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2015, Vol. 23, No. 3, 364 374 Advances in Psychological Science DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00364 研 究 构 想 (Conceptual Framework) * 模 糊 决 策 的 认 知 神 经 机 制 张 凤 华 1,2 张 玉 婷 1 向 玲 1 胡 竹 菁 1 ( 1, 330022) ( 2, 310015) 摘 要 模 糊 决 策 是 特 殊 复 杂 的 风 险 决 策, 还 是 一 种 独 立 的 决 策 类 型, 是 当 前 认 知 神 经 科 学 争 论 的 热 点 问 题 一 系 列 的 fmri 研 究 分 别 得 出 了 不 同 结 论, 但 大 多 数 证 据 支 持 模 糊 决 策 和 风 险 决 策 之 间 存 在 分 离, 模 糊 决 策 有 其 独 特 的 决 策 机 制 ; 模 糊 决 策 的 认 知 神 经 机 制 也 是 一 个 亟 待 解 决 的 问 题 因 此 本 研 究 拟 应 用 事 件 相 关 电 位 技 术 生 物 反 馈 技 术 和 基 因 技 术, 采 用 IGT 和 GDT 任 务 范 式, 通 过 网 络 成 瘾 人 群 和 正 常 人 群 的 对 比 研 究, 去 探 索 模 糊 决 策 和 风 险 决 策 之 间 的 分 离 ; 应 用 事 件 相 关 电 位 技 术 和 磁 共 振 技 术, 采 用 IGT 范 式 和 选 瓶 任 务 范 式, 研 究 模 糊 决 策 的 认 知 神 经 机 制 ; 并 从 临 床 角 度 进 一 步 验 证 上 述 结 果 该 项 目 的 开 展, 有 助 于 拓 广 模 糊 决 策 的 研 究 领 域 和 视 野, 对 理 解 人 类 在 模 糊 情 境 下 的 决 策 机 制 以 及 模 糊 决 策 和 风 险 决 策 之 间 的 关 系, 具 有 重 要 的 理 论 意 义 ; 对 临 床 上 成 瘾 人 群 脑 损 伤 患 者 的 认 知 诊 断 和 治 疗 以 及 现 实 中 企 业 和 个 人 的 决 策, 具 有 重 要 的 参 考 价 值 关 键 词 模 糊 决 策 ; 风 险 决 策 ; 认 知 神 经 科 学 ; 爱 荷 华 赌 博 任 务 ; 元 分 析 分 类 号 B842; B849:C91 Knight (1921) (decision-making under ambiguity) (Russian roulette),, ;,,, ;, 5 12,,,,, : 2014-03-31 * (31360234) (13JY09) :, E-mail: zhangfh@jxnu.edu.cn,,,, 1 文 献 综 述 1.1 模 糊 决 策 的 行 为 学 研 究 1.1.1 模 糊 决 策 的 研 究 范 式 (2009), 艾 尔 斯 伯 格 选 瓶 任 务 ( Ellsberg, 1961), 100, 364

3 : 365 50 50, + =100,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,, ; IGT (Iowa gambling task) 任 务 Bechara, Damasio, Tranel Damasio (1997) (1) ( ); (2) ( ); (3), 2000, 4 ABCD, 100 A B (100 ),, A B,, A B, ; C D (50 ),, C D,, C D, ( ), (C D) (A B), IGT, 100 trial 5 block, (C1+D1) (A1+B1), (C5+D5) (A5+B5), t, ( ) 封 堵 器 (occlude) 任 务 Levy, Snell, Nelson, Rustichini Glimcher (2010), 1,,,,, 1 ( Levy, et al., 2010) 1.1.2 模 糊 决 策 的 影 响 因 素 Becker Brownson (1964),, Einhorn Hogarth (1986) Roca, Hogarth Maule (2006), (endowment effect),,, Samuelso Zeckhauser (1988) (the status quo bias),,,, Roca, (willing to pay, WTP), (willing to accept, WTA), Roca Maule (2009) ( WTP WTA),,, (gain) (loss),, Liu (2011),

366 23 Webber Tan (2012),, IGT, (Crone & Ven der Molen, 2004; Bayard, Raffard, & Gely-Nargeot, 2011) Crone Ven der Molen (2004), IGT / ;, IGT (BAS) (BIS) (Bayard et al., 2011) Pulford (2009) Bayard (2011), IGT GDT (Game of Dice Task) ( ) GDT, IGT ; (2012),,, Buelow Suhr (2013) 91, IGT, B, D Heath Tversky (1991) (, competence effect), Schubert, Brown, Gysler Brachinger (1999),, Borghans, Duckworth, Heckman Baster (2008) Ellsberg, ;,,, Van den Bosa, Hombergb Vissera (2013) IGT, IGT, IGT (100 ),, (trial-block) ( ),, 60 (trial) ( ),,,,, (Cassotti, Houdé, & Moutier, 2011; Huizenga, Crone, & Jansen, 2007; Duijvenvoorde, Jansen, Visser, & Huizenga, 2010) Crone Molen (2004) 6~12, 13~17, Lin, Chiu Huang (2009) IGT IGT,,, Aite (2012),,,,, Tymula (2012), 33 (12~17 ) 32 (30~50 ),, ;,, ; 1.2 模 糊 决 策 的 神 经 机 制 研 究

3 : 367 (Brand, Fujiwar, Borsutzky, Kalbe, & Kessler, 2005; Brand, Labudda, & Markowitsch, 2006; Brand, Kalbe, Labudda, Fujiwara, Kessler, & Markowitsch, 2005; Brand, Grabenhorst, Starcke, Vandekerckhove, & Markowitsch, 2007; Fiorillo, Tobler, & Schultz, 2003; Levy et al., 2010);, (Hsu, Bhatt, Adolphs, Tranel, & Camerer, 2005; Krain, Arbuckle, Wilson, Castellanos, & Milham, 2006; Huettel, Song, & McCarthy, 2005; Huettel, Stowe, Gordon, Warner, & Platt, 2006; Sinz, Zamarian, Benke, Wenning, & Delazer, 2008; Bechara et al., 1997; Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 2005; Bach, Hulme, Penny, & Dolan, 2011) Brand (2005, 2006, 2007) IGT GDT (Korsakoff s syndrome) (Parkinson s disease, PD) (pathological gamblers, PG), - (fronto-striatal loop), (dopamine) (serotonin) (Fiorillo et al., 2003) Levy (2010) fmri, (striatum) (the medial prefrontal cortex) Hsu fmri, (amygdale) (orbitofrontal cortex, OFC) (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, DMPFC), (vigilance), fmrl, Huettel, (the posterior parietal cortex) Krain (2006), fmrl (frontal and parietal regions) (thalamus) (caudate) (rostral portions of the ACC) (the inferior parietal lobe), (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) (caudal ACC) (OFC DLPFC ACC), Krain Zelazo Muller (, OFC ;, DLPFC), (1) (OFC ), / ;,, (2), BA (32) BA (8/9);, ( OFC ),,, (3), ( BA7),, ;,,, Li, Lu, D Argembeau, Ng Bechara (2010) fmri IGT ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Bach (2011),

368 23, ;, 1.3 模 糊 决 策 的 脑 损 伤 研 究 IGT, (obsessive compulsive disorder, OCD) (mesial temporal lobe epilepsy), (Frank et al., 2009; Starcke, Tuschen-Caffier, Markowitsch, & Brand, 2010; Delazer et al., 2009; Delazer et al., 2010; Brevers et al., 2012) Frank (2009) 21 PD 23, IGT GDT, PD, Starcke (2010) 23 OCD 22, IGT GDT OCD,, OCD,, Delazer (2010), Brevers (2012) 65 35, (2012) PD PD,, PD 1.4 模 糊 决 策 的 遗 传 学 研 究 20%,, ( ) (Cesarini, Dawes, Johannesson, Lichtenstein, & Wallace, 2009; Jollant et al., 2007), 5-HTT (serotonin transporter length polymorphicregion, 5-HTTLPR) -2 (tryptophan hydroxylase-2, TPH2) D5 (DRD5) 148 a (ESR1) β (ESR2) (Stoltenberg & Vandever, 2010; He et al., 2010; Da Rocha, Malloy- Diniz, Lage, & Corrêa, 2011; Chew, Ebstein, & Zhong, 2012;,,,, 2012), He (2010) 572, IGT (LAT), 5-HTTLPR 5-HTTLPR IGT LAT, (S/S) IGT 40 (L/L), Stoltenberg Vandever (2010) 188, 5-HTT -2 IGT, 5-HTT IGT 20, 80, 5-HTT, (BDNF),, Da Rocha (2011) IGT (BDNF) (Val66Met), Met allele IGT, Met allele IGT, Chew (2012) 325, Ellsberg (1961), ;,,

3 : 369 49.4%,, D5 2 问 题 提 出,,, 2.1 以 往 研 究 存 在 的 问 题 和 争 议, ( ) fmri PET,,,, fmri ( ) PET,,,, 2.2 存 在 问 题 和 争 议 的 原 因, 1 IGT,, IGT, -, ; IGT IGT GDT IGT,, 100 5, ; 5, 20 trial, 40 trial 2 IGT, IGT, (Fernie & Tunney, 2006; Chiu & Lin, 2007; Chiu et al., 2008),, (C+D) (A+B),, B ( ) 3 IGT,, ( 100, 300),,,, IGT,, ( ), - ; IGT, ( - );, fmri ( ) PET, ERP ( ) 2.3 解 决 方 案, 1,, -,, ;, 100 10, 10 block (C+D) (A+B) 2, 3 IGT, ;,, IGT, Ellsberg IGT, ERP fmri,, Ellsberg

370 23,, IGT,,, 3 研 究 构 想, ; ; ( ), 3.1 模 糊 决 策 是 一 种 独 立 的 决 策 类 型 吗?( 模 糊 决 策 和 风 险 决 策 的 分 离 实 验 ),, IGT,, IGT,,,, ( ), ( ), 1999, Young (pathological gambling, PG), (, 2008), (2010) ; (2010), ; Brevers (2012),,, 3 1 ERP ( ), ERP,,, ; 2, SCR 3, D5 ( ),, D5, 实 验 1, IGT GDT, E-prime, ( ) (verbal storage and dual tasking) (a decision-making task, Starcke et al., 2010),, IGT GDT ;,, IGT ( ) GDT ( ) ;,, IGT, GDT 实 验 2, IGT GDT,,, SCR; SCR ( ) IGT SCR GDT 实 验 3, IGT GDT,,, D5

3 : 371 IGT GDT, D5, 3.2 模 糊 决 策 的 认 知 神 经 机 制 研 究 fmri ( ) PET, ERP ( ), fmri ERP, Ellsberg ( ) IGT ( ),, 实 验 4, Ellsberg, ERP,, P3 FRN (, 2011) 实 验 5 4, fmri,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),, 实 验 6, IGT, fmri, IGT, 5,, 3.3 脑 损 伤 患 者 的 验 证 性 研 究 ERP fmri,, ( ), 实 验 7 (, ),, fmri EEG, IGT Ellsberg,,, 4 小 结, IGT GDT,,,, IGT, ;, ERP fmri,,,, ;, 致 谢 : 衷 心 感 谢 匿 名 审 稿 专 家 所 提 出 的 宝 贵 意 见, 同 时 感 谢 蒋 军 对 本 文 英 文 摘 要 提 供 的 指 导 参 考 文 献,,,. (2012). (IGT)., 20(9), 1401 1410.,. (2010).., 18(5), 597 599.,,,,. (2012)..,

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374 23 35, 539 554. Weber, B. J., & Tan, W. P. (2012). Ambiguity aversion in a delay analogue of the Ellsberg Paradox. Judgment and Decision Making, 7(4), 383 389. The Cognitive and Neural Mechanism of Ambiguity Decision-making ZHANG Fenghua; ZHANG Yuting; XIANG Ling; HU Zhujing (School of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China) ( 2 Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 310015, China) Abstract: So far, numerous studies have focused on the exploration of cognitive and neural mechanism of risk decision-making, but less attention have been paid to that of decision-making under ambiguity. In reality, however, the circumstances of decision-making what we faced are usually ambiguity. Moreover, it still does not reach an agreement on whether decision-making under ambiguity is a kind of special and complicated risk decision-making or a kind of independent decision-making. Hence, it is necessary to reveal the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms of decision-making under ambiguity. To solve this problem, firstly, using modified IGT task and GDT task, and applying ERP, biofeedback and genetic measures, we will examine the dissociation of decision-making under ambiguity and risk decision-making among Internet addicts and normal populations; Secondly, by modified IGT task and urn drawing task, and employing ERP and fmri techniques, we plan to investigate the cognitive and neural mechanism of decision-making under ambiguity; Finally, we will validate the above results from a developmental and clinical perspective. Overall, the findings will help to expand research areas of decision-making under ambiguity, and will provide important theoretical guidance to understand human beings decision-making mechanism under ambiguous conditions and clarify the relationship between the decision-making under ambiguity and risk decisionmaking. At last, the findings have great theoretical and practical values on guiding cognitive diagnosis and therapy for clinical populations such as the addicts and the brain-impaired patients, and on giving insights to the enterprises and the individuals in real decision-making situations. Key words: decision-making under ambiguity; risk decision-making; cognitive neuroscience; Iowa Gambling Task; meta analysis.