, ( ) ( ) ; ( CIP ) /. :,2003.1 ( ) ISBN 7-5624- 2832-8.......... TP277 CIP ( 2002) 107874 : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : 400044 : (023) 65102378 65105781 : (023) 65103686 65105565 : http: / /w ww.cqup.com.cn : fxk@ cqup.com.c n ( ) * : 787 1092 1 /16 : 16 : 399 2003 1 1 2003 1 1 : 1 5 000 ISBN 7-5624- 2832-8 / TP 387 : 19.00,
,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 3 ), ( 7 ), ( 2 ),,,,,,,,,, : E-mail: xyhe@ gxu.edu.cn 2002 11
1 1 1.1 1 1.2 4 1.3 10 11 2 12 2.1 12 2.2 16 2.3 18 2.4 24 2.5 29 2.6 36 40 3 I/ O 41 3.1 I/ O 41 3.2 47 3.3 48 3.4 A/ D D/ A 50 3.5 64 3.6 68 3.7 I/ O 72 75 4 76 4.1 PID 77 1
4.2 PID 81 4.3 PID 83 4.4 86 4.5 88 4.6 90 4.7 91 98 5 100 5.1 100 5.2 PC 105 5.3 I/ O I/ O 112 121 6 122 6.1 122 6.2 Honeywell 126 6.3 Fox boro I/ A S 128 6.4 JX 300X 131 6.5 132 6.6 134 6.7 A-B 144 6.8 Siemen s 151 6.9 154 157 7 158 7.1 158 7.2 LON LonWorks 161 7.3 PROFIBU S 167 7.4 CA N 172 7.5 177 181 8 182 8.1 182 2
8.2 194 8.3 205 215 9 216 9.1 216 9.2 219 224 10 225 10.1 225 10.2 6 000kg/ h 232 235 236 1 236 2 8051 P ID 241 3 243 245 3
1 ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,, 1.1, : ( ) ( ) 1.1 1
1.1,,,,,,, 4 : PWM 2
1 p H 3,, 1.2 1.2,,,, ( ), ( ) (4 20mA),, ( PID ) ( 4 20mA ),, 3
, 1.2,, 1.2.1,,,,,, ( PCs),,,, 1.3, STD ISA PCI, PCI ISA 1.3, DIY, ( ), ( ), 16 24 PCs DOS, 20 90, Windows Windows NT C VC ++ VB Delphi 4 PCs 20 90,
1, PCs,,, PLC, PCs, PCs 1.2.2 ( P rogrammable Logic Controller, P LC ) P LC : 1), P LC,,,,, PLC 2), P LC ( CPU ), I/ O,, 3),, PLC,,, 4) P LC, PLC, P LC P LC, PLC, P LC, PLC, :, 20 90, P LC, PLC, PLC, P LCs P LCs 1.4 1.4 PLCs, ; P LC, P LC, PLC P LC 5
P LC,,,, 1.5 PLC, P LC PLC, 1.5 P LC I/ O P LC, 1.6 P LC PLC 1.6 PLC : P LC (20 60 ), P LC, PLC ( ) PLC PLC, PLC Windows CE( MicroSoft ) PLC 1.2.3,,, :,,,,,,,, 20 70, Honeywell ( DCS), 6
1, 1.7 1.7 DCS ( ) : (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ) DCS,, (4 ), DCS,,,,, PID,,,,,,,,, Honeyw ell ; Foxboro ; 20 90, DCS 7
, DCS, DCS, DCS P LCs ( PLC, ; DCS, ),, PLCs DCS P LCs DCS DCS PLC, PLC, PLC,, DCS DCS DCS Foxboro DCS Unix Windows, 1.2.4 20 80,,,,, DCS,,,,,,, IEC F F : : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ), DCS, DCS,,,, PID, 8
1, (5 ),,,, (6 ),,,, 1.8 1.8,,, ( ), 1.2.5 (1 ) CAN CA N Bosch,, ISO11898 : CA NBUS 8 16 32 CPU ISA PCI, CAN,, CAN,,,, 10km ( 5kbit/ s ) 1Mbit/ s (40m) 110, 8 CAN,, (2 ) PRO FIBUS PROFIBUS 1991 DINI9245 PROFI- BUS,, PROFIBU S P A,,, PROFIBU S F MS PROFI- 9
BUS DP PROFIBU S, PROFIBUS, F ZI,, (3 ) FF FF ( Foundation Field Bus) F F : ISO/ OSI,, : H1, 31.25kbit/ s, 1 900m, ; H2,, 1Mbit/ s (750 m) 2.5Mbit/ s (500m ) (4 ) LO NWORKS LONWORKS, Echelon, LON LON LO N Neuron, LO NTalk, OSI IOS, Neuron CP U, LONWORKS LonManager LonBuilder NodeBuilder N euron 1.3, : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,, ( : ) (3 ) : 10
1, ;,,, (4 ),,,,, ( ) (5 ),,,, 1.1? 1.2,,? 1.3?? 1.4, 1.5,? 1.6, 11
2,, 2.1 2.1.1 :, (, ),,,, 1980 2 12 1.70,, ;, : : ( ) : ( 00 01 10 11 ) :, ( ) ( ) 2.1,,,, 12
2 2.1, : (, ), (, I P ), (, Modem ) (, RS232 ), ; ; :,,, ( ) : (, ) :, 0 1, + 5V 1, 0V 0,,, :,,, 4 ( 4 ) : + 3V + 1V - 1V - 3V, 00 01 10 11 ( ),,, : 0 1 0 1,,,, log2 4 = 2-3V 00, - 1V 01, + 1V 10, + 3V 11, 9( 1001B),, 4 :1 0 0 1, : + 1V ( 10 ), - 1V ( 01 ), m, log2 m :,,,,, 8, 9, :,,,,,,, 13
,,, 2.2 2.3 : ( ),, :,,,, :, :,,,, : ( FDM ) ( TDM) ( CDM) ( WDM) :,,,,, :,, :,,, : ( ),, ( ), 2.1.2,,,,,, 2.4 14
2 2.4, CR T D/ A A/ D,,, ( Modem), :, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),, 2.1.3, (1 ) 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( Baud), B ( : ), RB 2) ( ) :, / ( bit/ s ), Rb,,,,,, ;, m, RB Rb :, m 2, Rb = RB log2 m 15
, 2, m = 2, Rb = RB ; 8, m = 8, Rb = 3 RB (2 ),,,, : 1) ( ), 2) ( ),,, :, 10-4 10-5 ;, 10-8 10-9 3), (3 ),, 1) ( ), Eb/ n0 Eb, n0 2),,,,,, : = / 2.2 : ;, ; ( 2.4 ), 0 1 16
2 2.2.1 2 2 ( Baudot ) 1932 ( Interna tional Telecommunication Union, IT U),, 5, 2 5 = 32 26 10,, 11111 11011 11111, 5, 11011, 5, 58 2.2.2 5 5 ASCII ( American St andard Code for Information Int erchange, ASCII), ( International Standard Organization, ISO) ( Cons ultative Commit tee Interna tional Telegraph and Telephone, CCIT T ),, ASCII 7, 128,, 7 ( 8 ) ASCII :,, ;,, 94 : 26 A Z 26 a z, 10 0 9, 32 ( ) 34 : 11, 4, 6, 4, 9 2.2.3 1980,, : ( GB2312 80 ), 4, 4, 2.5 0 14 15 54 55 86 87 93 0 1 2 92 93 17
94, 94,,, ASCII :, 1 1, ; 0, ASCII,,,, 3143, 3F4B, BFCB 2.3,, 2.3.1 ( ),,,, ( ),,,, ( U T P ) ( S T P ), 3 4 5 5, 3 5 5 4 ( 8 ) 100Mbit/ s, 5 5 5, 5,, 100Mbit/ s, 5 1/ 4,,, (1 ), 2.6 ( EIA) 3 5,,,, RJ 45 (4 ) RJ 11 (2 ) (2 ),, 2.7,, 18
2, 100m 500Mbit/ s, 16Mbit/ s, 155Mbit/ s,, RJ 45 ( ),, 100m,,, 4 2.6, 5,, 500 m 2.8 2.9 2.3.2 ( ) 2.7 2.8 2.9 ;, ;, 19
,, 2.10 : RG 8 RG 11 (50 ) ; RG 58( 50 ) ; RG 59( 59 ) ; RG 62( 93 ) 50, 2.10, 10Mbit/ s RG 8 RG 58 75,, CATV, 300 400MHz ( FDM), 75,,, ( ASK FSK PSK ), 75, 50Mbit/ s 6MHz,4 800bit/ s 20k H z 50 ( ),, 75 ( ), 50Mbit/ s, 20 30,, 1k m,,, BNC, T ;, Tap, Tap,,, Tap,, 2.11 2.3.3 2.11 20
2 (1 ),,,,,,, 2.12,, 2.12,,,, : ( SiO2 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ), :,,,,,, 10 4 10 1 5 H z (3 ) 2.13 2.13 1), : LED( Light Emit ting Diode), ILD ( Injection Laser Diode),,,, ( Multimode fiber),,,,,,,,,,, ( Single mode fiber) 2),, 21
: PIN A PD PIN P N APD PIN,, PIN, APD ( ), : 8.3 m / 125 m, ; 62.5 m / 125 m, ; 50 m / 125 m, ; 100 m / 140 m,, 62.5/ 125, 8.3/ 125,,,,, ASK, ( Intensity modula tion) :,, PIN A PD :, ;,,,,,,, (4 ), 10 4 10 15 Hz, 70%,,,,,, 6 8km,, 100 m/ 140 m 62.5 m/ 125 m 4dB, 50 m/ 125 m 8.5dB 0.8 m 6dB/ km, 150MHz km; 1.3 m 4dB/ km, 500MHz km,, 1.55 m,,,,,,, 300M Hz 2.3.4 22,,
2 ( ), 2 40G H z, 2M Hz, 500,, Mbit/ s, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (line of sight), ( ),, 2.3.5,, 2.4.2, 100 300 kh z,,,,, 2.3.6 : ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, :,,, 23
2.4 (, ), ( ASK) ( FSK ) ( PSK), ( PCM) ( M ), 2.4.1 (1 ),,, 2.14 2.14 : :,, :, : 0 1 : (2 ),,, :,,,,, 24
2 : ( ), :, :,,, :,,, 1) ( ) 1, 0,,, ( ), 2.15 : 2.15,,, 1,,,,,, 2) ( ) 1, ( ) 0, 2.16 2.16, : 1 0,, 1 0, 25
,, 100Mbit/ s, ( ),,,, 3) ( ) 1, 0,,,, 2.17 2.17,,, 4) ( ) 1, ( ) 0,,, 1 2.18 5) 2.18 1 ( 0 ), 0 ( 1 ),, :, 2.19 2.19 6) ( ),, 26
2 1 ( ), 0 ( ) 2.20 2.20 :,,,,,,,, 2.4.2,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,, :, : ( ASK ) ( FSK ) ( PSK) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ASK), 1, Asin t, A ; 0, 0 ASK 2.21, ASK, ASK,, 1 200bit/ s (2 ) ( FSK) 1, f1, 0, f 2 FSK 27
2.22 2.21 ASK (3 ) ( PSK) 2.22 FSK PSK,, 1, ; 0, 0 ( ) ( DPSK), DPSK, PSK, PSK PSK 2. 1 2.2 PSK PSK 2.1 PSK 2.2 PSK 0 1 180 0 1 270 0 0 0 1 0 90 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 45 0 1 0 90 0 1 1 135 1 1 1 180 1 1 0 225 1 0 0 270 1 0 1 315 2.4.3 ; D/ A,, 28
2 ( PCM) (DM), ( ),,,,, R TU F TU,,, 2.5 2.1, 2.5.1 RS 232 ; RS 232 RS 422 RS 485, ; RS 232 ( ) ; RS 232,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, ASCII, 7, 8 ( 2.6 ),, ( 1 ) 0,,,, 1 1.5 2 ( 1 ) 2.23, (2 ), ( ),,,, 200, 1%, 100, 101, 29
2.23,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,, 2.5.2 (1 ) IBM 10, 10 2.3 2.3 2.24 ASCII, ( SOH ) 0000001 SYN( synchronous ), ( STX) 0000010 SY N,, SY N,,, ( ETB) 0010111, SO H ( E TX) 0000011 ( Start Of H eader),, ( SYN ) 0010110 S TX ( EOT) 0000100 ( Start Of Text), ( (ENQ ) 0000101 ) ETB ( ACK ) 0000110 ( End of Transmission Block ) E TX ( End ( NAK) 0010101 of Text ),,, E TB, ( DLE) 0010000 E TX, SOH E TX SY N SO H ST X E TB/ E T X 30 2.24
2,, (2 ),, IBM SDLC ( Synchronous Data Link Control) ISO H DLC ( High level Data Link Control) ADCCP ( Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure) H DLC: H DLC 2.25 F A C I FCS F 8 8 8 16 2.25 HDLC HDLC, F 01111110 F :, ; F A, 8, 24 A C, 8, FCS, ; F I, 256 F, I C 01111110, 0 / ( ), 5 1, 0 ; ( ) 5 1, 0 H DLC 2.26 2.26 : ( ), ;,,, H DLC [9 ] [19] 2.5.3,,, RS 232 RS 449/ 423/ 422/ 485 20mA (1 ) RS 232 RS 232 EIA RS 232C, : ( DTE ) (DCE) RS 232 ( ) EIA BELL 1969 DTE DCE RS Recommended Standard, RS 232, RS 232 ( ) 31
2.26 HDLC 2.27 DB 25 25 ( DB 25 ), 9 (DB 9 ) DB 25 DB 9 2.27 2.28 2.28 DB 9 RS 232 : : - 3V - 15V 1 32
2 + 3V + 15V 0 : - 3V - 15V OFF ( 1) + 3V + 15V ON( 0) : + 3V - 3V : 2 000pF : 20kB : ( 2.29 ), 2.29 RS 232 : 15m( ) RS 232, 2.4 2.4 RS 232 1 2 TXD DCE 3 RXD DTE 4 RTS DCE 5 CTS DTE 6 DSR DTE 7 GND 8 CD 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 TXC DCE 16 17 RXC DTE 18 19 33
20 DTR DCE 21 22 RI DTE 23 24 TXC DCE 25 DB 9, DB 9,, ( TXD RXD) ( GND) ( DSR DT R RI DCD RT S CTS ) TXD( T ran smit ted Data) : DCE, TXD 1 RXD( Received Data) : DCE GND(Ground) : DSR( Dat a Set Ready) :, DCE, DT R (Data Terminal Ready) :, DTE DCE, RI( Ringing ) : Modem (DCE ),, DTE DCD(Data Carrier Detection ) : DCE,, DTE R TS ( Request To Send) : DTE DCE DTE,, DCE CTS ( Clear To Send) : DCE R TS DCE DT E,, DTE TXD RS 232 RS 232 EIA EIA DTE T TL ( 0 5V),, RS 232, MC1488 75188 T TL EIA, MC1489 75189 EIA T TL 15V, MAX232 ICL232, + 5V,, T TL EIA,,, [ 8] [ 26 ] RS 232, ( 3 ),,,,, RS 232 9 600B 2km,, 34
2 RS 232, RS 232 DCE RS 232,,, RS 232 4 8 16 (2 ) RS 422/ 485 RS 232,,,,, ;,,, RS 232 2 500pF, RS 232,, RS 422/ 485 ( ) 2.30 RS 422 RS 422, ( ) 2.30, A A BB 200mV, 1, BB A A 200mV, 0,, RS 422, RS 232,,, RS 422 RS 422 10Mbit/ s, 12m;, 90kbit/ s, 1 200 m RS 422, 4 RS 485 RS 422, RS 422, RS 485 RS 422 ( ) 10, RS 485 RS 485 RS 422, ( 32 ),, RS 485, ; ; POS RS 422/ 485 : T TL RS 422/ 485 ; ( ) RS 232 RS 422/ 485, SN7514 MC3487 ; SN75175 MC37486, MAX481 MAX483 MAX485 MAX487 MAX491 / 35
2.31 RS 485 2.31 MAX481/ MAX483/ MAX485/ MA X487 MAX491 RS 485 ( ) [8 ] [9 ] [26] 2.5 RS 232 RS 422 RS 485 2.5 RS 232 RS 422 RS 485 / 1/ 1 1/ 10 32/ 32 15m 1 200m(90kbit/ s) 1 200m( 90kbit/ s) 20kbit/ s 10 Mbit/ s 10Mbit/ s ( ) 15V 6V 12 V ( ) 5V ( ) 2 V( ) 1.5V ( ) 15 V( ) 6 V( ) 15V ( ) 3 7k 100 54 * 100 A 100 A 15V 12 V - 7 12V 3V 200mV 200mV 2.6,,,,, :,,, ( ),, :,, 36
2 2.6.1 (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ) F EC( Forward Error Correction ),,,,,,,, FEC,,, (4 ) ARQ( Automatic Repeat Request) ARQ,,,,, ARQ,, ARQ F EC, (5 ) H EC( H ybrid Error Correction) F EC A RQ,,,,,, HEC,, 2.6.2,, ( ), ( ), k, M = ( m1, m2,, mk ) r C = ( c1, c2,, cn ) 2.32 k r n = k + r 2.32 37
,, ( ), 10011001 10110011 3, 11110000 11110001 1,, A B, 1 A, 0 B, 1 0, 0 1,,,, : 00 B, 11 A ; 00 11 2 00 11, 01 10 11, 10 01, 1,, 11 00, 00,,, 000 B, 111 A, 000 111 3 000 111,,, 2 111, 110,, 111,, 1,,,, : (1 ),,, :, 1, 1001100, 0, 1001101, 1,, 1 ISO,,,,, ( ), ( ) 50%,,,,, :, n - 1, n - 1,,,, 2.6 2.7 38
2 2.6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b0 b1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 2.7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b 0 b 1 b2 b3 b 4 b 5 b 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (2 ) CRC( Cyclic Redundancy Checking) : (, ) ( ), mk mk - 1 m2 m1, : M( x) = mk + mk - 1 x + + m2 x k - 2 + m1 x k - 1 r n : A( x) = M( x) G( x) = an + an - 1 x + + a2 x n - 2 + a1 x n - 1 G( x) r, CRC G( x), 2, ai, 0;, ai, 1 an an - 1 a2 a1, (, ;, ),, ( n, k), n, k, r = n - k 2.8 ( 7, 3 ) G( x) 2.8 39
x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 CRC B( x), G( x) : B( x) = m * ( x) G( x) + r( x), r( x) = 0,,, r( x),,, CRC 32, : G( x) = x 3 2 + x 2 3 + x 22 + x 16 + x 12 + x 11 + x 10 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + x 4 + x 2 + x + 1 2.8 ( 7,3 ) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 5 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 7 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 8 1 1 1 0 1 0 0,,, [ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] 2.1?? 2.2 2.3,? 2.4 2.5, PSK, 1 200 B, 2.6 2.7,? 2.8,?? 0
3 I /O,,,, ;, ;,,,,, ( ) ( / / / ) /, :,,,,,,,, 3. 1 I/ O 3. 1. 1 I/ O,, ;,,, :, : / 41
/ : (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),, : ( ) ( ) (3 ),,,, (4 ),, ( CP U),,,, CP U, CPU : DMA 3. 1 1 3. 1. 2, ( ) ( CP U ) ( CPU ) ( ), 3. 1 3. 2 3. 1, I/ O,, CP U ; 3. 2, I/ O CPU I/ O,,, I/ O, I/ O 3. 3 S/ H ( ) A/ D 1 ; 2 D/ A S/ H ( ),,, A/ D( D/ A ) ; A/ D( 42
3 I/ O 3. 2 2 3. 3 I/ O D/ A), ; A/ D( D/ A), I/ O ( AI ) ( AO) (DI) (DO), 3. 5 3. 6 3. 1. 3 I/ O I/ O I/ O, : ( ) (1 ) ( ),,,,, :, 43
,, ;,, 5V 12V 24V 48V (2 ), ph,,, 0 5V 1 5V ; 0 10 ma 4 20mA,,,,,, I/ O ( ) (3 ) I/ O,,,,,, 3. 1. 4 I/ O, ( I/ O) ( CP U RAM), CPU,, CP U CPU, CP U, I/ O I/ O : (DMA ),, (1 ) I/ O CP U : I/ O I/ O I/ O CP U I/ O,,, / / / I/ O CUP ( ),,,,, 44
3 I/ O :,, CP U, CP U, CP U,, CP U,, :, CP U,,,,, CPU,,,, CP U,,, CPU, CPU ( ),,,,, (2 ),,, ( : ),,, ;, CPU,, I/ O, CP U, CP U,, CP U,, CP U ( ),,, CPU, CPU,, I/ O, 4 : ( ),,, CP U,, CP U, CPU, CP U 45
,,,, CP U,, CP U 4, (3 ) ( DMA ) RAM, CPU, DMA,, I/ O, 3. 1. 5 I/ O, I/ O, (1 ), ( CPU ) I/ O, : CPU,,, 3. 4 3. 4 (2 ), I/ O, 32, A/ D D/ A ( 46
3 I/ O A/ D D/ A ),,,,,,, ( 20 ),,, 200 (3 ), I/ O I/ O ( ) I/ O I/ O,,, ( ) I/ O,,,, 3. 2, A/ D D/ A,, A/ D, D/ A,, I/ O 3. 3 I/ O, : A/ D,,, AD7501 AD7503 ; D/ A,,,, ;,, CD4051 CD4052 CD4097 RCA CD4051 : CMOS 3. 5 CD4051 3. 6 CD4051, 3 A2 A1 A0 S 3. 1, S A0 A2 CP U S A0 A2 T TL, CMOS CMOS,, T TL CMOS, IO0 IO7, O/ I, 8 1 ;, O/ I, IO0 IO7, 1 8 CD4051 3,, Vss, VDD ( 12V), VEE ( - 12V ) :, 100n s 1 s;, 10 9 ; 47
3. 5 CD4051 3. 6, 100 3. 1 CD4051 3. 1 CD4051 S A 2 A 1 A 0 1 x x x 0 0 0 0 I/ O0 0 0 0 1 I/ O 1 0 0 1 0 I/ O 2 0 0 1 1 I/ O 3 0 1 0 0 I/ O 4 0 1 0 1 I/ O5 0 1 1 0 I/ O6 0 1 1 1 I/ O 7 3. 3,, :,,,, A/ D,, 48
3 I/ O,, 3. 7 u( t), u * ( t) 3. 7,,,,,,, ( ) fmax, f 2 fmax, u * ( t) u( t), f > 5 fmax : ( ) ( ),,,, :,,,,,,,,, : AD582 AD583 L F198 L F398 10 s n s 100ns TH S 0025 T H S 0060 T HC 1500 TH C 0030 20n s 30ns SH A1144, 14 A/ D LF398 3. 8 LF398 Ch, 3 Vi 8,, LF398, Vo Vi,, LF398, Vo 8 Vi 7,, 7,, 8 ; 7, 8 1. 4V, L F398, T TL 49
2( offset) 3. 8 LF398 3. 4 A/ D D/ A A/ D / ( ), A/ D, A/ D A/ D D/ A, D/ A, 3. 4. 1 A/ D (1 ) A/ D,,, A/ D, A/ D A/ D 3. 9 A/ D SAR ( Successive Approximation Register) D/ A, D/ A Vf Vin, SAR SAR,, SAR, CPU (2 ) A/ D A/ D : 1) ( ) A/ D,, ( SAR ) 50
3 I/ O 3. 9 SA R A/ D A/ D 0 5V, 8 A/ D, 00 H 0V, F F H 5V( 5 000mV), A/ D 5 000mV/ 2 8 20mV ; 12 A/ D, 000 H 0V, FF F H 5V,,12 A/ D 5 000mV/ 2 1 2 1mV,, 3. 98V 4. 0V, A/ D ( ) ( ),, A/ D,,, LSB( Least Significant Bit),, LSB 1/ 2 2) A/ D A/ D A/ D 100 s 3) A/ D A/ D,, A/ D 4), A/ D A/ D 5), 6) ( ) ( ) (3 ) A/ D A/ D,,,, 51
1) 8 A/ D ADC0809 ADC0809 NSC, 28 8, 100 s 3. 10 ADC0809 3. 11 ADC0809 : 3. 11 ADC0809 3. 10 ADC0809 IN7 IN0 : 8 D7 D0 :,, D7, D0 S TAR T :, 100 200ns, SAR, A/ D EOC:,,, EOC OE :,,, C B A :,, A 000 111, IN0 IN7 CBA = 011, 3 ; CBA = 110, 6; ALE :, ; 100 200ns, CLK: Vcc = + 5V, 1 280kHz,, 50 s 640kHz, 100 s 52 RE F + RE F - :,, RE F -, RE F + + 5V 2) 12 A/ D AD574A AD574A 12,, 25 s
3 I/ O,,,, 28 3. 12 AD574A : Vc c :, + 12V + 15V VEE :, - 12V - 15V VL OG IE :, + 5V RE F OU T :, + 10V RE F IN : AC: DC: 10VIN : 0 + 10V 20VIN : 0 + 20V BIP OF F:, - 5V + 5V 3. 12 AD574A DB1 1 DB0 :, DB11, DB0 CE : (, ) CS: (, ) R/ C: / ( ),, 12/ 8 : ( ), 12, A0 8 4 A0 ( ),, A0 AD574A 12, A0 AD574A 8, 12/ 8, A0, 8, A0, 4 ; 12/ 8, A0 CE CS R/ C 12/ 8 A0 3. 2 3. 2 AD574 A CE CS R/ C 12/ 8 A 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 12 1 0 0 1 8 1 0 1 + 5V 12 1 0 1 0 8 1 0 1 1 4 53
AD574A,, 3. 13 (a) ( b) (a), 0 + 10V, 13 9 ; 0 + 20V, 14 9 R1 ; R2 ( b), - 5V + 5V, 13 9 ; - 10V + 10V, 14 9, R1, R2 3. 13 AD574 A ( a) ( b) 3. 4. 2 A/ D (1 ) A/ D A/ D,, A/ D A/ D, : A/ D,,, A/ D A/ D, A/ D, A/ D CPU, DMA, CPU, ; DMA,, A/ D,,,, A/ D / (2 ) A/ D A/ D CPU A/ D, A/ D CP U ;, A/ D A/ D, A/ D 54
3 I/ O CP U : A/ D CPU A/ D,, A/ D,, CPU A/ D ;, CPU, A/ D CPU,, I/ O CP U I/ O,, A/ D,, CP U,,,,, A/ D (3 ) A/ D 1) AD574A CP U( PC ) AD574A, CPU AD574A 12 8 D0 D7, 4 4 (D7 D4 ), 4 (D3 D0 ) 0,, 12/ 8 AD574A CPU 3. 14 2) ADC0809 8255A CP U 3. 14 AD574 A CPU A/ D, A/ D CP U ( ) ;,, CP U 3. 15 ADC0809 8255A CP U 3. 15, 8255A : 8255A Intel, CP U ( A/ D D/ A ) ( ) 8255A 3. 16 55
3. 15 ADC0809 8255 A CPU 3. 16 8255 A 8255A CP U I/ O,,, 8255A 3 : 0 1 2 ( ), / / DMA, 82830 3. 15 8255A A B 0, A, C ( PC7 PC4 ), ALE STAR T, CP U, PC0 PC3 EOC OE, ADC0809,, CP U PC7 ADC0809 56
3 I/ O CPU 8 8255A, ES DS, E S DS 8255A 2C0 H 2C3H A PPR: PROC NEAR MOV CX, 8 CLD MOV BL, 00 H ; 0 BL LEA DI, DATABU F ; A/ D NEXT : MOV DX, 02C2H ;8255A C DX MOV O UT AL, BL DX, AL INC DX ;8255A DX MOV AL, 00000111B ; PC3 = 0 O UT DX, AL ; A/ D N OP N OP MOV AL, 00000110B ; PC3 = 0 O UT DX, AL DEC DX ;8255A C DX N OS TA : IN AL, DX ; ( EOC ) PC7 TES T AL, 80H JNZ NOS TA ; PC7 = 1,, N OEOC: IN AL, DX ; PC7 = 0, A PPR TES T AL, 80H ; JZ NOEOC ; PC7 = 0,, MOV DX, 02C0H ; PC7 = 1,, A IN AL, DX ; 8255A A STOS DAT ABUF ; A/ D INC BL ; LOOP NEXT ;8, RET ENDP 3. 4. 3 D/ A ;8,, D/ A 0 10mA 4 20mA 0 5V 1 10V (1 )D/ A D/ A 3. 17 57
1, ;,,,, ( ) 8 D/ A, 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128; 1 c 01000101B, 69, 64 c + 4c + c, 3. 17 D/ A D/ A, D/ A, / ( I/ V ), / ( I/ V ) 3. 18 3. 18 (a) / ( I/ V ), R C, W V0 ; 3. 18 ( b ) / ( I/ V ),, I1 R2 V 1, F R2 0 5V, A0, : V0 R2 [ 1 + ( R4 + W2 )/ R1 ] 3. 18 (c) / ( I/ V), R1 C1, V1 V2, A B C 180 V1 V2, 0 10mA V1 V2,, 0 5V V0 (2 )D/ A D/ A : 1) ( ) ( 1, 0 ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( ),, 8, 0 5V, 2-8 5 000mV 2) D/ A, ;, / ( ),, 58 = I1
3 I/ O 3. 18 3) D/ A, D/ A, D/ A, 4) D/ A,,,, D/ A,, D/ A, ns s, D/ A, D/ A 5) D/ A, D/ A BCD D/ A, D/ A, D/ A T TL, D/ A CMOS P MOS 6),, 59
, ma ma ;, 10V, 30V (3 ) 1) DAC0832 DAC0832 CMOS 8 /, 20 D/ A T DAC, 8, T TL 1 s 3. 19 DAC0832 3. 19 DAC0832 : DI0 DI7 : 8, DI0, DI7 ILE : ( ) CS:, ILE WR1 WR1 : 1 ( ), CS ILE, WR2 : 2 ( ), XF ER, DAC XFE R: ( ), WR2 Iou t1 : 1, 1,, VR E F 0,, Iou t2 : 2, Iou t1, Iou t1 + Io ut2 Rfb :,,, D/ A VR E F :, - 10V + 10V 60 Rf b
3 I/ O VCC :, + 5V + 10V A GND: DG ND: DAC0832 8 8 DAC, 3. 19 LE1 LE2 LE1 = 1, ; LE1 = 0, LE2 DAC, ILE, CP U OU T, CS WR1, LE1 = 1, 8 ; CP U, CS WR1,, LE1 = 0,,, WR2 XFER, LE2 = 1, DAC, WR2 XF ER DAC,, DAC0832,,,, DAC0832, CS WR1 WR2 XFE R, ILE, 0832,, D/ A, DAC0832,, EPROM ROM, DAC 3. 20 D/ A D/ A,, 3. 20 ( a) ILE + 5V, CS XFE R, WR1 WR2 WR 0832, WR, 0832 61
D/ A D/ A, D/ A,, D/ A :, CP U D/ A, ;, CP U D/ A, D/ A DAC, D/ A, 3. 20 ( b ), D/ A, ;, 3 D/ A XF ER ; WR WR1 WR2, CP U, WR 2) D/ A AD7226 AD7226 3. 21 AD7226 4, A B C D A1 A0 CP U WR A1 A0, 3. 3 3. 21 AD7226 3. 3 AD7226 WR A 1 A 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 DACA DACA 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 DACB DACB DACC DACC DACD 0 1 1 1 DACD 62
3 I/ O 3) DAC1210 DAC1210 12 D/ A, 24 3. 22 T TL 1 s + 5V + 15V, + 25V - 25V DAC0832 3. 22 DAC1210 3. 4. 4 D/ A ( CP U) A/ D CPU, D/ A CP U D/ A CPU, 8 3. 23, G AL I/ O GAL (Generic Array Logic),,, GAL PAL ( P rogrammable Array Logic ) CPLD ( Complex Programmable Logic Device) FPGA ( Field Programmable Gates Array) 3. 23 A/ D CP U, CP U, CP U D7 F4 GAL20V8, IS ADC0809 EOC GAL20V8, F8 PC IRQ2 63
3. 23 PC A/ D D/ A 3. 5, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3. 5. 1,,, 3. 24 74LS138 / 74LS244, 3. 25 8, 8 8 : 1A1 1A4 2A1 2A4,8 : 1Y1 1Y4 2Y1 2Y4 1G, 1G 64
3 I/ O 3. 24,1Y1 1Y4 1A1 1A4 ; 2G, 2G, 2Y1 2Y4 2A1 2A4 1G 2G, 1Y1 1Y4 2Y1 2Y4 74LS244,, 74 LS241, 74LS245, T TL,,, 3. 25 74L244,, ;,, / 8253 8253,,,,, T TL ( 0V 5V ), ( 0V 0, 1V 1 ),,,, 3. 26 3. 5. 2,,,, 3. 27 74LS138,, 8D 74LS373, 8,, 3. 28 8 ( 1D 8D) 8 ( 1Q 8Q) 65
3. 26 ( a) ( b) (c) (d) (e) ( G OE) G, D ; OE, Q 3. 4 3. 4 74LS373 G OE D Q 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 X Q0 X 1 X Z 66
3 I/ O 3. 27 3. 4, Q0 ( Q ), Z, X 0 1 74LS273 573 Intel 8282 8283,,, ( 74 LS164 ), 3. 28 74LS373,,,,,,,,, OC ( ), T TL 3. 29,, / 8253, 3( ), 8098 ( HSO) ( PWM) 3. 30 : ( ) ( ), :,, 67
3. 29 (a) T T L ( b) 3. 30 3. 6, 3. 6. 1 : A/ D, 3. 31, ; A/ D (, ) ; A/ D ( 5V) ; ; A/ D 68
3 I/ O 3. 31 :, A/ D ; : 3. 32 8 :12 A/ D AD574A LF398 CD4501, I/ O 8255A 3. 32 8 :8 ; 12 ; A/ D 12 s; 0 10V ; : 1) ( V0 V7 ) 8255A C PC0 PC2, PC0 PC2 = 000, V0, PC0 PC2 = 011, V3 AD574A, S TS = 0, ( LF398 8 1), L F398 69
2) A/ D 8255A C PC4 PC6, AD574A A/ D, PC6 = 1, PC5 = 0, PC4 = 0, AD574A CE = 1, CS = 0, R/ C = 0, AD574A, S TS = 1, ( LF398 8 0 ), LF398 3) A/ D PA7, S T S, S TS = 0, 4) 8255A A B 12 A/ D 8255A 2C0H 2C3 H, 8255A, BU F 8 : ADA PROC CLD LEA DI, BU F ; MO V BL, 00 H ; CE = 0, CS = 0, R/ C = 0, MO V CX, 8 ADB: MO V DX,2C2H ; 8255A C MO V AL, BL OU T DX, AL ; NOP ; NOP OR AL, 40 H ; CE = 1, CS = 0, R/ C = 0 A/ D OU T DX, AL AND AL, 0DF H ; CE = 0 OU T DX, AL MO V DX,2C0H ; ; 8255A A 70 P ULL : IN AL, DX ; PA7 TES T AL, 80 H ; S TS JNZ P ULL ; S T S = 1, MO V AL, BL ; S T S = 0, OR AL, 10 H ; R/ C = 1, MO V DX,2C2H ; 8255A C OU T DX, AL OR AL, 40 H ; CE = 1 OU T DX, AL MO V DX,2C0H ; 8255A A IN AL, DX ; 4 AND AL, 0F H MO V A H, AL
3 I/ O ADA INC DX IN AL, DX ; 8 S TOSW ; INC BL ; LO OP ADB ; 8 MO V AL, 38 H ;, CE = 0, CS = 1, R/ C = 1 MO V DX,2C2H OU T DX, AL R ET ; ENDP 3. 6. 2, : D/ A V/ I, 3. 33 3. 33, D/ A ; ; D/ A D/ A,,,, DDC 0 5V 0 10V 1 5V 0 10mA 4 20mA, V/ I V/ I ZF2B20 AD694 3. 34 ZF2B20 V/ I ZF2B20 V/ I 0 10V, 4 20mA,, 10 32V,, ZF2B20 V/ I, 3. 35 ( a ) 0 10V 4 20mA ; 3. 35 ( b ) 0 10V 0 10mA 3. 34 ZF2B20 71
3. 35 / 3. 36 3. 36, (, ),, ADC0809,,, / 4049, DAC0832,, 3. 7 I/ O I/ O,,,,, I/ O, 72
3 I/ O I/ O,, I/ O,,,,,, 3. 7. 1,,,,,, :, ( ),,,, :,,, I/ O, I/ O 3. 37 (1 ),,,, 3. 37 3. 37 (a), Us, Ud 3. 37 ( b ), ( ) Id, Id,, 50 H z, (2 ), I/ O, 3. 38 73
3. 38 (3 ) A/ D, :,, 3. 7. 2 (1 ), 1),, A/ D, db,, 2),,,, 3), 4 20mA, A/ D, 250 1 5V 4), I/ O, A/ D 5) I/ O,,,,, 50 H z,,, (2 ) : 74
3 I/ O (3 ) 1), 2) 50 200 R,, 3. 39, 3. 39 3. 1?? 3. 2??? 3. 3, 50 1 200, 5, A/ D 3. 4 CP U?? ( ) 3. 5??? 3. 6 DAC0832, 1, 00 H FF H,, 3. 7 ADC0809 3. 8 I/ O 3. 9 I/ O 3. 10 A/ D? 3. 11 I/ O?? 3. 12 3. 15, PC7 PC5, PC3 PC4,? 75
4, ( ),,,,,,,, D/ A, 20 50 PID ( ), 70,,, :,, ( ) :,,, ( ) ( ) :,, ( ),, ( ) 76 4. 1
4 4. 1, B, B, ; A, A,, :,, D( z ),, ( Bode ), D( s),,,,,,,, 4. 1 PID 4. 2 4. 2 e( t) u( t) 20,,, PID, PID PID, ( P ) (I ) (D),,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, PID, P ID 77
4. 1. 1 P ID,,, (1 ) P ID PID : u( t) = Kp e( t) + Ti 1 t e( t) dt + Td 0 de( t) dt ( 4. 1),, : U( s) E( s) = Kp 1 + 1 Ti S + Td S ( 4. 2), Kp, Kp, Ti, Td :, ( 4. 1) t 0 n e( t) dt e( t) : d e( t) d t i = 0 e( n) - e( n - 1 ) T (4. 1 ) (4. 3 ) (4. 4 ) : u( n) = kp e( n) + T n e( i) + T i Td i = 0 T Te( i) ( 4. 3) ( 4. 4) [ e( n) - e( n - 1 ) ] ( 4. 5), T, e( i) u( i) e( i T ) u( i T ), i = 0, 1, 2,, n T T i Td, ( 4. 5 ) ( 4. 1 ), (4. 5 ) u( n) ( 4. 1) u( t) (4. 5 ), u( n) n + 3 3,, ; e( t), 0. 01 s,, 8MB (2 ) P ID,, (4. 5 ),, u( n),, (4. 5 ) : 78 u( n - 1 ) = kp e( n - 1) + T n - 1 e( i) + T i Td i = 0 T, n : [ e( n - 1) - e( n - 2 ) ] ( 4. 6)
4 u( n) = u( n) - u( n - 1) ( 4. 7) (4. 5 ) ( 4. 6) : u( n) = u( n) - u( n - 1 ) = kp e( n) - e( n - 1) + T e( n) + T i : Td T [ e( n) - 2e( n - 1 ) + e( n - 2 ) ] = Kp [ e( n) - e( n - 1 ) ] + Ki e( n) + Kd [ e( n) - 2e( n - 1) + e( n - 2 ) ] ( 4. 8) Ki = T Ti Kd = Td T, u( n) u( n) u( n), ( 4. 8) u( n), u( n) : :, ( 4. 8) : u( n) = u( n) + u( n - 1) ( 4. 9) u( n) = C0 e( n) + C1 e( n - 1 ) + C2 e( n - 2) (4. 10) C0 = Kp 1 + T Ti + Td T (3 ) C1 = - Kp 1 + 2 Td T C2 = Kp, nt : (4. 11) (4. 5 ) : u( n) = Kp e( n) + T T i Td T n E ( n) = e( i) (4. 11) i = 0 e( n) + T T i Td E ( n - 1) + [ e( n) - e( n - 1) ] = T C0 e( n) + T Ti E ( n - 1) + C2 e( n - 1 ) (4. 12), : E ( n - 1) = E ( n - 2 ) + e( n - 1 ) (4. 13) ( 4. 12 ) u( n), E ( n - 2 ) PID,,,, 79
,,, 4. 1. 2 P ID, PID,,, PID, PID : (1 ) : U( s) E( s) = Kp 4. 3 (4. 14 ) 1 + 1 Ti S + Td S 1 + Td S Kd (4. 14), Kp Ti Td ( 4. 1), Kd, Kd > 1 ( 4. 2 ),, ( 4. 14 ) 4. 3, : up ( n) = Kp [ e( n) - e( n - 1 ) ] (4. 15) ui ( n) = Kp T e( n) (4. 16) T i ( 4. 3 ) Kp Td de( t) d t : ud ( n) = TKp Td + Td : = Td Kd d ud ( t) d t (4. 15) ( 4. 16 ) ( 4. 19 ) : PID : + ud ( t) (4. 17) ud ( n - 1 ) + Kp Kd [ e( n) - e( n - 1) ] (4. 18) ud ( n) = ud ( n) - ud ( n - 1) (4. 19) u( n) = up ( n) + ui ( n) + ud ( n) (4. 20) u( n) = u( n - 1 ) + u( n) (4. 21) 80
4 (2 ) : U( s) E( s) = 1 1 + Td Kd K p 1 + 1 Ti S S + Td S (4. 22) (4. 14) : : Td Kd d ud ( t) d t + ud ( t) = Kp e( t) + Ti 1 t e( t) d t + de( t) 0 Td dt : (4. 23) u( n) = C1 u( n - 1) + C2 e( n) + C3 e( n - 1) + C4 e( n - 2 ) (4. 24) u( n) = u( n - 1 ) + u( n) (4. 25) C1 = b1 b2, b1 = Td Kd T, b2 = 1 + b1 C2 = Kp b2 1 + T T i + Td T, C3 = - Kp b2 1 + 2 Td T C4 = Td Kp Tb2 PID, PID ( ) PID,,, 4. 2 PID,,, :,,,,,, P ID, 4. 2. 1 (1 ) PID, ( ),,,,,,,,, 81
( ),,,,,,20 70 : e e( n) e, PD ; e( n) < e, PID PD : (4. 1 ) : : up d ( t) = Kp upd ( n) = Kp e( n) + Td e( t) + Td de( t) d t e( n) - e( n - 1 ) T (4. 26) (4. 27) e, e,, e, e( n) < e PD, (4. 20) ui ( n) : : (2 ) upd ( n) = up ( n) + ud ( n) (4. 28) upd ( n) = u( n - 1 ) + upd ( n) (4. 29),,,, u( n) D/ A 12 D/ A, 000H F FF H, u( n) < 0, u( n) = 0; u( n) > FFF H, u( n) = F FF H,,,, (3 ) PID, ( 4. 16 ), : ui ( n) = Kp T e( n) (4. 30) T i,,,, 82, ( 20 ) 1 500,
4 1 500-20 = 1 480 A/ D 12, Kp = 1, Ti = 15 s, T = 0. 2s ( 4. 30 ), up ( n) = 1 e( n),4 095 = 2 1 2 e( n) = up ( n) Ti T Kp 1 480 4 095 = 27-1 27,,, A/ D D/ A, up ( n) Sk, Sk, 4. 2. 2 Sk k = up ( j) (4. 31) j = 1 (4. 1 ),, r( n), c( n) e( n) = r( n) - c( n) (4. 32), :,,,, 4. 4 4. 4 PID (a) (b ),, 4. 4 ( a),, :,,,,, 4. 4( b ), ( ),, 4. 3 PID PID,,,, PID 83
4. 3. 1 PID PID,,,, PID 4. 5 PID (3 ) ( ) ( 1),,,, :,,,,, PID, : 8051 PID 4. 5 PID 2 ( 2) P ID,,, Basic True Basic Fortran C C + + Visual C + + Delp hi PID ( ), PID, PID,,,,,, 84 PID 4. 1 4. 1 PID
4 4. 3. 2 PID, PID,,,, PID,, PID (1 ) PID 1) kp, kp, kp,,,,, kp, kp,,, kp,,, kp : 2) Ti = 1 kp (4. 33) Ti,,,,,,, Ti 3) Td,,,,, Td, (2 ) :, ; 1 T1, 4. 2 85
4. 2 P ID T i T d P PI PID 2 1 2. 2 1 0. 85 T1 1. 6 1 0. 50 T1 0. 13 T1 (3 ),,,, 4. 6 4 1 2 T2,, 4. 3 4. 6 4. 3 P ID Ti Td P PI PID 2 1. 2 2 0. 5 T 2 0. 8 2 0. 3 T 2 0. 1 T 2 [21] PID, [ 13 ] [ 20 ] 4. 4,, ( ),,,,,, :, 86
4, ( 0. 001 H z ),, : 4. 4. 1 c( n), N,, : C( n) = 1 N c( i) (4. 34) N i = 1,, C( n) : e( n) = r( n) - C( n) (4. 35),, N, N, 4. 4. 2,,, m, m,, ; m,, 4. 7 4. 4. 3, n ( n ), n,, 4. 7,,, N,, N ( ), R( N ),, R( ( N + 1)/ 2 ),, [ 10 ],,, 87
,,,,, 4. 5, ( ), x = f( y) (4. 36), y, x, 4. 8 : 4. 1 4. 8, (4. 37) T = a1 E + a2 E 2 + a3 E 3 + a4 E 4 (4. 37), T, ; E, mv : 0 T 400 ; 1 : a1 = 1. 975 095 3 10 a2 = - 1. 854 260 0 10-1 a3 = 8. 368 395 8 10-1 a4 = - 1. 328 056 8 10-4 4. 2,, P F : F = k P (4. 38), k,,, y x, y ( ),,,,,, ;, 4. 9,,,, A/ D y, A/ D : (1 ) x y,,, T 88
4 4. 9 E (4. 37), ( 4. 37 ), ( 4. 37 ) : T = ( ( ( a4 E + a3 ) E + a2 ) E + a1 ) E (4. 39), ( 4. 37 ) ( 4. 37 ), ( x y, ), (, ), (2 ) y x (4. 36 ), : xi = f( yi ) i = 1, 2, 3,, N A/ D yi,, x i,,, 12 A/ D, 2 12 = 4 096, 4, 4 4 096 = 16K, (3 ) ( ) : x y ( ), x y 4. 10, x y 4. 10 A/ D y,, 89
x, 4. 6,,, 200 2 400, 5 300m 3 / h, 300Pa 10Mpa,,, 4 20mA, 0 5V, A/ D, 12 A/ D 000 H FFF H,,, : (1 ) ( ), A/ D : Xx = ( Xm - X0 ) X0 ; Xm ; Xx ; N0 ; Nx Nm Nm ; Nx, N0 = 0, ( 4. 40 ) : - N0 - N0 + X0 (4. 40) Xx = Xm - X0 Nm Nx + X0 (4. 41) X0 Xm N0 Nm, ( 4. 40 ) : Xx = kn x + c (4. 42) ( 4. 40 ),, k c X0 Xm N0 Nm : 400 1 200, ABH = ( 171)D, N0 = 00H = ( 0 ) D, Nm = FF H = (255 ) D (4. 40) (4. 41) Xx = 936 (2 ),, 4. 11,, :, ;, 90
4 : f ( f 1 ( ) ) 4. 11 4. 7 : ( Advance Process Control, ) P ID, ( ), PID, (, ),,,,,,,,, 20 60,,,,,,, 20 70,, 4. 7. 1 ( ), 20 60,, 1978 Richalet ( Model Algorithmic 91
Control, MAC) 1980 Cutler ( Dynamic Matrix Control, DMC),, 30,,,,, (1 ),, ( ), ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, r( t), tn r( t0 ), r( t1 ),, r( tn - 1 ), r( tn ), r( tn + 1 ), tn + 1 = tn + T T,, (2 ), ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, (3 ) :,,,,,,,, ( ) ; 92
4 4. 7. 2 ( Model Algorithmic Control, MAC), ( MAC),,, MAC MAC 4. 12 4. 12 MAC, 4. 13, : g N = g( N T ), g1, g2,, gn,, : 4. 13 y( k + i) = gj u( k + i - j) (4. 43) j, y( k + i) = y( k T + i T ), u( k + i) = u( k T + i T ), k T + i T,, gn 0,, N = 25 50 N ym ( k + i) = g j u ( k + i - j) (4. 44) j, ym, ym yp,, : g = [ g1, g2,, gn ] T k, y( k), C, : 93
yr ( k + i) = y( k) + [ C - y( k) ] 1 - exp -, it i = 1, 2, (4. 45), : P J( k) = wi [ yp ( k + i) - yr ( k + i) ] 2 (4. 46) i = 1, wi, yp P u( k), u( k + 1 ),, u( k + P - 1 ), : (1 ) (4. 44) ym yp yp ( k + i) = ym ( k + i) i = 1, 2,, P (4. 47),, 4. 12, - 1 ( 4. 44 ) ( 4. 47 ) : yp ( k + 1 ) = g1 u( k) + g2 u( k - 1) + + gn u( k + 1 - N ) yp ( k + 2 ) = g1 u( k + 1) + g2 u( k) + + gn u( k + 2 - N ) yp ( k + P) = g1 u( k + P - 1) + g2 u( k + P - 2) + + g N u ( k + P - N ), ( 4. 46 ), :, ( 4. 48 ) : u( k) = (4. 48) yp ( k + i) = yr ( k + i) i = 1, 2,, P (4. 49) yr ( k + 1 ) + g2 u( k - 1) + + gn u ( k + 1 - N ),, P g1 (4. 50),,, [ 23 ] (2 ) MAC,, (4. 47) : yp ( k + i) = ym ( k + i) + e( k) (4. 51), e( k) k y( k) ym ( k) N e( k) = y( k) - ym ( k) = y( k) - gj u( k - j) (4. 52) j = 1, ( 4. 47 ), 4. 12 ( ), :, J1 ( k) = w1 [ yp ( k + 1 ) - yr ( k + 1 ) ] 2 (4. 53) ym ( k + 1 ) + e( k) = yr ( k + 1 ) (4. 54), ( 4. 54 ) (4. 44) ( 4. 52 ) ( 4. 45 ) : 94
4 N gj u( k + 1 - j = 1 y( k) + [ C - y( k) ] 1 - exp N j) + y( k) - gj u( k - j) = j = 1 T (4. 55) a = exp T (4. 56) (4. 55) : u( k) = N N ( a - 1) y( k) + ( 1 - a) C + gj u ( k - j) - j = 1 j = 2 g1 gj u ( k + 1 - j) = N - 1 (1 - a) [ C - y( k) ] + g N u( k - N) + ( gj - gj + 1 ) u( k - j) j = 1 g1 (4. 57) MAC, g1, g2,, gn N u ( k - 1),, u( k - N ) a C 4. 7. 3 (Dynamic Matrix Control, DMC ), 4. 14 DMC: (1 ) N T, T, 2 T,, N T { a1, a2,, an } : a = [ a1, a2,, an ] T (4. 58), k, u ( ), k : y( k + i) = ai u( k) i = 1, 2,, N (4. 59), : k,, P : y 0 ( k + i/ k), i = 1, 2,, P 95
, k u( k), P : y ( k + i/ k), i = 1, 2,, P k M ( ) u( k), u( k + 1 ),, u( k + M - 1), k P ( ) : M P N :0 < M P < N y M ( k + 1/ k) = y 0 ( k + 1/ k) + a1 u( k) y M ( k + 2/ k) = y 0 ( k + 2/ k) + a2 u( k) + a1 u( k + 1) y M ( k + M/ k) = y 0 ( k + M/ k) + am u( k) + am - 1 u( k + 1) + + a1 u( k + M - 1 ) y M ( k + P/ k) = y 0 ( k + P/ k) + ap u( k) + ap - 1 u( k + 1 ) + + ap - M + 1 u( k + M - 1) : (4. 60) : y P M ( k) = y P0 ( k) + A um ( k) (4. 61) : y P M ( k) = [ y M ( k + 1/ k), y M ( k + 2/ k),, y M ( k + p/ k) ] T (4. 62) yp0 ( k) = [ y0 ( k + 1/ k), y0 ( k + 2/ k),, y0 ( k + p/ k) ] T (4. 63) A = a1 0 0 a2 a1 9 am am - 1 a1 ap a P - 1 ap - M+ 1 (4. 64) um ( k) = [ u( k), u( k + 1 ),, u( k + M - 1 ) ] T (4. 65), A P M, (2 ) P w ( k + 1), w( k + 2),, w( k + P + 1) : w( k) = [ w( k + 1), w( k + 2),, w( k + P + 1 ) ] T (4. 66) J( k) = [ w( k) - yp M ( k) ] T Q[ w( k) - yp M ( k) ] + um ( k) T R um ( k) (4. 67) Q R P M, um ( k) T R um ( k),, k, um ( k) ( um ( k) y P M ( k) ), ( ), u( k), u( k + 1),, u( k + M - 1) u( k), 96
4,, : f( x) x :, J( k) um, : 1: x = ( x1, x2,, xn ) T = M 2: J( k) um ( k) * ( k) = 0 (4. 68) n, M n, f ( x) = M x n x, M, f ( x) = 1 2 x f( x) T M x, x (4. 61) (4. 67), ( 4. 68 ) : = M x um * ( k) = ( A T QA + R) - 1 A T Q[ w( k) - y P0 ( k) ] (4. 69) M,,, ( 4. 69 ) :, P, u( k) = u( k - 1 ) + u( k) (4. 70) u( k) = C T um ( k) = d T [ w( k) - y P0 ( k) ] (4. 71) d T = C T ( A T QA + R) - 1 A T Q (4. 72) u( k),, ( 4. 61 ), (3 ), u( k),, y( k + 1 ) : e( k + 1) = y( k + 1) - y 1 ( k + 1/ k) (4. 73) : y c ( k + i/ k + 1 ) = y 1 ( k + i/ k) + hi e( k + 1 ) i = 1, 2,, P (4. 74) h1, h2,, hp,, P - 1 y 0 ( k + i/ k),,, k, y 0 ( k + i/ k), y 1 ( k + i/ k), 4. 15, : a1, a2,, an d 97
h1, h2,, hp,,,, [20] [ 23 ] [24] [ 25 ] 4. 15 DMC 98 4. 1? 4. 2, :
4 D( s) = 4. 3 : 1 s( s + a) D( s) = 1 + 0.15 s 0.08 s, T = 1 s PID PID 4. 4, T? 4. 5 4. 6??? 4. 7??? 4. 8 MAC DMC 4. 9 MAC DMC?? 4. 10 DMC y 0 ( k + i/ k), y 1 ( k + i/ k)? 9
5 ( ), PC,, PCs PCs, PCs ( ), PCs 5.1 5.1.1,, : (1 ),,,,, DIY,,, (2 ), :, I/ O,, (3 ), DOS, Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows NT,,,,,, 100
5, Vis ual FoxPro Informix Oracle Sybase SQLServer; Excel Luto 123 ; ( HMI), I/ O ( ),,, : 1),,,,,, ( MTBF ), ( PLC), PCs PLC,,,,,, 2),, 3),,,, Intel 486 CPU 5.1.2 PCs : 5.1 (1 ),, :, 19in ( 1in = 2.54cm ), 101
;,, 5.1 I PC 820 19 20/ 19/ 18 ISA/ PCI/ PICMG, 3 3.5in 2 5.25in, 20, : 177mm 482mm 640 mm ( ) (2 ),,, (3 ) ( ALL IN ONE),, CPU 80486 Pentium Pentium Pentium,, ( RS 232 RJ 45 ) ( IDE FDD ) RAM ( 168 72 ), ( CR T LCD ), PC ISA STD VME VL PC 104 PCI Compact PCI S TD, PC ISA PCI (185 mm 122mm) (338mm 122mm), Compact PCI,,,, I/ O, (4 ),, 10 20,, ( ), I/ O,, 5.2 14 ISA 5.2 (5 ), (6 ),, 102
5 (7 ),, (8 ) 101, : I/ O I/ O : ( ) ( ) ( RS 232 RS 485 RJ 45 ), ;, I/ O,,,,,, 5.3 PCs : DOS, Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows NT,,,,, 103
PCs,, 5.1.3, /, PC S TD VME MULT IBUS ; PC PC ( XT ) ISA( AT ) PCI PC 104 Compact PCI PC CP U 80486 Pentium Pentium MMX Pentium Pentium, ; STD CP U 80486 Pentium Pentium MMX 20 90, S TD, PC VME CP U Motorola M68000 M68020 M68030, ( Box PC) ( Panel PC) ( IPC) 5.4 Box PC,, Simatic Box PC 840 388mm 331mm 166mm ( ), Box PC 840 866MHz Intel Pentium 566MHz Intel Celeron,,, CD ROM, Super Dis k LS 120 Simatic Box PC 840 1 2 USB ;, 1 P rofibu s/ TTY ; 5 PC 1 ISA PCI 2 Box PC,, Namur, Box PC, ( PDA ) Panel PC PC ( ) ( ),, Siemen s 670Panel PC 5.5 : All-in-one, CPU Int el Pentium 333M Hz Intel Celeron 300M Hz; 64MB 256MB ; 4.3GB 8.4GB; 3.5in 1.44MB; E thernet- ( 10/ 100Mbit/ s) ; PROF IBUS DP/ M PI- ( CP5611 ) U SB ; 115 230V AC 24V DC ; CDROM 104
5 5.5 Panel PC 5.6 IPC,, Panel PC I/ O, 5.6 EWS 843P, IBM PC/ A T, PC/ A T, EIARS-310C 19in 12.1 SVGA T F T LCD (800 600), 7, NEMA 412, 5.2 PC PC PC XT ; PC PC S TD VME, PC (XT ) ISA( AT ) PCI PC 104 PC PC PC, PC( XT ) ISA( AT ) PCI ; PC 104 Compact PCI 5.2.1,, ( ), ( ) ( ), ;, 105
,, : ( ) ( ),, : ( CPU ),,, ;,, : 1),, 2),,, 3),,, 4),, ;,, 5.2.2 4 4,,, (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, ;,, ( ), I/ O DMA,,,, DMA I/ O 106
5 (4 ), ISA 12V 5V, PCI + 5V + 3V,,, I/ O DMA 5.2.3, : (1 ),, M Hz (2 ) 8 16 32 64,,, (3 ) ( ) ( ), MB/ s 8MHz, 8, 8MB/ s 33.3M Hz, 32, 133MB/ s (4 ), ( ),,,,,,,,, (5 ) ( ), (6 ), (7 ) : ( ) ( ) 107
(8 ),, (9 ),, 5.2.4 PC/ ISA/ PCI (1 ) PC PC 1982 IBM IBM PC/ XT, 5 8 ( I/ O ),, IBM PC/ XT, PC PC 62,, A ( ) B PC 8088 CP U PC 8 20 ( 1MB) 4M Hz 4MB/ s 8 (2 ) ISA ISA( Industry Standard Architecture) 80286 CP U PC/ AT, 80386/ 80486 ;, Pentium CP U ISA ISA AT PC, ISA PC 36 62 36, 98 ISA 16 24 ( 16MB) 8MHz 16MB/ s 8 (3 ) PCI PCI( Peripheral Component Interconnect ) ( ) 1992 Intel,, PCI,,, 5V 3.3V ; 33.3M Hz 66M Hz ; 32 64, PCI : 33.3MHz, 32, 133MB/ s; 66MHz, 64, 528MB/ s I/ O, CP U, PCI : PCI, PCI 5.7, H OS T- PCI, CP U PCI ; PCI 108 CPU PCI CP U,
5, 5.7 5.2.5 Compact PCI 1994 PICMG( PCI Industrial Comp uter Man ufacturer s Group, PCI ) Compact PCI, c PCI, Compact PCI PCI, PCI ;, PCI, Eurocard c PCI : (1 ) PCI 1992 PCI, PC PCI, PCI, PCI, PCI,, PCI,, c PCI, PCI, (2 ) Eurocard Eurocard, VMEbus : 3 U 6U 3U Compact PCI 160mm 100mm, 6U 160mm 233.35mm c PCI IEEE 1101.1 IEEE 1101.10, EMC, I/ O, LED c PCI IEEE 1101.11 I/ O, I/ O, Compact PCI,, 109
(3 ) c PCI,,, IEC 1076 PCI 2mm, 47, 5, 220 ( 15 ),, c PCI, c PCI 8, PC 4 PCI, 220 3U c PCI, 32 64 PCI, ( 110 ) J1, ( 110 ) J2, 20 J1 J2 ( pin ), ( socket ) 32, 110 ( J1) 32 64 64 6U 3, 315 c PCI PC, PC,,,,,,, PC c PCI, c PCI c PCI,, I/ O, c PCI,, ( PC), M T TR ( ) PC,,, c PCI,,,, PC,,,, c PCI,, c PCI 5.2.6 PC 104 PC 104 PC, PC 104, ( ) 110
5 5.8 Compacl PCI,,, ; CR T, LCD ; Windows 95/ 98/ 2000/ NT, ( ) PC 104, PC 104 1987, 1992, PC 104 100 PC, PC 104, 1992 IEE PC ISA, PC 104 IEEE IEEE PC PC 104 PC :, 90mm 96mm( 3.6 in 3.8in) ( ),, ( ), ( 64 40, 104 ) PC,, VLSI 6mA, 1 2 W PC 104 :, 5.9 PC 104, 111
PCI PC 104 PC 104 + PC 104 +, :, 104 120 5.10 PC 104 +, FS TEK 6061C T PC1045 86) 5.9 SCM/ SuperXT, : 16 NEC V30 CP U 16M Hz, 2MB, 2 PC ( RS232C 9V ),, 3 DMA 8 3 PC 0.1 W 2 32, 64K 1MBE PROM SSD, 2 288MB ( ), E 2 PROM ( ),, : + 5V 5% 1.35W, : - 45 85 5.9 PC 104 CPU 5.10 PC 104 + CPU 5.3 I/ O I/ O I/ O I/ O, I/ O / : 5.3.1 K 810 (1 ) K 810 486/ 586,, PC K 810,, 6N137,,,, 112
5 85 (2 ) : 32 / 16 :0 5V ; 0 10V ; 5V ; 10V ; mv : 15V : 10M :90dB( G = 1 ) ; 110dB( G = 10 ) ; 130dB ( G > 100 ) : 1 ; 2 ; n A/ D : 12Bit A/ D : 10 s :50k Hz/ s : 0.2 % FSR( 1 ) A/ D : A/ D : A/ D : / : : 500V :5 W : : 0 40 ; : 40% 80 % R H ; : - 55 + ( ) : = 222.2 mm 109.2mm ( 8.7in 4.3in) (3 ) K 810 RC DC/ DC, 5.11 5.11, 4 8 1 JP1 JP2 JP3,,,,, JP8, 5.11 AD620,, 1 1 000, AD620 3 5.12 : : JP4 JP5 : JP4 JP5 n : JP5 JP4 n, R1 4 :, G : 100, RG RG = 49.4k / ( G - 1 ) = 49.4k / ( 100-1 ) = 499, RG = W2 + R14, W2 = 113
5.11 K 810, R1 4 = ( 499-100 ) / 2 = 449 5.12 5.11 AD1674 AD1674 12, / ( SH A) 10V 10 s, K 810 AD1674,, AD1674,, AD K 819 18 6N137, 20 kh z 50k H z,, K 810,,, K 810 114 (4 ) 5.1, 32,, 100 H MOV DX, 100H ;
5 MOV CX, 32 ; MOV BL, 0 ; NEXT C H : MOV AL, BL O UT DX, AC ; BASE + 0 CALL DELAY ; INC DX O UT DX, AL ; A/ D, BASE + 1 DEC DX WAIT : IN AL, DX ; A/ D, BASE + 0 A ND AL, # 80H JZ WA IT IN AL, DX ; 4bit, BASE + 0 A ND AL, # OF H ; MOV A H, AL INC DX IN AL, DX ; 8bit, BASE + 1 MOV ES: [DI], AX ; INC DI ; + 1 INC DI ; + 1 INC BL ; + 1 LOOP NEXT CH 5.2 BASIC, 1 100, 300H 10 CLS 20 ADD = & H300 ; 30 CH = 0 ; 1 40 O UT ADD, C H ; 50 F OR T = 0 TO 99 ; 60 O UT ( ADD + 1),0 ; A/ D 70 I F IN P ( ADD) < = 128 T HEN 70 ; A/ D 80 DH = IN P( ADD) : D H = D H A ND 15 90 DL = INP ( ADD + 1 ) 100 V = (D H 256 + DL) 10000/ 4096 ; 110 PRINT V ; "mv" ; 120 NEXT T 130 END 115
5.3 C, A/ D 32, # include" stdio.h" # include"dos.h" # include" conio.h" main ( ) { int ch; float value[32], tmp; int dl, dh, i, base ; clr scr ( ) ; / * */ / * */ / * */ / * */ base = 0x300 ; / * = 300 H */ for (ch = 0; ch < 32; ch + + ) { } } } outportb ( base, ch) ; delay( 3) ; / * */ / * */ / * */ outportb ( base + 1, 0 ) ; / * A/ D */ delay( 1) ; / * */ while(inportb( base) < 128) ; / * A/ D */ dh = inportb( base) ; / * 4bit */ dl = inportb( base + 1) ; / * 8bit */ value[ ch ] = ( ( dh & 0 xf) * 256 + dl)/ 4096.0 * 10000; for (ch = 0; ch < 32; ch + + ) { printf( "ch( % 2d) = %6d ( mv ) \ t", ch, (int) value[ch] ) ; if( ch%2 = = 1) printf( " \ n" ) ; getch( ) ; 5.3.2 PC 6322 (1 ) / * */ / * */ PC 6322 ISA PC, CPU 64 16 MS DOS Windows Unix LabView,, 116 (2 ) :4 (, )
5 ) : ( * ) :0 5V ; 1 5V ; 0 10V ( * ) ; 5V ; 10V :0 10 ma ; 4 20mA : 2 ( ) D/ A : DAC1232/ DAC0832 D/ A : 12 / 8 D/ A : ( ) * ( D/ A : 1 s ( ) : 100 s (12, ) D/ A : : 0.2 % FSR( 12 ) : 1 % FSR( 12 ) : 5 ma/ : + 15V : 0 250 + 24V : 0 750 : : 500V : : 5V( 10% ) 0.8A, : 5V( 10% ) 1A : : 10 40, : 40 % 80 % R H, : - 55 + 85 ( ) : = 177.8 mm 106.7mm (3 ) PC 6322 DC/ DC 5.13 5.13,,, 4 TLP521 4, DAC1232/ DAC0832 4 D/ A,,, DC/ DC + 5V, 15V, 1 500V (4 ) 5.4 D/ A1 D/ A4 0V 10V 3.333V 6.666V 2.000V 8.000V D/ A 0 10V 4 D/ A 1: BASIC 117
118 5.13 PC - 6322 10 CLS ; 20 ADD = & H100 ; 100 H 30 DA H = ADD + 0: DAL = ADD + 1 ; D/ A1 40 F OR DA = 1 TO 4 ;4 D/ A 50 F OR I = 1 TO 6 ; 60 READ A ; 8 70 O UT DA H, A ; 80 READ A ; 4 90 O UT DAL, A ; 100 R EAD B ; 110 C = INP ( ADD + 0 ) ; D/ A 120 PRINT " TES T D/ A" ; DA ; " OU T " ; B; " V" ; 130 IF IN KEY = " " T H EN 130 ;, 140 NEXT I ; 6 150 DA H = DA H + 2: DAL = DAL + 2 ; D/ A 160 R ESTORE ; 170 NEXT DA ; 4 D/ A 180 DA TA 0, 0, 0, 255, 240, 10.000,85, 80,3.333, 170, 160, 6.666, 51,48, 2.000, 204, 192, 8.000 190 END
5 2: C # include < stdio.h > # include < dos.h > # define Add 0 x100 main ( ) { unsigned int i, nout Value = 0; outportb ( Add, ( unsigned char ) ( nout Value& 255 ) ) ; while(1 ) { if( nout Value > = 4095 ) noutvalue = 0; for (i = 0; i < 4; i + + ) { while( (inportb (Add + 1 ) &0 x80 ) = = 0 ) ; outportb ( Add + i * 2, ( unsigned char) ( ( nout Value >> 4) & 255 ) ) ; while( (inportb (Add + 1 ) &0 x80 ) = = 0 ) ; outportb ( Add + i * 2 + 1, ( unsigned char ) ( ( noutvalue << 4 ) & 255) ) ; } inportb( Add ) ; noutvalue + = 8; } } 5.5 Windows 95/ 98, MicroSoft Visual Basic 6.0, D/ A 0 10V, Form, T imer1 : VB 6.0, Integer 16 P rivate Declare Sub A O6322Single Lib " pc6000.dll " ( ByVal nadd As Integer, ByVal ncha As Int eger, ByV al nvalue As Integer, ByVal DAMode As Integer) Dim AoOutV alue As Integer P rivate Sub Timer1_ Timer ( ) For n = 0 T o 3 Call AO6322Single( 256, n, AoOutV alue, 1 ) N ext n If AoOut Value = 10000 T hen AoOut Value = 0 Else AoOut Value = AoOutValue + 100 D/ A End If 119
End Sub 5.3.3 I/ O RS 485,, I/ O 7067D 5.14,, : 7, 7067D 5ms 7067, LED 5.15 5.3.4 I/ O / I/ O /,, I/ O,,,, RS 485 ( PC RS 232 RS 232 RS 485 ) CMOS,,,,, 5.14 7067D 5.15 7067D,,,,,,,, I/ O, 120
5, 5.1 PC?? 5.2, 5.3 5.4 I/ O, 5.5 I/ O, 1
6, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,, 7 6.1 6.1.1 Distributed Control System, DCS, 20 70, :,, 60,,,,, 100, 1, 122
6 M TBF,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1975 ( Honeywell) :, ; ( CRT ),, ;, CR T,, C : ( Computer ) ( Control) ( Communication) ( CRT ) 20,,, 6.1.2 : ; 6.1 6.1 6.1,,,, ( 123
,, ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ; : I/ O ( ) ; ; 6.2 6.2 : (1 ),,,, : ( ) ( ) ( ),, CR T : 1),, 124
6 2),,,, 3), 4),,, 5),, 6),, (2 ),,,, 8,,,,,, (3 ) I/ O, : ( ),,,, CP U I/ O, I/ O ; I/ O, 125
,, ( ) ( ),, 6.2 H oneywell 6.2.1 Honeywell 1975 TDC 2000, TDC 3000 TDC 3000 X T PS T PS Total Plant Solution, Honeywell, ( Con sistent Evolution),, Honeyw ell T PS 6.3 T PS 6.2.2 6.3 TPS T PS :, 126
6 DH ( Data H ighway), Honeywell, TDC 2000 DH, 250k bit/ s DH 63 DH BC( Basic Controller) EOS ( Extended Operator Station) EC ( Extended Controller ) AMC ( Advanced Multifunction Controller ) MC( Multifunction Controller) D H H G( H ighway Gat ew ay) LCN UCN( Universal Control Network ), 5Mbit/ s UCN 32 UCN P M( Process Manager ) A PM( Advanced P rocess Manager ) H P M ( High-performance Process Manager ) LM ( Logic Manager ) UCN NIM (N etwork Interface Module) LCN T PS IOP ( Input Output Processor) H PM IO P 4, 10 LCN( Local Control Net work) TDC 3000, T PS LCN DH UCN, LCN 20 D H UCN LCN, 5Mbit/ s LCN 40 LCN, LCN 64 LCN LCN AM ( Application Module) SAM ( Scan ner Application Module) HM( History Module) CLM ( Communication Link Module ) EP LCG ( Extended P LC Gateway) PLC E PLCG PLC LCN UCN 75 2 km, LCN 300m, UCN 700m PIN( Plant Information Network ) GU S( Global U ser Station ) P H D( Process History Database) APP ( Application P rocessing Platform ) LCN, T PS Windows NT, A X M U X S U NIX LCN PINM, LCN DEC VAX Honeywell Uniformance,,,, Uniformance T PS,, Uniformance U niformance, 127
, Uniformance Uniformance P H D, P H D, T PS,, Uniformance G US 6.3 Foxboro I/ A S 6.3.1 I/ A S ( Foxboro) I/ A S ( Intelligent Automation Series ), DCS I/ A S, I/ A S 1987 Foxboro 20 50 Unix, 1996 70 Windows N T 60 Unix Windows NT, SQL Informix, C Fortran, MA P 6.4 I/ A series, 4 128 6.4 I/ A series
6 (1 ) : : IEEE802.4 ( MAP ) : : Token Passing :10Mbit/ s : ( 15 km) 64 (2 ) : : IEEE802.4 ( MAP ) : : Token Passing :5Mbit/ s : ( 1.2km ) (10km) 64 (3 ) : : IEEE802.3 ( E thernet) : : CSMA/ CD :10Mbit/ s : 30m, 300 m/, 64 (4 ) : : IEEE1118 : : CSMA/ CD :268 kbit/ s : 10m, 1 200m/, : 1 800km 24, 64, 7 6.3.2 I/ A S 4 : AP ( Application P rocessor ) WP ( Workstation P rocessor) CP ( Control P rocessor ) COMM ( Commu nication Pro- 129
cessor ) FBM ( Field Bu s Module) FBM A P : ( ) AP51 : Micro SPARC RISC32 CU P; 16 256M RAM ; CDROM 4 ; SCSI E thernet A P51 16 WP 30 CP WP CR T WP51 : Micro SPARC RISC32 CP U ; 16 48M, RAM ; CDROM; SCSI E thernet, AP CP10 : 8086 + 8087 CPU ; 896kB RAM CP10 48 FBM, :0.1, 300 CP30 : 80386 + 80387 CP U ; 4M RAM CP30 64 FBM, :0.1, 1 000 CP40 :80486 CP U ; 4M RAM CP40 64 FBM, :0.05, 2 000, 6.5 Bradley 6.5 CP, : 760/ 761 Allen- PLC Modicom PLC Spectrum I/ A S SU N Solaries ( U NIX) Windows N T, I/ A S, : FoxView FoxDraw FoxAlert, Foxboro ( Optimizer ),,, ( Optimizer ), 130
6 ( Mathematics Library) 170 ( Physical Property Library), 6.4 JX 300X JX 300X, E S ( Engineer Station ) OS ( Operational Station ) CS ( Control Station) SCnet JX 300X ( BCU) JX 100 JX 200 JX 300 ; ( CIU ) JX 300X PLC ; ( M FS ) AdvanTrol PIMS, ( Intranet), X 300X, DCS, ( SOE ) ; ( SCFBD) ( SCLD), ( ) C SCX, JX 300X ( 30M HZ Philip s P51XA ),, : CPU Windows 95/ NT, ; Ethernet,, JX 300X SCnet,, TCP/ IP IEEE802.3 SCnet 1 1, T CP/ IP :, 10Mbit/ s SCnet ( SWIT CH ), 100Mbit/ s, SCnet, SCnet 1 024, 10 000 m 15 32 I/ O,, 1 024 6 144 131
, SBUS 6 I/ O I/ O, I/ O 16 I/ O I/ O,,,, 6.5, ;,,,, 4, ( ) 4 4,,,, 60% 15% 10% 15 %,, :,, I/ O,,, CR T, CP U, ;, 6.5.1 : (1 ) M TBF ( Mean Time Between Failures ) MTBF, 10 (2 ),, ; ;, 132
6 (3 ),,,, ( ) MT T R ( Mean T ime To Repair ), MT T R (4 ),, 6.5.2, : (1 ),,, Honeyw ell, ( open, yet secure) (2 ) ( ), ODBC ( Open Database Connectivity), (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ) ( I/ O ),,,,, (5 ),,,,, 3, 4, I/ O I/ O ( ), 133
6.5.3 :,,, 6.6 ( PLC, ),,, PLC,, P LC ( ), PLC,, 6.6.1 20 60, DEC P LC, PLC,,, 70,,,,, P LC PLC PLC 1987, :,,,,,,, 16 32, PLC, P LC PLC PLC, PLC,,,, P LC PLC ( CP U), 6.6 134
6 6.6 PLC (1 ) ( CP U) PLC,, P LC CPU CPU, P LC CPU,, CPU (2 ) P LC, P LC ( ROM ),, PLC P LC : RAM (3 ),, : ( ), PLC,, :,,,, 0 10V, - 10 10V, 4 20mA,,, A/ D, A/ D A/ D P LC,, / P LC 135
, / ( D/ A ), (4 ) PLC, PLC,, P LC, P LC, PLC CPU PLC, CPU : PID PLC PLC (5 ) PLC,, 3 : 1), PLC, PLC :,,, PLC 2),,, I/ O ( ), P LC, P LC 3), PLC, P LC,, P LC 6.6.2, PLC : (1 ) P LC, ;, PLC (2 ),, P LC 136
6 (3 ) P LC PLC,, P LC, (4 ) P LC, PLC, (5 ) P LC I/ O LED, (6 ), (7 ), LED,, PLC P LC,, 6.6.3 P LC, P LC :, P LC,,, (1 ) :,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 137
;, (2 ) ( ),,,,,, FX2 PLC, 6.1, 6.7 6.7 :,,, 2, ; 20s,,, 1, ; 10 s,,,,, 6.8 4, 2 X0 X3, 1 2 X1 X2 ; Y0, Y1,, : 138 LDI X0 X0 ( ) O UT MC M0 N0 M0 LD X3 X3 ( ) OR Y0 OR T1, A NI A NI X2 Y1 O UT Y0 Y0, LD X2 2 OR A NI M2 T0 O UT T0 O UT K200 M2 20s LD T0,
6 6.8 OR Y1 A NI X1 A NI Y0 O UT Y1 Y1, LD X1 1 OR M3 A NI T1 O UT T1 K100 10s O UT M3 MCR N0 END 6.6.4 P LC, 3 :, 6.9 (1 ) P LC,, 139
6.9 PLC P LC (2 ) P LC,,,,,, (3 ), PLC, P LC 3, 40 100ms, 4ms P LC,,,,,, P LC 3,, 4 : 6.6.5,,,,, P LC PLC,, (1 ) 6.10 NBS 6, P LC, 4, NBS, 140
6,,, PLC,, (2 ) 1) I/ O I/ O PLC P LC I/ O I/ O, P LC I/ O, I/ O 6.10 NBS I/ O,,, PLC CP U I/ O, CP U I/ O I/ O 2) I/ O I/ O, 6.11 P LC PLC I/ O, PLC, P LC, P LC 6.11 PLC I/ O, P LC, 3) PLC N P LC,, :,, ;,, 6.12 4) 141
6.12 PLC PLC N,,, 5) N M M, N, N, 6) PLC,, 6.13,, 7) CSMA/ CD CSMA/ CD, / ( Carrier Sen se Multiple Access with Collision Detection ) 6.13,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.6.6 (1 ) P LC 4 PLC 4 :, 142
6,,, :, PLC P LC, P LC, PLC, P LC, (2 ) PLC, RS 232 RS 422 RS 485,,, PLC, PLC P LC, PLC (3 ) PLC : COM PLC, 6.14 PLC, P LC,, 6.15, RS 422 RS 485 6.14 PLC PC 6.15 PLC 143
6.7 A-B Allen-Bradley ( A-B ), ( Rockwell Automation ) :,, A-B, 6.16 A-B, 6.16 A-B PLC,, MA P/ MM S PI PI, ControlNet, DH + DH D H D H485, PLC ControlNet A-B PLC,, DeviceNet I/ O 6.7.1 A-B P LC A-B PLC, 3 (1 ) PLC 5 A-B,, M TBF 40 144
6 I/ O I/ O I/ O 3 072 100kB (2 ) SLC 500 SLC 500 I/ O SLC 500 PLC: 22/ 30/ 40 I/ O 64 I/ O SLC 5/ 01 :, I/ O 960 4kB I/ O SLC 5/ 02 : 4 096 4 096 4kB, I/ O DeviceNet I/ O SLC 5/ 03 : 4 096 4 096 16kB SLC 5/ 02, P LC RS 232, ASCII DF1 ; 1761 NE T AIC DH 485 SLC 5/ 03 0.44ms, SLC 5/ 04 : 4 096 4 096 16kB/ 32kB/ 64kB SLC 5/ 04 SLC 5/ 03,, ( 0. 37 ms) SLC 5/ 04 D H + DH 485 D H +, SLC 5/ 04 SLC 5/ 04 SLC 5/ 05 : SLC 5/ 05 SLC 5/ 04, SLC 5/ 04 10Mbit/ s,, SLC 5/ 05 (3 ) ControlLogix P LC ControlLogix PLC A-B P LC, DCS P LC, ControlLogix ( I/ O ) ControlBus ControlBu s ( Producer )/ ( Consumer ) ( ), : PLC ; ( ) I/ O ; I/ O, ControlLogix Logix5550 Logix5555 : I/ O, CPU 12 8 I/ O( 4 I/ O) ;, 0.08ms/ k ;, 7.5MB, ControlLogix ControlLogix : I/ O, 16bit ; / ;, I/ O ; ;, ; ;, 145
6.7.2 A-B (1 ) ControlN et ControlNet, A-B A-B, ControlNet International Ltd, ControlNet, IEC61158 ControlNet : 146
6 1) ControlNet / / /, ( I/ O ) ( ) ( ) /,, 2) ControlNet, ControlNet 3) ControlNet, ControlNet, ControlNet, ( ), 4) ControlNet ControlNet, ( RG 6 ), ControlN et P LC,, ControlNet, Foundation FieldBus ControlNet, ControlN et P LC ControlNet : : ( ) :5Mbit/ s :1 000m( ) 3 000 m( ) : / ( ) :99 :, 0 510 I/ O : : / I/ O : ( Change-of-Stat e) ( ) :2 100 ms ( ) :16 :, / / : ( R6/ U ) 147
: ID (2 )Device Net DeviceNet Rockwell CA N, (, ), ; DeviceNet, DeviceNet,, DeviceNet,, DeviceNet, : Rockwell OMRON H itachi Cutter- H ammer Turck DeviceN et 300 1) DeviceNet DeviceNet 64 125kbit/ s 250 kbit/ s 500kbit/ s,, /, CAN, CA N, CSMA/ NBA ( Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Non-destruction bit wise Arbitration ), ( 16A), 2) DeviceNet, DeviceNet / DeviceNet, DeviceNet 64 MAC ID ( ) I/ O, I/ O 16 32 3) DeviceNet DeviceNet DeviceNet /,, 8A ( ) 148
6, CA N 4) DeviceNet DeviceNet,, ODVA (, Open DeviceNet Vendor Association) DeviceN et ( )Device Net ODV A, DeviceN et ODV A China DeviceNet DeviceN et Device Net CAN /, DeviceN et / ( Master/ Slave Developer s Kit ),, Huron N et Work s ( ww w.huronnet.com), Pyramid Solution s, Inc ( www.pyramid-solutions.com), HMS Industrial Network s AB ( www.anybus.com) ODVA ODVA ( www.odva.org) (3 ) I/ O I/ O I/ O ( Universal Remote I/ O Link ) A-B PLC I/ O P LC( ) I/ O PLC I/ O I/ O, PLC ( ) PLC 6.17 I/ O 6.17 I/ O I/ O I/ O, PLC, I/ O I/ O,, ; A-B : P LC P LC PanelView 1771 I/ O I/ O 6.1 I/ O 149
6.1 I/ O PLC 5/ xx 1771 ASB RediPANE L 1336 1747 SN 1747 ASB Pa nelview 1395 VME 1791 Block Dataliner 1794 ASB 1794 ASB2 1747 DCM I/ O 1770 CD, I/ O, 6.2 I/ O 32 6.2 / ( kbit s - 1 ) / (m ft - 1 ) / 57.6 115.2 230.4 3 048/ 10 000 1 524/ 5 000 762/ 2 500 150 82.5 150 82.5 82.5 (4 )D H + A-B ControlNet, D H + PLC ControlNet DH + : PLC CNC RS 232/ RS 422, DH + P LC P LC 5 PLC 3 PLC 2 DH +, D H +, D H +, D H +,, 1.5ms, 38m s DH + 64,, 16, 1770 CD, 3 048m, 56kbit/ s 150
6 6.8 Siemens 6.8.1 Siemens ( Siemens) PLC, Siemen s A-B Siemens PLC S3, 1975 1979 Siemen s SIMA TIC S5 20 90, Siemens SIMATIC S7 ( S7) S7, S5 S7 S7 400 S7 300 S7 200 (1 ) SIMA TIC S7 400 SIMATIC S7 400,,, 6.18 S7 400 PLC, : 6.18 SI MA TIC S7 400 1) ( PS ) (120/ 230V AC 24VDC), 2) ( CP U) CPU, PROFIBU S-DP, : CP U CPU 3) I/ O ( SM), 151
4) ( CP ) 5) ( FM ) 6) ( IM ) ( P LC ) S7 400 21 S7 400,,, S7 400 CPU, 0.08 s S7 400 : : CP U417 4 :2MB( 10MB) :2MB( 10MB) DI/ DO :128K AI/ AO : 8K :0.1 s : MP I/ PROF IBUS/ (2 ) S7 300 S7 300 PLC,, S7 400, S7 400 PLC, S7 300 S7 300 : : CP U314I FM :32kB :48kB DI:20 DO: 16 AI:4 A O: 1 :0.3 0.6 s : MP I/ PROF IBUS/ S7 300, Siemen s S7 300c, S7 300 S7 300,, S7 300c : : CP U313c / : 32 kb DI:24 DO: 16 AI:4 152
6 A O: 2 :0.1 s :120 mm 125mm 130mm (3 ) S7 200 S7 200 PLC, ( CPU ) : 196mm 80mm 62 mm, 700g I/ O 71.2mm 80 mm 62mm 46mm 80mm 62mm, 200g S7 200 I/ O, 6.8.2 Siemens Siemen s Siemen s ( TIA : Total Integra ted Automation),,, SCADA,,,,,, : 6.19 SIMA TIC NE T,,,,,,,,, 6.19 SIMATIC NET, PROF IBUS-DP 7, AS I 153
6.8.3 AS I (1 ) AS I AS I AS-Int erface,, AS I ( ON/ OFF ), Siemens AS I, : CP 243 2 CP2433 CP 342 2 (2 ) AS I AS I, 62 248 I/ O, P LC PC AS I ;, PROFIBU S DP FMS Interb us s VME bu AS I, 5ms (3 ) AS AS : ; / ;, ;,, ;, ; I P20 I P67 ;, ;, 6.9 6.9.1 OMRON OMRON PLC, :, P LC P LC 6.20 OMRON P LC, P LC, ;, PLC ; I/ O,, P LC, H ost Link,, HostLink : RS 232 RS 422 PLC PC-Link,, PC-Link, :, 4 154
6 6.20 OMRON PLC : I/ O PLC PC-Link PC-Link, PLC PC-Link A P LC, A ; PLC PC-Link, P LC, P LC PLC, P LC I/ O I/ O I/ O : I/ O I/ O I/ O I/ O I/ O PLC, I/ O I/ O I/ O, 6.9.2, PLC,,, FP 155
PLC PLC,, T CP/ IP,,, P-Link W-Link H-Link, MEW TOCOL I/ O, I/ O 6 PLC : C-NET F-LINK( I/ O ) P-LINK H-LIN K W-LINK F P 6.21 PLC,, P LC TCP/ I P, 6.21 6.3 PLC H- Link P- Link W- Link C-NE T F- Link / ( Mbit s - 1 ) 2 0.375 0.5 0.019 2 0.5 156
6 H- Link P- Link W- Link C-NE T F- Link / km 1 10 0.8 1.2 0.4 (0.2) 64 64 32 32 32 RS 422 RS 485 RS 485 RS 485 6.1 6.2,? 6.3? 6.4 6.5, 7
7, 7.1 7.1.1 20,,,,,, 0 10mA 4 20mA 1 5V,,,,,,,, ;,, 20 80,,,, I/ O ( PLC),,,,,, 158
7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.1.2, ( Inter net) ( Intranet),, Intranet, ;,,,,,,,,, : CA N ( Controller Area Network) PRO FIBUS ( P rocess Fieldbu s ) FF ( Fieldbus Foundation, ) LONWORKS ( Local Operation Network ), 159
7.1.3 :, : (1 ) N, N, N,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),,, (5 ),,, (6 ),,,, (7 ),,, (8 ),,, (9 ),,,,,, 160
7 7.1.4,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 10,,,, P LC,,, 7.2 LON LonWorks 7.2.1 Lon Work s LON( Local Operating Network s) Echelon LonWorks Echelon LON, LonWorks, LON LonWorks : (1 ), (2 ), LonWorks, (3 ) LonWorks Lon Talk Lon Talk OSI LonWorks LonTalk ( ISO) ( OSI), (4 ) LonWorks,, 161
(5 ) / ( ) (6 ) LonWorks, (7 ) 0 228 (8 ), 300bit/ s 1.25Mbit/ s 1.25Mbit/ s, 130m; 78kbit/ s, 2 700m,,,, (9 ) LonWorks 32 000 (10) LonWorks : LonBuilder NodeBuilder (11) ( Neuron ) LonWorks,, LonWorks N euron 3 8 34 I/ O /, LonTalk 3 8 MAC N euron Neuron 7.2.4 (12) LonWorks P CSMA, (13), LonWorks, ; Lon Talk /, ;,,, 7.2.2 Lon Work s LonWorks Lon- Talk,, 162 7.1 Neuron
7 LonWork s : CPU I/ O LonWorks, 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.1 Neuron, LON Neuron,, Neuron : CPU I/ O, Neuron Neuron ( Neuron Chip-hosted), I/ O, 8, 10M Hz,, PID 7.2 Neuron, LonWorks /, ( host-based) PC 7.2.3 Lon Talk LonTalk ( ISO ) ( OSI), LON, LonTalk 7.1 7.1 LonT alk OSI LonTalk 7 Lonmarks, 6, 5 / 4 3 2 / MAC CSMA 1 MAC LON,, LonTalk 163
LonTalk,, Lon Talk, LonTalk P- CSMA LonTalk 7.3 7.3 LonTalk P- CSMA 0 W W : W = BL 16, BL,, T, T 0 W,, ;, BL : BL,, BL 1;, BL 1 BL 1,, 1 BL,, 0 127 0, 1 1, 2 2,127 127, 127, P- CS- MA LonTalk,, LonTalk, LonTalk, LonTalk / LonTalk 5, : LonTalk 4 : (1 ),,,, (2 ) /,,, 164
7,, / / (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,, LonTalk, 6 7.2.4 N euron 3120 3150 3150 ROM,, N euron :, 3 8 CPU, : 625kH z 10MHz 2KB RAM 10KB ROM 11 I/ O ( 34 ) 2 16 / 15 3 : LonTalk : 1 48 Neuron ID : Neuron 12 13 3 Wa tchdog, CP U N euron 7.4 N euron 3 CPU : MAC 7.5 3 MAC( Media Access Control) ( Lon Talk 1 2 ), Lon Talk 3 6, MAC 165
7.4 7.5, 7.2.5 Neuron C N euron C ANSI C, I/ O A NSI C, Neuron C : I/ O I/ O : Lon Talk Neuron N euron C Neuron C 8 16, 32 32 166
7 16 N euron C A NSI C 1 N euron C main ( ) 12 N euron C N euron C,,, EEP- ROM,,,,, N euron C 228B, /, 7.2.6 Lon Work s LonWorks LonTalk Lon Work s Lonmark, Lonmark, Lonmark,, 7.3 P ROFIBUS PROFIBU S P rocess Fieldbus, EN50 170, PROFIBUS PROFIBUS PRO FIBUS 3 : PROFIBUS-DP PROFIBU S- FMS PROF IBUS- PA PROFIBU S- FMS,, PROFIBU S-DP I/ O 167
,, PROFIBU S- PA,, 7.3.1 PRO FIBUS PROFIBU S ( OSI ), 1 2 7, 7.6 7.6 PROFIBUS PROFIBU S- FMS 1 2 7 7 ( FMS, fieldbus message s pecification) FMS PROFIBU S-DP 1 2, PROFIBUS-DP, PRO FIBUS-DP PROFIBU S-F MS 1 2,, PROFIBU S-P A 1 2 DP, PROFIBUS-DP,, PA, 1 2 IEC1158-2, PROFIBUS, DP F MS RS485, P A IEC1158-2, PRO FIBUS, PROFIBU S, 7.7,, 168
7 7.7 Profibus 7.3.2 PRO FIBUS-F MS PROFIBU S- FMS,, PROFIBU S- FMS ( VFD ) F MS V FD ( OD) : PROFIBU S- FMS : (3.002 ) (3.011 ) ( 3.032), PROF IBUS 7.3.3 PRO FIBUS-DP PROFIBU S-DP, PROF IBUS-DP : (DPM1) (DP M2 ) DP DPM1 DP, ; DPM2 DPM1, DP 3 :, DP, DP DP, PROF IBUS 2.082 DP,, 7.8, 169
7.8 PROFIBUS PROFIBU S (GSD), GSD, GSD GSD : PRO FIBUS ( ht tp/ / ww w.profibu s.com) GSD PROFIBU S-DP PROFI- BUS-DP : NC/ RC (3.052 ) ( 3.062 ) ( 3.071 ) 7.3.4 PRO FIBUS-PA PROFIBU S- PA, PROFIBUS-PA,,, PA DP PROFIBUS-PA DP 1 2, PA IEC1158-2 P A DP PROFIBU S- PA PROFIBU S- PA PROFIBUS-P A :,,, PROF IBUS- PA 7.3.5 PRO FIBUS PROFIBU S, PRO- 170
7 FIBU S : Motorola 68302 68360 Siemens ASIC IAM PBS PBM Delta-t IXI SMAR P A-ASIC (1 )DP PROFIBUS,, Siemens ASIC LSP M2/ SPM2 I/ O, 7.9 (2 ) FMS DP 7.9 DP : PROF IBUS, Motorola ; + PRO FIBUS, PROFIBUS,, Siemen s Delta-t IAM 8 16 (3 ) PA P A IEC1158-2, PA,, PA PA + PROFI- BUS,, P A (4 ) + PROF IBUS, PROFIBU S,, Siemen s ASIC PROF IBUS, : SPC( Siemens PROFIBU S Controller ) 1, 2 7, SPC2 1, 2, 171
SPC3 PRO FIBUS-DP, SPC4 DP FMS PA LSP M2/ SPM2 DP,, I/ O Siemens ASIC PROFIBU S 7.10 7.10 7.3.6 PRO FIBUS PRO FIBUS, PRO FIBUS, GSD PROF IBUS,, EMC, PROF IBUS, 3 7.4 CAN CA N Bosch,, ISO11898 CA N :2.0A 2.0B, 2.0A, 2.0B 7.4.1 CAN (1 ), (2 ), 134 s 172
7 (3 ),,,,, (4 ) (5 ) 10k m( 5k bit/ s), 1Mbit/ s ( 40m ) (6 ) 110 (7 ), 8 (8 ), CRC (9 ) CA N (10), CAN, 7.4.2 CAN CA N ISO/ OSI, 7.11 ( LLC) ( MAC) LLC, MAC CA N, 7.11 CAN 7.4.3 CAN CAN : (1 ) CAN,, ID ID 173
(2 ) (3 ),, ID (4 ), ID ID, (5 ) CA N, : rrr rrrd rrrr, (6 ) CA N, 7.12 0, 7.4.4 CAN CA N 4 (1 ) 7.12 7 : CRC ACK, 0, 7.13 174 7.13 CAN ( SOF ) 1,
7 ( R T R ) CA N2.0B, 11, 29, 7.14 7.14 C AN R TR SRR, 13 IDE 6, 2 4 4 0 8, CRC CRC 1 CRC 1 1,, 7 (2 ) 6 : CRC, 7.15 7.15 CAN, R T R, (3 ) :,, 8 7.16 (4 ) :6 8, 7.17 175
7.16 CAN (5 ) 7.17 CAN,, 7.18 7.4.5 CAN 7.18 CAN CA N, Intel Philips Motorola Nec Silioni CAN CA N : CAN CAN, ; CA N I/ O 8, 16 ; CA N Philips 82C200, 7.19, CAN CA N, 7.20 CP U CA NADR CANDAT NCON CA NS TA CAN, DMA CAN,, CA N 176
7 7.19 82C200 7.20 CAN 7.5 1975, 1990 ISO/ IEC8802.3, 10Mbit/ s, 100Mbit/ s, 20,,, 7.5.1 4 :,, 177
, 7.5.2 (1 ), ( ) 7.21 7.21 1 0 7,,,, 6 1 0, 11,,,,, (2 ) 7.22 7.22 6, 3 : 1) I/ G, 0 ; 1, 1 ( FFFF FF : FF FFF F ),,,,, 2) U/ L U/ L IEEE ( ) 64,, 46 178
7, 46, 64 46, 46, 1 500, ( CRC ), CRC 4 7.5.3 OSI, OSI, 7.23 LLC MAC 7.23 MAC CSMA/ CD CSMA/ CD / ( Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collosion Detection ), MAC, MAC LLC IP, TCP,,, ; 3 :,,, 179
7.5.4 TCP/ IP TCP/ I P ( A RP A) I P ISO/ OSI TCP TCP/ I P Internet TCP/ I P,, IP I P 32, 4, 8, 0 255 TCP/ I P : TCP UDP TCP ( ) TCP UDP, IP,,, TCP/ IP,, 0 2 16 TCP/ IP :, 256, ;, TCP,,,,, TCP 7.24 T CP/ IP 7.24 TCP/ IP 7.5.5, 20,, :, 802.3 180
7,,,,,,,,, P LC DCS, DCS FCS Internet TCP/ I P T CP/ IP, TCP/ I P, T CP/ IP, Internet,, 7.1? 7.2 7.3? 7.4? 1
8, ( ),, : ; : 8.1 8.1.1 ( ),, (1 ), 3 : 1), CPU,,,, DOS 2), CPU,,, U NIX, 3),,, 182
8 CPU,,, 5 : 1),, : 2) 3) 4), Windows NT N etware U NIX,, 5),, : CPU ; ;,,,,, 5,, U NIX (2 ) 5 1), 183
, :,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,, :,,,, Microsoft Windows N T 2),, C USER.C,, USER.C, U SER.OBJ,, USER.EXE, USER.EXE,,,,,,, 3),, :, 4 : ( ),,,,,,, 184
8,, 4), : ;, ; ; 5), : 8.1.2,,, ( ), (1 )DOS DOS DOS Tin Paterson 1980 Seattle Computer P roducts 86 DOS 1981 7, Microsoft 86 DOS,, MS DOS 1981, IBM PC, M S DOS PC, PC DOS1.0 DOS DOS,, DOS 1995, DOS (2 ) U NIX UNIX U NIX,,, ( ) U NIX 1970, Bell D. M. Ritchie K. T hompson PDP 7 B U NIX 1973, D.M.Ritchie U NIX C, C U NIX, U NIX,, U NIX U NIX 8.1 8. 1 UNIX U NIX : 185
C,,,, U NIX Windows, Windows N T U NIX,, U NIX, (3 ) Linux Linu x 1991 Linus Benedict Torrralds U NIX F T P,, 1994 Linux 1.0,,, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linu x, UNIX Linu x U NIX Linux U NIX,, Linu x UNIX, U NIX, Linu x ; Shell,, (4 ) Windows N T Windows NT Microsoft 1993 32 Microsoft, Windows 3.x Windows 95/ 98, Windows NT Windows NT 3 : / Windows NT,, UNIX,,,,,, Windows NT U NIX, UNIX,, Windows NT Windows 95/ 98 8.1.3 (1 ) ( / ),, :, CPU,,, 186
8,, : 1),,,, :, ; : 2), :, ( ) ( ) ; ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3) CPU,, CP U, 4), :, B A,,,, ; (2 ),,,,,, 1), 187
,,, 3 2),, 3),, 4), ( ), (3 )ir MX irmx( Intel Real time Multi task excutive) Intel 20 80, DOS, irmx irmx 8086, irmx86 CPU, irmx irmx, Pentium irmx 3 : irmx for MB / irmx, MultiBus MultiBus irmx for PC PC,, irmx irmx for Windows DOS/ Windows PC, DOS/ Windows; irmx irmx,,,, ir MX :,,,,,,,,, irmx,,,,,,, 188
8, 32, 4GB, 4GB, 32, irmx (4 ) QNX AMX Q NX, Quantum Soft ware System 1982,, IEEE, QNX PC, PS/ 2 2.15, 4.x QNX for Windows, Q NX, Q NX Unix, Unix, Unix, / Q NX PC, DOS Unix OS/ 2 PC,,,,,, QNX, QNX ;, AMX DOS,,,, AMX CPU,, AMX,, AMX ISR ( Interrupt Service Routine), DOS,,,,, Unix, ;, Windows95/ 98,,,,,, 8.1.4 189
(1 ),, P OS, ( Embedded System),,,, ( ),, ( ROM ) ; CR T,, CP U,, : 1),,,,, 2),,, KB MB, ROM,, ;, 3),,,, EPROM,,, 20 80,,,, 20 90,, ( C ), PC, PC, : VR TX Windows CE VxWorks JavaOS Psos Hopen,, Hopen (2 ) VR TX VR TX Microt ee, VR TX,, VR TX16 32 VR TX32 VR TX C C + +, VR TX CP U, Intel 80 x86 Pentium Motorola 68000 190
8 VR TX 4 : 4 8.2 8. 2 VRTX VR TX, VR TX 256 ( 0 255 ), 0 CPU, VR TX (3 ) Hopen Hopen,, Hopen 32, : 1) Hopen Hopen Kernel 10kB, ; Hopen Kernel, 2) Hopen,, 3) Hopen, Hopen, Hopen API, 4) Hopen,, ; ;, 5) Hopen, : 191
A PI, (4 ) VxWorks VxWorks VRTX psos Wind, VxWork s, Wind Vx Work s, CPU : POWE RPC 68000 SPARC i960 x86 Mip s, RISC DSP 8.3 VxWorks 8. 3 VxWorks VxWork s Wind Wind ( ) VxWorks,,, 68000, 3.8 s, 3 s BSP ( Board Support Package), VxWork s, 80, VxWork s : Tornado Tornado, VxWorks T ornado 3 : T ornado, 192
8 ; Vx Work s, ;, ICE ROM (5 ) Windows CE Windows CE Micorsoft 32, Windows CE ROM, OEM Windows CE 3 : 32 CP U, Intel Motorola NEC AMD Philip s CPU Windows CE ROM, RAM Windows CE Win32, Windows Windows CE Windows CE : ISR, IS T, IS T ; IS T, IS T Windows CE Win32, Windows CE 8.4, Windows CE, Win32,, : 8. 4 Windows CE OEM O AL (OEM Abstraction Layer), OEM CPU, 193
GWES( Graphics Windows and Event Subsystem ) Win32 :,, Windows CE ; Internet Windows.x PC (6 ) Linux Linux Linux, KB MB, Linux, : Linux RT-Lin ux X-Lin ux BlueCat Embedix Linux 8.2 8.2.1, ( Object Oriented OO),,, 20 70,,, E R,,, ( ) 20 80, OO, OO : ( Object ) ( Method ) ( Message) ( Class) ( Subclass ) ( Instance) ( Inheritance) ( Encapsulation ) ( Abstraction) ( Polymorphism ),,, ( / ) ( ),,, ( ),, 194
8,, 8.2.2 ( DDE ) Windows DLL DDE(Dynamic Dat a Exchange) OLE ( Object Linking and Embedding ) DDE Windows,,,,, Windows,, (DDE) Windows ( Global), Windows DDE ( :,, ) DDE Windows, DDE ( WM_DDE_INITIA TE WM_DDE_POKE ) Word Excel,,, DDE, DDE,, DDE, DDE, 8.1 DDE 8.1 DDE WM_DDE_INITIAT E WM_DDE_T ERMINAT E WM_DDE_ ACK WM_DDE_R EQ UEST WM_DDE_ ADVISE WM_DDE_ UNADVISE WM_DDE_DA TA WM_DDE_ PO KE WM_DDE_EXEC UT E DDE DDE, : (application ) ; 195
( topic) ; DDE (item ) DDE DDE, DDE, DDE, DDE 3 : ( H ot link ) ( Cool lin k) ( Warm link ) :,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) DDE WM_DDE_ INITIA TE, WM_DDE_INITIATE WM_DDE_INITIA TE,, WM_DDE_ACK, 8. 5 196
8 (2 ) WM_DDE_ADVISE, W M_DDE_ ACK,,, ;,,, (3 ) W M_DDE_DA TA, WM_DDE_ACK,, WM_DDE_DATA (4 ), WM_DDE_ U N ADVISE WM_DDE_ ACK, WM_DDE_ TERMIN ATE, WM_ DDE _PO KE WM_DDE_POKE,,, WM_DDE_ACK, WM_DDE_ACK DDE WINDOWS DDE \ \,, DDE 8.2.3 ( OLE ) (1 ) OLE OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) DDE 1990 11 Microsoft OLE1, OLE2 OLE, OLE, ;, OLE,, ;,, Word, BMP Excel, Word, Word,,, ( Brus h Excel), Word,, Word, Word ( ) OLE, ( Client application ) ( Server application), 197
( ),,, OLE ( ),,,,, Word Excel OLE :,,,,, (2 ) OLE OLE1, DLL OLE1, OLE OLE API DDE 8.6 8. 6 : (, ), DLL DLL, DLL DDE, DLL (, ), DLL DLL, DLL DLL,,, 198
8 OLE1 DDE, OLE2,, DDE, COM, OLE2, OLE,, (3 ) OLE OLE,, ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) OLE OLE,,,, OLE,,, OLE,,, OLE, Visual Basic Visual C + + Delphi Visual Basic OLE 10 Excel A Dim obj as Object Set obj = Crea tobject ( " Excel.Sheet.5" ) For n1 = 0 to 9 obj.cell ( n1, 1 ).Value = A ( n1 ) N ext n1 obj.saveas C: \ Excel\ dat a1.xls obj.applica tion Quit 8.2.4 COM/ DCOM (1 ) obj Excel A Excel dat a1.xls 20 90,,,,,,,,, 199
,,, 8.7 8. 7,, : ( OMG, Object Management Group) ( CORBA, Common Object Request Breaker Architecture), Microsoft / ( COM/ DCOM, Component Object Model / (2 ) COM Distributed Component Object Model) COM OLE, Microsoft, COM OLE COM, COM,, COM COM 128 ( GUID, Globally Unique Identifier ) COM, COM, COM COM 8.8 COM COM COM 8. 8 COM COM COM Windows, COM DLL exe( ) COM, COM ( ), COM 200
8 COM, COM, COM,, COM, ; COM COM, COM COM COM : 1) /, COM / COM, ; COM, COM, 2) COM,, COM, 3) COM :, ;,,,, ;, 4) COM, COM,, COM (3 )DCOM DCOM Microsoft, COM COM DCOM COM,, COM/ DCOM,,, [27] 8.2.5 OLE( OPC) ( OPC, OLE for P rocess Control), Microsoft COM/ DCOM ActiveX, OLE OPC I/ O,,, 201
(1 ) OPC, I/ O I/ O, I/ O,, PC,,,,,, :,,,, I/ O,,,, 1995 Intellution Fisher Rosemount IntuitiveTech nology Opto22 Rockwell Soft ware OPC, OPC1.0 1996 OPC ( OPC Foundation) O PC,, OPC 300 OPC, OPC O PC :,,, OPC,, OPC,,,,,, OPC OPC OPC OPC, OPC DCS SCADA, MIS, OPC I/ O I/ O,,, OPC H MI SCADA I/ O OPC, O PC, O PC ( MIS ), 202
8, OPC I/ O( ), Windows, I/ O,,,, I/ O, OPC (2 ) OPC OPC,, OPC,, O PC OPC,,,, OPC : 1) / OPC OLE/ COM, COM /,, OPC / ( I/ O ) OPC, /, 2) I/ O, 3) ( ), 4),, I/ O, 5) OPC,, (3 ) OPC OPC 3 : OPC ( OPCServer ) OPC ( O PC- Group) OPC ( OPCItem), OPC 8.9 OPC ( / ), I/ O PLC DCS, OPC I/ O OPC OPC,, OPC IO PCGRO UN P OPC OPC OPC, 1,, 203
8. 9 OPC OPC OPC, OPC, OPC, OPC OPC OPC / OPC OPC OPC, OPC, OPC ( Automation Interface) O PC ( Custom Interface), OPC, OPC OPC ( Visual Basic Delphi Excel ), OPC, OPC DCOM OPC OPC, (4 ) OPC OPC, I/ O,, I/ O, I/ O, OPC OPC :,,,, OPC IOPCServer, OPCBrowser, I Persist File OPC OPC, OPC, OPC OPC O PC OPC 1 1 : ( Public) ( Local), OPC OPC, OPC OPC OPC OPC ( Value) 204
8 ( Quality) ( T ime Stamp), I/ O OPC : 8.3,,,,,,,,,, ( OOP ) ( COM),,,,,, 8.3.1 (configura tion),,, ( ),,, ( ) ( I/ O ),,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, ( ) ( ),, 205
H MI ( H uman Machine Int erface )/ SCADA( Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition ), HMI,, SCADA I/ O,,,,,,,,, :,,, ; ;,,,,, 8.3.2,, : (1 ) ( ),, DCS, : ( ), ( I/ O ) ( ) 206
8, I/ O ( ) DCS Foxboro I/ A Series,,,,,, (2 ),,,, ( PID, ),,, (, ),,,,,, 8.6 PID, : 8. 10 PID 3 : AIN ( ) AO UT ( ) P ID( PID ), AIN (, ), : ( ) ( 4 20mA 0 20mA 0 10 ma 0 10V 0 20mA ),, AIN, P ID, P ID,, ( ) PID PID AIN, 207
, AO UT,,,,,,, :, ; (3 ), : ( ), (, ) ( ),,,,,, :,,, :,,, ( ), ( ),,, (4 ) : ( ),, I/ O (5 ), : (6 ),,, :, 208
8 (7 ),,, (8 ),,,, :,,,,,,, :, 8.3.3, 30,,,, : I/ O : ; / ; ; DDE OLE COM/ DCOM Active X ; ODBC OPC API ; ;, ( ), ; Internet 8.11 Citect I/ O SPC( ),, 8.12 Force Control( ) : Draw, ; Draw,,, 209
8. 11 Citect 8. 12 Force Control( ) View, Draw, ( ), 5m s DBMan DB DBMan, DB, DB, DB View / DB DB 10 000, DB 100 000 NetClient N etserver,, T CP/ IP Intranet/ Internet, 5 ms, 10 I/ O Server I/ O, I/ O 210
8 StrategyBuilder, IEC1131 3, PLC 8.13 ControX 2000 8. 13 ControX 2000 Studio icore, Studio Driver, Driver, icore View icore, Studio,, 8.14 T RACE MODE,, TRACE MODE /, COM/ DCOM DDE OPC ODBC Active X 8.3.4 8. 14 TR ACE MODE,,, 211
,, :, PLC, H oneywell Foxboro R ockwell RSView Simens WinCC GE Cimplicity,,,,, : Intellution Fix/ ifix Wonderware InTouch Ci Technologies Citect NI Lookout AdAstrA Research Group T RACE MODE PC Soft Wizcon : Synall 2000 2000 ( ControX 2000 ) ( Force- Control) Fame View : (1 )ifix if IX Intellution, Intellution EMERSON ELECT RIC Intellution H MI SCADA ( Batch ) ( Softlogic), Intellution Dynamics Int ellution Dynamics COM/ DCOM OPC VBA ActiveX, : icore ifix ibatch iwebserver ilogic icore, VBA OPC COM ActiveX icore Intellution WorkSpace,,, Int ellution WorkSpace : VBA, ifix Int ellution Dynamics HMI/ SCADA ifix, O PC COM/ DCOM VBA ActiveX ODBC ifix ifix, Intellution, Active X, ifix, Windows NT 4.0 Pentium 300MB, 128MB RAM NE TBIOS TCP/ IP, 24 SV GA 212 (2 ) WinCC WinCC( Windows Control Center),,
8 WinCC 5.0 WinCC Windows N T ( ) Windows 2000, : 1), WinCC,, /,, 2), WinCC Microsoft : WinCC COM/ DCOM Windows DNA (Distributed Network Architecture), WinCC, WinCC Active X, OLE WinCC,, Excel WinCC OPC WinCC WinCC OPC O PC OPC, WinCC OPC ; O PC, WinCC ANSI-C WinCC C-API,, WinCC WinCC Sybase SQL Anywhere, ( SQL) ODBC, WinCC ( ME S, Manufacturing Execution System ), ( E RP, Enterprise Resource Plan ) 3), 4) PLC PLC,, WinCC SIMATIC S5/ S7 ; ProfiBus,, P rofibus P LC WinCC (3 ) Citect Citect Ci Technologies, Citect5.41 Citect /, Citect, Citect 130, Citect SCADA, 50, I/ O 33 000, 16 000, I/ O 24,, 213
I/ O 400 000 Cit ect 4 000,,, 2 s ( ) (4 ) TRACE MODE T RACE MODE AdAstrA Research Group,, TRACE MODE 5 T RACE MODE SCADA ( Softlogic), T RACE MODE : P LC HMI, CP U Pentium 233, T RACE MODE 1 s 320 000, 100 000, 4 000 T RACE MODE,,,,, Autobuilding T M AdAstrA Research Group, TRACE MODE 5 Autobuilding T M, I/ O PLC, T RACE MODE 5 : I/ O, I/ O, ) ( T RACE MODE 5 10 Micro RT M ( Real T ime Monitor ) PC, Micro R TM T RACE MODE, PID 70 s, Micro R TM ( RS232/ 485 ) ( Can- Bus Bitbu s Profibus ) ( Arcnet Token Ring ) Modem RT M( Real Time Monitor ), R TM 32, 1m s R TM 128/ 1 024/ 32 000 16/ 64 000 16, 214
8 (5 ) 2.6 2.6,, 2.6,, Windows 9x/ ME/ NT/ 2000/ XP 2.6, 2.6 5 : Draw View DB NetClient/ NetServer I/ O Server, 2.6, Web WebServer SCOMClient/ SCOMServer WebServer Web, SCOMClient/ SCOMServer, ( Rs232/ 485/ 422 ) ( RS485 ) 8. 1 8. 2? 8. 3 8. 4 ( Visual Basic Delphi Visual C + + Visual F oxpro) Excel 8. 5 O PC 8. 6 ODBC 8. 7 ActiveX 8. 8 1 2, 8. 9, 215
9,,,,, ;,,,, 9.1 9.1.1 6 : ( ), 6,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 216
9 I/ O,, ;, ;, ; ( ),,,,, 9.1.2,,, (1 ),, ( ),,, ;,,,, : 1),, P LC I/ O PC I/ O,, PLC I/ O 2), 3),,,,,,,,,,,,, I/ O ( ) 4), 217
(2 ),,, CR T LCD,,, ;,,,, :,, (3 ),, PLC,,, :, UNIX LINU X Windows/ X; SQL SEVER ORACLE IN FORMIX SY- BASE ;,, (4 ) ( ),,,, ( ),, I/ O, ( ), 218
9 PLC (5 ),, ;,,,,,,,, I/ O, P LC 100 ( ),, 9.2,, 9.2.1,, 9.1 (1 ) :,, 9. 1,,, I/ O 219
(,, ) ( ) (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ),, : 1), ( ) 2),,,,, 9.1 I/ O DI AI DO AO 1 2 4 2 4 / 8 4 3 2 3 2 5 5 / 10 3 1 1 5 18 18 3 220
9 :44 3),,, I/ O,,, 3 A : I/ O ; B:,, 485 I/ O ; C: 4),,,,,, PID,,,,, 5) I/ O 9.1 I/ O 9.2.2, I/ O 9.2 9.3 ( ) 9.2 I/ O I/ O I/ O 9.3 I/ O I/ O I/ O (1 ) ; ( 221
0 10mA 4 20mA),,,,,,, 20%,,, :, ( 0 10mA 4 20mA ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ) I/ O ( ),, ( ) A, : S TD,, PC, ISA PCI,, ;,,, I/ O I/ O I/ O,,,,, Windows 95/ 98, Windows NT ( Visual Foxpro ),, B, : ( 1km ),, 485 485,, CA N LON P rofibus F F 222
9,, ;,,, I/ O I/ O I/ O,, I/ O ( 16 ), ;, I/ O ; 485, Windows 95/ 98, Windows NT ( Visual Foxpro ),, C,,, ;, ( ), ;,,,,, 1998 ( H G/ T20636 20639 ),,,,, : I/ O ( ) 223
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10 10.1 10.1.1, 10. 1 36, 1 000 ( ), 10.1,,, Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 T io2, SiO2,,,, 1 100,,, 225
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, DDE,, PLC, PLC 10.3 10. 3 10.3 P LC, PLC, A-B PLC, PLC P LC, A-B PLC, PLC I/ O, PLC FBM, FBM P LC I/ O I/ O,,, (1 ) 1,,,,,,,,, 3 CP40 1 A P30 1 LA N,,,, 32 228
10 (2 ) 2 ( ), 1,, 4 32 2 CP40 1 AP30 LA N (3 ) 3 2, I/ A S 4 32 1 AW 1 AP 3 CP40 2 2 2,,, FBM, 90 (4 ), 6m,, 4 1 AW 1 CP40 (5 ) 5,, 4, P LC, PLC ALLEN BRADLEY P LC 5, 4 P LC ALLEN BRADLEY, PLC 5 I/ A S, 1 AP30 2 CP40,,, FBM PLC, 10.1.3, : (1 ) 10.4, : 1: Ra104 3: Ra118 5: (2 ) 2: Ra110 4: 6: FOXBORO AW51 I/ A S ABS P LC 5, AW51 AW51, 229
10. 4,,,,,, 10.5 1) FBM 100 ( ) FBM,,, CP 2) ( PLC) ( PLC), P LC I/ O I/ O ( FBM), PLC RS232 230
10 10. 5 3) AW51,, Sun Solaris CPU Sparc, 270M Hz, 128MB Unix,,, (3 ) 1),,,, 2), 3), 4),,,, 5), 6) Informix, Intranet 231
10.2 6 000kg/ h 10.2.1, 6 000kg/ h, 7 ( ) 8 10.6 10. 6,, ( ), P LC ( ) :,,,, 10.7 10. 7 10.8 : ; ; ; 232
10 ; 10. 8 10.9 : ; ; ; 10. 9 10.10 10. 10 : 410 (,105, 94 ), 173, 198, 99, 47 7, P LC, PLC, 2 000 I/ O 140 I/ O 10.2.2,,, 10.11 P LC, S7 A-B Controllogix P LC A-B Controllogix ( ) :, ControlNet, DeviceNet ; :,, / 233
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1 A A/ D( Analog/ Digital) / ADCCP (Advanced Data Communication Control P rocedure) Allen-Bradeley: ( ) A PI( Application Program Interface) Application: ( ) A PC( Advance Process Control) ( ) ( ) ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) ASCII( American Standard Code for Information and Interchange) ASK( Amplitude Shift Keying) B Baud: BIOS( Basic I/ O Subsystem) Bitmap: 236
C CA N( Control Area Net work) CCIT T ( Consult ative Commit tee Inter national Telegraph and Telephone) CDM( Code Division Multiplexing ) Client/ Server: / COM ( Component Object Model) Component Tech nology: Configuration: CORBA( Common Object Request Breaker Archit ecture) CPLD( Complex P rogrammable Logic Device) CP U( Central Process Unit ) CRC( Cyclic Redundancy Checking) CSMA/ CD( Carrier Sen se Multiple Access/ Collision Detect) / D D/ A( Digit al/ Analog) / DCE(Data Communication Equipment) DCOM(Distributed Component Object Model) DCS( Distributed Control Syst em) DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) DIY(Do It Yourself) DLL(Dynamic Linking Library ) DMA(Direct Memory Access) DMC(Dynamic Ma trix Control) DT E(Data Terminal Equipment) E EIA( Electronic Industries Associa tion) ( ) Embedded System: Embedded Operation System: ERP ( Enterprise Resource Plan ) 237
F FDM( F requency Division Multiplexing) F EC( Forward Error Correction) F F ( Field bus Foundation) Field Bus : Fox boro: ( ) F PGA( Field Programmable Gates Array) FSK( Frequency Shift Keying) F T P ( File T ransfer P rotocol) G GAL( Generic Array Logic) G UI( Graphic User Interface) H HEC( Hybrid Error Correction) H DLC( H igh-level Dat a Link Control) HMI( Human Machine Interface) Honeywell: ( ) I Interface: IT U( Interna tional Telecommunication Union) I/ O( Input/ Output) / ISA( Industry Standard Architecture) ISO( Inter national Standardization Organization ) ISP ( Interrupt Service P rogram) ISR( Interrupt Service Routine) IS T (Interrupt Service Thread) J Job : 238
K Kernel: L LED( Light Emitting Diode) LON( Local Operat e Network ) ( ) LSB( Least Significant Bit) ( ) M MAC( Model Algorithmic Control) MA P( Manufacturing Automation Protocol) MES ( Manufacturing Execution Syst em) Microsoft ( ) Modem: M TBF ( Mean Time Before Failure) Multimode fiber: N N et work: O ODBC (Open Data Base Connect) OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) OMG( Object Management Group) OMRON : ( ) OOP ( Object-Oriented Programming) OPC( OLE for P rocess Control) OLE ( ) OS( Operation System ) OSI( Open System Interconnect) 239
P P AL( P rogrammable Array Logic) P AM( Pulse Amplitude Modulation ) PC( Personal Computer ) PCI( Peripheral Component Interconnect) ( ) PCM ( Pulse-Code Modulation ) PICMG( PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturer s Group ) PCI PID ( P roportional Integral Differential (controller ) ) ( ) P LC ( P rogrammable Logical Controller ) PP M( Pulse Phase Modulation ) P rocess: PROFIBU S( P rocess Field Bu s) PSK( Phase Shift Keying) PWM( Pulse Width Modulation ) R RAM( Random Access Memory) Redundancy: Repeater: ROM( Read Only Memory) Rout er: R TOS ( Real Time Operation syst em) R TU( Remote Terminal Unit) S SAR( Successive Approximation Register ) SCADA ( Supervisory Control And Dat a Acquisition) SDLC( Synchronous Data Link Control) Shell: Siemen s: ( ) Single mode fiber: Softlogic: STD: STD ST P ( Shielded Twisted Pair) 240
Switcher: System: T Tas k: TCP/ I P ( Tran smission Control P rotocol/ Internet P rotocol) / TDM( Time Division Multiplexing ) T hread: TIA( T otally Integrated Automation ) U UTP( Un shielded Twist ed Pair) V VBA( Visual Basic for Application ) W WDM ( Wave Division Multiplexing) WinCC( Windows Control Center) : ( ) Windows: ( ) Workstation: 2 8051 PID ORG 8000 H PID MOV R1, # DAT A ; e( n) = r( n) - c( n) MOV R0, # COEF UR LCAL L FSUB MOV R1, # BIASE0 ; BIASE0 e( n) LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # BIASE0 ; e( n) - e( n - 1) MOV R1, # BIASE1 LCAL L FSUB 241
242 MOV R1, # MIDEL1 ; MIDEL1 e( n) - e( n - 1) LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # COEF KP ; up ( n) = kp [e( n ) - e( n - 1 ) ] LCALL F UML MOV R0, # MIDEL2 ; MIDEL2 up ( n) LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # COEF K1 ; ui ( n) = ki e( n) MOV R1, # BIASE0 LCALL F MUL MOV R1, # MIDEL3 ; ui ( n) LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # BIASEPP ; up ( n) + ui ( n) LCALL F ADD MOV R1, # MIDEL2 ; MIDEL2 up ( n) + ui ( n) LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # MIDEL1 ; e( n) - 2e( n - 1 ) MOV R1, # BIASE1 LCAL L FSUB MOV R1, # MIDEL3 LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # BIASE2 ; e( n) - 2e( n - 1 ) + e( n - 2 ) LCALL F ADD MOV R1, # MIDEL3 LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # COEF KD ; ud ( n ) = kd [ e( n) - 2e( n - 1 ) + e( n - 2 ) ] LCALL F MUL MOV R1, # MIDEL1 LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # MIDEL2 ; u( n ) = up ( n ) + ui ( n ) + ud ( n ) LCALL F ADD MOV R1, # BIAPID ; u( n ) LCALL FS TR MOV R0, # BIAPID ; PID LCALL FINT MOV 52 H,4F H ; e( n - 2 ) e( n - 1 ) MOV 53 H,50H MOV 54 H,51H MOV 4F H, 4CH ; e( n - 1 ) e( n) MOV 50 H,4DH
MOV RET DATA EQ U 30 H 51 H,4E H : F ADD FSUB FMUL FS TR FIN T COEFU R 40 H r( n) BIA SE2 52 H e( n - 2 ) COEF KP 43 H k p BIASP P 55 H u p ( n ) COEFKI 46 H ki MIDEL1 58 H COEFKD 49 H kd MIDEL2 5BH BIASE0 4C H e( n) MIDEL3 5E H BIASE1 4 FH e( n - 1) BIAPID 61 H u( n) 3 ( ) Allen-Bradley : H t tp:/ / w ww.ab.com : H ttp:/ / www.r u-cn.net : H ttp:/ / www.hollysys.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.hotec.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.huafugroup.com : H ttp:/ / www.fameview.com : H ttp:/ / www.controlchina.com : H ttp:/ / www.mcgs.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.adlinkchina.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.sunwayland.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.kingview.com : H ttp:/ / www.ztic.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.sbs.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.met.com.cn Ci Tech nologies : H ttp:/ / ww w.citect.com.cn Fox boro : H t tp :/ / www.foxboro.com : H ttp:/ / www.ylzb.com : H ttp:/ / www.dhcy.com Honeywell : H ttp:/ / ww w.honeywell.com 243
Intellution : H ttp:/ / ww w.intellution.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.echelon.com.cn OPC : H t tp:/ / www.opcfoundation.org : H ttp:/ / www.hit e.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.ipc.com.cn ( ) : H ttp:/ / www.cmew.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.ccuagongkong.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.ad.siemen s.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.fieldbus.org : H ttp:/ / www.advantech.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.evoc.com : H ttp:/ / www.gongkong.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.ipcc.com.cn : H ttp:/ / www.zidonghua.com.cn 244
[1 ].. :,2000 [2 ],,.. :, 2000 [3 ].. :,1997 [4 ],.. :, 1997 [5 ].. :,1995 [6 ].. :,1998 [7 ].. :.2000 [8 ].. :,1999 [9 ],,.. :, 1996 [10],,.. :, 1999 [11],,.. :, 1999 [12],.. :,1999 [13],.. :,1991 [14].. :, 1999 [15].PC. :, 1998 [16].. :, 1999 [17],,.. :, 1995 [18].. :, 1996 [19],,.. :, 1996 [20].. :, 1997 [21],,.. :, 1993 [22],,.. :, 2001 [23].. :.1993 [24].. :, 1998 245
[25].. :, 1996 [26].PC. :, 2000 [27].COM. :,1999 [28].. :, 2001 [29],.. :,2002 [30],. VxWorks Tornado. :,2002 246