Ps22Pdf

( )158 :,,,,,, : 8501168 1/ 32 : 12 : 311 1994 1 1 1998 11 2 :500110000 ISBN 7 302 01340 3/ TB15 : 13 00

,,, 10 7, 2 80%, : 1 ;, :, :, ;, ;, 30%,,,, 20,,,,

,,,,,,!,,,! 1992 10

1 1 11 15 27 34 34 42 50 64 79 80 87 92 96 101 103 106 106 116 123 135 153 160 172

177 177 178 179 182 185 189 190 ( CCR ) 202 207 209 211 213 213 215 228 232 232 238 243 247 248 253 256 261 262 268 275

276 284 294 294 297 301 303 307 307 316 334 354 361 366 375

:,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ( 1.1) Q, W; Q1, W; Q2, W; Q3, W 1

Q1,, : 4 Q1 = Ki Fi ( tn+ tw ) ( 1 + 1 + 2 ) ( 1 + 3 ) ( 1.2) i = 1 tw,, - 9; - 26 tw tn, + 18 i, i = 1, ; i = 2, ; i = 3, ; i = 4, Fi ( m 2 )K i, W/ ( m 2 ), 1, ( ),,, - 15-25 % ;- 10-15% ; - 5% ; 2,, ;,, 3,, 4m, 3 0; 4m, 1m, 3 2 % Q2, : Q2 w, kg/ m 3 ; 2 = 0.278 Ll w c( t n- t w) ( 1.3) c, c = 1kJ/ ( kg ) ; L, m;

l, m 3 / ( h m ), Q3, : 100 n% 80 n % 65 n % n,, 5 Q1 Q2 Q3,,, 1., : Qn = qn A ( 1.4) Qn, W; A, m 2 ; qn, W/ m 2 ; 3

Qn = KF( tn - tw) ( 1.5), : qn = KF( t n- tw) A K, F ( 1.6) ( 1.6) : ( 1) t n, qn ; ( 2),,, K, qn ;, qn ; ( 3 ), F/ A, qn ; ( 4 ), t w, qn :,,, qn,, tw, qn, t w, (24, K24 = 2.08W/ ( m 2 ), 37, K37 = 1.56W/ ( m 2 ),49, K49 = 1.27W/ ( m 2 ), 37, 49, t w= - 25; 1.59, 1.23 qn, 36%, 37, tw= - 19, qn 37%,, qn, qn = 52.3W/ m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h ), qn = 71.7W/ m 2 (61.7kcal/ m 2 h ), qn = 71.2 W/ m 2 (61.2kcal/ m 2 h) 1.1,,, 4

1.1 q n W/ m 2 kcal/ ( m 2 h) 4770 4060 5881 5070 6481 5570 5870 5060 4776 4065 6487 5575 ( ) 81105 7090 116140 100120 93116 80100 116163 100140 2. : Qn = qv V w ( t n- t w) ( 1.7) Qn, W; V w, m 3 ; qv, W/ ( m 3 ) ;, 1, 1m 3 qv, qv = KF V w ( 1.8) (1.8 ), KF, : ( 1),,, K, qv ; ( 2 ),,,, F/ V w, 5

, qv, qv ; ( 3) qv,, qv, (1.4 ) (1.7 ),, 3.,,,,,,,,,, : Q = 24 q n D18 tn- t w ( 1.9) Q1m 2, kj( kcal) ; D18 18 d; ( 18) 1 D18 = Z( tn- tw p ) d (1.10) tw p, ; Z, d;, t w p = - 1.6, Z = 126 ( d ), ( 1.10 ) D18 = 2470 d (1.9 ), qn/ ( t n - tw ), qn/ ( t n- t w ) 6

, 24, ( 1.9) 1m 2 413142kJ (98800 kcal) 4.,,,,,,,,, QT = qt V w ( t n- t w T) (1.11) QT, W; qt, W/ ( m 3 ),, 1, 1m 3 ; V w, m 3 ; tn, ; tw T, qv qt,,,, 5. (1), 7

( ), ( ), ; Kr, ( L/ h) : qd = m qr (1.12) qh = Kr m ; mqr 24 (1.13) qr, L/, ; qd, L/ ; qh, L/ h Kr,, Kr, Kr 1,,, Kr Kr = 512, Qr = cqh ( tr - tl ) 10-3 (1.14) Qr, kj/ h; c, kj/ ( kg ) ; qh, L/ h; tr tl, ; 8

, kg/ m 3 (2 ),, (1.13), tr 105, qr 23L/ ;, 100kg, 100250kg (, ) 1.510 5 2.510 5 Pa 6., ( ),,,,,,,,, : 130150, 410 5 6 10 5 Pa ( ) ; 130150 250, 810 5 1310 5 Pa( ) ; 250300,, 9

,,,,,,,, 7.,, ( 1.1 ),,, 1.1 t w t w,1 t w, 2 2 5 Z0 Z1 Z2 ( ) Z0 t w tw( ) (), Z1 t w< t w tw,1 (GJ/ h GW) QN- Qk QN, Q k + 5 : b0 ( b0 Z0 ) QNa0 ; b1 ( b1 Z0 + Z1, tw t w, 1 ), Q1 ( t w, 1 10

) a1, Q N a0 a1 a2,, QNa1 a2 ak, a0 a1 b1 b0 t w< t w tw,1 1.1 ( a) ; ( b) ( ) 1.1 ( 11

60% ), (60 % ) 1. (1 ), D, D50 ( 50mm, 27 ) D75( 75mm, 47 ) 1m, (2 ),,, 10 14 60cm, 14 60 10 60 (3 ),,, 4 813mm, 813, (4 ),, 132mm, M 132,, (4.010 5 Pa),,, (6.08.010 5 Pa) 2. (1), 0.5mm,, (2 ), 1.2mm,, 12

, 0.5mm 480 600mm, 400mm, 200mm 1800mm, (3 ), 52111.5 ( ) mm,, 3540mm 52mm, 416mm(8 ) 520mm( 10 )624mm( 12 ) 600mm, 200mm 2000mm, (4 ),, 640mm 1.52.0mm,,, ; ( ( 512) 10 5 Pa), ( ),,,,,,,,, F( m 2 ) 13

F = Q K ( tp - tn ) 1 2 3 (1.15) Q, W; K, W/ ( m 2 ) ; tp, ; tn, ; 1 : 6 610 1120 2025 1 = 0.95; 1 = 1.00; 1 = 1.05; 1 = 1.10 2, 2 = 1.0; 2 > 1.0, ; 3, 3 = 1.0; 3 1.0, ; Q K t p, t p= ( t g+ t h)/ 2 18 F,, 1 1 = 1.0, F (( 1.15 )), n n = F/ f (1.16) f ( ) n 1, F n 14 () n, n

, :, 0.1m 2 ;, 10%, 813, 1m 2 0.5,, 4m,,,,, 50 %,30%, 20 %,,,,,,, : 1., ; ; ; ; 2., ( 100) ; ( 100) 15

3., (, ) ; ( ) 4., (, ) ; (,, ) 5., (, ) ; (,, ) ; (,,,,,,, ) 6.,, 7.,, 8., ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,, 16

,, ( ), 30% 40% ( ), 70 % 80 %,,, (30% ),,,, 2%, :, 20 % 40 % 2.,,,,,, 3., 1000 (1kg/ m 3 ),, 10,,,,,,,,,, :,, 4.,,,,,,, 17

, :, ( ), ; ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1.2 ) : p = gh( h - g ) (1.17) p, Pa; g, m/ s 2, 9.81; h, m; h ( ), kg/ m 3 ; g ( ), kg/ m 3 t g = 95, th = 70, 1m p = 9.811( 977.81-961.92 ) = 156Pa h = 64m, p10kpa,, ;, 18

1.2 1, 2,,,,,,,,, 2., (1 ),,, 1.3,,,,,,,,, ;,, 19

, 4,,, i 0.003, 1.3 1, 2, 3, 4 (2 ),,,,, 1.4,,,,,,, ( 20

1.4 1.4 ), ( a, ) 300mm,, ( a ),, (3 ), 1.5 (4 ) ;, 1.6, ( ) ( ) (5 ) 21

1.5 1.6 1.7 ; 1.7, 1.31.41.5,,,,,,,,,,,,, 22

3., ( 1.8 ) (1.9 ),, 1.8 1.9,,,, : (1 ),,,,, ; (2 ),, ; (3 ), ; (4 ) ( ),,, 23

; 0.710 5 Pa, 0.710 5 Pa,, :,,, 70 %,,,,,, 1.10 ( A ),, ( B),,,,,,,,,,, () 80120kPa ( C),, 80kPa, ;,, 24

1.10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,, 180/ 70, 95/ 70,,,,, ( D), ;, ( E),,, ( ),, 25

( F) ( G) ( H), ( F),, ( G), ( )( 65), ( ) ( H ),,,, 65, ( I),,, 1.11 ( a) 2, 3( ) 4, 5 10 ( b), ( a),, ( c) ( d) ( e) ( f ) ( d) 7 26

1.11 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,, ( e) ( f),, 1.10,,,,, 27

,, ; ( ),,, : p = py + pj = Rl + pj (1.18) p, Pa; py, Pa; R,, Pa/ m; l, m; pj, Pa, ( ) : ; d, m; R = v 2 d 2 v, m/ s;, kg/ m 3 (1.19), : 28 = f ( Re,) (1.20)

Re = vd, = K d Re, (Re < 2320, Re > 2320, ) ; v, m/ s; d, m;, m 2 / s; K, m; K, K = 0.2mm, K = 0.5mm,,, K = 0.2mm,, ( ) ( ) : G kg/ h, v( m/ s) v = G = 3600 d2 4 G, kg/ h;, kg/ m 3 ; (1.19) G 900d 2 (1.21) (1.21) v (1.19), R = 6.25 10-8 d 5 (1.22), G 2 29

= 1.42 lg Re d K 2 (1.23) (1.23 ) ( 1.22 ), RdG, = 0.11 K d 0.25 (1.24) (1.24) (1.22), t/ h, R = 6.88 10-3 K 0.25 G2 d 5.25 (1.25), R mh2 O/ m, R = 6.88 10-9 K 0.25 ( V ) 2 2 gd 5.25 = 7.02 10-10 K 0.25 V 2 d 5.25 (1.26) V, m 3 / h (1.25), GRd,, G, R, d 30 (1.25) d = 0.387 K0.0476 G 0.381 (R) 0.19 m (1.27) G = 12.06 (R) 0.5 d 2.625 K 0.125 t/ h (1.28)

dg d, (1.25) R, ( 1.18 ) py = R l Pa pj : pj = v2 2 x ; Pa (1.29),, ; d : l d : d = l (1.30) d l d = d (1.31), : p = py + pj = R ( l + ld ) = 1 900 2 2 d 4 2 + d G 2 (1.32) 1., : 31

G = Q c( tg - th ) G, kg/ h; Q, W; 3600 = 0.86 Q ( tg - th ) c, c = 4187J/ ( kg ) ; tg, t h,, : G = 3.6 Q r G, kg/ h; Q, W; r, kj/ kg 2. (1.33) (1.34),, (), ;,, R = 3080Pa/ m, : R = ( p g - po) (1 - ) l pg, Pa; (1.35) po, Pa,,, 2000Pa ; \ x l, m 3. 32 GR,

d, p, 15 % 25 % 4.,,,,, ;,,,, : Rs, Pa/ m; Rb, Pa/ m; Rs = b Rb (1.36) s s (), kg/ m 3 ; b, = 1 kg/ m 3 33

34

,,,,,,,, (2.1),, 1 2 : p1 + Z1g + v2 1 = p2 + Z2g + v2 2 2 2 + p 1-2 Pa ( 2.1), : p1 g + Z 1 + v2 1 2 g = p 2 g + Z 2 p1, p2 1 2, Pa; 34 + v2 2 2 g + H 1-2 mh2 O ( 2.2)

, m; Z1, Z2 1 2 OO v1 v2 1 2, m/ s;, kg/ m 3 ; g, 9.81m/ s 2 ; p1-2 12, Pa; H1-2 12, mh2 O 2.1 AB, ( ) 1 HA, ( 2.2) : HA = p 1 g + Z 1 + v2 1 2 g mh 2 O Z1, ( OO ) ; p1/ g, 1 Z1 ( mh2 O 2.1 35

)1, ; v 2 1/ 2 g, v1 (mh2 O )2 HB : 1 HB = Z2 + p 2 g + v2 2 2 g mh 2 O (2.2 ), 1 2 H1-2 : H1-2 = HA - HB mh2 O ( 2.3) 1 2, 1 HA 2 HB, H1-2,, 1, 2, Z2 > Z1,,?, 1, Z1, H A > HB, 1 2,,, ( ),, 1m/ s;, 1m/ s, 3m/ s v = 1m/ s, v 2 / 2 g = 0.051mH2 O; v = 3m/ s, v 2 / 2 g = 0.46mH2 O,,,,, H = Z + p/ g, 2.1, CD AB 36

CD Z p/ g, Z + p/ g CD, : 1. (CD ) ( ) H; 2. ( Z ), p/ g ( mh2 O), p/ g = H - Z ( mh2 O), MPa, ( mh2 O), 0.1MPa = 10mH2 O = 1.0kg/ cm 2 3., H = HC - H D = Z1 + p1 g - Z2 + p2 g mh2 O ( 2.4) 2.2, 2.3 : (m ), (m ),,,, 2.3 ( ) ( ) 37

; mh2 O,,,,,, p/ g,, ( mh2 O) 1. : pi/ g = Hi - Zi ( mh2 O),, i Zi Hi, pi/ g Z0, Z0 2.2, p0/ g, H0 0 - = 0, p0/ g = H0 0 ( mh2 O) B, pb/ g = HA B- ZB ( mh2 O), H A B B ( ), ZB B, pd/ g = H0 0 - ZD, ZD > Z0, pd/ g < p0/ g,,,, ;,,, 2. :,?,,, 38

, 0.5mH2 O, 2.2, P1/ g = HA A - Z1 ( mh2 O) 2.3, 1 p1 ( )/ g = H1 () - Z1 = 37-1 = 36 ( mh2 O ) p1 ( )/ g = H1 ( ) - Z1 = 37-16 = 21 ( mh2 O),,, :, 2.2 1, 2, 3 3. :,, 2.3, 1 39

H1 = 49-37 = 12 ( mh2 O) 2.2, AB H A B = H A B- HA A 2.3 4. : R 1m ( Pa/ m ), ( ) R,, : R = ( 1 - )H 10 4 Pa/ m ( 2.5) L 40

H, mh2 O; L, m;, 0.30.5 2.2, CB : RCB = (1 - )H C B 10 4 Pa/ m LCB 2.3,2 : R2 = ( 1 - )H 2 10 4 L 2 = ( 1-0.5 ) (38-36) 100 10 4 = 10 Pa/ m 5. :, 2.2, HO E= HE- H O ( mh2 O)H E H O,, 2.1 2.3, mh2 O () : (1 ) 2 (48-7 = 41 ) (2 ) 2 (38-7 = 31 ) (3 ) 2 (38-7 = 31 ) (4 ) 2 (38-40 = - 2 ) (5 ) 3 (38 - ( - 5) = 43 ) (6 ) (34-0 = 34 ) (7 ) (52-0 = 52 ) (8 ) (52-34 = 18) (9 ) 1 (51-2 = 49 ) 41

(10) 1 (35-2 = 33 ) (11) 4 (38-1 = 37 ) (12) 4 (48-38 = 10) (13),3 (34 - ( - 5) = 39 ) (14),3 (34-8 = 26 ), (2 ), ( - 2mH2 O) :, ;, :,,,,,, 1.,,,,, H( ) = 2-5mH2 O;,,, H() = 812mH2 O;, H() = 35mH2 O 2. 42

1.6MPa, (M 132 ), 0. 4MPa(40mH2 O),, 0.6MPa, 1.01.2M Pa, 0.40.5MPa,,,,,,,, 40mH2 O( 0.4MPa) : p g 40 mh 2 O ( 2.6) 2.1,3 43mH2 O,, 3., p/ g0 ( ), ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, : 43

p g 25 mh 2 O ( 2.7) 25mH2 O, 2.1,2-2mH2 O,, 4.,,,,, 2.1 : 2.1 100150 ( ) 100 110 120 130 140 150 ( kpa) 0 46 103 176 269 386,, : p g p b g + 25 mh 2 O ( 2.8) pb, Pa 95/ 70,, ( 100),,,,,, 44

, 1. 212mH2 O,, ; 25mH2 O, ( ) 2., 40m,,, 42mH2 O, ;, 40mH2 O,, ( 2.3 2 ), :,,, ( 2.4 ), 40m, 40m, 40m,,,, (40m ) (40m ),,,,, 45

2.4 1,2,3 4,5,, :, ( ),, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,, 3.,,, 2.3 3 : 34mH2 O, 46

2.5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 39mH2 O, ;, 43mH2 O,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1. 47

,,,,, :,,,,, 2., R,,, ( ),,,, (, R ) ( ),, 3.,,,,,,,, ;, 48

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,, 1.05 49

,, ;, ; Hpb = Hj + Hb - Zb m ( 2.9) Hpb, m; Hj, mh2 O; Hb, mh2 O; Zb, m Gb 4,,, Hj, ( ),,,,, 1., ( ) 50

: p = SG 2 Pa (2.10) H = SG 2 mh2 O (2.11) phpa mh2 O ; G, m 3 / h; S, Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, (2.12) ;mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, (2.13) :.25-9 K0 S = 6.88 10 d 5.25 ( l + l d )Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.12) S = 7.02 10-10 K 0.25 d, m; l, m ; d 5.25 ( l + l d ) mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.13) ld, m; K,, K = 0.0005m = 0.5mm; S () ( kg/ m 3 ), S S ( ), ( ), (2.12 ) ( 2. 13 ), ;, 2. S (1 ) : 2.6, S n S = S1 + S2 + S3 + = S i (2.14) i = 1 51

2.6 i; n,, S, (2 ) : 2.7,, S 1 S = 1 S1 + 1 S2 + 1 S3 n 1 + = i = 1 Si (2.15) 2.7 (2.15),, S ;, pi p = pi (3 ) :,,,, 52

, Sp : ( ),,,,,,,,, Sp < 0, pp ( Pa ) Hp ( mh2 O), G ( m 3 / h), S p : S p S p = - p p G 2 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.16) = - Hp G 2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.17) AB( ) S A B ( 2.8 ) AB S : S = S A B + S p = S A B - p p G 2 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.18) 2.8 2.9 AB( ) p A B = S A B G 2 > pp, S > 0; pa B < pp, S < 0, p B > p A, AB,, 53

,,,, ( 4) :, 2.9, APB, A RB, S A P B =, APB ARB S A B = S A R B, APB, ARB,,, APB ARB, S A B : GA B + GA PB = GA R B GA B + HB A - S A P B = H A B S A R B GA B = H A B S A R B - - HB A - S A PB GA B = 1 S A R B - 1 S A P B HA B S A B = 1 S A B = 1 S A R B 1 S A R B 1 - - 1 S A P B 1 S A P B 2 (2.19) (2.20) 54

S A P B( AB ), APB ARB, S A P B < 0, S A B (2.19) ( 2.20) (2.20), S A B > S A R B :, (), S, ;, 2.9, HA BS A P B, GA P B = H A B S A PB,,, :, ;,, 3. G ( m 3 / h ), p( Pa) H( mh2 O), ( ), S, p = SG 2, S1 > S2 > S3, S1, S3 ( 2.10), (),, ( )2.11 S1 S2, 55

2.10 2.11, S1 S2, S1 S2,, S1 S2 S 2.12,,, ( S1, S2 ),, S 56

2.12 2.13 2.13 S1 S P S1, S P 57

P ( P )S1 S P, S S1 S P, ( ),, 1. (1 ) G( m 3 / h) H( m 10kPa) N ( kw ) n ( r/ min) : G G = n n ; H H = n2 N ; n 2 N = : n3 (2.21) n 3 N = GH kw (2.22) 367,, 2.14,, (, H G ) :, ( ) ( G = 0) 12% ;, 40% ;,,,,, 0, 58

2.14, (2 ),,, : : H G, : H = A + BG + CG 2 + DG 3 mh2 O (2.23) (2.11) H = SG 2 H = H, H = A + BG + CG 2 + DG 3 H = SG 2 H = H (2.24) 59

(2 24 ), ( G, H ) : H = SG 2 mh2 O (2.25),, ( ) : H G H G, 2.15 :,,, A,, ; ( ), B,, 2.15 2.15, (),,, 2.16 Zp 60

, A 2.16 2.17 Zp, p0, 2.17 61

,,,,,,,, ;,, 25%,, 2., ( ), (),, 2.18, 91%, 72.9% ; 50 %, 12.5%, 2.18 62

,, S1 S2, A1 A2, :, A2 A2,,,,, ( ),, ( A2 ),,,,, ( ),, 2.19 () : 2.19 GA, GA 1,, 3 2, A B GA GB 63

, A1 B1 ( 1), GA 1 GB1 2.14,,,, s( ),,,,,,, 1. Gg ( m 3 / h ), Gs ( m 3 / h), x : x = G s Gg (2.26),, x x = 1, Gg 64

Gs, x1 x1, 2. (1 ) : x1, x2, x3, xn, 1, 1,, (2 ) : 1, 1, (3 ) x1 = x2 = = xn =,,, 1. n ( 2.20 ), Gi G ( 2.27 ) : Gi G = 1 Si, n Si - 1, n S2, n S1, n Si Si, n Si - 1, n S2, n1 = i (2.27), Gm, Gj, ( 2.28 ) : G m Gj = Sj S m, n S m - 1, n Sk, n S m S m, n S m- 1, n Sk, n Si i ; ; = j, m (2.28) S i, n i n Si, ni ( ) n 65

; 2.20 n i i ; j, m jm (2.27) ( 2.28 ),, x, ( 2.28 ) :, ( ),, i < j < k, i, jk GjgGkg, GjsGks, (2.28) : Gks Gjs = G k g Gjg = j, k (2.29) Gjs Gjg = G ks Gk g = const (2.30), : (1 ),, ; ( 2) ( 2.20 i), ( ) ( ) 2. 66

, : ; ;,, (1 ) :,,, (2.21, ),,, 2.21 (2 ) :, S,,,, G 2.22 :,,,,, (3 ) : 2.23 O ( ), 67

2.22 2.23, S,,, G, O, O 68

HR, HR,,,, (4 ) : 2.24 3, S,, ( ), G, 1 H1, H1 = S1 G 2 1, S1, G1, G= G - G1, G,, 2, H2 = S2 G 2 2, S2, G2, G= G - G1 - G2, G,,, H3, G4 G5, 3, G3 = G - G1 - G2 - G4 - G5, G3, 3, 3 G3,, 3 ;3, 3, 3,, 3,,,, (5 ) :,,,,,,, 2.25, 69

2.25 2.24 A, A,,, (6 ) :,,,, ;, 2.26 : ( a ), B,,, Hg h< Hgh,, 70

2.26 ( a ), ( b), ( c),,, ( b), A,, ( c),,,,, 1.,, 71

,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ( ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ( 2.27 ) ; 2.27 1, 2 (5 ) ( 2.28) 2.28 1, 2, 3,,, ( ),,,, 72

,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 2.29 abcdef( ) a b c d e f ( ), H, (BCDE ) S,, G AB EF, BE be b e, Hb e< HbeBE SB E,, GB E< GB E b b Hb b, GCD= G - GB E, GCD, GCD > GCD, 2.30 a b c d e f ( ), 73

,, 2.29 2.30 2.29 2.30,, : ( 1 ),,, (2 ),, ( 2.29 ),,,,,, 4 5,, ( ),, 2.31 74

, 2.32 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.332.34 2.33 2.34 75

, CD, Hc d : OB O E, 2.332.34, ( OB O E ),,,,,, OO,,,,, 2.2 2.35, P1 P2, : HA = 20mH2 O, HB = 15mH2 O, HC = 40mH2 O, HD = 25mH2 O, GA C = GBD = 100t/ h, Gk = 90t/ h, GH = 70t/ h, GCD = 60t/ hp1 P2, HP 1 = 25mH2 O, HP 2 = 15mH2 O, HA HB, : (1 ) P2, GA CGK, GH HC, HD? (2 ) P1 P2, P1, GAC, GK, GH HC, H D? (3 ), P1 P2? P1 P2, S 76

: P1 2.35 AP1 C S A P 1 C S A P 1 C = H A - HC G 2 A C = 20-40 100 2 = - 2.0 10-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 P1 Sp 1 S P 1 = - HP 1 G 2 A C = - 25 100 2 = - 2.5 10-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S A P 1 C = S P 1 + S AC, S A C P1 AC, : S AC = S A P 1 C - S P 1 = [ - 2.0 - ( - 2.5) ] 10-3 = 0.5 10-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (1 ) P2 G ( S AC + SC H D + S BD ) G 2 = HA - HB + HP 1 SB D = ( HD - HB )/ G 2 BD = (25-15)/ 100 2 = 1.010-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 77

SC H D = ( HC - H D )/ ( GK + GH ) 2 = ( 40-15 )/ 160 2 = 0.58610-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 : ( 0.0005 + 0.00058 + 0.001 ) G 2 = 20-15 + 25 G = GAC = 30/ 0.00209 = 119.9t/ h K H, GK = 90 119.9 = 67.4 t/ h 160 GH = 70 119.9 = 52.5 t/ h 160 CDBD HC D HBD HC D = SCH D G 2 = 0.000586 119.9 2 = 8.43 mh2 O HB D = S BD G 2 = 0.001 119.9 2 = 14.38 mh2 O HD = HB + HBD = 15 + 14.38 = 29.38 mh2 O HC = H D +HC D = 29.38 + 8.43 = 37.81 mh2 O (2 ) P1 P2 G GAC, GB D ( S AC + SC H D + S BD ) G 2 = HA - HB (0.0005 + 0.000586 + 0.001) G 2 = 20-15 G = GA C = GBD = 5 0.00209 G K = 90 49 = 27.6 t/ h 160 G H = 70 49 = 21.4t/ h 160 = 49.0 t/ h HB D = SB D G 2 = 0.001 49 2 = 2.4 mh2 O HC D = SCH D G 2 = 0.000586 49 2 = 1.4 mh2 O HD = HB + HB D = 15 + 2.4 = 17.4 mh2 O HC = HD + HC D = 17.4 + 1.4 = 18.8 mh2 O, : P2 78,

100 t/ h 119.9t/ h, CD,, P1,, 119.9t/ h 49t/ h,, 2.36 1P 1, P 2, 2 P 1, P 2, 3 P 1, P 2,,,, 79

,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, 2.37,,,,,,,, ( 12% ) ( ),,,, 1, 2, 3 4 1,, 2, ( ), 1 2 1,,,,,,, 3 80

2.37 1, 2, 3, 4,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4, 1.52.0m,, : D N 32mm, DN 50mm, D N 20mm, DN 25mm,, 2.37,, : V p = t V s = 0.0006 75 V s = 0.045 V s L (2.31) 81

Vp (, L; t = 75; t ( 20 95),, = 0.0006L/ ( m 3 ) ; Vs, L V s 1000W 2.2, ( 2.31 ) T905, 112, 116, 0.355.35m 3,,, Hp : Zj + p b g + (2-5) < Hp < 40 m (2.32) Zj, m tg < 100, pb/ g ( ) 0,, Zj,,,,,,,,,,, 82

, 2.38 83

2.2 1kW ( L ) (L/ kw) M 132 ( 60 ) ( 60 ) (51) (71) 8.6 11.2 16.1 9.46 4.0 5.16 ( ) 0.43 12.0 4161000 4161000 5201000 5201000 6241000 6241000 6.45 4.7 7.4 5.26 8.0 5.6 RSL250 7/ 95 A SH,DZ, SZ RSD,RSG, RSZ (LH ) 0.8 2.6 1.0 5.16 9.46 5.16 6.9 13.8 84

2.38 O, y O, y Z p, j,,, p0/ g = Hp ; y, p0 / g < Hp, p0 / g, y, p0 / g,,,, 85

p0 / g,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.39, hy, h, 2.39 y O P O Zp, h Zhy O, yo H y > HO, yhpo h, Zh (Zp ) Oy Zp H O < Z p,,, 86

( ),,, 2.40 2.40,, ( ),,,,,,, 87

, ;,,,,,,, 2.41 2.41 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7,,, 88

3 4,,,, 6,,,,,,,, 2.42,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,?,? 89

2.42 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7,,,,,,,,,,,, 90

,, 2. 43, 3 2, j, 2.43 j j,, 2 (),,, :, 2.43, A, O O, 2 HA HB,,,,, 91

,,,,,,,, 2.44 4 2.44 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ( ),,,,,,,,, 92

,,,,,,, 2.45 ( ) 1, 2 3, 4 5, ;, p1,,,, p2, 6 7,,, 8,,, 9,, 2.46 ( ) ( ) j j, 93

2.45 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,, p1 p2 ( ) 10,,, 2.45,, 2.45 11,, 94

2.46 12,, V1 V2 V3 2.47 ) (,,, ( :, 12/ h ), : V, m 3 ; PV = C (2.33) 95

2.47 P ; C P1, ( V1 + V2 ) ; P2, V2 ( 2.33 ), : P1 ( V 1 + V2 ) = P2 V2 V2 = P 1 V1 P2 - P1 = P2 P1 1-1 V1 m 3 (2.34) P1 ( P2 - P1 ),, P2/ P1, V1 () :, V1 4%, 96

, : ( 0.5 % 1% ), V1 2% 3 % ( 2 % ),,,,, V3 V3 : V3 = (0.10.3) ( V1 + V2 ) m 3 (2.35), V = V1 + V2 + V 3,, ;,,, 1 m 2 1m 3,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ( ) 2.48 1 2, 3 4 97

2.48 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,, 5,,, 6,,,, 7 2.49, 98,

2.49 8, 9 16, 10 2.48 ; p 2.50 2.50,, p 99

, ( 1) hg ; (2 ) Z; (3 ) hb : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, ;,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,, 2.51 100

2.51 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9,10 1, 2 3,,, 5 6 7, 4, 8,, 9,, 10 V V1 V2 : V3 ( ) 101

V2 V3, 0.4 V2, 0.7m, : 0.2( V2 + V3 ) m 3 ; ( ) 0.30.4m,,,,, 2.49,,,,,,,,,,, 50Hz,, : n, r/ min; 102 f, Hz; n = 60 f ( 1 - S N )/ P (2.36)

S N,, 5% ; P, PS N,,, ;,, (2.21) G G = n n ; H H = n2 n 2 ; N N = n3 n 3,, 0.5400Hz, 1411200r/ min 2.52,,, (),, (420mA), (0.550Hz ),,, 2.52,, 2.53,, B1 ; 103

, GB, n1 n2, B2, AB1 B2 C,,,,, 67, 30%,,,,, 1000 / kw 10kW, 12,,, 2.53,,, 2.54, 6 ( ) ( ),, 104

2.54 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,, 7,, ; 6 8,,,,, j1 j2 2.55 ( 105

2.55 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ),,, 6 8,, 8 9,, j2 j1 3 106

,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q = K F t = K F t d - t x ln t d t x Q ( kj/ h) ; K ( k J/ ( m 2 h ) ) ; F ( m 2 ) ; 106 ( 3. 1)

t ( ) ; td, tx ( ) ( 3 1),, ( ) ( ), t d, t x, t, ( ), t, Q = xw x tz d = dw d tz d ( 3. 2) x, d, ; Wx, Wd ( kj/ ( h ) ) ; ( ) : t z d 3 1, t z d = t 1g - t 2h ( 3. 3) W x = CxGx ( 3. 4) W d = CdGd ( 3. 5) x = ( t 2g - t 2h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 6) d = ( t 1g - t 1h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 7) t 1g t 1h ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; t 2g t 2h ( ) Gx, 1988 9 107

3 1 3 1( a ), Gx = G 2; ( b), Gx= G1( t/ h) ; Gd, 3 1( a ), Gd = G 1; ( b), Gd= G2( t/ h) ; Cx, Cd ( kj/ ( k gk ) ) ( 3 2),, 1 ; ( 3 6) ( 3 7),,,, 1 0 F, F =, = 1. 0 3 1, td t x 108

( 3 13) ( 3 14) ( 3 1) : ln t d = t z d - t x ( 3. 8) t x = t z d - t d ( 3. 9) Q = Wd tx = W x t d ( 3. 10) t x = Q/ Wd ( 3. 11) t d = Q/ Wx ( 3. 12) t d = t z d - Q/ Wd ( 3. 13) t x = t z d - Q/ Wx ( 3. 14) z d - Q/ W d) t z d - Q/ Wx - 1 = K F Wx WX Wd, : exp W x W d t z d = tz d exp W x - 1 + : W d - 1 = K F / W x ( 3. 15) - 1 = t z d - Q/ Wx t z d - Q/ Wd 1 Wx - 1 Wd ex p Wx Wd - 1 Q Q = 1-1 - ex p Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd - 1-1 Wx t z d ( 3 2), 109

x = 1-1 - exp Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd - 1-1 ( 3. 16) ( 3. 16),, t : t = tz d - a t x - b t d ( 3. 17) a b,, b, b= 0. 65; a : a = 0. 35 a = 0. 4250 55 a = 0. 65 ( 3 17) t ( ), a = 0. 5, b= 0. 5 ( 3 17) ( 3 1), t (, x ) : = a Wx Wd 1 + b + 1 ( 3. 18) ( 3 16), F =, = 1, >,,,,, = = 1, ( 3 17), ( ), 6% 110

( 34) %,, ( ),, Wd =, : 1 = b + 1/ ( 3. 19), t, b = 0. 5, : = ; 1 0. 5 + u 1 + u + 1 ( 3. 20) u G1g, Gh, u= Gh/ G 1g, u= 0, = 1 0. 5 + 1 ( 3. 21), ( ), ( ) : = W m 1 1 W m 2 2 / W x ( 3. 22), ; W 1, W 2, W x, W 1= W1/ W 1 ; W 2= W 2/ W 2 ; W x = W x/ Wx 111

m 1 m 2,, m 1 = 0. 33-0. 5; m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5, m 1 = m 2= 0. 5, ( 3 22) = Wd / W x ( 3. 23), = K F W 1 W 2 ( 3. 24), : = yl ( 3. 25) y ; L ( m) y,, W 1 W2, ( 3 24) ( 3 18),, : = 0. 35 Wx Wd 1 + 0. 65 + 1 Wx Wd 1 ( 3. 26) 3 2 W x, W d ( 3 26) 3 2, Wx, Wd,, ( 3 2) Q 3 2, = 112

2. 03, W x/ W d = 0. 75, = 0. 716,, ( 3 22) m 1 = 0, m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5,, m 1 = 0. 12-0. 20; m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5 3 2 = f ( Wx, Wd, ) : = Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) Q = Q / Q ; W s = Ws/ Ws ;, B, B= 0. 17-0. 37, = K F / W s = = Q Q tg + t h t g - t h - t 2 tg - t h t g + t h = tg - t h tp - t - t 2 t g, t h ( ) ; t p ( ) ; t ( ) ; ( 3. 28) 113

,, g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ), q ( 1 ), q= K F / A( A, m 2 ), : = K F Ws A A = = q cg = 1 0. 5 + cg q q cg ( 3. 29) ( 3. 30), ( 3 2) : Q = W s( tg - t ),,,, t z d = const, Q = A SH RA E 3 3 G 1. 0 3 4 G > 1. 0 3 33 4 : G, Q ( ) t g = 90, 1, 2, 3, 4 114 W s = G ( 3. 31) 3 3 0< G < 100% Q G

10, 20, 30, 40 3 3, 1, t = 10, 70%, 5% ; 50%, 10% ; 20%, 30% ; 10%, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 :,, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 10%, 18%, 25%, 33% ; 20%, 69%, 50%, 40% 32%, 31%, 50%, 60% 68%,, ; 3 4 0< G < 160% Q G 3 4,,,,, :, ;, 160%, 1( 10) 105% ; 2( 20) 110% ; 4( 40) 125% 1( 10) 300%, 115

110%, :, t p tp, tg, t p t g G, th = t g, t p = t g, tg ( 3 30), q g,,,,, 3 3 3 4, 30, 20% ( 80% 120% ), 10%,, : t = 18,, 16,,,,, : 116

Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3 32) Q ( W) ; t w ( ) ; q v 1( W / ) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) : t = ( Wst g/ q v) + t w ( 3. 33) ( Ws/ qv) + 1 ( 3 33) t g t w, t G( Ws) 3 13 53 6, : tw = - 9, 813, 1m 2 0 5, 52 3W / m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h), 1 qv 1 94W / ( m 2 ) ( 1 67kcal/ m 2 h ) t g= 75,, 3 5 3 5, 5,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ( tw = t w = - 9) :, g = g = 2. 25kg/ ( m 2 h ), 117

3 1 X= g / g tg ( ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) q( W/ ( m 2 ) ) th( ) t ( ) 15 75 2 25 2 25 1 0 0 95 0 350 55 18 1 75 0 35 2 25 0 16 0 78 0 880 12 9 4 4 2 75 0 70 2 25 0 31 0 88 0 750 27 2 11 3 3 75 1 60 2 25 0 71 0 94 0 480 47 5 17 5 4 75 3 20 2 25 1 42 0 96 0 273 59 9 19 9 5 75 5 40 2 25 2 40 0 98 0 165 66 0 20 2 75 11 25 11 25 1 0 57 5

, t = t = 18 t g = 75, t h= 55, t= 20 3 6 ( tw= tw = - 9), : 4, 5 3 2kg/ ( m 2 h ), 5. 4kg/ ( m 2 h ), 19 9 20 2 1, 2, 3 0 35k g/ ( m 2 h ), 0. 7kg/ ( m 2 h ) 1 6kg/ ( m 2 h ), 4 4, 11 3 17 5,, ;,,,, ;,,,, x 1, ; x 1, t w > tw, ( 3 30), t w = t = 18, Q = 0, q= 0, = 0, ( 3 33) t = 18 t w = 18,, 3 7, 3 7, ( 3 1 ),, 119

,, t w = t w, ;,, tw = t,, tw = + 5, 3 7, 3 7,,, : 23, x = 2-3; 0 20 5, x = 0. 2-0. 5, 20 10 : 20,, 120

23 ; 10, 0 5, t ( 3 33) ( ),,, t w = - 18, 4 2kg/ ( m 2 h ) 3 2 : - 18, 60/ 45,,, 18t w = - 4. 1( ), 3. 7kg/ ( m 2 h), x = 0. 89, 47. 0/ 36. 6, 18, ( t w = - 4. 1),,, :,,, ;,,, x = 2. 3, 17 6, 18 1, 18 8, 19 4 20 1, 2 5 x = 0. 26, 15 9, 14 0, 12 3, 10 7 9 1, 6 8:, ;, 121

3 2 tw( ) g x ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) tg( ) th( ) t ( ) x y 1 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0-18 4. 2 1. 0 60 45 1 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 1 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 0 89 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0-4. 1 3. 7 0. 89 47. 0 36. 6 0 89 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 0 89 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 2 3 17 6 18 1 18 8 19 4 20 1-4. 1 4. 7 1. 12 46. 5 38. 3 0 8 17 4 17 3 17 2 17 0 16 9 0 26 15 9 14 0 12 3 10 7 9 1

, t w = - 4 1, x = 1. 0, x = 0. 89, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5,, x r, : x r = t / t p ( 3 34) x r = 1,,, x r > 1, x r < 1,,, ( 123

G ( kg/ h) g( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h ) ) 3 3 x t g t h 11.25 2.25 2.25 1.0 75 57.5 15.75 3.15 2.25 1.4 75 61.6 30.0 6.0 2.25 2.67 92 82.3 70.3 14.1 2.25 6.25 75 71.4 70.3 14.1 2.25 6.25 66.6 63.4 11.25 2.25 2.25 1.0 75 55

g i ( kg/ (m 2 h) ) x i 1 0.35 0.16 4.4 2 0.70 0.31 11.3 3 1.60 0.71 17.5 4 3.20 1.42 19.9 5 5.40 2.40 20.2 1 0.5 0.22 8.5 2 1.0 0.44 13.6 3 2.25 1.00 18.0 4 4.50 2.00 20.0 5 7.5 3.33 20.7 1 0.94 0.42 18.0 2 1.87 0.83 23.6 3 4.27 1.90 27.4 4 8.50 3.78 29.3 5 14.40 6.40 30.7 1 2.25 1.00 18.0 2 4.44 1.97 19.8 3 10.06 4.47 22.5 4 20.00 8.99 23.6 5 33.75 15.00 24.0 1 2.25 1.00 15.7 2 4.44 1.97 17.2 3 10.06 4.47 18.5 4 20.00 8.89 18.9 5 33.75 15.00 19.0 1 2.25 1.00 18.0 2 2.25 1.0 18.0 3 2.25 1.0 18.0 4 2.25 1.0 18.0 5 2.25 1.0 18.0 t n ( ) t np () Q( W) Q ( % ) q ( % ) 14.8 230-12.5 31.9 ( 6.3) 16.2 245.5-6.2 25.0 25.8 338.4 29.3 61.0 21.5 294.4 12.5 23.8 17.9 260.5-0.004 18.0 262 0.0 0.0

) ( ),,,,,, ;,,, 3 33 8, 3 3 3 8 3 1 3 6, 15 11 25kg/ h, 2. 25 k g/ ( m 2 h ),, tg = 75, : G= 15. 75kg/ h, x = 1. 4, 3 15kg/ ( m 2 h), 1 2 4 4 11 3 8 5 13 6, 4 1 2 34, 5 19 9, 20 2 20 0 20 7, 0 1 0 5 1 5, 15 8 12 2 x r, 1, x r1 0 3 0 53, 5, x r5 1 37 1 28 6 25 ( 70 3kg/ h ), 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h ), 1 5 6 0, 126

,,,, :,, ;,,, 3 8 1 g = 3. 15kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75), 2 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75), 3 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 66. 6), 4 g = 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 92),,,, : 1,, 3 3,,, 18, 262W ( 225k cal/ h ) 127

,,, ;,, 70 3k g/ h ( 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ), 15 15 7, 17 2, 18 5, 18 9 19 0, 17 9 tg = 66. 6, th = 63. 4, Q= 261W ( 224k cal/ h),, 18262W,,,, ( ),, 3 0, 1530kW, 1 4, 2 74, 4182kW,,,,,,,, : ( 1kW h ) 1986 ( ) : WT F ( 95/ 70) ( WT F ) th0 6, 128 W TF 0. 6( W TF ) t h ( 3. 35)

W TF : W T F = Q/ N q ( 3. 36) Q ( kw h/ d ), : q ( kw / m 2 ) ; A ( m 2 ) Q = 24q A ( 3. 37) N q ( kw h / d), N q : N ( kw ) N q = 24N ( 3 38) ( WT F ) t h: ( W TF ) t h = 7450 14 + al L ( m ) ; ( 3. 39) a R( mmh 2O/ m ), : L 500m 500m < L < L 1000m 0 6( W T F) th3 4 : a = 0. 0115 1000m a = 0. 0092 3 4 0 6( WTF) th a = 0. 0069 L ( m) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0. 6( WT F ) th 274 240 229 209 200 195 189 179 L ( m) 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 0. 6( WT F ) th 169 161 153 146 140 134 129 129

, 9 0, 32 1k W, 40kW, 36m, 270t / h,,,, 2,,,,,, (,, ),,,,, :,,,, 3 9, ( a ), ( b) 3 3, ( a ) ( b) g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h), ( b),, t w = - 9, 1 5 15 7 19 0, 3 3, t p = 17. 9,,, ( a ) ( b) 66 6 75, 1 18, 5 24, t p = 21. 5, 130

3 9 ( g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ) ( a ) ( b) Q= 294. 4W ( 253 1kcal/ h ), Q = 262W 12 5%, 3 3,,,, ;,,, 30kg/ h ( 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h ), x = 2. 67), ( 1 ) 18, 92 Q= 338. 4 W ( 291kcal/ h ), 29 3%,,,, 131

3,, : ( 1) 3 1 3 2,, ( x 1), t w = t w = - 9, t g = t g = 75,, t h= t h = 55,, t h = 57. 5, 2 5 262W ( 225kcal/ h ) 230W ( 197 8kcal/ h ), 12 5%,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 510%, ( 2), 0 350 45W / m 2 132,

0 60 9W/ m 2 0 45W / m 2 0 50 6W/ m 2,,, ( 1133) %, 100%,, ( 3),, ;, ( ),,, : q = j 0. 024( Q - Q1 8) = 1 j Q1 8 ( 3. 40) q, ( 100% ) ; Q ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; Q 1 8 18 ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; j Q, Q 18 3 2 ( 11 25kg/ h),, 31 9% ; ( ), 6 3% 30 0kg / h( 6kg/ ( m 2 h ) ), 92 ( 18), 133

61%,, ( ) ;, ( 4) : 10%, 23 2%,,,, :,, 816, 1018??,,,,, ( ),,,, 35%, 0 50 7 (, 1 0 1 5 m 2 ),, 0 3 0 5 4 ;,,,, 5, : 134

,,,, :,, ( 18) ( 3 33) : ( W s), t w qv t g ;,, ;,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,, ( ), ( 3 41) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) Q = Ws( t g - th ) ( 3. 41) 135

Q = ( 3. 20) ( 3. 27) ( 3. 28) W s( tg - t ) ( 3. 31) Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3. 32) = : 1 0. 5 + u 1 + u + 1 w ( 3. 20) w = w Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) w = t g - t h t p - t ( 3. 28) Q = t g - t w 0. 5( t g t - t w + + t h - 2t ) Q B / ( 1+ B) + 0. 5+ u 1+ u ( 3. 42) t g - t h W s Q = ( 3 42),, : t - tw t - tw t g = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w t - t w + ( 3 43) : 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( 0. 5 + u) ( tg - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w t h = t g - Q / W s = tg - Q / W s t h = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w - ( 0. 5 + u) ( t g - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 43) ( 3. 44) ( 3 43) ( 3 44) :, t, 136

t g th, G u tw,, ( 3 43) ( 3 44) t t ( 3 43) ( 3 44), : t p = tg + t h 2 ( 3 45) tw tp = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 45), t, G,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ), t 1g u 3 10, G 1g 3 10 1, 2, Gh, u = G h/ G1g,, G1g, Gh, 137

: cg1g ( t 1g - t 2g) = cgh( t 2g - t 2 h) u = Gh/ G1g = t 1g ( ) ; t 1g - t 2g t2 g - t2h t 1g = t 2g + u ( t 2g - t 2h) ( 3. 46) t 2g, t 2h ( ) ; c ( 3 46) t 2g, t 2h ( 3 43), ( 3 44) t g, t h, u, u = t 1g - t 2g t 2g - t 2h ( 3. 47) t 2g, t 2hu, ( 3 46) t 1g, u = 0, : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w t - tw 2G ( 3. 48) t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t - t w t g - t ht - tw t g + t h - 2t ) - t - t w 2G ( 3. 49) t - tw,,,, K = K, ( 3 48) ( 3 49) B= 0, : t g = t + t h= t + 138 1 2 ( t g + th - 2t ) t - tw t - tw + t g - th t - tw 2G t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w - t g - t ht - t w 2G t - t w ( 3. 50) ( 3. 51)

,, 1,, G= G, G = 1, t g, t h, ( 3 52), ( 3 53) : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w ( 3. 52) t - tw 2 t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t g t - t w t g - t ht - tw - 2t ) - ( 3. 53) t - t w 2 t - tw 3 1 t w = - 26 t = 18,, B= 0. 35 ( 1) t g = 95, t h = 70; ( 2), t 1g = 130, t 1h = t 2 h = 70, t 2g = 95 ( 1) ( 3 52), ( 3 53), t g = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 th = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 0. 74 0. 74 + 12. 5 18 - tw 44-12. 5 18 - t w 44 t w, t g t h ( 2), ( 3 46) u = ( 130-95) / ( 95-70) = 1. 4 t 1g = tg + 1. 4( tg - t h) 139

t g th ( 1) ( + 5 t w - 26),, 3 5, 3 11 3 5 tw ( ) - 26-23 - 20-15 - 10-5 0 + 5 95/ 70 th 70 67. 6 65. 1 60. 8 56. 2 51. 4 46. 2 40. 5 130/ 95/ 70 tg 95 90. 9 86. 7 79. 5 72. 1 64. 4 56. 4 47. 9 t1g 130 123. 5 116. 9 105. 8 94. 4 82. 7 70. 7 58. 2 tg 95 90. 9 86. 7 79. 5 72. 1 64. 4 56. 4 47. 9 th 70 67. 6 65. 1 60. 8 56. 2 51. 4 46. 2 40. 5 130/ 70 tg 130 122. 4 114. 7 102. 0 89. 3 76. 6 63. 8 51. 1 th 70 66. 5 62. 9 57. 0 51. 1 45. 2 39. 3 33. 4 G = 1 ( 3 50) ( 3 51), t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) ( 3. 54) t - t w t - t w th = t + ( t h - t ) ( 3. 55) t - t w 3 2, 130/ 70,, 130/ 70,, t g = 18 + ( 130-18) 18 - t w 18 + 26 = 18 + 2. 545( 18 - tw ) 140

3 11 1130/ 95/ 70, ; 295/ 70, ; 130/ 95/ 70, ; 3130/ 95/ 70 95/ 70, th = 18 + ( 70-18) 18 - t w 18 + 26 = 18 + 1. 182( 18 - t w ),, 130/ 70, t g = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 t h = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 0. 74 0. 74 + 30 18 - t w 44-30 18 - tw 44 ( + 5 t w - 26),, 3 5 3 63 12 141

3 12 130/ 70 ; 130/ 70 ; 130/ 70, : ( 1) t w,, ;, : Q = Q Q = t - tw t - tw = t 1g - t h t 1g - t h = t g - t h t g - t h ( 3. 56) ( 2) 3 12,, ; 142

, tw,,, K, ; K,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,, 60, 70,,,,, 2 tg = tg,, G t h : 143

G = t - t w 0. 5( tg - t h ) t - t w t g - t - 0. 5( t g + t h - 2t ) t h = 2t - tg + ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t - tw t - tw tw t - tw 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 57) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 58),,, 3 1, 95/ 70,,, t w = + 5, 7 27%, G = 0. 0727, t h= 24. 7,, G = 0. 153, t h = 16. 1t w = + 18, ( 3 58) t h < 0, tg = t g = 95 t w = + 18, t w = t,, t p = 18, 95,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 3 :, 144

,,,,,,, : G = 100%, G = 80% G = 60%, H p = 100%, 64% 36% ; N = 100%, 51. 2% 21 6%, : G = 100% G = 75% ; H p N 56% 42% ;, ; 3 3, t g = 130, t h = 70, 100%, 75%,, 3 6, 3 12, : - 15-26, G = 100% ; + 5 -, 75%, G = 75% - 15 15-26, G = 100%, + 5-15, G = 75%, : t g = 18 + 82 18 - t w 44 0. 74 + 0. 560 0. 75 18 - tw 44 ( ) 145

t h = 18 + 82 18 - t w 44 0. 74-0. 5 60 0. 75 18 - t w 44 ( ) 3 6 t w ( ) - 26-23 - 20-15 - 10-5 0 + 5 G = 1 t g ( ) 130 123. 8 117. 5 106. 8 95. 8 84. 4 72. 6 60. 1 t h ( ) 70 67. 9 65. 7 61. 8 57. 6 53. 1 48. 0 42. 4 t g ( ) 130 123. 8 117. 5 114. 3 102. 1 89. 6 76. 7 63. 1 t h ( ) 70 67. 9 65. 7 54. 3 51. 2 47. 8 44. 0 39. 4 G 1. 0 0. 75 t w 3 12, 3 6, 3 12, + 5 t w - 15, ;,,,,, 4,,,,, : ( h/ d) ; = 24 t - t w ( h/ d) ( 3. 59) t - t w t w ( 146

( ) :,,,, 24, 5, 95/ 70, :, ;, 7080, 18, : ( ) 4770W / m 2 ( 40-60k cal/ ( m 2 h ) ) ( ), 0 350 4 / m 2 ( 813), 7093 W/ m 2 ( 60-80kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), 0 50 7 / m 2,, m, L : m = qg / qs ( 3. 60) L = f g/ f s ( 3. 61) ) 147

m ; q g ( W / m 2 ) ; q s ( W/ m 2 ) ; L ; f g ( m 2 ) ; f s ( m 2 ), Q 3J Q 2J Q 1J : Q 1J Q 1J = Q 2J = Q 3J = qv( t - t w ) Q 2J = 1 2 K F ( t g + t h - 2 ) Q 3J = cg ( tg - t h ) Q 1, Q 1J = mq 1, Q 2, Q 2J = Q 2 / L, Q 3 Q 3J, Q 3 = Q 3J = Q 1J = mq 1 mq 1 = Q 2 / L = Q 3 mlq 1 = Q 2 = LQ 3 ( 3. 62),, Q 1 Q 2 Q3,, LQ 3 mlq 1 148

Q 2, Q 1J Q Q 1 = mlq 1 = Q 2 Q 2 = Q 3 LQ3 ( 3. 63),, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q3, Q 1/ Q 1 = Q2/ Q2 = Q 3/ Q 3,, ( 3 63), t g = t + t h= t + 1 2 ( t g + th - 2t ) t - t w t - t w 1 2 ( t - tw t g + t h - 2t ) t - tw = 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B) 1 Lm + - L ( t g - t h ) t - t w 2 t - t w ( 3. 64) L ( tg - t h ) t - tw 2 t - tw ( 3. 65) ( 3. 66), 95/ 70, ( 813 ) qs = 55W / m 2, f s= 0. 4 / m 2, qg = 70W/ m 2, f g = 0. 5 / m 2 m= qg / qs= 70/ 55= 1. 3, L= f g/ f s= 0. 5/ 0. 4= 1. 2 3 7, t w = - 9, 95/ 70, 75/ 55,, 149

3 7 tw( ) tg( ) th( ) tg( ) t h ( ) - 9-7 - 5-3 - 1 1 3 5 18 95 90. 2 85. 4 80. 5 75. 5 70. 4 65. 3 60. 0 18 70 67. 2 64. 1 61. 0 57. 9 64. 7 51. 4 47. 9 18 75 71. 0 67. 3 63. 9 60. 5 56. 9 53. 3 49. 6 18 55 53. 0 51. 1 49. 1 47. 1 44. 9 42. 7 40. 4 18 6,,,, ( ) 3 13, t 1g t 1h, W 1 t 2g t 2h, W2, : 3 13 1, 2, 3 150 Q = W t 1g - t 1h 1 t 1g - t 1h

Q = W t 1g - t 2h 1 t 1g - t 2h Q = W t 2g - t 2h 2 t 2g - t 2h, ( 3 18) 1 = a W x + b + 1 W d, t 1g t 2g, t 1= t 1g- t 1h t 2= t 2g - t2 h W 1< W 2, ( 3 18), W x= W1, W d= W2, : t 1g = t 2g + t2 g - t 2 h W W 2 2 W 1-1 t - t w t - t w t 1h = t 2h + t 1g - t 1h W W1 1 W1-1 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 67) ( 3. 68) ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t 2g, t 2h t1 g, t 1h, t 2g, t 2h W 1 W 2( G 1, G 2), t w, W 1= W 2= 1, ( 3 67) ( 3 68) W 2 t 1g = t 2g + ( t 2g - t 2h ) W 1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 69) W1 t 1h = t 2h + ( t 1g - t 1h ) W1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 70) 151

,,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68),,, :, ( 3 45),,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t1g = t1h + Q/ W1, t1h = t1g - Q/ W 1 : t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 h 2W t - t w 2 t - t w t 1h = t 2p + 1 W t 2g - t qh - 1 2W t - tw 2 t - tw, ( 3 71) ( 3 72) t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 ht - t w 2 t - t w 1 t 1h = t 2p + - 1 t 1g - t 1h W t 2g - t 2ht - t w - 1 2 t - t w t 2p, ( 3. 71) ( 3. 72) ( 3. 73) ( 3. 74) ( 3 45) t 2p = t 2g + t 2h 2 ( 3 71), ( 3 72), ( 3 73) ( 3 74),,, t w 152

t 1g, t 1h,, 18,,,, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 3 q 1 = q 2 = q 3 Q 1 = q 1 q 1, q 2, q 3 ; Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 3 14 ( 3 14), t g = t g 1 = t g 2, t h = t h 1 = t h2 ( 3. 75) tg = t g 1 = t g 2 ( 3. 76) 153

t g 1, th 1 ( ) ; t g 2, th 2 ( ) ; t g 1, t g 2 ( ) q 2 = q 3 = t g 1 + t h1-2t t g 1 + t h1-2t 1 + B = t g 2 + t h2-2t t g 2 + t h2-2t 1 + B th = th1 = th 2 ( 3. 77) G1( tg 1 - t h 1) G1 ( t g 1 - t h1 ) = G2( t g 2 - t h2) G( t g - t h) = G2 ( tg 2 - t 2 ) G ( tg - t h ) G = G 1 = G 2 = Q t g - th ) t g - t h G 1, G2 ( kg/ h ), G = ( 3. 78) G1 G 1 = G2 G2 = p 1 p 1 = p 2 p 2 = p ( 3. 79) p p 1, p 2 ( Pa) ; p 1, p 2 ( P a) ; p, p ( Pa), : p q, p z, p 1 = p q1 + p z 1, p 2 = p q2 + p z 2, p 1 = q1 + p z 1 p 2 = p q2 + p z 2 154

p z 1 = g ( h - g ) h 1, p z 2 = g ( h - g ) h 2, p z 1 p z 2 p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = = g ( h - g ) h 1 = g ( h - g ) h 2 h - g h - g h 1, h 2 ( m) ; ( 3. 80) g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) ; g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) h - g h - g = t g - th t g - th p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = tg - t h tg - t h p q1 = p q1 = p q2 = p q2 = 0 G = G1 G1 = G 2 G2 = tg - t h tg - t h ( 3 82) ( 3 78), G 3 = Q G = Q 1/ 3 = t - tw 1/ 3 t - tw ( 3. 81) ( 3. 82) ( 3. 83),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83), t( 3 82) ( 3 83) 155

,,,,,, G = p p = p q + p z p q + p z p z p z = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 74) ( 3 75),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83),, p q p q = p z p z = p q+ p z p q + p z = t g- t h t g - t h = G ( 3. 84) ( 3 84) ( 3 48) ( 3 49), ( 3 85), ( 3 86) ( 3 83) t g = t + t h= t + G = 1 / 2 t g- t h = t g - t h 1 2 ( t t - tw g + th - 2t ) t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w 1/ ( 1+ B ) 1/ ( 1 + B ) 1/ 3 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 83) + 1 2 / 3 2 ( t t - t w g - t h ) t - t w - ( 3. 85) 2/ 3 1 2 ( t - tw t g - t h ) t - tw ( 3. 86),, : 1,, ( 3 83) ( 3 85) ( 3 86), 156

,, :, ;,,, 3 3, 130/ 70, tw = + 5, 64. 8/ 38. 0, G = 0. 67(, 60 1/ 42. 4, G = 1),, 2 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 157

, Q = 3 15 Q 2 = q 2 = Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) = = t g + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t 1 + B = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + t h - 2t tg + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + th - 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t Q 1/ ( 1+ B ) t 1 ( ) Q = Q 3 = G t g - t h t g - t h Q G = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 87) G = = t g - th t g - th Q B / ( 1+ B ) G t - t w = t - t w 1 + B ( 3. 87) 3 15 B / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 88) 158

1 2G ( t g - th ) Q = tg - t h 2Q Q B / ( 1 + B ) 1 2G ( t g - t h ) Q = 1 2 ( t g - t h ) Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( 3. 89) ( 3 89) ( 3 48) ( 3 49) G t - t w = t - t w B / ( 1+ B) t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) t - t w t h t - t w = t + ( th - t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 90) ( 3. 91), ( 3 88), ( 3 90) ( 3 91) : 1,, 3 2, t w = - 4. 1, G = 0. 89 3 3 130/ 70, tw = 5, 63. 4/ 39. 1, G = 0. 73,, 2,,, K,,, 159

,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ( ) ( ), ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, ( ), 160

,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, 20%,, r r = 1- Q c Q j = 1- h q- h s j 1+ a ( h g r- h gs) + 1+ a ( h r h- h rq) 1 1 Q j ; Q c ; h g r ; h q ; h s ; h g s ; h r q ; h r h ; ( 3. 92) j a ( ) ; 1 161

a ( ) 1, r,, h g r, ( 5kPa ),,, ( h q- h s),,, j, hg s a, 1,, 1 + j a 1 ( h gr - h gs) 3 8,,,, 6 12MW, : 3 5MPa ( ), 435, 192 5; 50100MW, : 9 0MPa, 535, 231 7; 200MW, : 13 0MPa, 535; 300MW, : 16 5MPa, 550, 200 2,,,,,,,,,, 162

3 8 N 6 35 N12 35 N50 90 N100 90 N200 130 N300 165 ( MPa ) 3. 5 3. 5 9. 0 9. 0 13. 0 16. 5 / ( ) 435 435 535 535 535/ 535 550/ 550 ( MW ) 6 12 50 100 200 300 3 3 45 7 8 8 ( ) 150 150 215 215 240 254

2,, ; ( ),,,,,, : 150, 0 40 6MPa ( ) ; 150250, 0 8 1 3MPa ( ), ; 250, 0 41 5MPa ( ), 2132 91945 2kJ/ ( kg K ),, ( ) 4 187kJ/ ( kg K ), 2. 1kJ/ ( k gk ),, ;,,,,, ( ) 1%, 30% 40%,, 30% 40%,,,,,,,,,,, 164

, 0 4MPa( ) ( 143 6) 2737 6kJ/ kg, 1 5MPa ( 198 3) 2789 9kJ/ kg, 1 1MPa, 1 9% 0 4MPa, 200 2860 4k J/ kg, 56 4 4 5% ; 1 5MPa, 300 3038 9k J/ k g, 101 7 8 9%, ( 130300),, 10%, ( ),,,, 1 ( 1), G = 3. 6Q kg/ h ( 3. 93) r G ( kg/ h) ; Q ( W) ; r ( k J/ kg ) Q,,,, ;,, 165

: ( dp / d ) z d = 3-4k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 10-30k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 40-50k Pa/ s ( d p / d ) z d = ( 0. 002-0. 005) p ( kpa/ s) ( 3. 94) ( dp / d ) z d ( k Pa/ s) ; p ( kpa ), D s( kg/ h ) B( kg/ h ), p, D q( ), 3 16, p 0. 5MPa,,,,,,,, 3 16, 0 8MPa, ( 2) 166

,, ( 3 17) 3 17 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, p h, p 0, p k,, 1 2,,, a bc b ( a ), 6 9,,,,,, 167

,,,,,,,, a bc b ( ), a, c,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 ( 3 18) 1,,, 3, 2, 8, 9,, 10,,,,,,,, ; 168

3 18 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; 9, 10, 11, 0 5MPa( ) 2747 4kJ/ k g, 0 2MP a( ), 0 2MPa 2706 3kJ/ kg, 41. 1kJ/ kg, 2 1kJ/ ( k gk ), t = 41. 1/ 2. 1 = 19. 57 20 0 5MPa 0. 2 MP a, 151 84 140 23 ( 0 2MP a 120 23), 1. 1MPa ( ) 0 98, 0 42MPa ( ), 1 0 0. 42MP a, ; 0. 42MPa, ( 0 98),,,,, 169

,, ( ),,,,,,, ( 2 11) H = SG 2 Pa S = 6. 8810-9 K 0. 25 ( l + l d ) d 5. 2 5 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 H ( Pa) ; G ( m 3 / h ) ; S ( Pa / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) ; K ( m ), 0. 0002m; l ( m) ; l d ( m), ; d ( m) ; ( kg/ m 3 ), 0. 18-, 1 07 6kg/ m 3 1. 5MP a, S, S, ( 2 11), ( ), v,,,,,, 170

,,,,,,,,,,, 3 19 2, 1 4 7, ( 8),, 3 19 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, 3 4 0. 3MPa ( ) 400, 0 3MP a( ), 10, 171

? h q= 3275. 2kJ/ kg, h h = 2724. 7+ 2. 110= 2745. 7kJ/ kg, h s= 561. 5kJ/ kg k g m s kg,, : h q + h sm s = h h( 1 + m s) ( 3. 95) 3275. 2 + 561. 5ms = 2745. 7( 1 + ms) m s = 0. 242kg/ kg kg 0. 242kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 172

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : j t = d = 0 Q = Q = G= j = 0 t g + th 2 - tg j + = 0 j ( t w s) - ( 3. 96) + t h 2 - + ( t w s) - ( 3. 97) = 0 1. 163cG ( t g - t h )10 3 ( 3. 98) t - B/ ( 1+ B ) t w s t - tw t g, t h, ; Q, W/ d; G, t / h; t, ; t w s, ; c, kj/ ( k g ) ; ( 3. 99),,, ; - 1-173

t w s,,,, Q s k J/ ( m 2 d) ; tws = tw + Qs/ Sk ( 3. 100) S k, kj/ ( m 2 d ),,,, t, t g, t h, t w s, Q ( 3 96) ( 3 97) j,,, j 4-5,, 30 j = 5, 5, 5 = 0, ( - ), t, t g, th, t w s, Q ; 4 = 1, ( - ) = ( - 1), 4 5 ;, 1, = 4, ( - ) = ( - 4), 5 4, = 0, 1,, 4,, ( - 1), ( - 2),, ( - 4) 5 ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 1 t 5 t g + th = 0 2 5 t g + t h + 1 2 4 + 0t w s5 + 1tw s4 + + 4tw s1 t g + + 4 + t h 2 1 Q5 t g = 0 + t h 2 5 + 0tw s5 + tg + 1 + t h 2 4 1t w s4 + + 4t w s1 t g + th + + 4 2 1 6, j 5, 6 = 0, 5 = 1, 2 = 4, 1, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 2 174

t 6 t g + th = 0 2 6 t g + t h + 1 2 5 + 0t w s6 + 1tw s5 + + 4tw s2 t g + + 4 + t h 2 2 Q6 t g = 0 + t h 2 6 + 0tw s6 + tg + 1 + t h 2 5 1t w s5 + + 4t w s2 t g + th + + 4 2 2 30, 30 = 0, 29 = 1, 26 = 4, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 26 t 30 t g = 0 + t h 2 30 t g + t h + 1 2 29 + 0tw s30 + 1tw s29 + + 4t w s26 t g + th + + 4 2 26 Q 30 tg = 0 + t h 2 3 0 tg + 1 + t h 2 2 9 t g + t h + + 4 2 26 + 0t w s3 0 + 1t w s29 + + 4t w s26 26, 0-4, 0-4, 0-4 0-4,, ( 5 ),,,, 3 9 3 9 0 0. 1831 0 0. 2652 0 1. 462 0-0. 736 1 0. 0842 1 0. 1552 1-0. 221 1-0. 260 2 0. 0688 2 0. 1286 2-0. 130 2-0. 182 3 0. 0178 3 0. 0575 3 0. 017 3-0. 07 4 0. 0093 4 0. 0354 4-0. 002 4-0. 011 : Q 10 10 J/ d, t,, 10 10,, 175

t w s, S k( ) 160210kJ/ ( dm 2 ), 0 3 t, Q (,, ),,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) ( 3 98) ( 3 99),,,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 99),,,, tw s t ( t = 18) 4 t g, t h, G Q 4, t g, th, G Q,,,,, t w s= j = 1 j ( t w s) - + e - ( 3. 101) e,, ;, 176 = 1

, t w j,,, 177

:,, ( ;, ),,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 177

,,,,,,,,,,,,, S ( a, ) () (2.11) : S = H G 2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 G, m 3 / h; H, mh2 O G H,,, S,, : S, G H, S,,,, 178

,, (, ), :,,,,,,, ( ), 4.1, 4.1 4, 50m, 1, 2, 3, 4 100m 3 / h, 40, 30, 20, 179

10mH2 O 4.1,,, 4.1 G (m 3 / h) 400 300 200 100 H (mh 2 O) 10 10 10 10 S = H/ G 2 10-3 ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.063 0.111 0.25 1.00 1 2 3 100 100 100 40 30 20 4.00 3.00 2.00 4 100 10 1.00 4.2 4, 3, 2, 1, 180

4.2. 4 1 4 S 0 = S + S + S + S + S 4 = 0.063 + 0. 10-3 111 (mh2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) + 0.25 + 1.00 + 1.00 = 2.424 2 4 (m 3 / h) G 4 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 2.42410-3 = 144 3 4 4 = G 4 / G 4 = 144/ 100 = 1.44 181

( ). 3 1 2 3 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 3 4 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 2, 4 = H 3 / G 2 = 20/ 200 2 = 0.5 S 0 = S + S + S + S 3, 4 = 0.063 + 0.111 + 0.25 + 0.5 = 0.924 3 (m 3 / h) G0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0.92410-3 = 232 4 3 3 = G 0 / ( G 3 + G 4 ) = 232/ (100 + 100 ) = 1. 16 3 5 G 3 = G 4 = 3 G 3 = 1.16100 = 116 (m 3 / h). 2 1 2 2 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 2,3,4 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 2, 4 = H 2 / G 2 = 30/ 300 2 = 0.333 S 0 = S + S + S 2, 4 = 0.063 + 0.111 + 0.333 = 0.507 3 (m 3 / h) G 0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0.50710-3 = 314 4 2 2 = G 0 / ( G 2 + G 3 + G 4 ) = 314/ (100 + 100 + 100) = 1.04 5 2 (m 3 / h) G2 = 2 G2 = G3 = G4 = 1.04100 = 104 182

( ). 1 1 2 1 10-3 (mh2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1, 2, 3, 4 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S1, 4 = H1/ G 2 = 40/ 400 2 = 0.25 S 0 = S + S 1, 4 = 0.063 + 0.25 = 0.313 3. (m 3 / h) G 0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0.31310-3 = 400 4 1 1 = G 0 / ( G 1 + G 2 + G 3 + G 4 ) = 400/ 400 = 1.00 5 1 (m 3 / h) G 1 = 1 G 1 = G 2 = G 3 = G 4 = 1100 = 100 :,,,,,,,,,, TA ( ),, 183

,,,,,,, 4.2, 4 A, B, C, D;4 : 1. 4.2 (1 ) ( ), ; (2 ) ( ), 184

,, (, ) (3 ) xi, i ; n ; xi = G i i = 1, 2, 3, 4,, n Gi Gi, m 3 / h; Gi, m 3 / h (4 ) x z d,,,, 2. (1 ), x z x A, x z d = GA/ GA A, 3, x z x = GA3/ GA 3, 3 (2 ) A 1, F A1, 1 x A 1 3 95%, x A 1 = 0.95 xz x = 0. 95 ( GA 3/ GA 3 ) (3 ) F A2, 2 x A 2 1 x A2, 1 = x A 1, 2 (4 ) 1, 3, 3, 4, 1 185

, (5 ),, 3. (1 ) xa, x B, x C, x D, (2 ), F D, D 95%, C, x D = 0.95 x C = 0.95 x z x (3 ), F C, F B, F A, D, D (4 ),,, 4. F(, ), D 1.0,, ( ),, :,, ;,,, TA 186

, : 1., ( 1) ( 4.2 ), (, ), ( ) 3kPa, ( TA DTM C, 0. 5kPa) 4.2 A, 2 () (2) (1 ) F A1 ( ) HF A 1 2 1 ( ), HA 2,HA 1 ( ), HF A1 : HF A1 = H A2 + 0.3 - Ha - a 2 1 - Ha - a 1 - HA 1 mh2 2 O Ha2 - a1,ha 1 - a 2 2 1, mh2 O; 0.3mH2 O 2 F A2 HF A 1 G, 1 F A1 Kv : Kv = 3.2 G ( m3 / h) HF A 1 ( mh2 O) = 10 G ( m3 / h) HF A1 ( kpa) ( 4.1), Kv S, 187

Kv S : S = 3.2 Kv S = 10 Kv 2 2, Kv S mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.2) kpa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.3) ( ), K v (S), Ks K S - A 1, 1 F A1,, ( 3) 1 F A1, A F A, F A1 HF A 1 F A1 ( ) F A, F A1,, 1, 1 F A1 (4 ) 2, F A2,,, F A, 1 (5 ), 3 4 2 2. (1 ),, (2 ) D( )F D, D 188

(3 ) C, B, A F C, F B, F A, D, F, (4 ),,,,,,, : 1.,,, 0.3mH2 O, Kv Ks 2., ( 2 ), 3., : H i z d (1 ) ; (2 ), ( ) ;,, H z x i ; H i z x (3 ) Hi = H z d i -, Hi, 189

: 1., ; 2.,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, 4.3, 2, 4.3 190

G22 bb Hbb, bb Sbb ( F2 ) F2 S F2 : S F2 = Sbb - S2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.4) S2 bb (F2 ), mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S2, S2 F2 S F2 1 SF 2 2, G2 1, G2 2, HF 2 1 HF2 2, bb Hbb 1 Hbb 2, : Hbb 1 = S F2 1 G 2 2 1 + S2 G 2 2 1 = HF 2 1 + S2 G 2 2 1 ( 4.5) Hbb 2 = S F2 2 G 2 2 2 + S2 G 2 2 2 = HF 2 2 + S2 G 2 2 2 ( 4.6) Hbb 1 Hbb 2, HF2 1 + S2 G 2 2 1 = HF2 2 + S2 G 2 2 2 ( 4.7) HF2 1,HF2 2, G2 1 G2 2, ( 4.7 ) S2, ( 4.4 ) F2 SF2, F2 Ks,,,,,,, 191

1. 1985,,,,, (1 ), 4.4, 7 5 ( ), :1,2,3,, 5 ; b1, b2,, b7, Gb1, Gb2, Gb3,, Gb7, ; Hb1,Hb2,Hb3,, Hb7 ; H1, H2, H3,, H5 ; DHp,,,, 1,, Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 ( 4.8),,, 192

4.4, l2 ( b2, b4, b5, b6, b7 ), Hb2 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 ( 4.9),, b4 (2 ), 4.4 193

Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 Gb2 + Gb3 - Gb5 = 0 Gb6 - Gb2 - Gb3 = 0 Gb7 - Gb1 - Gb6 = 0 Hb1 + Hb7 + Hb4 - DHp = 0 Hb2 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 Hb3 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 Hb1 = Sb1 G 2 b1 + ( Z4 - Z1 ) (4.10) Hb2 = Sb2 G 2 b2 + ( Z3 - Z2 ) Hb3 = Sb3 G 2 b3 + ( Z3 - Z2 ) Hb4 = Sb4 G 2 b4 + ( Z1 - Z5 ) - DHp Hb5 = Sb5 G 2 b5 + ( Z2 - Z1 ) Hb6 = Sb6 G 2 b6 + ( Z4 - Z3 ) Hb7 = Sb7 G 2 b7 + ( Z5 - Z4 ) (4.10) 14, 5 4 (5, ), 3 3, 7 7, 14, Gb1 Gb7 7, Hb1 Hb7 7, ( 4.10 )14, 14, :,,,,,,, 194

2,,,,,,, (4.10 ) 7 3 Gb1, Gb2, Gb3, 4, Gb4 = Gb7 = Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 Gb5 = Gb6 = Gb2 + Gb3 (4.10), Sb1 G 2 b1 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 Sb2 G 2 b2 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 + ( Sb5 + Sb6 ) ( Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 Sb3 G 2 b3 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 + ( Sb5 + Sb6 ) ( Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 (4.11) (4.11) 14 14 3 3 ( Gb1, Gb2, Gb3 ),, ( 4.11 ), 2.,, ( ),, : (1 ) 195

, Gsj, Hsj ( j ), S = H/ G 2 Ssj,,, FLB, ( ), 1.0%, ( ),,, (2 ) ( ), ( Ssj )Slj 4.3,,, 2025 4.3 q n Gl W/ m 2 k cal/ ( m 2 h) kg/ (m 2 h) 4070 4060 2.03.0 5881 5070 2.53.5 6481 5570 3.03.5 5870 5060 2.53.0 4776 4065 2.03.5 196

6487 5575 3.04.0 81105 7090 3.54.5 116140 100120 5.06.0 93116 80100 4.05.0 116163 100140 5.07.0,,,,,, S lj, 4.4, ( 4.11 ), b4, b5, b6, b7, Sb4, Sb5, SB6 Sb7, 4.3,, b4, b5, b6 b7 Glb4, Glb5, Glb6 Glb7, ( 4.11 ) S lb1, Slb2, Slb3 S lb1 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb1 S lb2 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6 ) ( G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb2 S lb3 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6 ) ( G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb3 (4.12),,, (3 ), :, (, ) 197

,, Slj Ssj ( ), ( 4.11 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 198

4.5, 4, DHp = 50mH2 O, 1, 2,, 12;,,, ; 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h, Gs1 = 140m 3 / h, Gs2 = 120m 3 / h, Gs3 = 80m 3 / h, Gs4 = 60m 3 / h 4.5, 4 (1 ), 4.4 4.4 Gs H s S s (m 3 / h) ( mh2 O) ( mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1 140 40.000 0.204110-2 2 120 32.489 0.225610-2 3 80 27.589 0.431110-2 4 60 23.989 0.666410-2 5 400 5.000 0.312510-4 6 260 3.756 0.555010-4 199

7 140 2.450 0.125010-3 8 60 1.800 0.500010-3 9 60 1.800 0.500010-3 10 140 2.450 0.125010-3 11 260 3.756 0.555610-4 12 400 5.000 0.312510-4 (2 ),, ( 4.12), 4.5 ( 3), 1,2,3,4 (), Sl1 = 0.4000 10-2, Sl2 = 0.300010-2, S l3 = 0.200010-2 S l4 = 0.100010-2 Ss1 = 0.204110-2, Ss2 = 0.225610-2, Ss3 = 0.431110-2 Ss4 = 0.666410-2, (4.11),, 4.6 200

4.5 G l (m 3 / h) H l ( mh 2 O) S l ( mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1 100 40 0.400010-2 2 100 30 0.300010-2 3 100 20 0.200010-2 4 100 10 0.100010-2 5 400 5 0.312510-4 6 300 5 0.555610-4 7 200 5 0.125010-3 8 100 5 0.500010-3 9 100 5 0.500010-3 10 200 5 0.125010-3 11 300 5 0.555610-4 12 400 5 0.312510-4 (4 ), 4.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 1, S1 = 0. 400010-2 Ss1 = 0.204110-2,, 1, G1 = 101.956m 3 / h, 1, 2() 3 (), G2 = 107.960m 3 / h, G3 = 104.472m 3 / h, 2, 3 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h,,, : (1 ) :, 201

4.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ) 1 2 3 4 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.204110-2 0.225610-2 0.431110-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 140 120 80 60 400 260 H( mh 2 O) 40.000 32.489 27.589 23.989 5.000 3.756 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.225610-2 0.431110-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 101.956 122.352 81.563 61.172 367.420 265.086 H( mh 2 O) 41.580 33.772 28.679 24.937 4.210 3.904 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.300010-2 0.431110-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 102.578 107.960 82.992 62.244 355.774 253.195 H( mh 2 O) 42.089 34.966 29.693 25.818 3.955 3.562 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.300010-2 0.200010-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 101.421 104.472 112.859 57.653 376.406 274.985 H( mh 2 O) 41.145 32.743 25.474 22.151 4.428 4.201 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.300010-2 0.200010-2 0.1000 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 400.000 300.000 H( mh 2 O) 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 5.000 5.000 1

7 8 9 10 11 12 ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 140 60 60 140 260 400 H( mh 2 O) 2.450 1.800 1.800 2.450 3.756 5.000 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 142.735 61.172 61.172 142.735 265.086 367.042 H( mh 2 O) 2.547 1.871 1.871 2.547 3.904 4.210 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 145.236 62.244 62.244 145.236 253.195 355.74 H( mh 2 O) 2.637 1.937 1.937 2.637 3.562 3.955 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 170.513 57.653 57.653 170.513 274.985 376.406 H( mh 2 O) 3.634 1.662 1.662 3.634 4.201 4.428 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 200.000 100.000 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 H( mh 2 O) 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 2

, (2 ) :,, (3 ) :,,, 23,, (4 ) :, ( ) ; (), ;,, (CCR ),, : ( ), ;, 1989 CCR,,, ( ), : (collection), ( calculation ), ( requlation ), CCR, 204

: ;, IBM,, ;,,, ;,,, 1. :, ;, ;,, (1 ), ( ), ( ),, ( ) 4.6, 3, pi1, pi2, pi3, pi pi, pi1, pi2 pi3, pi pi1, pipi3 ;,, pi1, pi2 pi3 205

4.6 pi pi, pi1, pi2, pi3, pi1, 1, pi2,1 pi3,1, pi1,2, pi2, 2 pi3,2 (4.11), 5 : S0 1 ( G1, 1 + G2, 1 + G3, 1 ) 2 + ( S10 + S1, 1 ) ( G1, 1 ) 2 - DHp, 1 = 0 ( S 20 + S 2, 1 ) ( G 2, 1 ) 2 + S 12 ( G 2, 1 + G 3, 1 ) 2 - ( S 10 + S 1, 1 ) ( G 1, 1 ) 2 = 0 ( S30 + S3, 1 ) ( G3, 1 ) 2 - ( S20 + S2, 1 ) ( G2, 1 ) 2 = 0 S 0 1 ( G 1, 2 + G 2, 2 + G 3, 2 ) 2 + ( S 10 + S 2, 2 ) ( G 1, 2 ) 2 - DH p, 2 = 0 ( S20 + S2, 2 ) ( G2, 2 ) 2 + S12 ( G2, 2 + G3, 2 ) 2 - ( S10 + S1, 2 ) ( G1, 2 ) 2 = 0 (4.13) S01, S12 1, 1 2 ; Si () ; Si0 ; Gi pi1, 1, pi2,1, pi3,1 pi1,2, pi2,2, pi3,2, Si, 1,Si, 2 ; Gi, 1, Gi,2 DHp,1, DHp, 2 5 5 S01, S10, S20, S30 S12 206

,,, M, N, k = 2 ( M - N + 1 ) - 1 ( ), ( ),,, ( ),,,, (2 ),, ( ) :, ( ) ;, ( ) ( ) (3 ),, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 207

( ),,, (),, 2., ( ) 8031 00.6MPa 0.5%, ( ),,,,, 120, 1 #, RS232, IBM PC, PC (), 0.5%, 0.5%,, 3% 10%, 3. PROLOG FORT RAN, DOS PC,, 208

, : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. 1,,,,,,,,, 2, PC,,,, 3, :, ( ) (3.45) : tp = t g + th 2 = tn + 1 2 ( t t n - tw g+ th- 2 tn ) t n- t w 1/ ( 1 + B ),, 209

tw, t n, tp = tg + th 2 = t n + f ( tn ) : tn tp :,,, tg, t h t n t p t n,,, tp t h t n,,,,,, ;,,,,, (),,,,,, :,,,,, 210

,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, :,,,,,,, ( ),, 23 1.0, 0.5, 211

, 1.,, tn,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) 40 /, 4 (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),, 212

,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 213

, : 10, ( 4.6 ) 20 %, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, : 1.,, 120% 2.,,, 80 % 85 % ;, 85% 90% ;, 90% 95% ;, 95% 100% 3.,,, 4.,,, 214

20%,, ( ),, 10% ; 16.0,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,, 4.7 215

18 ; n 58,, 58 n, 58,,, 4.7,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 216

,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. Gg Gz d y y = G g Gz d = 1 x z d (4.14) (4.14), y x z d, y = 1, Gz d = Gg xz d = 1,, 217

,, Gg = Hy/ Sy (4.15) H y; Sy,, ;, : Gz d = Hr/ Sy (4.16) H r, Hr H w Hy, Hr = H w + Hy, : Gz d =, H w + Hy Sy (4.17) y = G g Gz d = Hy Hw + Hy = 1 1 + H w Hy (4.18) xz d = 1 + H w Hy (4.19) (4.18), y 1 0 H w = 0, (, ), Hy =, y = 1,, :, Hy = 0 H w 218 = (,

), y = 0 x z d =,,, y 0,1,,,, 2., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 4.7, Hw/ Hy, xz d ( ) 3, 4.7 1 2 g Hw/ Hy G ( t/ h) x xz d Hw/ Hy ( t/ h) x xz d 1 0.2 100 1.02 1.09 1.0 100 1.08 1.41 2 0.5 100 1.06 1.21 1.5 100 1.12 3 1.0 100 0.00 1.37 2.3 100 0.00 4 2.0 100 1.15 1.56 4.0 100 1.20 5 5.0 100 1.15 1.56 9.0 100 1.20 G g 3 4 Hw/ Hy G g ( t/ h) x xz d Hw/ Hy G g ( t/ h) x xz d 219

1 19.0 100 1.13 4.45 14.0 100 1.18 2.83 2 24.0 100 1.17 19.0 100 1.26 3 32.0 100 0.00 29.0 100 0.00 4 49.0 100 1.27 59.0 100 1.50 5 99.0 100 1.27 4.7 : (1 ) ( ),,H w/ Hy x, x z d, ;, (2 ) Hw/ Hy,, 3 4, H w/ H y, 5, 4,,, (3 ),,, (4 ), ( ) ;, x 20 %, Hw/ Hy < 4 3.,, : ; ;,, 220

(1 ), : 462m 2, 8,,,,,, 41 ( ) 20mm, 4020mm (,, ) 4.8, 4.8 ( ),, 41 4.9 4.8 221

1 101 102 103 104 141 2 105 106 107 108 140 3 109 110 111 112 139 4 113 114 115 116 138 5 117 118 119 120 137 6 121 122 123 124 136 7 125 126 127 128 135 8 129 130 131 132 134 13 8 4.8 4.9 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 95.2 64.0 13.6 40.5 65.2 29.2 13.6 188 89 45 30 1 7 2 1.97 1.39 3.3 0.74 0.01 0.24 0.15 7.13 6.36 0.38 1.52 3.6 2.29 0.38 280 120 40 10 0.1 2.5 0.2 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 40.5 65.2 29.2 13.6 40.5 65.2 29.2 16-9 18 22 80 54 70 222

0.40-0.14 0.62 1.62 1.98 0.83 2.40 1.52 3.60 2.29 0.38 1.52 3.60 2.29 5-3 10 10 60 20 130 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 13.6 40.5 65.2 29.2 13.6 40.5 65.2-23 3 27 41 23 7-51 - 1.69 0.07 0.41 1.40 1.69 0.17-0.78 0.38 1.52 3.60 2.29 0.38 1.52 3.60-10 1 10 50 10 3-20 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 29.2 13.6 40.5 65.2 29.2 13.6 40.5 55 50 83 121 47 36 32 1.88 3.68 2.05 1.86 1.61 2.65 0.79 2.29 0.38 1.54 3.60 2.29 0.38 1.54 80 50 60 120 60 30 10 223

( ) 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 65.2 29.2 14.5 62.6 40.3 124 90.2 26 7-4 53 70 156 66 0.40 0.24-0.28 0.85 1.74 1.26 0.73 3.60 2.29 0.38 3.60 1.54 14.1 6.91 10 2.5-0.1 30 50 220 40 136 137 138 139 140 141 90.2 90.2 90.2 90.2 90.2 127.4 39 48 205 100 116 211 0.43 0.53 2.27 1.11 1.29 1.66 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 14.1 10 20 360 90 110 390 : : kg/ h; : Pa ; : /, 95/ 70 2.11t/ h,, 10.79kPa, 2.16t/ h, 4.9 : 0.5 14, 35% ; 1.0 20, 50 % 35%,,,,, ;, 7 224

( 4.9, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116, 120, 130 ) ( ), 4 ( 4.8, 109, 115, 121, 131),, 4.10 10.79kPa 20kPa,,, 4.10 10.79kPa G kg/ h 20kPa G 2.0 / G 1.079 109-9.0-12.0 1.34 115-23.0-31.0 1.35 121-51.0-70.0 1.37 131-4.0-6.0 1.50 (2 ) 4.8,201241, 301341 ;401441 501541 4.11 115 131 H,H,, ( ), H115= H415- H515= H114+ H314- H215 = 2.29 + 26.3-39.43 = - 10.84mmH2 O < 0 H115 =H114 + H314 - H215 = 13 + 27-41 = - 1mm H2 O < 0 225

H131= H431- H531= H130+ H330- H231 = 2.29 + 14.75-9.25 = 7.79mmH2 O > 0 H131 =H130 + H330 - H231 = 0.14 + 12-12.15 = - 0.01mmH2 O < 0 4.11 (mm) ( m) ( kg/ h) ( mmh 2 O) ( kg/ h) ( mmh 2 O ) x 114 20 12.0 29.2 2.29 70.0 13 2.40 115 20 4.5 13.6 0.38-23.0-1 - 1.69 215 40 3.7 1504 39.43 1544 41 1.03 314 25 3.7 604.7 26.3 614.0 27 1.01 130 20 12.0 29.2 2.29 7.0 0.14 0.24 131 20 4.5 14.5 0.38-4.0-0.01-0.28 231 32 1.7 910.0 9.25 1060.0 12.15 1.16 330 32 1.7 1199.0 14.75 1098.0 12 0.92 116 20 4.5 40.5 1.52 3.0 0.01 0.07 216 40 1.5 1490.4 10.6 1567.0 12 1.05 315 25 1.5 618.3 14.0 591.0 13 0.96 132 20 4.5 62.6 3.6 53.0 3 0.85 232 32 1.5 895.5 11.1 1064.0 15 1.19 331 32 1.5 1213.2 22.45 1094.0 18 0.90 115,,,, 226

4.8, H401 H541, 101 141, ;,,,,, () 131,, 4.11 130 131 231 330 : 131 130 29.2kg/ h, 7.0kg/ h, 0.24, 2.29mmH2 O 0.14mmH2 O; 231 910kg/ h 1060kg/ h, 9.25mmH2 O 12.15 mmh2 O; 330 1199kg/ h 1098kg/ h, 14.75mmH2 O 12mmH2 O, :, 115 131 116 132 4.11,, : ( 115, 131) ( 216, 315, 232, 331 ) ; ( 216, 232) ( ) (315,331 )( ) 216 ( 40mm ), 1490kg/ h 1567kg/ h, 12mmH2 O; 315( 25mm), 618.3kg/ h 591kg/ h 13mmH2 O,, 227,

116, :,,, (3 ), () ( ),, : 1: x z d 1 + H w Hl y = 1 x z d H w ; 1 + 1 = 2 = 1.4 (4.20) 1 1.4 Hl = 0.7 (4.21) 1,, 15mm, 2 2: x z d 1 + Hg Hl n; 1 + nhl Hl Hg ; Hl 228 1 + n (4.22)

2 ( 0 ), 2 4.12 4.12 n 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 x z d 2.50 3.32 4.0 4.58 5.10 5.57 6.00 6.40 6.78 7.14 y 0.41 0.30 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14, 4.13: L = 14, dg1515mm; L = 5, dg2020, ; 25, 1200W 10% 4.13, 1,, 5 2,,, 20, 10,, (4 ), ( ),,,, 229

4.13 n 5 10 15 20 25 30 L Hl nhg + Hl xz d Hl nhg + Hl xz d Hl nhg +Hl x z d Hl nhg + Hl xz d Hl nhg + Hl x z d Hl nhg + Hl x z d 1 ( ) 6 43 2.68 6 164 5.23 6 434 8.5 6 549 9.57 6 704 10.83 6 1000 12.91 2 ( ) 40 160 2.00 40 388 3.11 40 515 3.59 40 884 4.70 40 1048 5.11 40 1458 6.04 3 ( ) 122 244 1.41 122 419 1.85 122 695 2.39 122 1041 2.92 122 1294 3.26 122 1692 3.73 4 ( ) 267 473 1.33 267 634 1.54 267 930 1.87 267 1313 2.22 267 1509 2.38 267 1801 2.60 5 ( ) 127 253 1.41 127 503 1.99 127 1023 2.84 127 1077 2.91 127 1454 3.38 127 2027 4.00 1( ) 9 55 2.47 9 198 4.69 9 412 6.77 9 555 7.85 9 704 8.84 9 944 10.24 2( ) 63 202 1.79 63 416 2.57 63 495 2.80 63 903 3.79 63 1063 4.11 63 1407 4.73 3

,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,, 1., 1% 2%,, : 231

(1 ), 1% 2%, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,, (6 ),,, ;,, (7 ), ;, (8 ),, ( ) ; (9 ),, (10),,,, ;,, 232

,,,,, 2.,, ;, : (1 ), ( ),, (2 ),,,,, 4.9, M N, (3 ),,, (4 ),, (5 ) ( ), ;, 233

4.9, ;,,, (6 ) ( ),,, ;,, ;,, (7 ),, : 0.1MPa,, ;,?,,,, (8), 1 2mH2 O,,, 234

(9 ),,, ( 10 ),, ( ) ;, ( 11 ),,,,,,, () 1. T40H 16 T10H 16 T10H 16, DN 15D N 50mm, 1.6MPa T40H 16, DN 25DN 300mm, 1.6MPa, 235

, 2. D71X 16,,, 90, O, D N 40D N 600mm D71H,,, 3. P18F 16 P48F 16,,, F 4 P18F 16 DN 15DN 40mm,, 1.6MPa ; P48F 16 DN 50 D N 200mm,, 1.6M Pa,,,, D N 15DN 50mm ; DN 65 D N 150mm ; DN 200DN 600mm, 4., RH V, D N 25DN 200mm 4.10, D N 40mm, D N 50mm 236

1.6MPa, 10% 4.11, ; ( ) 4.10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 5. ( ) 4.12 1 2 ( 3 4 ) 5 ( 6) ( ) 7 8 2, 9, 2, 10 7 ( ) : 2 p1, p2, 7 p3 p2 237

4.11 2, :5, p3 4, 2 ( p2 p3 ), 5, 2, ( p2 p3 ) ( 7 ), 5, 2,, ( p2 - p3 ), 2 2,,, ( p2, ( p2, 2, ( p2, 2, ( p2 238 - p3 ), - p3 ), - p3 ) - p3 )

4.12 : 2, 7 () ( p2 - p3 ),, 2, ( p2 - p3 ), dp d f dp/ df 0.950.98,, ;, dp/ df,, p1 239

,, 4.13 DN50mm 4.13 ( p1 - p3 ), 6. 4.14 ( tn = 18),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 526 DANFOSS RAVL, 240

, 1.,,,,,, 4.14 1, 2, 3,4,,, H ; H = SG 2 G; S, H, S ( L ) S,,, 241

, : LG, 4.15 L, L L ; G, 4.15 G G,,, G L ( ), ( ), 50% 60%, 50% 60%, ;, dg, : dg50 60 = dg80 90 = dg10 20 = 60-50 50 90-80 80 20-10 10 100% = 20% 100% = 12.5% 100% = 100% 50% 60%, 20% ; 80 % 90%, G 80% 90%, 12.5% ; 10% 20%, 242

10%,,,, (, ) ;,,,,,,,, 10 % 20%, 4.67% 6.58 % ;50% 60 %, 18.3% 25.6 % ;80 % 90%, 50.8% 71.2% : dg1020 = dg5060 = dg8090 = 6.58-4.67 4.67 25.6-18.3 18.3 71.2-50.8 50.8 100% = 40% 100% = 40% 100% = 40%, 10 %, 40%, ;,, ( L ),,,,,,,, 243

, ( T40H 16 ), 4.15,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,, G L 4.16 H f,hx,h 4.16 244 S f = Hf H = Hf Hf+ H x (4.23)

H f; Sf Sf, ( ),H x = 0, S f = 1,,, G/ G S f : G G = 1 S f/ ( A/ A ) 2 - (1 - S f ) A ; A; G; G (4.24) G x,, Gx 0.1 % 0. 01 % G/ G (), 301; 501 0.033, 0. 02, 2% 4% (4.24 ), S f = 1.0, G x ; S f < 1 ( ), G > Gx, 245

,, ;,, () ( ), 3. H = SG 2, G = C H (4.25), C, S : S = 1/ C 2 (4.26) C L = L/ L,, 4.17 RHV 40 ( DN 40mm),,, ( CCR ),,,,, 1.,,, ( ), 246

4.17 RHV ( a) RHV40( D N 40 mm ) ; ( b) RHV,, ( 247

),, ( ) ; ;, ; 4.18 4.18 L/ L = L, Q/ Q= Q1, 2, 3 3 1, 2 100, 248

,,,,, : 5 %, Gx = 15%, G x 8.8 % ; S f = 10%, Gx = 10. 5%, Gx = 6.3% ;S f = 25%, Gx 6.7% 4%, S f = 100 % 2% 4%, : (1 ) 10% 30% ; ; ; (2 ),, (3 ),, ; 2. C C = G 0.316 H (4.27), G m 3 / h, H kpa, 3kPa( ) 300kPa( )4.17 C, 3kPa H ( 4.27 ), 249

( ),, DN 40, 4.17 C = 26.9, H = 3kPa( 0.3mH2 O ) ( 4.27 ), G = 4.7m 3 / h,, R 84.2Pa/ m, 1.8m 3 / h,,, DN 50mm, R 31. 991.4Pa/ m, 2.03.4m 3 / h, D N 40mm DN 50mm, :,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 250

,,,,, ( ), ( ) 1. n0 ( r/ min ) nn < n0 5%,, s, : (1 ) s = n 0 - n 100% (4.28) n0,, s r2, r2, I2, s, 4.19 : M, s, Mz d, Mq 15, (2 ) 251

4.19 n U1,, (3 ),,,,,, ;( ),,,, ( ),,,,, ;,,, 252

80% 90%,, 4.20 GWT 1, 23, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9 (4 ) ( GWT ) ( ), ( 11/ 5 ), 4.20 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 253

,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) n0 (4.28) n, r/ min; f 1, Hz; n0 = 60 f 1/ P r/ min (4.29) n = 60 f 1 ( 1 - s)/ P r/ min (4.30) P ; s s, f 1, P,,,, 254

,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) (4.29) ( 4.30 ), f 1,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,, 255

,,,,,,,,,,, 1. nn, sn, P20 ; n2, P2 P n Pn 3, P2 P2 = P 2 P20 = n2 nn 3 = ( 1 - s) n0 ( 1 - sn ) n0, sn 0, (4.31) 3 (4.31) P2 = (1 - s) 3 (4.32) ( ) ( ),, n2, P1 ( ) P1 = P2/ ( 1 - s) = (1 - s) 2 P20 (4.33) Ps ( ), Ps Ps = sp1 = s( 1 - s) 2 P20 (4.34) Ps = P s P20 = s(1 - s) 2 (4.35) 256

s s = P2/ P1 = (1 - s) 3 / (1 - s) 2 = 1 - s (4.36), 2., P1, sp1 (), P2 = (1 - s) P1, P10 P20,, P1 P2 P1 = P2/ (1 - s), P = P10 - P1 = 1 - P2/ ( 1 - s) = 1 - (1 - s) 2 = 1 - n n0 2 (4.37) 3.,, sp1 0 P2 P1, P P = 1 -, P P = 1 - n n0 n n0 3 3 (4.38) c (4.39) c, c > 90 % 4., 257

4.14,, 7, (),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 4.14 P ( % ) 10050 10080 9710 9730 100,50 10040 1000 1 - s 1 - s 1 - s 1 - s cos cos cos cos cos cos cos 258

,, 80% 50%, cos 65 %, 85%,, 1kW 9001000,,, 1. : Y, X, Q, Y = ( tw - t w )/ ( t w q - t w ) (4.40) X = ( h - h0 )/ ( hs - h0 ) (4.41) Q = Q/ Q : t w, t w, tw q, h t w, h0 tw, hs QQ (4.21), X = f( Y ), 259

, 6 X = B( i) Y i - 1 (4.42) i = 1 6 Y = A( i) X i - 1 (4.43) i = 1 A ( i), B( i),,, 4.21 t w t wq = 1.0, G G, G = 1.0; tw > t wt w tw q,, G < G, G < 1.0, Q < 1.0 E E = E1 + E2 n = i = 1 Gi Hihi + G H h 0 367 i 367 = 367 G H G 3 ihi n i = 1 + h0 260

= G H h s G 3 d h + h0 kwh (4.44) 367 h 0 E1 tw q tw > tw, kwh; E2 tw t w, kwh ; Gi i, t/ h; Hi i, m; hi i, h; i i ; H, = i, E E= E G tw G H 367 h s (4.45) E = h s G 3 d h + h0 / hs (4.46) h 0 Q, (, ), (3.83) : G = tnt n- t w 1/ 3 t w X = ( h - h0 )/ ( hs - h0 ) (3.83) ( 4.47 )( 4.46 ), d h = ( hs - h0 ) d X (4.47) 1 t n- t w E = 0 tn- t w ( h s - h0 ) d X + h0 hs (4.48) 261

(4.40), ( 4.42 ), 6 d X = ( i - 1) B( i) Y i - 2 d Y (4.49) i = 2 d t w d Y = tw q - tw (4.49) ( 4.50 )( 4.48 ) E = E = hs tn- hs tn- - h0 - h0 t w t w q t w t w t w q t w tn- 6 tw tw q - t w i = 2 tn- 6 tw tw q - t w i = 2 (4.51), E t w ( i - 1) B( i) Y i - 2 d t w ( i - 1) B( i) (4.50) i - 2 tw - t w t wq - t w (4.51) d t w, E t w, 100, E 4.15 20 E 4.15 E ( ) E ( ) 0.637 2.4 0.667 3.1 0.636 2.4 0.688 3.5 0.637 2.5 0.686 3.8 0.652 2.5 0.719 4.1 0.651 2.6 0.727 4.4 0.659 2.7 0.714 4.5 0.659 2.9 0.720 4.8 262

0.646 2.9 0.716 5.2 0.655 3.0 0.741 5.9 0.686 3.0 0.754 6.3 2. E,, J J = 24 ( 1 - E) Np hs Cd (4.52) NP, kw; hs, h; Cd, / kwh ; C, TJ TJ = C/ J (4.53), 0.50.6W (,, 0.40.5W ), 7001200 / kw, 0.2 / kwh,, 4.15 :,,, ( ) () ( 3.73 ) ( 3.74 ), E = 0.23, 1.6 263

4.15,, (),,, 13 ( ),, 264

, 1989, 165, 81 30.7, 10.7, 2.0,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 261

,,, ( CJJ34 90, 1990 10 1 ), ( )( JGJ26 86, 1986 8 1 ),,,, 1., 97 % ASHRAE 22, CIBS 20, 20 18, 16,, 1% 3 %,, : 262

= 100% ( 5.1) 2. 1t ( 0.7MW ), 800010000m 2 4770w/ m 2 ( 4060kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), 70w/ m 2 ( 60kcal/ ( m 2 h ) ), 10, 000m 2 ; 47w/ m 2 ( 40kcal/ ( m 2 h ) ), 15000m 2 5000m 2,, 8.7, 4000m 2 10000m 2, 60%, 30 %, 8000m 2, 70 %, 56 %, 3., 4. ( 95 ), 2 3kg/ ( m 2 h), 2520, 5870W/ m 2 (5060kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), ;, :, 263

,,,, 5.,,, (1 ), bd = qd ge gr Qd w = 1 ge jd gr Qd w bd 1kJ, g/ kj; ge, ge = 0.90.94; g/ kj ( 5.2) jd, jd = 0.980.985; g r, gr = 0.950.99 ; (7000kcal/ kg ) ; Qd w, Qd w = 29. 31kJ/ g qd 1kJ, qd = d( ic - iz ) = ic - iz = 1 ( ic - iz ) jd jd d 1kJ, kg/ kj ; ic, kj/ kg; iz, kj/ kg ( 5.3) ge = 0.90, jd = 0.98, gr = 0.99, : bd = 0.0342 0.90 0.98 0.99, 264 = 0.0392g/ kj( 141g/ kwh )

br = 1 gl wr Qd w g/ kj ( 5.4) br 1kJ, g/ kj; w r gl = 0.9, wr = 0.92, br = 0.0342 = 0.0413g/ kj( 41.3kg/ GJ) 0.90.92 (2 ) ( 5.4 ),, gl = 0.71, 10%, br = 0.0342 0.71 0.9 = 0.0537g/ kj (53.7kg/ GJ ) 0.0537g/ kj 135kg/ t( ), (3 ),, : br a = 24 Zq na glw rqd w kj/ m 2 ( 5.5) bra,, kg/ m 2 ; Z, d; qna, W/ m 2, (), : qna = qn D18 Z( t n- t w ) qn, W/ m 2 ; 265 ( 5.6)

D18 18, d; tw, 5.1 qna 19801981,, 20 % ( ) ge = 0.55,w r = 0.85 5.1 qna 33.75 33.38 33.25 32.88 32.63 31.88 31.63 32.00 (W/ m 2 ) 27.0 26.7 26.6 26.3 26.1 25.5 25.3 24.8 (W/ m 2 ) ( d) 177 171 162 166 152 133 126 102 2000 1993 1995 2000, g e w r (1993 ) ge = 0.55,w r = 0.85 (1995 ) ge = 0.60,w r = 0.90 (2000 ) ge = 0.70,w r = 0.90 5.2 6.,, : Rx t = Q g Q 100% ( 5.7) R x t ; 266

Q, ; Qg, 267

5.2 2000 (kg/ m 2 ) ( kg/ ( m 2 d) ) 1993 1995 2000 1993 1995 2000 37.7 32.6 28.0 0.21 0.18 0.16 36.0 31.2 26.7 0.21 0.18 0.16 34.4 29.8 25.5 0.21 0.18 0.16 34.0 29.4 25.2 0.21 0.18 0.16 31.3 27.0 23.2 0.21 0.18 0.15 26.7 23.2 19.8 0.21 0.17 0.15 25.1 21.8 18.3 0.20 0.17 0.15 19.9 17.3 14.8 0.20 0.17 0.15 Qg, ( ),, ;,,,, Qg,,, ( ),,,, ( ) :, R y x t = 85 % ;, R y x t = 90 %,, Ry 268

Ry = n rar na A, m 2 ; n, h; Ry : 1000 2 ( 5.8) A r, m 2 ; nr, h (5.8 ), :,,,, Ry R y x t ( 1 - R y x t = 10 % 15 % ),,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 269

3.7 10 ( ) 5.3, 4t/ h90%, 2.8t/ h, 1 64%,,,, ( 4008m 2 ),,, 55%, 29, 5.3 10 (1989 ) 1t/ h 4t/ h 10000m 2 () () ( t/ h) ( t/ h) ( m 2 ) ( % ) ( 10 4 m 2 ( % ) ( % ) ) ( % ) 7421 4180 6537 18512 2.8 4008 90 64 28 72,,, ;,, : 1., 270

55% 70% 2.,, (1t/ h ), 3.,, 4.,,,,,, Q r,,, Qr w r wr = Q y Q 100% = Q - Q r 100 % ( 5.9) Q Q, GJ/ h; Qy, GJ/ h; Qr, GJ/ h,, 50% 70%, 30 % 50 %,,,, 271

w r 92% 95%, 5% 8 %, 85 % 90 %, 10 % 15 %,,,, 60 W/ ( m ) ( 20), ( 45W/ ( m ) ),,,,,,,, 0.026W/ ( m ), ( 2.5% 3.0% )( ),, 1/ 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 272

;,, ( ),,, 1.,, ; 2.,,, ; 3.,, ;,,, ( ),, 23,,,,,,,,,,,, ps, Pa; pg, Pa ; dn, m; q, Pa/ m 2 ps = pg + 2 sf q/ dn (5.10) sf, m 273

, sf = 0.001m; 23, sf = 0.0020.003m,, sf < 0.001m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( CCR ),,,,,,,, 274

,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%, 23.2 %, 5. 3 : 10 72 %, 28%,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 275

,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 10%,,,,, (),,,,, ( 90%, 10% ), (60 % ),, 276

,,,,, ( 1.10 ) 1. (3.43) (3.44 ) ; ( 3.48 ) (3.49 ) ;, (3.67) (3.68) 5.1 5.1, Qn t w, t w j > tw > tw,, Gn ( W n ), tw j 70,, 70( 60), tw q t w tw j, 277

t j g = 70( t w q, + 5),, t hn Gn ( (3.57) (3.58) ) 2. 5.2 t w t t w q > t w > t w t, Qt tw t t w tw, Qt,, ( ) (1 ) t w q > tw > t w j, 5.2, tg = 70, tht Gt (2 ) t w j > t w > tw t,,, (3.50) (3.51),,, tht t g (3 ) tw t > t w > t w 278

tg, (3.50) ( 3.51 ), tpt = ( tg + t ht )/ 2, tht,, tg,,, ( 3.50 )( 3.51 ) (3.2 ) (3.18) ( 3.22 ) Ws W k = t = tsg - tk h tk g - tk h Qt = t Wstz d 0.5 W x W d 1 + 0.5 + 1 t t = t W m s 1 W m k 2/ Ws - 0.5 0.5 1 W k tw x 0.5 W k W x - 0.5 (5.11) t, s k, m1 = 0, m2 = 0.5, ( 3.18 )a = b = 0.5 WsW k t( t= t t ) t t= Qt ttw x tt tt, ; W x,, 279

GJ/ ( h ) (5.11), tkh,, tk h = t w t w, tk h Ws ( ) W k ( ) tk g ( ),, 3. 5.3,,,,, r W rx ( tg - tl ) = W 2 r ( tr - tl ) (5.12) tg, ; tl,, ; tr,, ;, 60; W 2 r,, kj/ ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) ; Wr x, kj ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) ; r ( 3.18), (5.12) :W 2 r = Wr x a W 2 r W 1 r tg - tl + b + 1 W 2 r W 1 r = ( tr - tl ) (5.13) W1 r, kj/ ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) 280, ( 3.24 ), W2 r

a + b W 2 r W 1 r, W 2 r = Wr d tg - tl + 1 W 2 r W 1 r = ( tr - tl ) (5.14) t hr th r = tg - W 2 r W1 r ( tr - tl ) (5.15), 5.3,, tg (1 ) t w q > tw > t w j t g = 70,, ( 5.13 ) (5.14) (5.15), ab,, tl, W1 rth r 5.3, (2 ) tw j > t w > t w,, tg tw (5.13) (5.14),, W 2 r, W1 r(5.15), tg, th r 281

,, Qr, Qr d, Q r, : W 2 r/ W 1 r tg ( ( 5.13) ( 5.14 ) ( 5. 15 ) ) Qr tg ( ), W 2 r/ W1 r; tg ( t w ), W 2 r/ W1 r, t w, W 1 r tg, W 2 r/ W1 r, t hr :, Qr, W1 r W2 r ( ), W 2 r Qr W1 r, th r, th r, W 1 r th r, W1 r ; t hr, W 1 r tg, Q r, t hr, (5.14 ) ( 5.15 ), th r = ( tr - tl ) a W 2 r W1 r 1 + b + 1 W2 r W1 r - 1 2 W2 r W 1 r (5.16) th r = ( tr - tl ) 1 a + b W 2 r + 1 W1 r W2 r W1 r - 1 2 W2 r W 1 r (5.17) 282

(5.16 ) W2 r = Wr x, ( 5.17 ) W2 r = W rd, tw, tg, W 2 r/ W1 r, th r 5.4 Qr,,, W 1 r t w ( 5.3 )W 1 r : = t w j W1 r= Qr / ( t j g - t j hr ) (5.18) W 1 r, kj/ ( h ) ; Qr, kj/ h ( kw ),, ; t j g tw = t w j, t j g = 70 t j h r t j g, 5.4,, t j g, ( ) t j hn, t j hr = t j hn ( 5.18 ) Qr, tg j, t j h rw 1 r,,, 283

Qr, tg, W1 rw 2 r? (5.13) ( 5.14 ) ( 5.15 ), : W1 r = W2 r, Q o r, Qr = Q o r, W1 r = W 2 r ; Qr < Q o r, W 1 r < W2 r ; Qr > Q o r, W 1 r > W2 rq o r Q o r = W2 r 1 + ( t g - tl ) (5.19) W 1 r > W 2 r, W 1 r W 1 r W 2 r = 4 a 2 2-1 + 1 + 4 a 2 tg - tl W 2 r Qr - b 2 (5.20) W 1 r < W 2 r, W 1 r W 1 r W 2 r = 4 b 2 2-1 + 1 + 4 b 2 tg - tl W 2 r Qr - a 2 (5.21) W 1 r, th r 4.,,, W = Wn + Wt + W r (5.22) W, W n, W t W r 5.5 5, 4 284

5.5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 tw = tw j,, tw t w j tw, ( ) tw, tw t,, tw j,, ; ( ),,, 5.6,,,, (60) 285

5.6 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6,,, ;,,,,,, 3,,, 4,,,,,,,, :,,, 286

,, 1. :, ( ) Q p r,, Qr Q p r,,, Q p r, Q g r, Q g r = x rq p r (5.23) xr,, x r = 1.11.2, xr = 1.0, Q g r, t w, g h tgn, thn, tg, th : tg = t gn + g t h = thn - h (5.24) t w = t w j h j t j hn, t j z t j z = t j hn - t j z (5.25) t j z,, t j z = 510 287

h j Q g r, tw j, j h t j = g z - tl r tr - tl ( t gn - t hn ) (5.26) g r, Qn (3.2 ), j h n : h W2 r j h W 2 r r j r : r = j r = g r = Q g r/ Qn (5.27) = r W2 r ( thn - tl ) r j W2 r ( t j hn - tl ) a W 2 r W 1 r 1 + b + 1 ( t h = j hn - tl ) h ( t j hn - tl ) W2 r W1 r (5.28) Q g r, t w,, = g + h, = g r ( tgn- t hn ) (5.29),, g = - h (5.30) (5.24 ) tg, th t w 5.7, t w, h, ; g, tw 288,

5.7, g, tg t g = 70,,,, ( 5.7 ), G Gn Gr 2, G n Gr1, tw j 289

5.1 xr = 1.2, g r = 0.3, t j gn = 70, t j hn = 41, tl = 5, tr = 60, tgn= 150, t hn= 70 tw j t w t g, th : t j z = 6, ( 5.25 ) t j z = 41-6 = 35 (5.26) j h ( 5.28 ) h j h = 0.3 35-5 ( 150-70) = 13.0 60-5 h = 13.0 70-5 41-5 = 23.4 t j h = 41-13 = 28, t h = 70-23.4 = 46.6(5.29 ) = 24 j g = 24-13 = 11, g = 24-23.4 = 0.6 t j g = 70 + 11 = 81, tg= 150 + 0.6 = 150.6 5.4 5.5 t g th = f( Qn, r g ) tgn = 150, tgh= 70, t j z = 8, x r = 1.2, tr = 60, tl = 5 5.4 Q g r = 0 r g = 0.15 g r = 0.3 r g = 0.45 tg = tgn th = thn tg th tg th tg th 1.0 150 70 151.2 56.8 151.8 43.0 153.2 30 0.8 126 62 128.8 50.4 131.2 38.4 134.2 27.0 0.6 101.5 53.5 106 43.6 110.3 33.5 114.9 23.7 0.4 76 44 82.4 36.0 88.6 27.8 95.3 20.1 0.354 70 41.7 76.9 34.2 83.6 25.5 90.7 19.2 290 5.5

Q g g r = 0 r = 0.15 t g = t g1 t h = t h1 g r = 0.3 t g t h t g t h t g g r = 0.45 1.0 150 75 150.0 61.5 150 48 150 34 0.8 126.7 66.7 128.3 54.7 129.5 42.5 180.9 30.4 0.6 102.1 57.1 105.4 46.9 108.7 36.7 112 26.5 0.4 76.4 46.4 81.8 38.3 87.2 30.2 92.6 22.1 0.35 70 43.8 75.9 36.2 81.8 28.6 87.3 21.0 1.0 180 75 180.3 56.4 180.6 37.8 180.9 19.2 0.8 148.3 64.3 151.5 48.6 154.7 32.9 157.9 17.2 0.6 118.3 55.3 124.9 42.0 129.5 28.7 135.1 15.4 0.4 87.2 45.2 95.5 34.6 103.8 24 112.1 13.4 0.295 70 39 79.9 30 89.8 21 99.7 12 t h 2., Q n = t n - t w + 0.5 + u 1 + u tg - tw - Qr Wn Wr x - r Wn ( te - tw ) tn + tn W r x W n Q B 1 - r + n o W n W n Qn, Qn = Qn/ Qn ; r W r x t n W n (5.31) W n, W n = W n/ W n ; Qr ; r ; tg ; tw ; tl ; W rx 291

tn ; tw; u ; t n, t n= tgn- thn ; t n,t n= 1 2 ( t gn+ th n- 2 tn ) ; Bo, Bo = B/ (1 + B), Qn = tg - t w - Qr W 1 n tn - t w+ t n 0.5 Q B - n o 1 + u t n1 - r W rx W1 n Wr x - r ( tl - t w ) W 1 n + W 2 n tn Wr x 1 - r 1 - n n W n x W 1 n W n x W 1 n W 1 n (); ; (5.32) W2 n ( ) W n x ; n ; t n, t n (), (5.31) (5.32),, W 2 n Qr = 0, W r x = 0 ( 5.31 ) ( 5.32 ), ( 5.31 ) ( 3. 42 ) (5.31)( 5.32) Qn, 292

Qn,,,,, Q n i ; Q n 2 4 = i = 1 Qni i ; hi Qni (5.33) hi i 5.2 tw= - 20, Qn= 1MJ/ s Q p r = 0.25MJ/ s, x r = 1.2 t1 g= 150, t1 h= 70, t2 g= 95, tn= 18,tn = 64.5, u = 2.2, tn= 80, W2 n = 10 6 / ( 150-70 ) = 12500 J/ ( sk), : tr = 60, tl = 5, t j g = 42, t j z = 36, W 2 r = 2500001.2/ ( 60-5) = 5454J/ ( sk), Q j r = 5454 (36-5 ) = 169 kj/ s Q r = 0.5MJ/ s, tg = 85, t w = - 5, : ;; KF ln t z d - ( Q/ W d ) 37 - (169000/ 12500) tz d - ( Q/ W x ) ln KF = ( 1/ W x ) - (1/ W d ) = 37 - ( 169000/ 5454) ( 1/ 5454 ) - (1/ 12500 ) = 13400J/ ( sk) 293

= 13400 12500 5454 = 1.7 Qr = 0.5MJ/ s r W2 r = W rx = 500000 60-5 = 9100J/ ( sk) W1 r = W rd = 12500J/ ( sk) Wr x/ Wr d = 9100/ 12500 = 0.73 r = 1 0.35 0.73 + 0.65 + 1 1.7 0.73 = 0.72 (5.31) Qn ( Qn = 0.3, Q B n o = 0.78) Q n = 85 + 5-18 + 20 + 2.7 64.5 80 + 3.2 0.78 500000 12500-0.72 9100 12500 ( 5 + 5 ) 1-0.72 9100 12500 + 0.72 9100 12500 80 = 0.34, Qn = 340kJ/ s : ( ) t2 g = 59, Qr1 = 325kJ/ s, ( ) t2 h = 31.8, Qr 2 = 175kJ/ s, t h = 17.8, tz = 24 3.,, W W= cg= Q j n + Q g r tr - tl (5.34) tr - t j z t j g - t j h (5.34) tw = tw j, 294

( ) t j gn = 70, Q j n/ ( t j g - t j h ) = Qn / ( tgn - thn ) = GnG> Gn,, ( 5.34 ) Gn W Q x r = Q g r t j z - t x tr - tx (5.35) t j h t j h = t j hn - ( Q x r/ W ) (5.36) W 2 r W2 r = Q g r/ ( tr - t x ) (5.37) tr, t x, t j hn t j h t x r,,, Q d r, Q s r Q s r = Q d r - Q x r (5.38) (5.38), ( xr = 2.0 ), Q x r,, G> Gn (, ), G, t j gn, tr, t j z, t j g t j gn = t j g - ( Q s r/ W ) (5.39) t j g n 4 295

tr,,,,,,, :,??,,??,??,, : 1. 5.8 Qj, Qf, ( ) Q Q j,,, Qf Qj 15% 18% Q,,,, (),,, 296

5.8,,,, Qj, Qf = Qj / Q (5.40) (5.40),,, 0.50.8, 110/ 70, 150/ 70, < 1,, (),,,, 297

2.,,,,, ( ),,,, 3.,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,??, 5.9 ( Q ) ( tg, th, tc ) 298

hd, hr abcdef ghija 5.9, < 1,, Q, ( 0.120.25MPa)0.12MPa ;,,, ( 0.81.3MPa), Qrc ( ),,, 5.9Qr j efghijke,, Qr j, t w c,1 299

Qrc, dekjld, t wc,1, t wc, 2 Qrc Q rg, cdl mc, t wc,2, 1 2 1 Qqg, 1, bcmnb 2 Qqg, 2, abna, (),,, t wc, 3, Q rj t wc,3 t w, k j,, 0.12MPa, 104,, 94; 0.25MPa, 127,, 117 tw q > tw > tw c, 1, 0.12 MPa tw c, 1, 5.9, 94,, ( ), t wc,1 > t w > t wc,3, 0.12MPa 0. 25M Pa,, tc th, ( t w c, 1 ) : 0. 12M Pa0.25MPa, 2252 2182 kj/ kg, 3%,,, 300

, 5.9, ek, pr t w c,3 > tw > t w, 0.25 M Pa,,, (3.19) = 1 b + (1/ ) m1 = 0, ( 3.22 ) = W m 2 s Ws Ws (5.41) m2,, Ws ( ),, Qr d Qr d = Ws ( tq - th ) (5.42) tq, tq = 127 t w, th,, Q rd 5.9 Qr d jk 0.25MPa,, 117,, 5.9 rs 0.81.3MPa, 170.4191.5, 117 150, 5.9, t wc,1,,, t w = t wc,2, 301

, p u u q t g ( ), th tg,, ( ),,,, : ;, N Q = Qi (5.43) i = 1 Qz Q; Qi i ; Qz ; Qz i i N = Qz i (5.44) i = 1,,, 5.5 :, tw = tw j ( t g = 70 ),, 302

tw j (, ),,,, (,, ) t w t w,,,, t w t w j, : 1.,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 3., t w t w,,,,, 303

, ( ),,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),, 3.,,, 304

,,,,,,, 5.10 3, 4 4 5 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21, (10 11 ) 13 16 17 18 21 22,4 5 (10 11 ) 14 16 17 19 21 22, 13 15 18 20,4 5 (10 11 ) 6, 12 23 24 ; 23 24, 4 5 6, 10 11 12,,,,,, : 1.,,,,, 305

5.10 1, 2, 3, 4 6 7, 8, 9 12, 1324, 25,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, ( ), ( ), N= min (1 - tl n/ tcq ) (5.45) 306

N ; tln ; tcq (5.45), tl n/ tcq, ( ),,, tln, ( ), tln, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,, WTF; Q: n WT F = Q/ N i (5.46) i = 1 Ni i 307

,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 308

,,, :,, : (1 ) :,, (2 ) :, (3 ) :,,, (4 ) :,,,,,,, 307

,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, ;,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 308

, 3.,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ), 4.,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,, 309

, 10% 20%,, : (1 ),,, (2 ), ;, (3 ) ( 6.1, 6.2 ),,,,,, 6.1 ( ) ( ) 1 DBY 120 3 700.00 2, 100.00 2 DBL 440 2 1,150.00 2, 300.00 3 (BA 2 ) XQD 100 2 1,200.00 2, 400.00 4 (010mA) XWD 102 5 1,300.00 6, 500.00 5 DXS 102 2 700.00 1, 400.00 6 BA2 2 86.00 172.00 7 2 115.00 230.00 8 KGD 221 1 2,000.00 2, 000.00 9 2 802.00 1, 604.00 10 35 % 6,547.1 11 25,253.10 310

6.2 ( ) ( ) 1 D971X 1 4,000 4, 000 2 RH DCU UP4210 1 9,500 9, 500 3 DBY 120 3 700 2, 100 4 RH CWS 2 300 600 5 1 1,300 1, 300 6 2, 500 7 20,100 8 35% 7, 035 9 27,135 : 6.1, 6.2 1988 1. (DDC) 6.1,,, ( PID ),, ( ), (),,,, DDC 311

, 6.1 DDC (), ( )( ),, DDC ( ) / ( A/ D),,, ( P ID, ),,, / (D/ A), ( 312

),,, / DDC DDC 2. ( SCC) DDC 6.2 SCC,,,, DDC, 6.2 SCC SCC,,, DDC SCC,,,, 286, 386 3., 6.3, 313

, MIS, SCC 6.3,,,,,,, MIS,,,, 386, 486 4.,,, DDC, 314

,,,,,, 6.4 6.4,,,,,,,,,, ( ) CRT 315

1., :0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, ( ) 1001, (), ( D ) D3 D2 D1 D0, D3 D2 D1 D0 = D3 10 3 + D2 10 2 + D1 10 1 + D0 10 0,, D3 10 3, D0 10 0, 2.,,, ( B ) B3 B2 B1 B0 = B3 2 3 + B2 2 2 + B1 2 1 + B0 2 0,1001,, 12 3 + 02 2 + 02 1 + 12 0 = 9 3. (H ) : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A ( 10 ), B ( 11 ), C ( 12 ), D ( 13 ), E ( 14 ), F (15) 316

H3 H2 H1 H0 = H3 16 3 + H2 16 2 + H1 16 1 + H0 16 0, : (1 ) 1001 1100 B ( B ) = ( 1 2 3 + 1 2 0 ) 16 1 + (1 2 3 + 1 2 2 ) 16 0 = 9 CH ( H ) 8 8 (8, 16, 24, 32 ), 2, 4, 6, 8 (2 ),,,, 4. (1 ),,, :1101 B = 12 3 + 12 2 + 0 + 12 0 = 13 D B( Binary) D ( Deci mal) H ( Hex cadecimal) : (2 ) : 13 D 132 = 6 1 () 62 = 3 0 32 = 1 1 12 = 0 1 () : 1101 B 317

5., 0-15, 16 6.3 07, - 1-8 6.3-8 1000-7 1001-6 1010-5 1011-4 1100-3 1101-2 1110-1 1111 0 0000 1 0001 2 0010 3 0011 4 0100 5 0101 6 0110 7 0111-1, 1111, 1111 1 10000, () 1 1111 1 0000 1111 0000 1, 1111-1 0, 1 :5-3 = 5 + ( - 3 ) =?, 3-3? 1, 0011 1100, 1, 1101-3, : 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 + 1-3 1 1 0 1 5 + ( - 3 ) 2 0 1 0 1 + 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0, 318

1, 6. (1 ),, 0 : 1 :, ;,, n, n - 1 0 2 n - 1, 8, : 0111 1111 + 127( ) : 1111 1110-2( ) 1000 0000-128( ), 8-128 + 127, 16 32, (2 ),, ( ) (),,, 24 : 24. 10 0 240. 10-1 2400. 10-2,, : 8 319

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 1 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 1,,, 1, 8, 3 4 3, - 1.5, : 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ) () 1, 7, 1, (, ), : 1. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2-1 2-2 x = - (12 0 + 12-1 + 02-2 + 02-3 + ) = - 1.5, 0.25 320

,, 0.5(.10000000 ), 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( ) () 0,, - 1, 1, 0. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2-1 2-2 x = 02 0 + 02-1 + 12-2 + 02-3 + = 0.25 1.,,,,,, ( ) N ( 6.5 ), N, N,, 6.5 321

8 16, 8 16, 1971 INTEL 4040 4, 1982 32, 5000 / /, 80286 16 286,80386 80486 32 386 486, 20MHz 50MHz, (, ), 4M,,, 2. :, 6.6 6.6 (1 ), CPU, 322

,,,,,, CPU,,, (2 ),,, ( ),, 1 0, CPU ;, CP U I/ O ( ),,,,,,,, ROM,, EPROM ( RAM),,, (3 ), I/ O ( CPU ), :, CR T, 323

, ( ) A/ D(/ ) D/ A(/ ),, (4 ),,, CP U,,, 16, 2 16 = 64K( B) ; 20, 2 20 = 1M, 1M CP U 3.,,,, 20% 30%, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,, 324

,, ( ),,,,,,,, BASIC FOR TRAN PROLOG (2 ),,, :, ; ; CPU CPU ;,, DOS,,,,, 325

( ) DBASE,,, (),, 1976,, ( ), CPURAMROM ( EPROM), / I/ O ( A/ D ), 6.7 80,, 50, INTEL MCS 51MCS 96, NEC 78AD 6.4,,, 326 6.4

6.7 MCS51 MCS96 78AD CP U 8031 8751 8098 PD78C11A PD78C12A ROM 4K 8 EPROM 4K8 8K8 RAM 126 8 126 8 2328 2568 256 8 216 216 4 16 316 316 I/ O 32 32 40 8( ), 85( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 A/ D / / 10 / / 8 8 16 8 8 MCS51 CP U 8751, I/ O, A/ D D/ A,,,,, RH DCU RH DCU MCS 51, /,,,, 327

,,,, DCU6242, DCU4221, DCU CW5000, DCU CW4200 6.5 ;, 4, DI AI DO AO DI, ( ) DO, ( ) AI, AO, 4, RH DCU UP6242,, 24 ( 24 ) 8 16 8 6.5 RH DCU DI AI DO AO RAM ROM 1 UP 6242 24 8 16 8 8K( ) 32 K 2 UP 6260 24 8 24 0 8K( ) 32 K 3 UP 4221 16 8 8 4 8K( ) 32 K 4 UP 4210 16 8 4 0 8K( ) 32 K 5 UW 4040 16 0 16 0 8K( ) 32 K 6 UW 2020 8 0 8 0 8K( ) 32 K 7 CF 1020 8 0 8 0 8K( ) 16 K 8 CF 1020 2 0 6 0 128( ) 32 K 9 CW 2210Q 8 8 4 0 8K( ) 32 K 10 CW 4200 16 8 0 0 8K( ) 32 K 328

11 CW 5000 20 0 0 0 8K( ) 32 K : U P, U W, CW, CF ( ) RAM, ( ) STD STD 1978,,, STD S TD PC, STD XT STD 56,,,, 114165mm 2, A/ D ( CPU ROM RAM) D/ A A/ D I/ O,, 6.8,, 6.9, 3, 56 56 1 + 5V12V 329

STD,,, A/ D D/ A 6.8 6.9 1, 2, 3,,, ;,,,, ;,,, A/ D,,, D/ A 1. D/ A, n 330

,,, D/ A D/ A, D/ A, D/ A D/ A,,, T 6.10 6.10 R 2 R, 1, 0, 6.11 1000, 6.11 ( b), D 2 R V r,, ( c), O V O VO = VD = 2 R 2 R + 2 R V r = 1 2 V r ( 6.1) 0100, c 2 R 331

6.11 Vr, (), O V O V O = 1 4 V r, 0010, VO = 1 8 V r ; 0001, V O = 1 16 V r, V = - 1 2 B 3 + 1 4 B 2 + 1 8 B 1 + 1 16 B 0 V r ( 6.2) B3 B2 B1 B0 n, 2 n, 1, : V = - 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 8 + + 1 2 n V r ( 6.3) D/ A DAC DAC DAC, 332

8, 10V, 1 2 8 10V = 39mV 2. A/ D A/ D, ADC, : ADC,, ADC A/ D,,,,, 6.12 6.12 A/ D (1) K1, V in,, Vou t Vout = - 1 RC T 1 Vin dt = V A ( 6.4) 0 V1 T 1 Vin, 333

V1 = 1 T 1 V A = - 0 T 1 Vin dt ( 6.5) 1 T 1 V1 ( 6.6) RC, RC (2) T1, K1, K2 K3, Vin V r K2 K3 Vin,, (),, T 2, Vout = V A - (6.7 ) ( 6.6), 1 RC T 2 V r dt = 0 0 VA = 1 RC V r T 2 ( 6.7) T 2 = - (6.8 ), T2 T 1 V1 = K V1 ( 6.8) V r V1 T 2, T 2, ( A/ D),, T1,, 334

,,,,,,,,, () 40% 70% 60%, :,,,,,,,,,, 335

1.,, 60 %,,, ( ), 2.,,, 1 %,, 0100, 1% 1, 010, 1 0.1,,, 3.,, 4., ( ) ( ),,,, : 336

1., 010mA 420mA;, 02V 05V 010V AI ( ), A/ D,, 02V, 6. 13 6.17,, 010mA, 6.13, 200 420mA, 6.14, 100, 6. 15 6.17, 1mA 6.13 010mA DDZ 6.14 420mA DDZ 337

6.15 02 V 6.16 05V 6.17 010V 2. ( ) 6. 18 : 6.18 338

, A/ D, DI ( ) 6.19 6.19,,,, 6.19, 4mA( 750),,,, PN,,, 1. 6.6 339

,,,,, t ( ) 6.6 R () 0 100 100 100 100 139 160 144,, 10 4 1mA, 4mV,,, 0 5V 420mA,,,, 2. PN PN PN 100mV/,,, AD590,, - 55 + 1550.5,, 05V, 3. 340

,, B ( ) (25 ), TX TZ, 6.20, 6.21 TX, - 3060 TZ, 0100 6.20 TX 6.21 TZ 6.22 a 341

6.22 ( a) ( b ) (c) (: ),, ( 6.22 ( b) ) (6.22 ( c) ),,,,,, 1020k,, 100k,,,,,,,, 100A, 0.01mW,,,, 342

, 6.23 6.23 ( a), ( b) 5V, 555 R C, D1, D2, C, 555, 7 0, D1, C D2 Rt 555 7, C,555,, R Rt,, 555 T 2 T1, Rt R, Rt/ R = T 2/ T 1, Rt t 4. 0, f 0 = 9980 khz; 100, f 100 = 100070kHz, 1 900Hz, 0. 05 0.001 343

6.7 6.7 () ( Hz) ( ) ( s) SQT BZ - 800 15 0.0001 5 SQT QZ 0100 10 0.0001 5,,,, 4,, 6.24,, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, e ( ), 4,, R1 R4,, e, :,,, 510V,,,,,, 10100mV,,, 344

,, 15V, 500; 010mA 420mA, 250; 15kHz, 0 5V, 1015mA 6.25 6.24 6.25, D 4, 316 0.05 20M Pa, 1 0.2, 59V ;, 12.536V 1.5-45+ 120-45+ 80, 0.2 % 0.01 % 0.04% ( 1) 345

,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),, 1. (1 ),,, 6.26 ( 6.27 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,, G E : G = D E 4 BM sint 108 cm 3 / s ( 6.9) 346

6.26 1, 2, 3 G, cm 3 / s; E, V ; 6.27 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 BM, Gs; ; t; D( ), cm DBM G, E ( 010mA 420mA),, 30m, (2 ) :, 347

, 00.3m/ s 0 10m/ s 2.5mm 2.4m 010mA 420mA,, 0.5 % - 2.5%,,,, 1m/ s, 1%,,, ( ),, 120 2. ( ) (1 ) ( ),,,,, 6.28 (,, h l h/ l 348

6.28 0.281 ), f ( ) : f = St v 1 d v1, m/ s; d, m; Hz (6.10) St ( Strouhal), d Re = 4 10 3-510 5, St, 0.150.22 ; f, Hz D( mm), v ( m/ s), F F1 ( m 2 ), m = F1/ F, f = St v Hz (6.11) d m G f G = 4 D2 d m St f = Kf m3 / s (6.12) K,, m 3 ( SHz), K ;, K 349

K,, St = 0.21,,, ;, St = 0.18,,, ;,, St = 0. 16,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,, 24V DC10%, 12V DC5% (2 ), :,, ( ),,,,,, 1 %, 0.5%, 350

3., ( ), 40,, (,, 1 ),,,,,,,,,,, : 6.29 1, 2 ( ),, h,,,, 2 L1 + 2 L2 + L3, ;,,, c, t +, t -,, f = f + - f - = (1/ t + ) - 351

6.29 1, 2, 3, 4 (1/ t - )v D f : v D = v K = D Ksin2 1 + 3 v, v D Re, m/ s; Kv/ vd K = v v D c, m/ s; 352 D, mm; 2 ct0 cos 3 f (6.13) D,,, = 1 + 0.01 6.25 + 431 Re - 0.237 (6.14) 3 ;

t0,,, f, vd, G, ( ) f, 420mA 0100Hz 420mA, 100 0.42V, 0100Hz, 0100Hz,,,,, f x, K, G = K f x,,, 25mm3m,, 100, 1.0%,,,, 1. ( ) ( ),,,,, 353

,,,,, DO,,,, ( ), ( ) 2., ;,, ( ) ( ),,,,, :,,,,,, A/ D,, 354

,,, RS 232C, RS 422,,,, bit/ s ( / ),,,,, RS 422,,,,, 3009600 bit/ s, 1 km, ( 1 1 0 Mbit/ s ) 6.30 ( ), 355

6.30 ( ),,,, (, ),,, 300Hz3400Hz,,, 1070Hz 0, 1270Hz 1 6.31 356

6.31-5V, + 5V RS 232C, RS 232C - 12V, 1270Hz RS 232C + 12V,,, 1070Hz 6.32 6.32 357

1070Hz, 1070Hz, 1070Hz,, 1270Hz, 0, 1,, RS 232C, 1N 1.,,,,,,, 6.33 6.33 1N RS 232C,, D2,, 358

D4, D3, J, 20mA 0,,,,, J,, J, D5,,,, 10 km, 300bit/ s1200bit/ s 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 359

,, PC, PC,,, ;, PC : ; ; ; ; PC, 3Com 3 +, Datapoint ARCNET, IBM Token Ring Novell Netware,,, 3 + Novell 1. 3 + 3 + DOS3.1, 6.34 PC,,,, 2.5km 3 + 2. Novell Netware Netware, 360

6.34 3 + : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),, 361

6.35, 1. 6.35 ( ),,,,,, 16, ( ),, ( ),, 2.,,, 3. : 362

; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 4.,,,,, : ; ; ; ;,,, 1.,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 363

,,, 2. (1 ) ;,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (2 ), ( ),,,, (6.36),,,,,, 364

6.36,,,,,,,, 1 2,,,,, L L t : L = al b t % (6.15) ab 0 1, ab L, L,, th z, ; t = t hz - thi (6.16) thi,, : t = t p - t pi (6.17) tp,, ( 3.45) 365

; tpi,, FOR TRAN PROLOG 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 366

,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, ( ) 2.,, 1t/ h 0.81.0 ( ),,,,, 367

,,, 3.,, ( ),,,,,,,, 4.,,,,, 23 2, 100 % 75%, 100% 56 % 3, 100 % 85% 75%, 100% 72% 56%, G, 1.,,,,, 368

,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ) 6. 37 6.37,,,,,,, ( ),, () ( ),,, 369

6.37 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, DANFOSS, AMV AVD ECT601,,,,, :, (24 ) (), ( ), DANFOSS RAV,,,,,, 370

,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),,,,,, 6.38, () ( ),,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 371

6.38,,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,,,, (),,,,,,,, 372

, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1m 2 1,,,,,, (20 ),,, 1. 80,,, 60/ 451988, 100 373

, 286 23, 21,2,,, 1 19881989, 46004800t/ h 37004200t/ h, 83.8% 92.7%, 101.6, 111.0, 1989 2 1992 2., 899.31, 11 2069.51GJ/ h, 0.7519 85, 115/ 65, 80/ 60 RH LX 386 8, LX 286 85, DCU UP 6260, DCU U P 4220 24, 8, 24 16, 8 8 1, 8, 374

,1992 375

[1],,1985.12 [2] E,, 1988.9 [3] AA,, 1986.9 [4], 1961.8 [5] C,, 1959.4 [6],,1987.12 [7] ( ),,1990.2 [8] ( ), 1986.8 [9],,1986.6 [10 ],, 1986 [11 ],,1987.8 [12 ],,1984.5 [13 ],, 1983.7 [14],, 1984.12 [15 ] IBM PC(0520 ),, 1985.9 [16 ],,1986.1 [17 ] The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engi 376

neers, Inc.ASHRAE systems Handbook, chapt,14,1980 [18 ] Erwin GHanSen, Hydronic System Design and operation, New York: Mc GrawHill, 1985 [19 ] Robert Petitjean, Total Balancing,Sweden, TA, 1988 377