 7, 80%, 19 2 1 2 (1) ( ) 2004 6,2004 2005 5

19 335, 19 2 19 1 1992~2001 PTCA DES PTCA / / 1992 684 148 3 1993 757 184 6 1994 923 225 22 1995 1023 272 77 1996 1199 327 143 DES / PTCA / / DES / 1997 1247 405 235 1998 1134 388 238 1999 1417 426 313 2000 1637 525 395 2001 1806 617 488 19 2 /% 2004 47 80 17 2 2005 21 90 16 4 2005~2009 13 68 14 31,,, 19 2,2004, 47 8% 2004 70%~80%, Taxus 2400, 1 2004,, 2007, 80 (2) PTCA PTCA 8%,,, PTCA,,, CypherSelect,,, (Guidant) (Medtronic), ChampionTM (everolimuseluting stent) FUTURE Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ,,SorinGroup ( ), JANUS, tacrolimus,

336, FK506,, CarbofilmTM ( ),, JANUS JUPITERⅡ,,, ConorMedsystem MedstentTM Abbot,, 19 2 2 19 2 2 1,1984 PTCA,, 1997, 19 2 [5] 19 2 PTCA 19 2, 1997~2003, PTCA 3740 40000, 10 2004, PTCA 5, 2005 6 ~6 5,, 40, 4%~7%, 400, 2005 6, PTCA,, 20 90,

19 337 2, 4, 2 7, 3 10 2002, (SFDA), 1 3 ~1 4 0 6 ~0 7 ; 2 1 3 ~1 4, 1 20 90, SFDA,, 1,,,, PTCA,, 2004 Firebird, SFDA,, 70%~80%,, Firebird 1 3 ~1 4, Cypher ( 3 ~3 5 ) Taxus ( 1 6 ~1 7 ),,, 20%,, 19 2 2 2 (1), 1997~2003 6 PTCA 10, 2004 5, 2005 6 ~6 5, 30% 1997~2003 ( 52%), (2), FDA 1987, FDA 1993 ; SFDA 2002, 9 FDA 2003 ; SFDA 2004, 1, 13%~18% 8% ; PTCA

338, 19 3 20 90,,,,, 10, 20%,,,,,,, 30 1/3 19 4 (1) 19 2,,,2001, PTCA 1 6 ; 61 7, 100, 38 63,,, 400 ; 2003 4, 1% 2005 6 ~6 5, 6 6%, (2), 1997, 1997~ 2003, 10, 52%,

19 339 2003 (4 ), 40%, 2010, 42,2004 5, 2005 6, 6 5,2004~2005 30%, 2010, 30 1 ( ) 2 ( ), 2010 60 19 5 (1), 10, ; ( PTCA ),, 20%,,,, WTO,, (2),,,,,, (3),,,,,,,, (4), PTCA

340,,, 1 : [ ] :1997 2 15~20 ( ),2004 3 2004 2004 10 (2):47 4 MarioTogni 2004,7 5 :2004 1934 4 40 863 150 6 23

20 20 1 :, : (IPD) (CAPD) (HD) (HF) (HDF) (DHA) (PE) (HAD HFA),,,,, : ;,,, ; ;, ;, : ; ; ;,, 20 2 20 2 1 (dialysis),

342,, ( ) Gibbs Donnan, ( ),,,,,,, ( 500Da),,, 20 2 2,,, ( ) 200~300mL/min, 60~90mL/min 20L,,,,,,,,,,,, /,, 2003~2004,2004~2005,,,,, 20 2 3 (PE),,

20 343 PE : ; (,Wenge ner ); ; ; ;,, PE, 0 2~10 6μm,,,,, 1000Da (sievingcoeficient,sc) SC 1 0, SC 1 0 SC 0, 20 1 100mL/min, 5 3kPa (40mmHg) 20 1 IgG IgA IgM C3 C4 0 9 >0 95 >0 9 0 85 0 8 0 85 >0 95 0 8 0 85 SC :1 :,,SC ;2 ;3 :, SC ;4 20 2 4 1968,,,,, 1 5h, 3~4h,,,,,

344,,,,, ( 40~50mL/min ),, 20 2 5 ( ) (1),, (2),,,, : CL= CB1-CB0 Q b CB 1,CL (ml/min);cb 1 (mg/ml); CB 0 (mg/ml);q b (ml/min),,,,,, 5000Da, γ,

20 345,,,, NK 110 ;NK 11 ;NK 107, TNF α IL β IL 6 2h,,, 2h,,, 2h 4~6h,, 1, 2~3,, 20 2 20 2 Immunosorba Excorim C1 4B A Prosorba Imre A Ig Therasorb Baxter C1 4B IgG TR 350 Asashi PH 350 Asashi,, 20 3 20 3 /g e/ml AsashiMedical HomosorbaPlasorba PHEMA 170 110 (Tokyo,Japan) N 350 350 110 Gambro (Tokyo,Japan) JMS (Hiroshima,Japan) Kuraray (Osaka,Japan) Teijin (Osaka,Japan) Terumo (Tokyo,Japan) Adsorba 150300 140260 Bespore 80 250 DHP 1 Hemax HemocelsHC TC 10 PHEMA PHEMA 100 100 130200 130 70 70 90130 80 Hemokalum 135 105

346, ( ) 10, :,,, ( : 40, 10 ), : ( ) A,,,, 1995,10 4~5 :,,,,,, (1), (2), ( ), (3),, 1, 1996,16 (2):71~80 2, 1999,19 (6):52~55 3, :,2000 4, 2003,12 (1):81~84 5, 1997,18 (7):1212~1218

20 347 6 1996,25 (6):355~357 7, 1999,10 (3):4~8 8 2002,22 (6):389~391 9, 2003,43 (22):61~62 10 21 2000,11 (1):1~6 11, 1996,(3):165~172 12 2004,3 (5):236 1932 1959 1980 犐犖犉犃犐犛犃犗 犉犈犔犔犗犠 220 11 1968 2000 6 2000 9 ~2002 9 犛犆犐犈犐 20 犛犆犐 10 5

21 21 1 1987, Langer Vacanti (tissue engineering),1988 :,,,,,,, :,,, 21 2 : (extracel lularmatrix,ecm) ECM,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,

21 349,,,,,,,,,,, ECM : 1, ; 2, ; 3,, ; 4 ; 5 1,,,,,, ECM,, ECM, (SIS), (BAMG),,, 2 (PLA) (PGA) (PLGA) ρ (PHB); (PLC) :,,,,,

350 3,, PLA, PCA,, ;,,,,, 21 3 21 3 1,, (NIH), 180 270 4 21~28, 380, 1400, 300, 3500, 5 2001,, 45% 2000 2005,, 2002 6, 2001 2002, 20

21 351,, 2001,, 10% 5,,,,, 5, 25%~30%, 10,, 21 3 2,,65 20%, 8%, 3500 1997 3 FDA, 2000 2000 3 10,AdvancedTissueSciences 14 21 1 2004 21 2 1999~2010 21 1 2004 / / % 703 20 633 18 598 17 421 11 / 395 11 379 11 / / % 69 2 211 6 35 1 73 2 3517 100,,,,,

352 21 2 (1999~2010) 1999 / / % 30 +5 2 66 +5 2 72 +2 3 45 +5 0 43 +3 1 1999 / / % 41 +2 3 / 9 25 19 +0 7 +6 8 +3 4,,,,,,, 20, Ernst & Young,2002 4362, 1466, 20 1878, 417, 601 ;2002 413 69, 302 66, 82 62, 14 66, 13 75 ;2002 220 12, 162 72, 49 89 (BIO), 1982~2003 20 258, 3 2003, 370,, 100 2003,,, 21 3 1999, 10%, AdvancedTissueSciences 21 3 1999 GenzymeTissueRepair 204 LifeCel 119 / ; 137( 228) ; ; Diacrin ; ;

21 353 / IntegraLifesciences 74 ; Organogenesis 18 ; ; ; ;,,, 21 3 3,,, 21,, 5, 230, 40, 21 4 21 4 1, 1995, 2004, ( 973 ) 863 ;, 3, 2004,,,

354 14 21 4 2,,, 973, 863,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :, SFDA,, 2000,,,,,,, SF DA ;,, 863,, FDA,,,,

21 355 ;, ;,, 21 4 3,,,,,,, : 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4,, ; 5,,,,, ; 6,, : ; 21 5,,,,,

356, 21 1 StockU AandVacantiJP Annu Rev Med 2001,52:443~451 2 NaotoKoike,DaiFukumura,OliverGrala Nature 2004,428 (6979):138~139 3 ScotJHolister,NatureMaterials 2005,4 (7):518~524 4 PatriciaY Dankers,MartinC Harmsen,LindaABrouwer NatureMaterials 2005,4 (7):568~574 5 PorterBruce OlympusEstablishesBiomaterials,TissueEngineeringSubsidiary JCNN NewsSummaries Japan CorporateNewsNetwork Tokyo:Sep22,2004 p 1 6 2004 6 4 24 7, 2005,10 (1):40~44 8 2005,14 (2):134~135 9,,, 2005,15 (5):519~523 10 2004 (17):480 1984 1987~1989 犉犗犕 1991 1993 1996 犛犉犇犃 1997 1998 犑 犕犪狋犲狉犻犪犾狊犛犮犻犲狀犮犲犕犪 狋犲狉犻犪犾狊犻狀犕犲犱犻犮犻狀犲 1984

22 22 1, 2020 : (renewableenergy) (sustainable),,,, 2 53 ; (15m ), 10 3 9, 2 5 2003 3 85,, 1 8 10 18 kw h, 12000,

358 2/3 2000h,,,,,,,, 10%,, 90%, (73%~76%), 80%,,,,, 400,,, 1800, 70, 52,,, 1, 300MW,, 2001 : ( ), ( ), ( ) 30%~50% 2020 1, 2t, 2

22 359 30%, 50%, 3000 22 2,, 2002, 26644 (, 3537 ), 3108, 1200, 1/3, ; 285, 2010, 13 4% 22% 20 90,, 30%, 1%, 2% 21 1997,, 1500MW; 15% ~18%; 0 15~ 0 25 / 2002 595 MWp, 35, 2000 75% 8 Shap, 22%,PV,,,,, 30% 2003, 3200, 32, 1600 4000 2020, 12 3, 12%,2003 1460 9, 4 7% 2003

360, 2002 150, 60% 80%,, 60% 18%,,, :,,,,, Tino, Insight, Precept1 3, Prodigy, ESX3 1 5, Prius 2000 Insight 8000, HEV, DE40LF ORION 1997 12,, 10 40% 2010, 180,,, 22 3, 2002, 70 7% 66 1%, 17 2% 23 4%, 8 9% 7 8% 2002 : 81 8%, 16 6%, 1 6%,, 2005~2007,

22 361, : 1 5MW 1 2MW 1 5MW ;1 2MW 72,,, 600kW, 7800 /, 0 45~0 5 /, 6 29,, 30%, 16%~20%, 10%~ 15%, 11 9,,, 3 14 1500kW, 21000kW,,,, 2010, 2300, 100W ( 3MW), 3MW 48MW, SarasinBasicReport2004 11 PhotonInternational, 2001 2002 9 2003 1 35,2004 10 3 50MW, 60MW 16%,, 2004 92%, 2005 100MW 3000 2004 6

362 2004, 100MW 24 7% 19 8% 973 20 400cm 2 8%, 9 1%, 85 85% 2000h,-40 40h,,,5MW, 6MW, 30MW, 2~3MWp 1,, 70%,, 10MWp,,,, MWp, 3MW, 6MWp,, 2MWp, 1 5MWp,,, 1MW 17t, 35 / 60 / 200t 2005,,, 1700mm 104mm, 450kg, 200t / ( )

22 363 12 4 0 85MW, 610 6, 20MW, 5368, ( ) 0 53,,, 100% 1~4 3, 5311, 31 2%, 50 4, 31 6% 2004,,2004 6 75, 31 96% 4 42, 37 6% 2004 5 62, 78 73% 16 84, 69%, 2004, :,,,,, 15A h, 1500W/kg, UL, 2 LiMn 2O 4, 9000,, 10 3, 3, ;,

364, LiFePO 4,, 10 4, 2, 150,2005 200,, 200t JA,JA, 2001, 45,,, 6000, 20,,, 3 863, 50cm 1 17V, 800 0 6V 28W, 10, 0 6%, 2% 863, 2002 8 16,, Prius, 6, 863 22 4 2010 30%, 2050 25%

22 365 2004 6, 2010 10%,,, ( ), 1999 2002 Insight Civic 2002, 2012, ( ) HEV,, 2007 2004 DodgeRam,,BEV 1044kg,, 192kW, 4 2s, 480km, 6 ~7 BEV BEV, 22 5 10,,,, 10, ( ) ( ),,,,,

366 1940 1964 2003 250 13 20 1977 863 1964 1995 60 6

23 23 1, (biomass) (organicmaterthatisavailableonarenewableor recurringbasis), (residues) [1], (non food plant) [2], ( ) ( ) ( ), 20,, [3],,2010,2050 250 50 [4],,,,, [5] 2000, 1500 [6] ( 35%~50% 20% ~35% 12% ~20%) [7],, 6 9 10 17 kcal ( : Plant/Crop BasedRenewableResources,2020),, 7%,,,,,,

368,, 17 5%, 20 4%, 23 4%,,, 23 2 [8] 20 70,,,,, 2000 (BiomassR & D Actof2000); 2002 (OficeoftheBiomassProgram), (BiomassTechnicalAdvisoryCommitee) 2002, : 2020, 10%, 25%, 7000 1, 200 :,, [9] 2020 20% ; 2010 10%;,, / ;, 2004 9 6 :,,, ( 5%~15%), 90%, 1990~2003, 2010

23 369 [10] 2003 2600 28 ( 837 ) 2% ;2004 34 ( 1016 ), 3250, 1 4 ( 42 ) 2012 50 ( 1500 ) [11], 55%, 1185 24%, 100%,, 10%~15% (gasohol), CO 25%~ 30% NO x 20%, MTBE,, 80 ~150 (2392 ~4485 )/, 1000 (3 )/,, IogenCorporation Petro Canada ( ) 4500 2001,2004,, 40t, 300L, 0 34, ;, 2007 1 1, 5% ( ), Iogen ; 2002 Iogen 3000 ( ),, [12] 15 10, [11] (NationalResource Defense Council, NRDC), 2015 10 (30 )/ ;, 2050 [13],,, CO, 2% ~20%, 100%, 27,, 2010 1200 2003 147,2004 225 1600 2004~2005

370 (2006~2007 ), 5 ~10 /, 25 / ;, 2000 /,,, 2%~20%, 100%,, ( ) TDP (thermaldepoly merization), (thermaldepolymerization,tdp), Carthage 2000 TDP 200t 274, 30 2000 TDP 10, 30 / [11],, 99, 10 ~3, 3~6 /, 61,, 340MW,, ( ), 2003, 9799MW, 370 [11],,,, IGCC (IntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle), (BIGCC),, [11], 50mm 50mm 10mm, 20 70,, 80 /, ;, 25, ;,900 120, 20% ;600 70,

23 371!,,,, (65%) (35%),,,, 5300~6300MW, 5000~6000MW, 315MW UASB ( ) EGSB ( ), Lund, Purac, CO 2, 40, ( ),, 23 3,,, 2004 [14], 5 426, 23 1 23 1 2003 / / 16065 5 8648 8 11583 0 2127 5 3513 3 2811 0 486 0 9023 5 54258 6

372, 2005 4 1,, 82 /, 23 2 20 /,, 102 / 2004 95% 300, 20%,80%, 45%, 70%, 23 3 2005 6 270 23 2 /( / ) /( / ) 30 99 10 33 /( / ) /( / ) 30 / 90 12 36 23 3 (95%) /( / ) 60 20% 132 44% 30 10%, 78 26%, ( ), ( ) (, ) ( ), 1 / 2004,2003 2811, 1142, 436 4 25 8, 15 2,, 2003 486, 970 ; 600, 200, 300, 23 4 23 4 /( / ) /( / ) 970 18% 174 6 200 20% 40

23 373,, : = 2004 [14], 5 44 23 5,,2003 0 82, 23 6, 200,,, 8 ~10, 23 7 23 5 23 6 23 7, 15, 3500~4800kcal/ kg,,, 23 5 2003 / / / / 16065 5 0 952 15286 3 8648 8 1 280 11072 2 11583 0 1 247 14446 3 2127 5 1 500 3191 3 3513 3 0 500 1756 7 2811 0 2 212 6218 5 486 0 3 136 1524 1 9023 5 0 100 902 4 54258 6 54397 7 : 23 6 / / / / 16065 50 0 20 3213 10 11583 00 0 20 2316 60 9023 50 0 30 2707 05 36672 00 8236 75 23 7 2005 / / / / / / 17500 150 6~8 4530 18~20 1~2(2 ) : 2~3 1~2 303 3~3 5 3~3 5 520 20~25 1~1 5( ) 400 6~8 0 5~1( ) 9~12 0 4~0 6( ) 2100 14~16 0 5~1( ) 200 8~10, 15%~20%, 300, 800MW,,

374 2 12MW 25MW, 1 2 1 56, 20,,2003 210, 1289, 43 42, 391 27, 45 80, 300,, 600, 1530 ( ) 2003, 2355, 88 29, 1 84, 5801, 63, 13 09, 92 COD ( ) 23 4, 15, 22 ( 2 2 ) 18, 7 39, 1 53 ( :,1999); 7, 0 67 ( :,2003),, 18 ;, 15, ;,, 22 18 15 22 5%,, 5000,,, 6, 20% 197, 14, 19%~29% 57, 30%~58% 131, 3 1,

23 375 : 23 5, :, ;,, ;,,,,, ;, ; ;, 3~5, 1 BiomassResearchandDevelopmentTechnicalAdvisoryCommitee,RecommendationstotheU S Departmentof EnergyandtheU SDepartmentofAgriculture Dec 2001,2~16 2 Mielenz,J R,Ethanolproductionfrom biomass:technologyandcommercializationstatus CurrentOpinionin microbiology,2001,4,324~329 3 KerrR A Thenextoilcrisisloomslarge andpossiblyclose Science1998,281,1128~1131 4 CampbelCJ,LaherrereJH,Theendofcheapoil ScientificAmerican,Mar 1998,78~83 5 Simon,J Mùler, H P, Koch,R, Mùler, V, Thermoplastic and biodegradable polymers of celu lose PolymerDegradationandStability,1998,59 107,115 6 Wyman,C E,Biomassethanol:technicalprogress,opportunities,andcommercialchalenges AnnualRe viewofenergyandtheenvironment,1999,24,189~226 7 Lynd,L R,Weimer,P J,vanZyl, W H,Pretorius,I S,Microbialceluloseutilization:fundamentals andbiotechnology Microbiologyand MolecularBiologyReviews,2002,66 (3):505~577 8 Sun,Y,Cheng,J,Hydrolysisoflignocelulosicmaterialsforethanolproduction:areview BioresourceTech nology,2002,83,1~11 9 Greenpaper TowardsanEuropeanstrategyforthesecurityofenergysupply Luxemburg:OficeforOficialPub

376 licationsoftheeuropeancommunities ISBN92 894 0319 5,2000 10 InternationalEnergyAgency,BiofuelsforTransport:AnInternationalPerspective(Paris:OrganizationforEco nomiccooperationanddevelopment/internationalenergyagency,2004),28,167 11 NationalCommissionon Energy Policy,Non Petrolum Transportation Fuels,in Endingthe Energy Stale mate Dec 2004,66~83 12 Scot,A,Wood,A,Bioprocessing StrugglingtoGrowProfits ChemicalWeek,Feb 9,2005,15~17 13 Wiliams,J,Bryan,T,Countdowntocommercialization unlockingthepotentialofcelulosicethanol.etha nol.apr 2005,31~39 14, 2004,,2004 13,86,135~145 1962 1984 7 2000 2004 7 2005 10

24 24 1 1900~2020, ( 24 1) [1],, 2004, 1 2,, 1~4, 617, 9 0% [2],,,, 24 1 [1] 1900~2020, /,,,, 2003,,,

378 [3],, 20 80 PHB ChemieLinzAG ( Btf ) PHBV ICI,, PHB PHBV [4~6],,,, 20,,,, 2008,2010 2010,,,, 10,,, [3] 24 2, Nature Work PLA, 14 BASF Ecoflex 5, ADM Metabolix PHA, 5 P&G Kaneka PHA Nodax TM : PLA ; PLA ;, Unitika,AsaiKasai PLA 2000 Novomont

24 379 2005 NatureWork PLA 1990~2003, 200 1800, 700 24 2 [1] 24 2 1990~2003, : PLA, 24 1 [7] 24 1 /(t/a) /(t/a) 300 10000 1000 10000 1000 10000 Sinola 20000 3700 10000 5000 10000 20000 20000 3000 PLA PHA PLA, [8]

380 PLA,, NatureWork, 14 PLA NatureWork, : :, PHA,, 24 2 [9], PHA [10] 24 2 PHA /(t/a) /(t/a) PHA btfag 1980~1995 100 PHB Biomers ChemieLinz 1000 PHB ICI 1981~1998 350 PHBV Monsanto ICI Metabolix 1980 P(3HB 4HB) ADM Metabolix 50000 ADM P(3HB 4HB) P&G 5000 PHBHHx Kaneka PHBHHx Biocycle 1985 100 PHB 1996~2000 10 PHB 1998~2002 10 PHB PHBHHx 2000 5 PHB PHBHHx 2000 1000 PHBV 1998 10 PHB 2004 10 P(3HB 4HB) 2004 :PHB ;PHBV ;PHBHHx ;P (3HB 4HB) 3 4 PHA,, :PHA 80%, PHA 50%,PHA 90%, 150g/L, 48h PHA PHA, [11], PHA PHA,

24 381 [12] PHA, 20, PHA [11,13],, PLA PCL,, PHA PHA PHA, PHA,,, PHA,,, PLA, PLA, PLA, PLA,,, 23 3,, :,,, PLA PHA ( 23 1 23 2) :, ; PLA,, PHA,, ;,,, [15], PHA,,

382 [14] PHB PHBHHx,, PLA,,,,, 24 4,,,2008 2010 2010 GDP, PHA PLA,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24 5,,,,,,,,

24 383,,,,,,,, GDP,,,,,,,, 1 ChieliniE State of the ArtandFuturePerspectivesofEDPs:A GlobalVision ICS UNIDOSeminaron Useof EcoplasticsinChina,DevelopmentandPromotionoftheJointGREENOLYMPProject,TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing,China,2004 2, (2005 4 ) :htp://www stats gov cn/was40/detail record= 2&channelid=9401&presearchword=%CB%DC%C1%CF+ 3 DoiY ProceedingofInternationalConferenceforBio BasedPolymers (ICBP2003)November11 15Tokyo/Ja pan,2003 4 HanggiUJ PilotscaleproductionofPHB withalcaligeneslatus In:NovelBiodegradable MicrobialPolymers (E D Dawesed),KluwerAcademicPublishers,Netherlands,1990,65 5 HrabakO 1ndustrialproductionofpoly 3 hydroxybutyrate FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992,103:251 6 Byrom D Productionofpoly (D) 3 hydroxybutyrateandpoly D 3 hydroxyvaleratecopolymers FEMS Microbi ol Rev 1992,103:247~250 7 2005 5 24~25 8, 2005 3 3 9 2005 5 24~25 10,WuQ PolyhydroxyalkanoatesasTissueEngineering Materials Biomaterials2005,(26):6565 11 ProductionandApplicationofMicrobialPolyhydroxyalkanoates inbiodegradablepolymersandplastics (Ed ChieliniEandSolaroR) WkapPublisher 2003,155 12 2005,75

384 13 QiuYZ,OuyangSP,WuQ, MetabolicEngineeringforProductionofCopolyestersConsistingof3 Hydroxybutyrateand3 HydroxyhexanoatebyRecombinantAeromonashydrophila HarboringphbAandphbB Genes MacromolecularBiosci2004,4:255~261 14, 2005 3 3 15 NodaI ProceedingoftheInternationalSymposiumonBiologicalPolyesters(ISBP2004) TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing,China,2004 41 1985 1989 1990~1994 1994 1997 80 500 犃狆狆犾犻犲犱犕犻犮狉狅犫犻狅犾狅犵狔犪狀犱犅犻狅狋犲犮犺狀狅犾 狅犵狔 犃狊犻犪犘犪犮犻犳犻犮犅犻狅狋犲犮犺犖犲狑狊 2003 9

25! 25 1,,, 21, 1999,21, :, 2050, ( 23 ) 2000, 2003, 2 8,, 2200t, 1/4, 109, 13 300, 110,,,21 70%,, WTO,, 11, 15%, 18000 6500, 40%, 60%,, 500t, 200t,,, 2000 600,, 2400 21, 2010 7300, 6200 ~6500, 1000,

386 4000, 85%, 15%, 5,,,,,, 13 6, 97 2%, 0 65%,, 97 2%,,,,,, 5,, ( ), (, ),, 25 2 20 50,, 1952,1974,, (SWRO) 1953 ;1973,, 50, 70, RO,, 90%, SWRO 3kW h/m 3, SWRO,,SWRO SWRO,

25 387 25 2 1 25 2 1 1 ( ),,,, (CA) (a PA),, Loeb Sourirajan 1960,, ( 0 1mm ),,, ( 0 2μm ),, 3, 1963,, ( 0 2μm ),,, 25 1 25 2 25 1 1960 CA Loeb Sourirajan 1963 CA Manjikion 1968 CT CTA Saltonstal 1968 a PA Monsanto,DuPont RO 1969 S PPO GeneralElectric 1970 B 9(a PA) DuPont 1970 CTA DowChemical 1970 PI RO 1971 PBI CelaneseResearch PSA RO 1972 S PS Phone poulence,s A 1972 Credali 1973 B 10(a PA) DuPont, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,

388 25 2 1970 NS 100 PS 1972 NS 200, PS 1975 PA 300 1977 NS 300 1980 FT 30 1980 PEC 100 1983 NTR 7200 PVA NTR 7400 S PES NF UTC 20 NS 300 UTC 70 TMC IPC UTC 80 TMC IPC 1985 NF 40 NS 300 NF 70 FT 30, 1986 FT 30SW FT 30, 1995 ESPA, FT 30, 1998 LF, FT 30,,,, 25 2 1 2,,,, 1970 DuPont B 9, 1971 25 1 8~12,,,,,,,, 1964, 20 70,,, ( ),, ;,,

25 389 25 1 1,7 ;2,9,12 O ;3 ;4 ;5 ; 6 ;8 ;10 ;11 ( ), 25 2 4 8, 40 60, 5 20 25 2 1 ;2 ;3,4 ;5,9 ; 6,8 ;7 ;10,11 ;12 :1 (Dow Chemical), FT 30, ;2 (Koch), ( 18,60 );3 (Hydronautics) ;4GE (Osmonics) ;5Trisep :DuPont ( ) :1, ;2,, ;3, CTA

390 :, 25 3 25 4 25 5 ( ) 25 3 Dow(Film Tec) BW 30, SW 30HR/NF 70, BW 30HR/SW 30,TW30 4040,TW30HP 4040,BW30 4040,BW30 365 ES20 D,NTR 1698,NTR 769STR,NTR 7450,ES20 U,NTR 7250,NTR 759,NTR 728HF UHY ESPA, LHY CPA3, LHY CPA4, HSY SWC2, Hdronautics HHY SWC1,ESPA FREE3500 Fluidsystem/Anglian Water TFCL,TFCL HP,TFC3,TFCS ROGA SU 700,SU 800,SU 900 SC 100,SC 3000 DuPont PermasepB 9,B 10 HR8355,HA8130,HA5110 25 4 /[L/(m 2 h)] /% CA UOP DDS Toray Film Tec FluidSystems Hydranautics Toray Trisep PA 300( UOP ) PEC 1000( Toray ) NaCl 1500mg/L,1 5MPa,25 12 5 96 1000mg/L,1 5MPa,25 12 55 100mg/L,1 7MPa,25 12 510 100mg/L,1 7MPa,25 12 50 100mg/L,1 5MPa,25 12 5526 NaCl 35000mg/L,5 5MPa,25,R=10% 20 6 99 5 NaCl 2000mg/L,1 6MPa,25,R=15% 2000mg/L,1 6MPa,25,R=15% 1500mg/L,1 6MPa,25,R=15% 38 2 61 6 53 0 98 0 99 2 >99 0 2000mg/L,1 6MPa,25 25 0 2000mg/L,1 6MPa,25 70 0 2000mg/L,1 6MPa,25 70 0 51mg /L,2 1MPa,pH=7 4,R=83% 85mg/L,2 1MPa,pH=11 4,R=39% 90 0 99 0 NaCl 35000mg/L,6 9MPa 34 0 99 4 700mg/L,6 9MPa,25 34 0 90 1250mg/L,6 9MPa,25 34 0 80~85 100mg /L,6 9MPa,25,pH=4 9 100mg/L,6 9MPa,25,pH=12 : 34 0 34 0 93 >99 NaCl 35000mg/L,25,5 5MPa 14 6 99 9 55000mg/L,25,5 5MPa 15 8 41 60000mg/L,25,5 5MPa 9 6 97 10000mg/L,25,5 5MPa 23 2 85 10000mg/L,25,5 5MPa 10 0 99 0

25 391 25 5 HR5155 HR8355 HM9255 HA5230 HA8130 HA3110 HA5110 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 /cm 153 305 360 150 295 90 140 /cm 444 1300 1665 840 1320 420 420 /kg 13 125 310 21 100 4 11 PT 1/2 PT 3/4 PT1 PT 1/2 PT 3/4 PT 3/8 PT 1/2 PT 1/2 PT 3/4 2 PT 3/4 PT 1/2 PT 3/4 PT 3/8 PT 1/2 PT 3/8 PT 3/4 PT1 PT 3/8 PT 3/4 PT 1/4 PT 3/8 /(mg/l) 3500 1500 500 /MPa 5 5 3 0 1 0 / 25 25 25 /% 30 75 30 /(m 3 /d) 1 2 1 2 35 15 60 0 9 2 5 /% 99 4 99 4 99 4 94 94 94 94 /MPa <6 0 <6 0 <7 0 <4 0 <1 5 <1 5 / 5~40 3~8 5~35 /(m 3 /d) 2~10 15~150 50~150 7 5~60 25~150 1~4 3~12 SDI 4 0 4 0 4 0 ph 3~8 3~8 3~8 /(mg/l) 0 2~1 0 0 2~1 0 0 2~1 0 : 1 ; 2 25 6 25 6 /(m 3 /d) /% CTA 220 1300 (HRC 220) NaCl 100mg /L,1 5MPa,25, R=60% CA CTA 8271 8271 >30 100 1016 (BDX 4040S) 32000mg/L,5 5MPa, 5 5~7 0 NaCl 200 1016 25,R=8% 20~32 (BDX 8040S) >90 99 2~99 5 99 2~99 5 200 1000 C8040FF NaCl 1000mg /L,2 8MPa,25 23~28 95 C8040GF NaCl 1000mg/L,1 8MPa,25 25~27 90 8040( ) NaCl 1000mg/L,1 4MPa,25 27 97 100 1016 (SW11 4040) 32800mg/L,5 5MPa, NaCl 200 1016 25,R=8% (SW11 8040) 5 3 22 7 99 2 99 2 :

392 1 (Dow Chemical), 35%;2 (Hydronautics), 35%;3, 10%;4 (Koch), 10%;5GE (Osmonics), ;6, ; 7Trisep,, 25 2 2,,,,,, 60%;,,, 60% ;,, 90%, 3kW h/m 3 (hydraulic turbocharger), PumpEngineeringCompany ; (pressureex changer), EnergyRecoveryIncorporation ; Osmonics Groundfus DP Pump UnionPump, 25 2 3,SWRO, (1) 20 70 95%~98%,, ( 2000mg/L),, 10kW h/ m 3 (2) 20 70, 80, 99 2%, SWRO, (300~ 400mg/L), 30%~35% (3), SWRO 5 5MPa, 8 4MPa, 60%,

25 393, (4),,, 60% SWRO, SWRO, 25 7 25 7 ( ) /(t/d) 500 1997 350 / UAT 1000 Prominent 1999 1999 500 2002 2 50 1999 500 Prominent 2000 1000 2000 1000 600 1000 2000 Prominent 2002 2004 18000 2000 2000 2001 2000 2001 500 75 75 H&W 2002 2002 2002 500 2003 100 2003 5000( ) 2003 5000 2003 2 250 2003 :1 ( ~ / );2 ( / ) 25 3 25 3 1,,,, (MSF) (SWRO) (MED) (VC),

394 SWRO MSF MED, MSF 30 /, SWRO 17 / 3300,MSF RO 43 5%, 1 ( 1/40) 30 2/3, 0 5 / 50~100 21,, 25 3 1991~2001 25 3 1991~2001 ;, 2001, 100 15233, 3240m 3 /d, 25 4 1, :, 2000,, 20, 2025, 1 19 / 20, 700, 1, 1t : 8~10 6~8 3 5~4 5

25 395 25 4 2, 33 ;, 38 3 4,, 25 3 2,1958 (ED),1965 (RO),1967,20 70,, (800mm 1600mm)ED, ED,, (EDR), ED,1980 200m 3 /d ED, 18kW h/m 3,1967~1969,70 RO,80 ;,, 1997 500m 3 /d RO, 10 SWRO, 4kW h/m 3, 30000m 3 /d 25 8

396 25 8 ( : / ) 2005 2010 2015 2020 12~15 40~50 70~100 180~200 100~120 150~180 230~250 280~300,,, 20, 50000m 3 /d 25 5 25 5 25 6 25 6 ( / ) 25 7 25 8 25 9, ;,, 40 25

25 397 25 7 25 8 25 9 10,, ( ),

398 25 10, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25 4 25 4 1,, 5 (1),, 5000m 3 /d, 10000 3 0,

25 399, 10000m 3 /d, 10 35, (2),,,,, ( ),,,, (3),,,, 50% 25 4 2,,,,,,,, 5, 25 4 3 25 4 3 1,,,,, 25 4 3 2, 1 /, 30%, 20% 2010 80 ~100 /, 50,2020 200 ~280 /, 25 4 3 3 1, 2, 3 5, 1 /

400 4 5 6 7 8 ( / ) 9 10 瑏瑡 25 4 3 4 1 2 3 1, :,2001 2 ",, :,2004 3,, ", :,2001 4 Ho Winston W S,SirkarKamaleshK MembraneHandbook New York:VanNostrandReinhold,1992 5 SourirajanS,MatsuaT ReverseOsmosis/Ultrafiltration,Principals Otawa:NRCCPress,1985 6 RautenbachR,AlbrechtR MembraneProcesses New YorkJohnwileySons,1989 7 BakerR W,CusslerEL MembraneSeparationSystems NJ:NoyesDataCorporation,1991 8 ParekhB ReverseOsmosisTechnology New York:MarcelDekker,1988 9 ShumwaySA Desalination & WaterReuse1999,9 (4):27 10 LeitherGF Desalination WaterReuse,1998,8 (1):14 11 LeitherGF Desalination WaterReuse,1998,7 (4):50 12 KanalI SimsG V Desalination & WaterReuse,1998,8 (2):22 13 YuanZhou RichardSJTol Desalination,2004,164:225~240 14 ",, :2000 11 973 40 1 犛犆犐 犈犐

25 401! 犇犲狊犪犾犻狀犪狋犻狅狀 30 863 973 1 200

26 26 1 (, ),, 40, ( ) 60%, 3775,,, 1/4,, 500m 3 200m 3, (1),,, (2) 5~7,,,,, (3),,,

26 403 (4),, 90 20, 30%,,,,, 26 2 26 2 1 2003 12 31, 10350, 17348, 37750000m 3 /d, 1,,,, ;, (1), 20 60,,,,, Shuwaihat 75850m 3 /d,, 90000m 3 /d 1000~1800 /( / ), 26 1

404 26 1 [1] /[ /( / )] 1450 ( / ) 8 ( )/bar 2 5~3 /(kw h/m 3 ) 4 /( / ) 0 03 :1bar=10 5 Pa (2) 70, 20 80,,,,, 15,, Sharjah, 22700m 3 /d, 30000m 3 [1] /d 1000~ 1600 /( / ), 26 2 26 2 [1] /[ /( / )] 1200 ( / ) 12 ( )/bar 2 5~3 /(kw h/m 3 ) 1 8 /( / ) 0 03 (3), :,, 750m 3 /d, 2880m 3 /d 1600~3200/[ /( / )], 26 3

26 405 26 3 [2] /[ /( / )] 2200 /(kw h/m 3 ) 8 /( / ) 0 03 26 2 2 (1),,,, 26 1 2004, (MSF) (MED) [3] 26 1 MSF MED MSF; MED 26 1,MSF 20 60~70, MED 80, MSF 26 4 340650m 3 /d [4], (2), 3

406 26 4 340650m 3 /d 5 12 /(m 3 /d) 68130 28930 /(t/h) 1860 1860 /bar 1 5 5 /MW 42 17 127m 385m 110m 250m / 3 75 2 65 1,,,,,, 20, ( 100 ), 2,,,, 40% 3,,, (3),,,,,,,,,,, (4),,,,,

26 407,,,, 10%~30%, (5) ;,, 75850m 3 /d, 22700m 3 2880m 3 /d (6),, (7),,,, (8),,, 26 2 3,,,,,, 316L, CPVC,, (1) 1,,, 316L, 2,

408, 3 4, (IDE) (A5052), 20, 5,,,, (2) 1, 316L 304 2,, 316L 3, 316L 317L 304 4, 304 316L 5, 26 2 4 (MED), SIDEM WEIR IDE, FISIAITALIMPLANTI, SIDEM, 20 80,, MED, A & Laval 26 3,,,

26 409 26 3 1 (1960~1990) 20 60 704, 5t/d 20 70~80,, 20 80, 30m 3 / d, 30t/d 30t/d ( 72 ) 30t/dOTE/VC, 4, ;,,,,, 26 3 2 (1990~2002) 1987 ESCO 3000m 3 /d MSF,,,, ; 1994,, 1200t 1998,, 12, 3000t (30 ) 12, 168h 2 7~7μS/cm, 45t/h, 1995~1997,,,, 1998 3000m 3 /d LT MED,,,

410,, 60t/d, 2003 3,, 26 3 3 (2003 ),,, 3000m 3 /d, 2004 9,, 99% 50%, 3000m 3 /d 67m, 4m, 11m, 2480, 26 5 26 6 26 5 3000m 3 /d /(m 3 /h) 275 /(m 3 /h) 583 /(mg/l) 35500 / 20 / 152 /(t/h) 12 5 / 40 /(m 3 /h) / 137 5 71 5 3,380V,50Hz /(mg/l) 71000 26 6 / 120t THD 2 5t 316L HAL77 22 1 2t 110t 17t CPVC 30m 2 15mm 316L 400 :ZL03257900 4 316L 3t 6t

26 411 / 12 :ZL03257898 9 130m :ZL03257901 2 316L 1 2t 316L 0 9t DN50~500, 304 316L CPVC 20 900mm 4500mm 20mm 316L 304 12 64t TH 906 2 2t 316L,, 40000t/d 2004, 2007, 3000t/d 10%,,,,2003 2 10000t/d, Sidem IDE, Sidem,Sidem 4, 8 3, 1 2kW h, 61 9, 316L, 6 7m, 57m;,, 2006 2003,, 20000t/d,, (1500 ) 2003 10000t/d, WEIR 6, 9 6, 0 7kW h, 67, 316L, 5 5m/4 5m ( ), 50m (U );,,

412, 2005,,,,,,, 26 4 26 4 1,,,, (1) 200 /( ), 100, 20, (2), 2010 35000MW, 50 /,, 2010 80 /,,,,,, 90%,,,,, 10, 5 ~6

26 413, 35% 65%, (3),, 1000, 2010 2 3 4, 110 / 2,,, 200 /, 20, 10%~30% 30%,, 20%~ 30%, 15%, 10%~20%, 2 ~5 WTO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2010, 100 /, 70 ~80 ( ),,,, 2020, 20 ~50 /, 300 /, 120,, 26 7

414 26 7 ( ) /(m 3 /d) 1 / (MED/RO) 200000 2009 2 (MED) 2 80000 2008 3 (RO) 30000 2007 4 / (MED/RO) 160000 2010 5 / (MED/RO) 80000 2009 6 (RO) 50000 2006~2010 680000 26 4 2,,,, Muscat (Middle [5] EastDesalinationResearchCenter),,, ( ) :, 200t,, IDE,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26 5 26 5 1,

26 415,, 1 1, 2 5,,,, 3, 1,, ; ;, 2 3,, ;, 4,, 5,, 26 5 2 (1), (2),, (3),, / 5 10 /,, ;, ; ;

416,,,,,,,, ;, (4), (5), 1, ; 2, ( ) ( ),,,, ; 3,,,, 1 AwerbuchLeon,Desalinationinthe World GeneralOverviewIntegrationofPower WaterandSecurity,2004, ( ),2004 4 2 LeonAwerbuch,New TechnologiesinHybrids,MSF,MED,Nanofiltration,2004, ( ),2004 4 3 WANGNICKCONSULTING,2004IDA WorldwideDesaltingPlantsInventoryReportNo 18,IDA,2004 4 PankratzTom,ThermalDesalinationTrendsAReviewofthestate of the Art,2004, ( ),2004 4 5 R & DProjects:RequestforProposal,MiddleEastDesalinationResearchCenter,2005 1964 1990 863 20 3000 狋犱 60 1 2001 2003 2004

27 27 1 5,, 21,,,,,, 49%,, ;, ;,, 2015 2, 1, 200, 400 2004, 2006, 580, 360, 250, 180, 30 180, 6,,,,

418,,2005 5,,, IT,,,, :, ;, ;,,, 200nm, ;,, ; ; 27 2 20 90 10,,,,, 50, 90,,,, 2000~2002,, (Delwent),,

27 419, 2000 7, 100, 7 ~8, 2004, 300,,, 85% 2004,,,, 1000 1000, 72%, 6%, 6%, 4%, 3%, 1%, 3%, 5%, :,,, IT IC,,,,,,,,, 100 80% ;, ;, ;,,,,, 27 3,

420,, (1),,,,,,, :,,,,,,α,,,,,,,,, (2) 10, 2001 NNI ( ),,,,,, 2003~2004,,, 2004 10, 12 400,

27 421, 2004, 2005 3 1,, 2005 IngridBeck Speier,, 5~ 10nm,,, DM Brown PS,,,,,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,,,, :,

422,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, :,,, 27 4, (1), ;, (2),,, (3),,, (4),,, (5), (6),,,,,,,,

27 423 1939 1964 1968 1980~1981 1981 1987 973 犛犆犐 300 8 14 3 8 11 50

28 28 1,, [1] 2004, 342, 38 6% ( ), 20 2% ( ) 2004,, 507 2742, 1700 7900, 200 2500, 2004 412,Ⅰ~Ⅲ Ⅳ~Ⅴ Ⅴ :41 8% 30 3% 27 9% 482 4, 4 9% 221 1, 45 8%, 4 1%; 261 3, 54 2%, 5 5% [2] 2004, 12 0 20 0%; 1792 0, 7 7% 6 8, 55 7%, 963 0, [3], 28 2

28 425, [4] [5] ;, 28 2 1, : (450 ),, 1971 Libby science, (ABO 3 ) ABO 3 A, B, t=(r A +r O )/ 槡 2(r B +r O ) 0 8~1 0, r A >0 090nm,r B >0 051nm (r A r B r O, nm ) A ( Ce Sr ),B,, B [6],, Zr 4+ CeO 2, Y 3+ Ga 3+ La 3+ CeO 2 ZrO 2,Y 3+ 0 110nm, Y 3+ Ce 0 6Zr 0 4O 2,, Y 3+ Ce 0 6Zr 0 4O 2, Ga 3+ (0 062nm) La 3+ (0 118nm) J Kaspar [7], Ce xzr 1-xO 2, Ce xzr 1-xO 2 ; 2 5%~5 0% ( ) Ce xzr 1-xO 2 ;, OSC 30%, 1273 OSC 2002, CeO 2 ZrO 2 70% CeO 2 ZrO 2, CeO 2 ZrO 2, 1

426, CeO 2 ZrO 2, 100m 2 /g, 900 6h 40m 2 /g, Ce 0 75Zr 0 25O 2 100~130m 2 /g, 900 6h 10m 2 /g 1200, 10000t, 2000t, NO x, Y Nishihata [8] Nature LaFe 0 57Co 0 38Pd 0 05O 3,,,Pd, Pd,, CATARC,, 2002 10, 2003 20, ( ) 150,,,,, Ⅲ Ⅳ NO x, 2005, 800 ~1000, 1000 100 20, 28 2 2,,,,,,,,

28 427 ZrO 2 TiO 2,,,, 95%, ( ),,,,,,,, ( 28 1) [9],,, 28 1 /cm 3 2020 2020 /mm 0 15 0 05 /cm 2 100/85 126 /cm 2 100/85 115 /cm 2 100/85 163 /% 100/120 55 /[W/(m K)] 0 8~1 14~22 /[kj/(kg K)] 1 05 0 5 /(kg/l) 2 2~2 7 7 4 10 6 3 /(kj/l) /% 76 0 91 6 /(m 2 /L) 2 8 3 2 /(g/l) 410 620 03151202 X [10],,,,, US 6689328 [11] 40μm ( 10~35μm), : 1100~1250 3 99 10-2 ~6 65 10-3 Pa 30~ 90min, Al 3%~10% Al 3%, 40μm,,,

428 0 001~0 3μm,,, 5,,, 1 96~ 14 71N/cm ( ), Al, Xiaodong Wu [12] Al 5 (Fe,Cr) 2 200nm,, 1050 5h,,, γ Al 2O 3 FeCrAl Yang [13] (316L) Al/Al 2O 3, Pt/TiO 2 120,, Al/Al 2O 3, 2h, 0 46%, Emitec, Nippon Emitec 1986 GKN, 50%, 2000, 5100,Emitec S SM, Emitec KruppVDM Fraun hofer Wuppertal Aluchrom 7Al YHF, 5%, Al 2, 30μm ( 50μm),, 1 6,, 100 2003

28 429 (Fe Cr Al RE),,, 500 4275, 3739, 14000 2000 28 3,,,, 28 3 1 (1), (ph ),, ph,,, ;, VlyssidesA [14], 10g/L,pH 7, 80% 82%,,,,,, ChengZJ,,, [15],, (2),,

430,,, (PAM),, YijiuLi [16], PFS+PAM,,,, PFS 8mg/L ( DDTC=110mg/L PAM=5mg/ L) PAM 0 4mg/L ( DDTC=110mg/L PFS=25mg/L),,, Mathew M [17] BDETK 2, 15min,Pb 3 61mg/L 0 02mg/L, 99 4%, Cu Sb Ni, 30, BDET Pb, SDTC, S (3), ; SO 2 Na 2SO 3 Na 2S 2O 5 NH 2NH 2 NaBH 4 ;,,, E g = 3 2eV, 385nm ( ),, O 2 OH - H 2O - O 2 HO 2 OH, ( OH 1 9~2 7V),,,

28 431,, JunshuiChen [18],, OH, :1H 2O 2, OH ;2H 2O 2 OH, ( 28 1) 0 5h,R 6G 90%,COD BOD 5 93 9% 88 7%, COD/ BOD 5 2 1 1 2, 28 1 OH 28 3 2,,,, DHV,,,,, ;,,,,,,DHV, :, :? (CARROUSEL? ) Crystalactor??,Dwars?,DHV

432, DHV, GB18918 2002 1 B,COD 60mg/L, 8 20 80~90,,,,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,, 28 4,,,,,, :1 ;2 ;3,, ;4,,,, 28 4 1, VCD :,, Del HP IBM Sony

28 433, (productstewardship),,, EPR, 190 14,2002 7, 400, 7000 68, 41, 2010, 4~5,,, 4 : (OEM), [19] (UNICOR),, ;,,, ;, 1996,,,,, 200 1/20,,,,, 28 4 2,,,, ( ),

434,, PPT, PP HEPE ; PP [20], [21],,,,,, 1987 6 7, 1%;1992 249 5, 28%;2002, 657 7 42 5%,, 49%, JEF,,,,,, ( ), (, ) JEF,,, 15%,, 21,,,, 28 4 3,,,,,

28 435 20 50, 39%, 76%, 59%,,, GB 44 77 ( ),, 75%,, [22], GB1596 91,,,, 20%,,,,,,,,, 2005,, 3, 1200, 2 5 ~2 8,, 6200, [23],,,,,,,, 225, : 10 45% 9 3% 12 1%,,,,,,,,

436,,, 1 2004 2 2004 3, 2004:26 (3):47~55 4,,,,2003, (4): 10~13 5,,,2004,18 (12):1~3 6 HirohisaTanakaetal CatalyticactivityandstructuralstabilityofLa0 9Ce0 1Co1-xFexO3 perovskitecatalystsfor automotiveemissionscontrol AppliedCatalysisA:General,2003,(244):371~382 7 KasparJ,Fornasiero P,Graziani M UseofCeO2 basedoxidesinthethree waycatalysis Catalysis Today, 1999,(50):285~298 8 Y Nishihataetal Self regenerationofa Pd perovskitecatalystforautomotiveemissions Nature,2002,418 (6894):164~167 9 Ferrandon M;Berg M,Bj rnbom E Thermalstabilityofmetal supportedcatalystsforreductionofcold starte missionsinawood fireddomesticboiler CatalysisToday,1999,(53):647~659 10 03151202 X,2004 11 Otani;Tadayuki;Imai,etal Metalhoneycombbodyforexhaustgaspurificationcatalystandmethodforpro ducingthesame USPatent6,689,328,2004 12 Xiaodong Wu,Duan Weng,SuZhao,WeiChen Influenceofanaluminizedintermediatelayerontheadhesion ofaγ Al2O3 washcoatonfecral SurfaceandCoatingsTechnology,2004,190 (2~3):437~442 13 KyungShik Yang;JinSeongChoi;JongShikChung Evaluationofwire meshhoneycombcontainingporous Al/Al2O3layerforcatalyticcombustionofethylacetateinair CatalysisToday,2004,(97):159~165 14 Vlyssides A Limeefectonsulphatesandironremovalfrom wastewaterofasulphuricacidiron pickling process FreseniusEnvironmentalBuletin,2003,12 (10):1276~1279 15 ChengZJ Efectandmechanismofcokingresidualammoniawatertreatingbyfluegas JournalofEnvironmental Science China,2001,13 (2):237~246 16 Yijiu Li Study on thetreatment ofcopper electroplating wastewater by chemicaltrapping and floccula tion SeparationandPurificationTechnology,2003,31 (1):91~95 17 Mthew M ChemicalPrecipitationofLeadfromLeadBateryRecyclingPlantWastewater Industrial&engineer ingchemistryresearch,2002,41 (6):1579~1582 18 JunshuiChen PhotocatalyticdegradationoforganicwastesbyelectrochemicalyassistedTiO2photocatalyticsys tem JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,2004,70 (1):43~47 19,,,2003,22 (12):1034~1037 20,,,2003,4 (10):15~17 21 LeeKHetal Thermalandcatalyticdegradationofwastehigh densitypolyethylene (HDPE)usingspentFCC catalyst KoreanJournalofChemicalEngineering,2003,20 (4):693~697 22,,2005,24 (2):295~298 23,,2004,16 (4):21~23

28 437 1957 1982 1985 1991 1995 2002 2004 863 30 3 5 110 9 1982

29 29 1,,, 2004 424 73, 34 14%, 29%, 5%, 500 30% 200,, 23%, 70%, ;, ;, ;, 29 2 29 2 1 30, 20 2004 50

29 439, 40%, (1) 400,,,,, 2004, 5000 (2),2002 32, 1 6 ; 25000t 2000t,, (3) 28540, 15670,, 16,, 30000t, (4), 3, (5) ( ) 2000t,, 600t 1500, 10, 3000t,, 100t, 400t (6) 500t 1000t 1000t,2003 2000t (7), 5~100A h

440, ( ) ( ), 9000, 10 (8) 1000t, 1 9, 4000t (9) 1 6 3,, (10) 1000t,2003 2000t (11),,, ; ( 225W/kg) (40~50W h/kg), 600 100 (12) ( ),, 30 ( ), (13) 10,2003,, 100 20 (14), ( ) 4, 2 2, 9

29 441 29 2 2 (1), 863,,, ; ; ; ;,,,, (2) 60%,, Saft, 60%,,, Inco ; ( ) ( ) 90%, /, ( ),,50%, 29 3 (1),, 80%,,

442 20,2004 50,,,,, (2),,,,,, BYD, 70%, Saft, BYD,, ( ),,,, (3), 5 6 5 6 100,,,,,, ;,, ;, ;, 25% ; (4),

29 443, 50km, :,, :,,, 40km,,,,, 21, 12, 2,, 29 4, 29 4 1 (1), 25%, 25% ~50%, (2), 2010, 6000t,, (3), 50%,

444 (4), (5) 5000t/a, 2000t, 6000 500t/a, 1500 1000t/a, 4000 2500t/a, (6), 1000t (7),,,,, (8) T,, 29 4 2 (1) 1 863, 2, (2),

29 445 (3), ; 10, (4) ( ) 3 5, 30 ( ),, 12 2 29 5,, ;,,, 29 5 1 (1) : 50A h/kg, 80A h/kg, 120A h/kg,, 300 500 (2), (3),,, 2005, 29 5 2 (1), BYD,,

446,,, (2), (3),, TCL,, 29 5 3, 18, ;,,, ; 20 ;, 29 6 29 6 1 :, ;,, ;, ;,, (1),, (2), (3),

29 447 29 6 2,,,, ;, (1),,,,,, (2),,,,,, : (3),,, (4),,, ( )

, 2001~2005 ;, ; (2004),,,,