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粘 粘 粘粘 粘 粘粘粘 粘 粘 Effect of Pozzolan on Shear Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Beams 粘粘粘粘粘粘 Chien-Hung Lin 粘粘 粘 粘 Yan-Liang Chen 粘 粘粘粘粘粘 粘 100 粘 粘 7 粘 粘 粘

100 7 26 粘

粘粘 粘 粘粘粘粘 粘 粘粘粘粘粘 粘 粘 粘粘粘粘粘 粘粘粘粘粘 粘粘

(35 MPa) 10 % 20 % 10 % 20 % (50 MPa) (1) (2) ACI d p 0.8 d p (3) (4) (5) λ λ λ λ 1.50 λ I

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the shear behavior of prestressted beams with pozzolans. A total of 10 beam specimens were fabricated in this study. The compressive strength of concrete in 5 of the beams was 35 MPa, and that in the other 5 was 50 MPa. Two replacement ratios of cement with slag (10 % and 20 %), two replacement ratios of sand with fly ash (10 % and 20 %), and the other one is normal concrete. The test variables include concrete strength and the amount pozzolans. The results show that : (1) The cracking shear strength, ultimate shear strength, member stiffness, shear ductility, and crack control capability, increase with the concrete strength. (2) ACI code overstimates cw for all of specimens, due to the lower limit of d p, and use of actual d p leads to more accurate results. (3) The cracking shear strength, ultimate shear strength, member stiffness, shear ductility, and crack control capability, decrease as the slag replacement increases; however the ultimate shear strength is not apparent in normal strength concrete beams. (4) The cracking shear strength, member stiffness, shear ductility, and crack control capability, decrease with the fly ash replacement increases. However, the ultimate shear strength increases as the replacement of fly ash increases. (5) Use of ACI code procedures to calculate λ is unconservative for beams with pozzalans. But it is conservative for normal concrete beams. II

... I Abstract... II... III... I... I... III... X... 1 1-1... 1 1-2... 2 1-3... 2 1-4... 3... 4 2-1... 4 2-2... 7 2-3... 20... 26 3-1... 26 3-2... 27 3-3... 29 3-4... 31 3-5... 32 3-6... 32... 34 4-1... 34 4-2... 35 4-3 cr... 37 4-4... 42 4-5... 46 4-6... 47 4-7... 50 4-8 ACI λ... 52... 53... 56 III

3-1... 59 3-2... 59 3-3... 60 3-4... 61 3-5... 62 3-6... 62 3-7... 63 4-1... 63 4-2... 64 4-3... 64 4-4... 65 4-5... 65 4-6... 65 4-7... 66 4-8 (d p =255 mm)... 66 4-9 S 4-10 F cr, test cw, ACI cr, test cw, ACI cr, test ci, ACI cr, test ci, ACI (d p =255 mm)... 67 I (d p =255 mm). 67 4-11 (d p =0.8 h)... 68 4-12 4-13 S F cr, test cw, ACI cr, test cw, ACI cr, test ci, ACI cr, test ci, ACI (d p =0.8 h)... 69 (d p =0.8 h)... 69 4-14... 70 4-15... 70 4-16... 70 4-17 ( c = ci )... 71 4-18 ( c = cw )... 72 4-19 S... 72 4-20 F... 73 4-21... 73 4-22. 74

4-23... 74 4-24... 75 4-25... 75 4-26... 75 4-27 0.8 mm... 76 4-28... 76 4-29... 77 4-30... 77 4-31... 78 4-32... 78 4-33... 79 4-34 cr,test ACI λ... 79 4-35 λ... 80

2-1... 81 2-2... 81 2-3... 82 2-4 ( mm)... 82 2-5... 83 2-6 ( )... 83 2-7 ( )... 84 3-1... 85 3-2 ( : mm)... 86 4-1... 87 4-2 F1... 88 4-3 F1... 88 4-4 NC1 S1 S2 -... 89 4-5 NC2 S3 S4 -... 89 4-6 NC1 F1 F2 -... 90 4-7 NC2 F3 F4 -... 90 4-8 NC1 NC2 -... 91 4-9 10% S1 S3 -... 91 4-10 20% S2 S4 -... 92 4-11 10% F1 F3 -... 92 4-12 20% F2 F4 -... 93 4-13 S... 93 4-14 F... 94 4-15... 94 4-16... 95 4-17 S... 95 4-18 F... 96 4-19 NC... 96 4-20... 97 4-21... 97 4-22 S... 98 4-23 F... 98 4-24... 99 4-25... 99 4-26 S... 100 4-27 F... 100 I

4-28 NC... 101 4-29... 101 4-30... 102 4-31... 102 4-32... 103 4-33 S... 103 4-34 F... 104 4-35... 104 4-36... 105 4-37 10 % S1 S2... 105 4-38 20 % S3 S4... 106 4-39 10 % F1 F2... 106 4-40 20 % F3 F4... 107 4-41 NC1 NC2... 107 4-42 S 35 MPa... 108 4-43 S 50 MPa... 108 4-44 F 35 MPa... 109 4-45 F 50 MPa... 109 4-46 S... 110 4-47 F... 110 4-48... 111 4-49... 111 II

3-1... 112 3-2... 112 3-3... 113 3-4... 113 3-5... 114 3-6... 114 3-7... 115 3-8... 115 3-9 6000 kn (MTS)... 116 3-10... 116 3-11... 117 3-12 (LDT)... 117 3-13... 118 4-1 S1... 119 4-2 S1... 119 4-3 S2... 120 4-4 S2... 120 4-5 S3... 121 4-6 S3... 121 4-7 S4... 122 4-8 S4... 122 4-9 NC1... 123 4-10 NC1... 123 4-11 NC2... 124 4-12 NC2... 124 4-13 F1... 125 4-14 F1... 125 4-15 F2... 126 4-16 F2... 126 4-17 F3... 127 4-18 F3... 127 4-19 F4... 128 4-20 F4... 128 4-21 F4... 129 4-22 (1)... 129 4-23 (2)... 130 III

4-24... 130 4-25... 131 IX

A v a b w d d p E c f ' c f d f pc f pe f y f yt h I M cre M max n P 粘 e a ci cw X

cr c, Test i i 粘 n 粘 s, Test max n, Test 粘 p 粘 s s 粘 y t ωc - ρ ρ pw ρ w ρ 粘 v γ c / XI

1-1 (HPC) (SCC) ( : ) SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Ca(OH) 2 70 % 1

1-2 1-3 : (HPC) (SCC) (NC) ( f yt ( a/d ) ) ( P e ) ( s ) 2

1-4 ACI Committee 211 1 (D max ) 粘粘 10 4 4 2 10 : 1. cr 2. n 3. 4. 5. 6. 3

: 1. : Ca(OH) 2 2. 2-1 SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Ca(OH) 2 C-S-H 2-1-1 (1) :SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 4

4000~6000 cm 2 /g 80 100 120 4000 6000 8000 80 100 4000 (2) ( 3.15 2.90) (3) Ca(OH) 2 7 5

2-1-2 (1) ASTM C618 F C F C (2) 粘粘 (3) Ca(OH) 2 6

28 91 粘 粘 2-2 1. ( ) 2 ( NC) (900 kg/m 3 ) (SCC ) (770 kg/m 3 ) (SCC ) 240 mm 360 mm 3500 mm ρ v yh f ( ρ v f yh ) (1) SCC NC NC 1.28 SCC NC NC 0.98 (2) SCC NC NC 1.05 SCC NC NC 0.94 (3) SCC NC 7

NC 0.98 SCC NC NC 0.89 (4) SCC NC NC 1.04 SCC NC NC 0.91 (5) SCC SCC NC SCC NC 46% SCC NC 64% (6) ACI SCC SCC NC 2. ( ) 3 (SCC) (NC) NC SCC 900 kg 780 kg SCC ACI 25 10 NC 10 SCC I ( 900 kg/m 3 ) 5 SCC II ( 780 kg/m 3 ) (1) SCC NC NC 1.29 SCC NC NC 1.06 8

(2) SCC NC NC 1.18 SCC NC NC 1.01 (3) SCC NC NC 1.05 SCC NC NC 0.89 (4) SCC SCC NC SCC NC 1.22 SCC NC 1.06 (5) ACI NC SCC cr 1.36 (6) ACI n NC ACI 1.78 SCC 2.14 3. ( ) 4 (1) (2) 1.20 9

(3) n, test cr, test 1.73 (4) n, test cr, test (5) 1.21 4. Shear Behavior of High-Workability Concrete Beans (Lin, C. H., and Lee, W. C.) 5 360 mm 240 mm 3600 mm ρ v yh f ( ρ v f yh ) (1) (2) 10

(3) Au (4) µ = A y µ µ (5) HWC NC 1.03 5. Shear Capacity of Prestressed Concrete Beam Using High Strength Concrete (Ashraf H. Elzanaty, Arthur H. Nilson, Floyd O. Slate) 6 34 I 8 ( f ' c ) ( ρ ) ( ρ pw w ) ( e P ) ( ρ v f yt ) ( a/ d ) 6000 12000 psi ACI (1) ACI f ' c (2) ρ pw ρ w ρ pw ρ w 11

(3) (4) ρ v ρ v f yt (5) P e P e (6)ACI 45 25 ~35 f yt 6. Ductility of High-Performance Concrete Beam with High- Strength Lateral Reinforcement (Lin, C. H., and Lee, F. S. ) 7 240 mm 360 mm 3500 mm (1) (2) (3) (4) 12

(5) (6) 7. ( ) 8 (1) (2) 1.17 1.23 (3) 1.07 (4) 8. ( ) 9 13

240 mm 360 mm 3500 mm ( ) (1) cr cr (2) (3) n, test cr, test 2.29 n, test cr, test (4) (5) 20 % (6) ACI Mattock (1) (2) (3) 9. ( ) 10 14

ACI (1). (2). (3). (1) (S) ( D max ) ( FM ) (S) (2) 15

(3) 10. ( ) 11 : (0.35 0.5 0.7) (10 % 20 % 40 %) (1 3 7 28 56 ) MIP : (1) (1~7 ) (28~56 ) (2) (3) 28 0.35 0.5 0.7 (4) 7 16

28 7 (7~28 ) (5) 11. 粘 12 : (0.35 0.5 0.7) (10 % 20 % 30 %) (1 3 7 28 56 91 ) MIP : (1) 28 0.35 0.5 56 (2) (3) 粘 12. 粘 13 : (0.3 0.45 0.6) (0 % 15 % 17

30 % 45 %) (7 28 91 ) ( OPC ) ( - FC) ( - SC) MIP Ca(OH)2 : (1) CH (%) / (2) FC SC 28 91 (3) OPC CH 28 OPC FC SC CH (4) (%) FC 45 % SC 0.30 (5) SC 0.3 OPC SC (6) / 18

/ (7) 2-1 10 % 30 % ( ) 3 13. 粘 14 : 20 10 (31.30 MPa) 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 4 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 4 2.5 % 5 % 2 10 (51.00 MPa) : (1) 31.30 MPa 51.00 MPa (2) (3) (4) 19

(5) (6) λ λ (7) S F (8) (9) 2-3 2-3-1 (1) ( Flexure-shear cracking) 20

2-1 (2) (Web-shear cracking) 2-2 4-1 4-20 3 2-3 2-4 : (1) ( s ) (2) (interlock) (3) (dowel action) (dowel force) (4) (5) 21

(arch action) 2-3-2 (1) (Shear Tension Failure): 2-5(a) (2) (Shear Compression Failure): 2-5(b) (3) (Diagonal Tension Failure): 2-5(c) (4) : 2-5(d) 22

a/d 2.5~6.0 a/d 1.5~2.5 1.5 19 a/d : (1) a/d < 1.5 (2) 1.5 < a/d <2.5 (3) a/d > 2.5 2-3-3 ACI ACI 318-05 23 : (1) ( ci ) ACI318-08 23 11.4.3.1 : M 0.6 f ' b d 1.7 f ' b d = + + (2-1) i cr ci c w p d c w M m ax : 23

f ' c : b w : d : 0.8 h p d : M max : i : M cr : (4-1) ACI 23 : M I M cr (6 f ' c f pe f d ) y t cr : = + (2-2) f : pe f d : (2) ( cw ) ACI 318-05 23 11.4.3.1 : = (3.5 f ' + 0.3 f ) b d + (2-3) cw c pc w p p : : p f : pc 粘 p 24

2-3-4 27 ( ) : A 1 + A2 µ 1 = 2-6 A 1 A 1 P- P max y A 2 P- P max y P max 3 y 7 ( ) A 3 + A4 µ 2 = 2-7 A 3 A 3 P- y A 4 P- 3 y 25

3-1 4200 mm 400 mm 80 mm 200 mm 3-1 200 mm 240 mm 18 mm 200 mm #3 4 10 4 4 2 S F NC S1 3-1 ( f ) ( % ) ' c ( S1 ~ S4 ) ( F1 ~ F4 ) ( NC1 ~ NC2 ) 35 MPa 50 MPa 950 kg/m 3 190 kg/m 3 10 % 20 % 10 % 20 % 26

3-2 (1) 3-2(a) (b) (c) ( mm ) 100 mm~150 mm 3-1~3-2 3-3 3-3 3-4 (d= 19.05 mm ) 3-5 FM=2.98 3-6 3-6 HI CON HPC1000 ASTM C494 TYPE G 27

7 ± 1 1.1 42 ± 2% (2) 15 mm 3-7 #3 SD280 3-7 #5 SD420W ( ) 90 3-7 #7 SD420W ( ) 90 3-8 40 mm 2 mm : 28

3-1 (3) : Tokyo Sokki Kenkyujo YFLA-5 gauge length 10 mm 5 mm gauge resistmace 120±0.3 gauge foctor 2.10±2 % 20 % 5 % #3 3-3 (1) 3-2 粘 YFLA-5 5 mm 10 %~15 % (2) 29

(3) 3-3 (4) 24 100 200 mm 6 150 300 mm 24 6 (5) 24 24 6 (6) MTS (7) 30

=2 5 3-4 (1)MTS Material Testing System 3-9 (2) 3-5 (3) 3-6 (4) 100 mm LDT 3-12 (5) Data Logging System Ucam-10B 3-13 (6) 3-13 (7) 0.05 mm ( 3-10) (8) 3-11 (9) MTS 3-11 (10) 3-8 (11) 0.25m 3 3-7 31

3-5 ( 2-4 ) : (1) MTS MTS (2) MTS 0.02 mm/sec (3) 100 mm LDT (4) MTS LDT 3-6 (1) : (2) 0.02 mm/sec 0.5 mm 32

3 mm 33

4-1 4-1-1 ACI Committee 211 950 kg/m 3 28 100 mm~150 mm 4-1-2 : (120 mm) 200 mm : 16 34

粘 4-2 4-2-1 F1 4-2 (1) 4-2 OA 4-1 (a) 4-7 A (2) 35

4-4 (b) 4-1 (c) A 4-2 AC - 4-6 B (3) (4) 4-2 CD C ( 4-12) (5) 4-2 DE 20 4-2-2 LDT MTS 36

- 4-4 4-7 (S1~S4) (F1~F4) 4-8 4-12 粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘粘 4-3 cr 4-3-1 cr 10 cr 4-2 A cr (1) (2) (3) 4-3-2 cr 37

a d 4-4~ 4-6 F3 NC2 cr, Slag cr, ACI cr 0.79 ~ 0.96 0.84, Fly ash cr, ACI 1.02 ~ 1.17 0.92 (1) cr 4-3 4-13 4-14 50 MPa 35 MPa 4-4 4-6 S F S 14 950 kg/m 3 50 MPa 30 MPa 15 % 97.80 kn 99.12 kn 20 % 99.11 kn 104.44 kn 5 20 21 38

(2) ( a ) 4-5 13 28 (C-S-H ) S4 28 S4 33 ( b ) 4-6 0.60 0.45 : 10 4-3-3 cr,test 粘 ACI 39

4-7~4-12 cr, test ci, ACI cr, test cw, ACI 4-17~4-21 4-11 4-17~4-19 S F NC ACI cr, test ci, ACI 1.39~1.65 1.47~1.68 1.83~1.85 1.48 1.57 1.84 ACI ACI 4-11 4-17~4-19 S F NC cr, test cw, ACI 0.81~0.97 0.92~1.02 1.06~1.14 0.90 0.98 1.10 ACI (d p ) 0.8 (h) 0.8 h d p d p 4-7 4-8 4-17~4-19 S F NC cr, test cw, ACI 1.02~1.22 1.15~1.28 1.33~1.43 1.13 1.21 1.38 S3 1.02 S F NC ACI 40

cr, test ci, ACI 1.46~1.73 1.57~1.75 1.92~1.93 1.55 1.65 1.93 ( 1 ) 4-8 S ACI cr, test cw, ACI 1.02~1.22 1.13 ACI S 4-9 4-17 cr, test cw, ACI 4-9 4-20 cr, test cw, ACI ( 2 ) 粘粘 4-10 F ACI cr, test cw, ACI 1.15~1.28 1.21 ACI S 4-10 4-18 cr, test cw, ACI 4-10 4-21 cr, test cw, ACI 41

4-4 ( ) 4-4-1 n 4-14 4-22~4-25 35 MPa 50 MPa 4-15 4-20 S 35 MPa 50 MPa 365.13 kn 369.93 kn F 35 MPa 50 MPa 394.81 kn 419.70 kn NC 35 MPa 50 MPa 360.04 kn 391.81 kn a cz 4-4-2 ( 1 ) 4-15 0.60 0.45 : 13 42

28 (C-S-H ) 28 ( 2 ) 4-16 0.60 0.45 20 % : 29 (a/b) 4-35 0.45 20 % 4-4-3 粘粘 ACI 4-34 粘粘 200 mm 3-2 43

4-4-4 n,test 粘粘 s,test s,test 粘粘 ACI n = c + s S = A v f s yt d s d 45 45 s,test s,test 4-14 32 ~40 s,test s,aci 4-21 粘粘 ACI ci cw c 4-17 4-18 ACI 1.89~2.16 1.97 c cw 4-18 ACI 1.56~1.87 1.67 ACI ( 1 ) 4-18 S ACI n, test n, ACI 1.56~1.67 1.60 44

4-19 4-23 0.60 n, test n, ACI 1.63 0.45 n, test n, ACI 1.60 n, test n, ACI 4-16 4-24 0.60 n, test n, ACI 0.60 n, test n, ACI : 0.45 28 ( 2 ) 4-18 F ACI n, test n, ACI 1.64~1.87 1.75 ACI F 粘粘 4-20 4-23 n, test n, ACI 4-20 4-25 0.60 n, test n, ACI 0.45 20 % 45

4-5 - ACI 318 E c 45 % 4-32 4-5-1 4-23 4-33 35 MPa S F NC 27.93 kn/mm 29.52 kn/mm 32.78 kn/mm 50 MPa S F NC 29.74 kn/mm 30.28 kn/mm 32.94 kn/mm 4-23 ω c 50 MPa 35 MPa ' E c = ω 33 f c ω c 1.5 c f ' c mm 4-5-2 ( 1 ) 4-24 4-34 0.60 0.45 46

( 2 ) 4-25 4-35 0.60 0.45 : 1. 560 kgf/cm 2 (55 MPa) 2. 4-25 ω c ' E c = ω 33 f c 1.5 c 4-6 ACI Committee 224 24 4-26 4-27 0.8 47

28 粘粘 MTS 0.02 mm/sec 4-36 ~ 4-44 4-6-1 4-39 4-40 4-28 0.8 mm S 35 MPa 50 MPa 275.13 kn 290.61 kn;f 35 MPa 50 MPa 298.76 kn 325.57 kn 5 9 17 25 4-6-2 4-41 4-44 S F 48

NC 28 NC (1) 4-29 4-41 4-42 35 MPa S 50 MPa (2) 4-30 4-43 4-44 35 MPa 3 4 5 8 17 SCC(HWC) SCC(HWC) 10 26 49

50 MPa 4-7 4-4 4-12 3 15 27 7 4-38 4-31 4-45 NC S F 1. 4-4 4-12 NC S F NC S F NC 2. 4-4 S F NC 4-7-1 4-32 4-33 4-45 20 2 21 50

4-7-2 (1) 4-32 4-46 2 20 (2) 4-15 F3 F F3 4-33 4-47 4-16 51

4-8 ACI λ ACI = (3.5 λ f ' + 0.3 f ) b d + cw c pc w p ACI λ 4-34 35 MPa λ 1.18~1.58 1.31 50 MPa λ 1.02~1.42 1.26 ACI λ 4-35 S λ 1.02~1.29 1.17 F λ 1.21~1.39 1.29 NC λ 1.42~1.58 1.50 ACI λ 14 20 4-35 λ c 4-35 c F λ c λ λ 52

(35 MPa) 10 % 20 % 10 % 20 % (50 MPa) (1) (2) (3) ACI 0.8 h d p ACI d p ACI (4) ACI S cr, test cw, ACI 1.02~1.22 1.13 F cr, test cw, ACI 1.15~1.28 1.15 NC 53

cr, test cw, ACI 1.33~1.43 1.38 ACI (5) 35 MPa 50 MPa (6) ACI S n, test n, ACI 1.56~1.67 1.60 F n, test n, ACI 1.64~1.80 1.68 NC n, test n, ACI 1.63~1.68 1.66 ACI n (7) (8) 35 MPa 50 MPa (9) (10) λ λ λ NC λ 1.50 λ (11) S F 54

(12) (13) 55

1. ACI 211, Standard Practice for Selecting Proportion for Normal, Heavy-Weight, and Mass Concrete, ACI211.1 Report, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 1, 1997. 2.,,,,. 3.,,,,. 4.,,,,. 5. Lin, C. H., and Lee, W. C., Shear Behavior of High-Workability Concrete Beams,ACI Structural Journal,. 100, No. 5, September -October 2003, pp. 599-608. 6. Elzanaty, Ashraf H. ; Nilson, Arthur H. ; and Slate, Floyd O., Shear Capacity of Prestressed Concrete Beam Using High-Strength Concrete ACI Journal, Proceeding.83, No.3, May-June 1986, pp.319-368. 7. Lin, C. H., and Lee, F. S., Ductility of High-Performance Concrete Beams with High Strength Lateral Reinforcement, ACI Structural Journal,. 98, No. 4, July-August 2001, pp. 1-9. 8.,,,,. 9.,,,,. 10.,,,, 86. 11.,,, 56

,. 12.,,,,. 13.,,,,. 14.,,,,. 15.,,,,. 16.,,. 17.,,,,. 18. Mark, K. J., and Julio, A. R., Minimum Shear Reinforcement in Beams with Higher Strength Concrete, ACI Structural Journal,. 86, No. 4, July-Aug. 1989, pp. 376-382. 19. Ferguson Phil M., Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals, 3rd Edition, pp. 85-94. 20.,,,,. 21.,,,,. 22.,,,,. 23. ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI318-08 and Commentary ACI 318-08, American Concrete 57

Institute, 2008, 465 pp. 24. ACI Committee 224, Control of Cracking in Concrete structures, ACI Journal,. 65, No. 12, December 1972, pp. 717-752. 25.,,,,. 26. Mansur, M. A.; Wee, T. H.; and Chin, M. S., Dervation of the Complete Strain-Stress Curves for Concrete in Compression Magazine of Consrete Research..49, No.173, 1995, pp.289-290. 27.,,,,. 28. Lin, C. H., and Lee, W. C., Shear Behavior of High-Workability Concrete Beams,ACI Structural Journal,. 100, No. 5, September -October 2003, pp. 1-9. 29.,,,,. 58

3-1 粘 (MPa) Slag/Cement (%,weight) Fly Ash/Sand (%,weight) P e (kn) a/d s (mm) S1 35 10 0 200 2.5 200 S2 35 20 0 200 2.5 200 S3 50 10 0 200 2.5 200 S4 50 20 0 200 2.5 200 F1 35 0 10 200 2.5 200 F2 35 0 20 200 2.5 200 F3 50 0 10 200 2.5 200 F4 50 0 20 200 2.5 200 NC1 35 0 0 200 2.5 200 NC2 50 0 0 200 2.5 200 3-2 (a) kg/m 3 ) f c (MPa) 35 0.60 190 317 0 0 0.63 950 905 50 0.45 190 422 0 0 2.32 950 818 (b) 粘 kg/m 3 ) f c (MPa) 35 0.60 190 285 0 32 1.11 950 902 35 0.60 190 254 0 63 0.95 950 899 50 0.45 190 380 0 42 2.11 950 812 50 0.45 190 338 0 84 2.32 950 808 59

(c) 粘 kg/m 3 ) 粘 f c (MPa) ( ) 35 0.60(0.47) 190 317 91 0 2.24 950 818 35 0.60(0.39) 190 317 179 0 3.97 950 717 50 0.45(0.38) 190 422 82 0 4.03 950 740 50 0.45(0.33) 190 422 162 0 5.26 950 648 3-3 A. 1.SiO 2 (%) 20.90 33.94 2.Al 2 O 3 (%) 5.65 13.20 3.Fe 2 O 3 (%) 3.21 0.41 4.CaO (%) 63.63 41.35 5.MgO (%) 2.52 6.89 6.SO 3 (%) 2.16 0.74 7.S (%) -- 0.73 8.Na 2 O (%) 0.10 -- 9.K 2 O (%) 0.52 -- 10.C 3 S (%) 48.76 -- 11.C 2 S (%) 23.14 -- 12.C 3 A (%) 9.54 -- 13.C 4 AF (%) 9.77 -- B. 1. 3.14 2.88 2. (m 2 /kg) 344 459 3.#325 (%) -- 1.60 4. (%) 0.92 0.91 5. 0.11 -- 6. 0.055 -- 7 (MPa) 35.51 -- 28 (MPa) 46.30 -- 60

3-4 #5 #6 96 11 13 CNS 10896 (ASTM C 311) 1. (SiO 2 ) A. (ASTM C-618-F) (%) (%) 65.17 2. (Al 2 O 3 ) Min. 70.0 24.41 3. (Fe 2 O 3 ) 4.08 4. (CaO) -- 2.22 5. (MgO) -- 1.12 6. (SO 3 ) Max. 5.0 0.19 7. Max. 3.0 0.05 8. Max. 6.0 1.64 9. (as Na 2 O) Max. 1.50 0.157 10. (Na 2 O) -- 0.006 11. (K 2 O) -- 0.23 B. (CNS 3036)(%) 2. (No.325 ) Max. 34 25.09 7 % Min. 75 75.7 28 % Min. 75 88.69 5. % Max. 105 102.48 6. ( ) Max. 0.8 0.038 61

3-5 CNS488 (ASTM C127) CNS487 (ASTM C128) S.S.D. ( % ) ( g/cm 3 ) 0.73 2.59 1.04 2.65 3-6 CNS 486 (ASTM C136) ( g ) ( % ) ( % ) ( % ) 3/8" 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #4 13.5 4.50 4.50 4.50 #8 60.5 20.18 24.68 29.19 #16 51.5 17.18 41.86 71.05 #30 47.4 15.81 57.67 128.72 #50 58.9 19.65 77.32 206.04 #100 42.7 14.24 91.56 297.60 25.3 1.97 100.00 ***** FM=2.98 62

3-7 mm 2 (MPa) (10-6 ) (MPa) (%) (SD280W) 71.25 394.82 2230 519.97 22.7 (SD420W) 197.90 497.21 2785 696.53 22.6 (SD420W) 379.90 541.00 3596 672.28 19.0 (D15) 176.71 1045.57 5100 1150.87 5.2 4-1 (MPa) (mm) S1 35 100 S2 35 100 S3 50 110 S4 50 195 F1 35 130 F2 35 140 F3 50 160 F4 50 90 NC1 35 100 NC2 50 110 63

4-2 f (MPa) ' c f ' c (MPa) 1 2 3 (MPa) (days) S1 35 34.90 234.1 257.9 245.2 3.48 25 S2 35 33.64 217.7 217.9 218.5 3.08 26 S3 50 50.24 287.9 261.1 282.9 3.92 24 S4 50 49.60 284.4 233.4 255.1 3.65 33 F1 35 34.49 188.6 212.6 178.9 2.74 14 F2 35 35.98 218.2 216.6 185.4 2.92 11 F3 50 50.52 226.4 254.0 238.6 3.39 15 F4 50 48.97 249.0 254.2 262.0 3.61 8 NC1 35 34.91 255.7 238.1 258.1 3.55 33 NC2 50 48.63 260.7 280.6 269.7 3.82 29 4-3 f ' c (MPa) P e (kn) cr (kn) n (kn) (days) S1 34.90 216.68 139.73 357.34 25 S2 33.64 224.84 137.21 372.92 26 S3 50.24 199.68 167.31 372.03 24 S4 49.60 190.54 137.39 367.83 33 F1 34.49 222.17 156.69 367.53 14 F2 35.98 224.91 144.70 422.09 11 F3 50.52 221.09 177.83 435.88 15 F4 48.97 226.24 161.22 403.51 8 NC1 34.91 205.42 171.68 360.04 33 NC2 48.63 178.65 175.01 391.81 29 64

4-4 f ' c (MPa) cr,test (kn) (days) S1 34.90 139.73 25 S2 33.64 137.21 26 S3 50.24 167.31 24 S4 49.60 137.39 33 F1 34.49 156.69 14 F2 35.98 144.70 11 F3 50.52 177.83 15 F4 48.97 161.22 8 NC1 34.91 171.68 33 NC2 48.63 175.01 29 4-5 (%) (days) (kn) NC1 0.60 0 33 171.68 S1 0.60 10 25 139.73 S2 0.60 20 26 137.21 NC2 0.45 0 29 175.01 S3 0.45 10 24 167.31 S4 0.45 20 33 137.39 4-6 ( ) 粘 (%) (days) (kn) NC1 0.60(0.60) 0 33 171.68 F1 0.60(0.47) 10 14 156.69 F2 0.60(0.39) 20 11 144.70 NC2 0.45(0.45) 0 29 175.01 F3 0.45(0.38) 10 15 177.83 F4 0.45(0.33) 20 8 161.22 65

4-7 (kn) (1) S1 139.73 (kn) (2) (1)/(2) 0.81 NC1 171.68 S2 137.21 0.80 S3 167.31 0.96 NC2 175.01 S4 137.39 0.79 0.84 F1 156.69 0.91 NC1 171.68 F2 144.70 0.84 F3 177.83 1.02 NC2 175.01 F4 161.22 0.92 0.92 4-8 (d p =255 mm) cr,test (kn) cw,aci (kn) ci,aci (kn) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci S1 139.73 122.23 91.69 1.14 1.52 S2 137.21 121.93 92.74 1.13 1.48 S3 167.31 137.05 96.53 1.22 1.73 S4 137.39 134.92 94.13 1.02 1.46 1.13 1.55 F1 156.69 122.59 92.67 1.28 1.69 F2 144.70 124.89 92.22 1.16 1.57 F3 177.83 140.75 101.52 1.26 1.75 F4 161.22 139.94 101.88 1.15 1.58 1.21 1.65 NC1 171.68 120.45 89.15 1.43 1.93 NC2 175.01 131.99 90.93 1.33 1.92 1.38 1.93 66

4-9 S cr, test cw, ACI cr, test ci, ACI (d p =255 mm) (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC1 0 34.91 1.43 1.93 S1 10 34.90 1.14 1.52 S2 20 33.64 1.13 1.48 34.27 1.23 1.64 (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC2 0 48.63 1.33 1.92 S3 10 50.24 1.22 1.73 S4 20 49.60 1.02 1.46 49.92 1.19 1.70 4-10 F cr, test cw, ACI cr, test ci, ACI (d p =255 mm) (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC1 0 34.91 1.43 1.93 F1 10 34.49 1.28 1.69 F2 20 35.98 1.16 1.57 35.13 1.29 1.73 (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC2 0 48.63 1.33 1.92 F3 10 50.52 1.26 1.75 F4 20 48.97 1.15 1.58 49.37 1.25 1.75 67

4-11 (d p =0.8 h) cr,test (kn) cw,aci (kn) ci,aci (kn) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci S1 139.73 153.39 95.53 0.91 1.46 S2 137.21 153.02 96.52 0.90 1.42 S3 167.31 171.98 101.15 0.97 1.65 S4 137.39 169.31 98.72 0.81 1.39 0.90 1.48 F1 156.69 153.84 96.50 1.02 1.62 F2 144.70 156.73 98.12 0.92 1.47 F3 177.83 176.63 106.15 1.01 1.68 F4 161.22 175.61 106.43 0.97 1.51 0.98 1.57 NC1 171.68 151.15 92.99 1.14 1.85 NC2 175.01 165.64 95.47 1.06 1.83 1.10 1.84 68

4-12 S cr, test cw, ACI cr, test ci, ACI (d p =0.8 h) (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC1 0 34.91 1.14 1.85 S1 10 34.90 0.91 1.46 S2 20 33.64 0.90 1.42 34.27 0.98 1.58 (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC2 0 48.63 1.06 1.83 S3 10 50.24 0.97 1.65 S4 20 49.60 0.81 1.39 49.92 0.95 1.62 4-13 F cr, test cw, ACI cr, test ci, ACI (d p =0.8 h) (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC1 0 34.91 1.14 1.85 F1 10 34.49 1.02 1.62 F2 20 35.98 0.92 1.47 35.13 1.03 1.65 (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci NC2 0 48.63 1.06 1.83 F3 10 50.52 1.01 1.68 F4 20 48.97 0.92 1.51 49.37 1.00 1.67 69

4-14 f ' c (MPa) n,test (kn) (days) S1 34.90 357.34 25 34 S2 33.64 372.92 26 32 S3 50.24 372.03 24 40 S4 49.60 367.83 33 40 F1 34.49 367.53 14 32 F2 35.98 422.09 11 30 F3 50.52 435.88 15 38 F4 48.97 403.51 8 34 NC1 34.91 360.04 33 34 NC2 48.63 391.81 29 32 粘 4-15 (%) (days) (kn) NC1 0.60 0 33 360.04 S1 0.60 10 25 357.34 S2 0.60 20 26 372.92 NC2 0.45 0 29 391.81 S3 0.45 10 24 372.03 S4 0.45 20 33 367.83 4-16 ( ) 粘 (%) (days) (kn) NC1 0.60(0.60) 0 33 360.04 F1 0.60(0.47) 10 14 367.53 F2 0.60(0.39) 20 11 422.09 NC2 0.45(0.45) 0 29 391.81 F3 0.45(0.38) 10 15 435.88 F4 0.45(0.33) 20 8 403.51 70

4-17 ( c = ci ) n,test (kn) ci,aci (kn) s,aci (kn) ci,aci + s,aci = n,aci n,test / n,aci S1 357.34 91.69 100.88 192.57 1.86 S2 372.92 92.74 100.88 193.63 1.93 S3 372.03 96.53 100.88 197.41 1.88 S4 367.83 94.13 100.88 195.01 1.89 1.89 F1 367.53 92.69 100.88 193.57 1.90 F2 422.09 94.22 100.88 195.10 2.16 F3 435.88 101.52 100.88 202.04 2.16 F4 403.51 101.88 100.88 202.76 1.99 2.05 NC1 360.04 87.15 100.88 188.03 1.91 NC2 391.81 90.93 100.88 191.81 2.04 1.98 71

4-18 ( c = cw ) n,test (kn) cw,aci (kn) s,aci (kn) cw,aci + s,aci = n,aci n,test / n,aci S1 357.34 122.23 100.88 223.11 1.60 S2 372.92 121.93 100.88 222.81 1.67 S3 372.03 137.05 100.88 237.93 1.56 S4 367.83 134.92 100.88 235.80 1.56 1.60 F1 367.53 122.59 100.88 223.47 1.64 F2 422.09 124.89 100.88 225.77 1.87 F3 435.88 140.75 100.88 241.63 1.80 F4 403.51 139.94 100.88 240.82 1.68 1.75 NC1 360.04 120.45 100.88 221.33 1.63 NC2 391.81 131.99 100.88 232.87 1.68 1.66 4-19 S (%) f ' c (MPa) n,test / n,aci NC1 0 34.91 1.63 S1 10 34.90 1.60 S2 20 33.64 1.67 34.27 1.63 (%) f ' c (MPa) n,test / n,aci NC2 0 48.63 1.68 S3 10 50.24 1.56 S4 20 49.60 1.56 49.92 1.60 72

4-20 F (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci NC1 0 34.91 1.63 F1 10 34.49 1.64 F2 20 35.98 1.87 35.13 1.71 (%) f ' c (MPa) cr,test / cw,aci NC2 0 48.63 1.68 F3 10 50.52 1.80 F4 20 48.97 1.68 49.37 1.72 4-21 s,test s,aci (kn) (kn) s,test / s,aci S1 169.72 100.88 1.69 S2 175.27 100.88 1.74 S3 175.87 100.88 1.74 S4 173.32 100.88 1.72 1.72 F1 174.16 100.88 1.73 F2 146.42 100.88 1.45 F3 153.9 100.88 1.53 F4 153.35 100.88 1.52 1.56 NC1 175.26 100.88 1.74 NC2 169.15 100.88 1.68 1.71 73

4-22 (kn) (1) S1 357.34 (kn) (2) (1)/(2) 0.99 NC1 360.04 S2 372.92 1.04 S3 372.03 0.95 NC2 391.81 S4 367.83 0.94 0.98 F1 367.53 1.02 NC1 360.04 F2 422.09 1.17 F3 435.88 1.11 NC2 391.81 F4 403.51 1.03 1.08 4-23 f ' c (MPa) 粘 (%) ω c (kg/m 3 ) Stiffness (kn/mm) S1 35 10 2360 28.64 S2 35 20 2357 26.33 S3 50 10 2376 31.25 S4 50 20 2373 28.22 粘 粘 28.61 F1 35 10 2369 31.82 F2 35 20 2357 27.21 F3 50 10 2388 29.97 F4 50 20 2378 30.59 29.90 NC1 35 0 2363 32.78 NC2 50 0 2383 32.94 粘 32.86 74

4-24 (%) (days) Stiffness (kn/mm) NC1 0.60 0 33 32.78 S1 0.60 10 25 28.64 S2 0.60 20 26 26.33 NC2 0.45 0 29 32.94 S3 0.45 10 24 31.25 S4 0.45 20 33 28.22 4-25 ( ) 粘 (%) (days) Stiffness (kn/mm) NC1 0.60(0.60) 0 33 32.78 F1 0.60(0.47) 10 14 31.82 F2 0.60(0.39) 20 11 27.21 NC2 0.45(0.45) 0 29 32.94 F3 0.45(0.38) 10 15 29.97 F4 0.45(0.33) 20 8 30.59 4-26 (mm) 0.40 0.30 0.18 0.15 0.1 75

4-27 0.8 mm 粘 f (MPa) ' c 粘 (kn) 粘 S1 34.90 236.73 S2 33.64 274.39 S3 50.24 292.77 S4 49.60 246.09 F1 34.49 306.07 F2 35.98 275.95 F3 50.52 319.53 F4 48.97 324.21 NC1 34.91 314.26 NC2 48.63 332.96 4-28 粘 ( f ' c =35 MPa) 粘 0.8 mm (kn) (1) 粘 ( f ' c =50 MPa) 粘 0.8 mm (kn) (2) 粘 (2)/(1) NC1 314.26 NC2 332.96 1.06 S1 236.73 S3 292.77 1.24 S2 274.39 S4 246.09 0.90 粘 275.13 粘 290.61 1.07 NC1 314.26 NC2 332.96 1.06 F1 306.07 F3 319.53 1.04 F2 275.95 F4 324.21 1.17 298.76 325.57 1.09 76

4-29 (%) (days) 0.8 mm 粘 (kn) NC1 0.60 0 33 314.26 S1 0.60 10 25 274.96 S2 0.60 20 26 274.39 NC2 0.45 0 29 332.96 S3 0.45 10 24 292.77 S4 0.45 20 33 246.09 4-30 ( ) 粘 (%) (days) 0.8 mm 粘 (kn) NC1 0.60(0.60) 0 33 314.26 F1 0.60(0.47) 10 14 306.07 F2 0.60(0.39) 20 11 275.95 NC2 0.45(0.45) 0 29 332.96 F3 0.45(0.38) 10 15 319.53 F4 0.45(0.33) 20 8 324.21 77

4-31 f ' c (MPa) 粘 (%) µ S1 35 10 5.92 S2 35 20 5.60 S3 50 10 6.38 S4 50 20 6.10 粘 粘 6.00 F1 35 10 6.30 F2 35 20 6.11 F3 50 10 5.78 F4 50 20 6.21 6.10 NC1 35 10 6.36 NC2 50 20 6.85 6.62 4-32 f ' c (MPa) (%) (days) µ NC1 35 0 33 6.36 S1 35 10 25 5.92 S2 35 20 26 5.60 NC2 50 0 29 6.85 S3 50 10 24 6.38 S4 50 20 33 6.10 78

4-33 f ' c (MPa) (%) (days) µ NC1 35 0 33 6.36 F1 35 10 14 6.30 F2 35 20 11 6.11 NC2 50 0 29 6.85 F3 50 10 15 5.78 F4 50 20 8 6.21 4-34 cr,test ACI λ f ' c (MPa) cr,test (kn) λ S1 34.90 139.72 1.20 S2 33.64 137.21 1.18 S3 50.24 167.31 1.29 S4 49.60 137.39 1.02 F1 34.49 156.69 1.39 F2 35.98 144.70 1.22 F3 50.52 177.83 1.35 F4 48.97 161.22 1.21 NC1 34.91 171.68 1.58 NC2 34.63 175.01 1.42 79

4-35 λ (%) c / ( a/b ) cr,test (kn) λ S1 10 1.05 3.00 139.72 1.20 S2 20 1.06 3.00 137.21 1.18 S3 10 1.17 2.25 167.31 1.29 S4 20 1.18 2.25 137.39 1.02 粘 1.17 F1 10 1.16 2.33 156.69 1.39 F2 20 1.32 1.92 144.70 1.22 F3 10 1.28 1.88 177.83 1.35 F4 20 1.47 1.63 161.22 1.21 1.29 NC1 0 1.05 3.00 171.68 1.58 NC2 0 1.16 2.25 175.01 1.42 1.50 80

2-1 2-2 81

2-3 Load from MTS Spreader beam d p LDT 200 a a 200 650 650 2-4 ( mm) 82

P 混凝土破碎 P 握裹劈裂裂縫 (a) P (b) 剪力筋斷裂 (c) (d) 2-5 Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 100 400 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 µ 1 = A + 1 A 1 A 2 80 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 A 1 A 2 20 0 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 2-6 ( ) 0 83

Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 100 400 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 µ 2 = A + 3 A 3 A 4 80 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 A 4 20 A 3 0 0 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 2-7 ( ) 84

1200 150 Stress (MPa) 800 400 0 #3 Bars #5 Bars #7 Bars Prestressing bars 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Strain 3-1 100 50 0 Stress (ksi) 85

A 4200 200 A 650 :mm s:200 mm 400mm 400mm 2-#5 80mm Strain gauge Prestressing bars 80mm 3-#7 105mm 200mm A-A Section 3-2 ( : mm) 86

(a) (b) (c) (d) 4-1 87

Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 100 Shear Force (kn ) 400 300 200 A B C A:Web-shear crack occurred( cr ) B:Shear reinforcement yielded C:Maximum load D:Shear reinforcement fractured E:Test stopped D 80 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 E 20 0 0 0 20 40 60 Displacement (mm) 4-2 F1 100 400 C 80 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 100 B A A:Web-shear crack occurred( cr ) B:Shear reinforcement yielded C:Maximum load 60 40 20 Shear Force (kips) 0 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 Strain 4-3 F1 粘 0 88

400 Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 NC1 (0 %, f ' c =34.91 MPa) S1 (10 %, f ' c =34.90 MPa) S2 (20 %, f ' c =33.64 MPa) 100 80 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 100 60 40 20 Shear Force (kips) 0 400 0 20 40 60 Displacement (mm) 4-4 NC1 S1 S2 - Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 NC2 (0 %, f ' c =48.63 MPa) S3 (10 %, f ' c =50.24 MPa) S4 (20 %, f ' c =49.60 MPa) 0 100 80 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 100 60 40 20 Shear Force (kips) 0 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 4-5 NC2 S3 S4-0 89

500 400 Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 NC1 (0 %, f ' c =34.91 MPa) F1 (10 %, f ' c =34.49 MPa) F2 (20 %, f ' c =35.98 MPa) 100 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 80 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 20 0 500 400 0 20 40 60 Displacement (mm) 4-6 NC1 F1 F2 - Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 NC2 (0 %, f ' c =48.63 MPa) F3 (10 %, f ' c =50.52 MPa) F4 (20 %, f ' c =48.97 MPa) 0 100 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 80 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 20 0 0 20 40 60 Displacement (mm) 4-7 NC2 F3 F4-0 90

Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 400 NC1 ( f ' c =34.91 MPa) NC2 ( f ' c =48.63 MPa) 100 80 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 100 60 40 20 Shear Force (kips) 0 4-8 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) NC1 NC2 - Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0 100 400 S1 (10 %, f ' c =34.90 MPa) S3 (10 %, f ' c =50.24 MPa) 80 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 100 60 40 20 Shear Force (kips) 0 4-9 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 10% S1 S3-0 91

Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 400 S2 (20 %, f ' c =33.64 MPa) S4 (20 %, f ' c =49.60 MPa) 100 80 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 100 60 40 20 Shear Force (kips) 0 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 4-10 20% S2 S4-0 500 400 Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 F1 (10 %, f ' c =34.49 MPa) F3 (10 %, f ' c =50.52 MPa) 100 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 80 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 20 0 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 4-11 10% F1 F3-0 92

500 400 Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 F2 (20 %, f ' c =35.98 MPa) F4 (20 %, f ' c =48.97 MPa) 100 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 80 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 20 0 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 4-12 20% F2 F4-0 f ' c (ksi) 5 6 7 cr (kn ) 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 NC 0 % Slag 10 % Slag 20 % S1 NC1 NC2 S3 44 40 36 32 cr (kips) 130 S2 S4 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-13 S 93

f ' c (ksi) 5 6 7 200 190 180 NC 0 % Fly-ash 10 % Fly-ash 20 % F3 44 40 cr (kn ) 170 160 150 NC1 F1 NC2 F4 36 cr (kips) 140 F2 32 130 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-14 F 200 190 f ' c= 35 MPa f ' c= 50 MPa 44 cr (kn ) 180 170 160 150 140 130 NC1 NC2 S3 S1 S4 S2 40 36 32 cr (kips) 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Slag (%) 4-15 94

200 190 f ' c= 35 MPa f ' = 50 MPa c F3 44 cr (kn ) 180 170 160 NC2 NC1 F4 40 36 cr (kips) 150 F1 140 F2 32 cr,test / cr,theoretical 130 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Fly Ash (%) 4-16 d p = 255 mm : d p = 320 mm : f ' (ksi) c 5 6 7 cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' (MPa) c 4-17 S 95

cr,test / cr,theoretical 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 d p = 255 mm : d p = 320 mm : f ' (ksi) c 5 6 7 cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' (MPa) c 4-18 F cr,test / cr,theoretical 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 d p = 255 mm : d p = 320 mm : f ' (ksi) c 5 6 7 cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' (MPa) c 4-19 NC 96

3 2.5 d p = 255 mm : cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci n,test / n,theoretical 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 d p = 320 mm : cr,test / ci,aci cr,test / cw,aci 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Slag (%) 4-20 n,test / n,theoretical 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 d p = 255 mm : d p = 320 mm : cr,test / cw,aci cr,test / ci,aci cr,test / ci,aci cr,test / cw,aci 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Fly Ash (%) 4-21 97

f ' c (ksi) 5 6 7 n (kn ) 420 400 380 360 340 S2 NC1 NC 0 % Slag 10 % Slag 20 % S1 NC2 S4 S3 96 92 88 84 80 76 n (kips) 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-22 S f ' (ksi) c 5 6 7 n (kn ) 500 475 450 425 400 NC 0 % Fly-ash 10 % Fly-ash 20 % F2 F4 F3 110 105 100 95 90 n (kips) 375 F1 NC2 85 350 NC1 80 75 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-23 F 98

n (kn ) 420 400 380 NC2 f ' c= 35 MPa f ' c= 50 MPa S3 S2 96 92 88 84 n (kips) 360 340 NC1 S1 S4 80 76 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Slag (%) 4-24 440 f ' c= 35 MPa 100 420 f ' c= 50 MPa F4 96 n (kn ) 400 NC1 F1 F2 92 88 n (kips) 380 360 NC2 F3 84 80 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Fly Ash (%) 4-25 99

f ' (ksi) c 5 6 7 2 S2 S4 n,test / n,theoretical 1.8 1.6 1.4 S1 S1 S2 n,test / ci,aci + s,aci n,test / cw,aci + s,aci S3 S3 S4 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-26 S f ' c (ksi) 5 6 7 2.2 F2 F3 n,test / n,theoretical 2 1.8 1.6 F1 F2 F1 F4 F3 F4 n,test / ci,aci + s,aci 1.4 n,test / cw,aci + s,aci 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-27 F 100

n,test / n,theoretical 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 NC1 NC1 f ' (ksi) c 5 6 7 n,test / cw,aci + s,aci n,test / ci,aci + s,aci NC2 NC2 1 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-28 NC n,test / n,theoretical 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 NC1 NC1 n,test / ci,aci + s,aci n,test / cw,aci + s,aci NC1 NC1 S3 S1 S1 S3 S2 S2 S4 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Slag (%) S4 4-29 101

n,test / n,theoretical 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 n,test / ci,aci + s,aci n,test / cw,aci + s,aci F3 NC2 F1 NC1 F3 NC2 NC1 F1 F2 F4 F2 F4 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Fly Ash (%) 4-30 4-31 102

Displacement (in.) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 100 400 P max 80 Shear Force (kn ) 300 200 0.45P max 60 40 Shear Force (kips) 100 20 0 0 0 20 40 Displacement (mm) 4-32 Stiffness (kn/mm) 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 NC1 S1 S2 NC2 NC 0 % Slag 10 % Slag 20 % 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-33 S S3 S4 103

Stiffness (kn/mm) 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 NC1 F1 F2 NC2 NC 0 % Fly-ash 10 % Fly-ash 20 % 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-34 F F4 F3 Stiffness (kn/mm) 34 32 30 28 NC2 NC1 S1 S3 f ' c = 50 MPa f ' c= 35 MPa S4 26 S2 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Slag (%) 4-35 104

Stiffness (kn/mm) 34 32 30 28 NC2 NC1 F1 F3 f ' c = 50 MPa f ' c= 35 MPa F4 26 F2 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Fly Ash (%) 4-36 Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 S1 ( f ' c = 34.90 MPa) S3 ( f ' c = 50.52 MPa) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 4-37 10 % S1 S2 粘 105

Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 S2 ( f ' c = 33.64 MPa) S4 ( f ' c = 49.60 MPa) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 4-38 20 % S3 S4 Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 F1 ( f ' c = 34.49 MPa) F3 ( f ' c = 50.52 MPa) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 4-39 10 % F1 F2 106

Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 F2 ( f ' c = 35.98 MPa) F4 ( f ' c = 48.97 MPa) 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 4-40 20 % F3 F4 Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 NC1 ( f ' c = 34.91 MPa) NC2 ( f ' c = 48.63 MPa) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 4-41 NC1 NC2 107

Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 NC1 ( 0 % ) S1 ( 10 % ) S2 ( 20 % ) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 4-42 S 35 MPa 粘 Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 NC2 ( 0 % ) S3 ( 10 % ) S4 ( 20 % ) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 4-43 S 50 MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 108

Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 NC1 ( 0 % ) F1 ( 10 % ) F2 ( 20 % ) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 4-44 F 35 MPa Maximun Crack Width (in.) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 400 90 Shear Force (kn) 350 300 250 200 150 NC2 ( 0 % ) F3 ( 10 % ) F4 ( 20 % ) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Maximun Crack Width (mm) 4-45 F 50 MPa 80 70 60 50 40 30 Shear Force (kips) 109

7.2 f ' c (ksi) 5 6 7 µ 6.8 6.4 6 5.6 NC1 S2 S1 NC2 S3 S4 NC 0 % Slag 10 % Slag 20 % 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-46 S µ 7.2 6.8 6.4 6 5.6 F1 f ' c (ksi) 5 6 7 NC1 F2 NC 0 % Fly-ash 10 % Fly-ash 20 % NC2 F4 F3 32 36 40 44 48 52 f ' c (MPa) 4-47 F 110

7.2 6.8 NC2 ( f ' c = 35 MPa ) ( f ' c = 50 MPa ) µ 6.4 6 NC1 S3 S4 5.6 5.2 7.2 S1 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Slag (%) 4-48 S2 6.8 NC2 ( f ' c = 35 MPa ) ( f ' c = 50 MPa ) µ 6.4 6 NC1 F1 F2 F4 5.6 F3 0 5 10 15 20 Replacement Ratio of Fly Ash (%) 4-49 111

3-1 3-2 112

3-3 3-4 113

3-5 粘 3-6 114

3-7 3-8 115

3-9 6000 kn (MTS) 3-10 116

3-11 3-12 (LDT) 117

3-13 118

4-1 S1 4-2 S1 119

4-3 S2 4-4 S2 120

4-5 S3 4-6 S3 121

4-7 S4 4-8 S4 122

4-9 NC1 4-10 NC1 123

4-11 NC2 4-12 NC2 124

4-13 F1 4-14 F1 125

4-15 F2 4-16 F2 126

4-17 F3 4-18 F3 127

4-19 F4 4-20 F4 128

4-21 F4 4-22 (1) 129

4-23 (2) 4-24 130

4-25 131