( ), 16/ 32 Intel 8086, Intel, 80486 10, Intel8086 Intel 80486 I/ O,, ( CIP ) /,,. :, 2003.1 ( ) ISBN 7-5624-2376-8................T P36 CIP ( 2002) 094711 : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : 400044 : (023) 65102378 65105781 : (023) 65103686 65105565 : http: / /w ww.cqup.com.cn : fxk@ cqup.com.c n ( ) * : 787 1092 1 /16 : 24 : 599 2003 1 1 2003 1 1 : 1 6 000 I SBN 7-5624-2376-8 / TP 317 : 28.00,
,,,,,,,,,,, 1993 7,,, 1994, 1997 ( ) 1998, 2000, 45,,,,,,,,,,, 2000 : ForWindows FORTRAN77 1
PASCAL TEUE BASIC Vis ual BASIC FOXBASE C For Win dows 2000 Visual Foxpro,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001 12 2
21,,,, ( ), I/ O, ( ),,,,, ;,,,, CP U,,,,, Intel 80x86 Pentium, 8086/ 80486 Intel,, 8086,,,, 8/ 16,, 1
60 80,,,,, 20 10,, 2 3 4, 1 8 9 10, 5 6, 7,,,, 2002 8 2
1 1.1 1 1.2 2 1.3 8 19 2 Intel 8086 20 2.1 8086 20 2.2 8086 26 2.3 8086 30 2.4 8086 33 2.5 8086 37 58 3 62 3.1 62 3.2 63 3.3 66 3.4 71 3.5 75 3.6 76 3.7 78 3.8 86 3.9 DOS 95 3.10 99 3.11 114 3.12 119 126 4 Intel 80486 131 4.1 80486 132 4.2 80486 138 4.3 80486 144
.4 80486 148 4.5 80486 151 4.6 80486 161 173 5 178 5.1 178 5.2 RAM 181 5.3 ROM 189 5.4 CPU 194 5.5 PC 204 5.6 206 210 6 I/ O 212 6.1 212 6.2 I/ O 218 6.3 DMA 221 238 7 240 7.1 240 7.2 16 244 7.3 32 249 7.4 8259A 252 266 8 269 8.1 8255A 269 8.2 / 8253 280 8.3 8251A 292 8.4 311 8.5 82380 325 334 9 339 9.1 339 9.2 ISA 346 9.3 EISA 347 9.4 PCI 348 350 10 351 10.1 IBM PC/ XT 351 1
0.2 80486 354 10.3 Pentium 355 357 359 1 ASCII ( ) 359 2 80x86/ Pentium 360 3 ( ) 366 4 DOS 367 5 DEBUG 374 379 2
1.1, 1946 50, /,, ( ) 20 70,, MP U( Microprocessor), CPU ( Central Processing Unit),30, 2 3,, (1971 1973 ) 4 8 Intel 4004 8008 MCS 4 P MOS, 20 s,,,, (1973 1978 ) 8 1973 1975, Intel 8080 Motorola MC 6800 1976 1978 8, Zilog Z80 Intel 8085 NMOS, 1 4, 10 15, 1 2 s,, DMA,,, BASIC FORT RA N 1
(1978 1984 ) 16 Intel 8086/ 8088 Motorola MC 68000 Zilog Z8000, 16, NMOS, 20 000 70 000 /, 0.5 s 16, IBM PC IBM PC/ XT 1984 Intel 80286 16, 80286, 16MB, 16, 8086 5 6,,, IBM PC/ AT (1984 1992 ) 32 80386 IBM PC/ 80386 20 80 Intel 80486 MC68030 MC68040 32 32, SLSI( Super Large Scale Integration ), IBM PC/ 80486 32 (1993 ) 64 Intel Pentium/ Pentium P ro/ Pentium / Pentium / Pentium / Itanium, AMD K6/ K6 / K6 / K7 ( ), 32,,,,, 21, 1.2 1.2.1,,, n, n X 0 X 2 n - 1 n= 8, 0 255; n = 16, 0 65 535, 2
1.2.2 (1 ),, 0, 1 8, D7, D6 D0, : D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1.1 X = + 65 : X = 01000001B, (2 ), 0, 1,, 1.2 X = + 97 [ X] = 01100001B X = - 97 [ X] = 11100001B 0 : [ + 0] = 00000000B [ - 0] = 10000000B n X : - 2 n - 1 + 1 X + 2 n - 1-1 n= 8,8-127 + 127,,,, (3 ),,,, 1 1.3 8, [ + 97 ] = 01100001B [ - 97 ] = 10011111B : [ + 0 ] = [ - 0 ] = 00000000 n : - 2 n - 1 X + 2 n - 1-1 n= 8, 8-128 + 127, [ X], [ X] 3
[ X] : [ [ X] ] = [ X] 1.1 00000000 0 + 0 0 00000001 1 + 1 + 1 00000010 2 + 2 + 2 01111110 126 + 126 + 126 01111111 127 + 127 + 127 10000000 128-0 - 128 10000001 129-1 - 127 10000010 130-2 - 126 11111110 254-126 - 2 11111111 255-127 - 1 1.4 [ X] = 11010101B [ X] = 10101011B [ [ X] ] = 11010101B = [ X] (4 ) : [ X + Y ] = [ X ] + [ Y ],, (, ), 1.5 : ( + 33) + ( + 15) ; ( + 33 ) + ( - 15 ) 00100001B [ + 33] + 00001111B [ + 15 ] 00110000B [ + 48 ] 00100001B [ + 33 ] + 11110001B [ - 15] 1 00010010B [ + 18] : [ X - Y ] = [ X] + [ - Y ], [ X - Y ] [ X] [ - Y ], [ - Y ] [ Y ] [ - Y ], [ Y ] ( ), 1 4
1.6 X - Y X = + 33 Y = + 15 [ X] = 00100001B [ Y ] = 00001111B [ - Y ] = 11110001B 00100001B [ X] + 11110001B [ - Y ] 1 00010010B [ + 18] X = - 33 Y = - 15 [ X] = 11011111B [ Y ] = 11110001B [ - Y ] = 00001111B 11011111B [ X] + 00001111B [ - Y ] 11101110B [ - 18 ],,,,,,, 8 16,, 0, 1, 8, [ + 46 ] = 00101110B, [ - 46] = 11010010B, 8 16, [ + 46] = 0000 0000 0010 1110B = 002EH [ - 46] = 1111 1111 1101 0010B = FFD2H (5 ),,,,, 1.7 8, ( + 88) + ( + 65) = + 153 > 127 ( + 88) - ( - 65) = + 153 > 127 ( - 83) - ( + 80) = - 163 < - 128 1.2.3, : : (1 ), :, 1.1100111, ;, 11100111., 8 1.1,,, 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 2 7-1 2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-127 + 127 x - 127 + ( 2 7-1) x - ( 2 7-1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-1 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-27 - 1 2 7 + 27-1 2 7 x - 27-1 2 7 1.1 8 (2 ) N : N = 2 E M, E, E = ej ek - 1 e0 ej : ej = 0, E ; ej = 1, E ek - 1 e0 M N, M = mj m1 mn mj : mj = 0, M ; m j = 1, M M N m1 mn N ej ek - 1 ek - 2 e0 mj m1 m2 mn (3 ), : mj m1, M ; mj = m1, M,, 1,, 1, mj m1,,,, 1/ 2 M < 1, N = 2 0 11 0.0010100,, 0.001010, 0.0010100, 0.1010000,,, 011 010, 001, N 2 00 1 0.1010000,, 6