( )158 :,,,,,, : 8501168 1/ 32 : 12 : 311 1994 1 1 1998 11 2 :500110000 ISBN 7 302 01340 3/ TB15 : 13 00
,,, 10 7, 2 80%, : 1 ;, :, :, ;, ;, 30%,,,, 20,,,,
,,,,,,!,,,! 1992 10
1 1 11 15 27 34 34 42 50 64 79 80 87 92 96 101 103 106 106 116 123 135 153 160 172
177 177 178 179 182 185 189 190 ( CCR ) 202 207 209 211 213 213 215 228 232 232 238 243 247 248 253 256 261 262 268 275
276 284 294 294 297 301 303 307 307 316 334 354 361 366 375
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ( 1.1) Q, W; Q1, W; Q2, W; Q3, W 1
Q1,, : 4 Q1 = Ki Fi ( tn+ tw ) ( 1 + 1 + 2 ) ( 1 + 3 ) ( 1.2) i = 1 tw,, - 9; - 26 tw tn, + 18 i, i = 1, ; i = 2, ; i = 3, ; i = 4, Fi ( m 2 )K i, W/ ( m 2 ), 1, ( ),,, - 15-25 % ;- 10-15% ; - 5% ; 2,, ;,, 3,, 4m, 3 0; 4m, 1m, 3 2 % Q2, : Q2 w, kg/ m 3 ; 2 = 0.278 Ll w c( t n- t w) ( 1.3) c, c = 1kJ/ ( kg ) ; L, m;
l, m 3 / ( h m ), Q3, : 100 n% 80 n % 65 n % n,, 5 Q1 Q2 Q3,,, 1., : Qn = qn A ( 1.4) Qn, W; A, m 2 ; qn, W/ m 2 ; 3
Qn = KF( tn - tw) ( 1.5), : qn = KF( t n- tw) A K, F ( 1.6) ( 1.6) : ( 1) t n, qn ; ( 2),,, K, qn ;, qn ; ( 3 ), F/ A, qn ; ( 4 ), t w, qn :,,, qn,, tw, qn, t w, (24, K24 = 2.08W/ ( m 2 ), 37, K37 = 1.56W/ ( m 2 ),49, K49 = 1.27W/ ( m 2 ), 37, 49, t w= - 25; 1.59, 1.23 qn, 36%, 37, tw= - 19, qn 37%,, qn, qn = 52.3W/ m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h ), qn = 71.7W/ m 2 (61.7kcal/ m 2 h ), qn = 71.2 W/ m 2 (61.2kcal/ m 2 h) 1.1,,, 4
1.1 q n W/ m 2 kcal/ ( m 2 h) 4770 4060 5881 5070 6481 5570 5870 5060 4776 4065 6487 5575 ( ) 81105 7090 116140 100120 93116 80100 116163 100140 2. : Qn = qv V w ( t n- t w) ( 1.7) Qn, W; V w, m 3 ; qv, W/ ( m 3 ) ;, 1, 1m 3 qv, qv = KF V w ( 1.8) (1.8 ), KF, : ( 1),,, K, qv ; ( 2 ),,,, F/ V w, 5
, qv, qv ; ( 3) qv,, qv, (1.4 ) (1.7 ),, 3.,,,,,,,,,, : Q = 24 q n D18 tn- t w ( 1.9) Q1m 2, kj( kcal) ; D18 18 d; ( 18) 1 D18 = Z( tn- tw p ) d (1.10) tw p, ; Z, d;, t w p = - 1.6, Z = 126 ( d ), ( 1.10 ) D18 = 2470 d (1.9 ), qn/ ( t n - tw ), qn/ ( t n- t w ) 6
, 24, ( 1.9) 1m 2 413142kJ (98800 kcal) 4.,,,,,,,,, QT = qt V w ( t n- t w T) (1.11) QT, W; qt, W/ ( m 3 ),, 1, 1m 3 ; V w, m 3 ; tn, ; tw T, qv qt,,,, 5. (1), 7
( ), ( ), ; Kr, ( L/ h) : qd = m qr (1.12) qh = Kr m ; mqr 24 (1.13) qr, L/, ; qd, L/ ; qh, L/ h Kr,, Kr, Kr 1,,, Kr Kr = 512, Qr = cqh ( tr - tl ) 10-3 (1.14) Qr, kj/ h; c, kj/ ( kg ) ; qh, L/ h; tr tl, ; 8
, kg/ m 3 (2 ),, (1.13), tr 105, qr 23L/ ;, 100kg, 100250kg (, ) 1.510 5 2.510 5 Pa 6., ( ),,,,,,,,, : 130150, 410 5 6 10 5 Pa ( ) ; 130150 250, 810 5 1310 5 Pa( ) ; 250300,, 9
,,,,,,,, 7.,, ( 1.1 ),,, 1.1 t w t w,1 t w, 2 2 5 Z0 Z1 Z2 ( ) Z0 t w tw( ) (), Z1 t w< t w tw,1 (GJ/ h GW) QN- Qk QN, Q k + 5 : b0 ( b0 Z0 ) QNa0 ; b1 ( b1 Z0 + Z1, tw t w, 1 ), Q1 ( t w, 1 10
) a1, Q N a0 a1 a2,, QNa1 a2 ak, a0 a1 b1 b0 t w< t w tw,1 1.1 ( a) ; ( b) ( ) 1.1 ( 11
60% ), (60 % ) 1. (1 ), D, D50 ( 50mm, 27 ) D75( 75mm, 47 ) 1m, (2 ),,, 10 14 60cm, 14 60 10 60 (3 ),,, 4 813mm, 813, (4 ),, 132mm, M 132,, (4.010 5 Pa),,, (6.08.010 5 Pa) 2. (1), 0.5mm,, (2 ), 1.2mm,, 12
, 0.5mm 480 600mm, 400mm, 200mm 1800mm, (3 ), 52111.5 ( ) mm,, 3540mm 52mm, 416mm(8 ) 520mm( 10 )624mm( 12 ) 600mm, 200mm 2000mm, (4 ),, 640mm 1.52.0mm,,, ; ( ( 512) 10 5 Pa), ( ),,,,,,,,, F( m 2 ) 13
F = Q K ( tp - tn ) 1 2 3 (1.15) Q, W; K, W/ ( m 2 ) ; tp, ; tn, ; 1 : 6 610 1120 2025 1 = 0.95; 1 = 1.00; 1 = 1.05; 1 = 1.10 2, 2 = 1.0; 2 > 1.0, ; 3, 3 = 1.0; 3 1.0, ; Q K t p, t p= ( t g+ t h)/ 2 18 F,, 1 1 = 1.0, F (( 1.15 )), n n = F/ f (1.16) f ( ) n 1, F n 14 () n, n
, :, 0.1m 2 ;, 10%, 813, 1m 2 0.5,, 4m,,,,, 50 %,30%, 20 %,,,,,,, : 1., ; ; ; ; 2., ( 100) ; ( 100) 15
3., (, ) ; ( ) 4., (, ) ; (,, ) 5., (, ) ; (,, ) ; (,,,,,,, ) 6.,, 7.,, 8., ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,, 16
,, ( ), 30% 40% ( ), 70 % 80 %,,, (30% ),,,, 2%, :, 20 % 40 % 2.,,,,,, 3., 1000 (1kg/ m 3 ),, 10,,,,,,,,,, :,, 4.,,,,,,, 17
, :, ( ), ; ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1.2 ) : p = gh( h - g ) (1.17) p, Pa; g, m/ s 2, 9.81; h, m; h ( ), kg/ m 3 ; g ( ), kg/ m 3 t g = 95, th = 70, 1m p = 9.811( 977.81-961.92 ) = 156Pa h = 64m, p10kpa,, ;, 18
1.2 1, 2,,,,,,,,, 2., (1 ),,, 1.3,,,,,,,,, ;,, 19
, 4,,, i 0.003, 1.3 1, 2, 3, 4 (2 ),,,,, 1.4,,,,,,, ( 20
1.4 1.4 ), ( a, ) 300mm,, ( a ),, (3 ), 1.5 (4 ) ;, 1.6, ( ) ( ) (5 ) 21
1.5 1.6 1.7 ; 1.7, 1.31.41.5,,,,,,,,,,,,, 22
3., ( 1.8 ) (1.9 ),, 1.8 1.9,,,, : (1 ),,,,, ; (2 ),, ; (3 ), ; (4 ) ( ),,, 23
; 0.710 5 Pa, 0.710 5 Pa,, :,,, 70 %,,,,,, 1.10 ( A ),, ( B),,,,,,,,,,, () 80120kPa ( C),, 80kPa, ;,, 24
1.10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,, 180/ 70, 95/ 70,,,,, ( D), ;, ( E),,, ( ),, 25
( F) ( G) ( H), ( F),, ( G), ( )( 65), ( ) ( H ),,,, 65, ( I),,, 1.11 ( a) 2, 3( ) 4, 5 10 ( b), ( a),, ( c) ( d) ( e) ( f ) ( d) 7 26
1.11 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,, ( e) ( f),, 1.10,,,,, 27
,, ; ( ),,, : p = py + pj = Rl + pj (1.18) p, Pa; py, Pa; R,, Pa/ m; l, m; pj, Pa, ( ) : ; d, m; R = v 2 d 2 v, m/ s;, kg/ m 3 (1.19), : 28 = f ( Re,) (1.20)
Re = vd, = K d Re, (Re < 2320, Re > 2320, ) ; v, m/ s; d, m;, m 2 / s; K, m; K, K = 0.2mm, K = 0.5mm,,, K = 0.2mm,, ( ) ( ) : G kg/ h, v( m/ s) v = G = 3600 d2 4 G, kg/ h;, kg/ m 3 ; (1.19) G 900d 2 (1.21) (1.21) v (1.19), R = 6.25 10-8 d 5 (1.22), G 2 29
= 1.42 lg Re d K 2 (1.23) (1.23 ) ( 1.22 ), RdG, = 0.11 K d 0.25 (1.24) (1.24) (1.22), t/ h, R = 6.88 10-3 K 0.25 G2 d 5.25 (1.25), R mh2 O/ m, R = 6.88 10-9 K 0.25 ( V ) 2 2 gd 5.25 = 7.02 10-10 K 0.25 V 2 d 5.25 (1.26) V, m 3 / h (1.25), GRd,, G, R, d 30 (1.25) d = 0.387 K0.0476 G 0.381 (R) 0.19 m (1.27) G = 12.06 (R) 0.5 d 2.625 K 0.125 t/ h (1.28)
dg d, (1.25) R, ( 1.18 ) py = R l Pa pj : pj = v2 2 x ; Pa (1.29),, ; d : l d : d = l (1.30) d l d = d (1.31), : p = py + pj = R ( l + ld ) = 1 900 2 2 d 4 2 + d G 2 (1.32) 1., : 31
G = Q c( tg - th ) G, kg/ h; Q, W; 3600 = 0.86 Q ( tg - th ) c, c = 4187J/ ( kg ) ; tg, t h,, : G = 3.6 Q r G, kg/ h; Q, W; r, kj/ kg 2. (1.33) (1.34),, (), ;,, R = 3080Pa/ m, : R = ( p g - po) (1 - ) l pg, Pa; (1.35) po, Pa,,, 2000Pa ; \ x l, m 3. 32 GR,
d, p, 15 % 25 % 4.,,,,, ;,,,, : Rs, Pa/ m; Rb, Pa/ m; Rs = b Rb (1.36) s s (), kg/ m 3 ; b, = 1 kg/ m 3 33
34
,,,,,,,, (2.1),, 1 2 : p1 + Z1g + v2 1 = p2 + Z2g + v2 2 2 2 + p 1-2 Pa ( 2.1), : p1 g + Z 1 + v2 1 2 g = p 2 g + Z 2 p1, p2 1 2, Pa; 34 + v2 2 2 g + H 1-2 mh2 O ( 2.2)
, m; Z1, Z2 1 2 OO v1 v2 1 2, m/ s;, kg/ m 3 ; g, 9.81m/ s 2 ; p1-2 12, Pa; H1-2 12, mh2 O 2.1 AB, ( ) 1 HA, ( 2.2) : HA = p 1 g + Z 1 + v2 1 2 g mh 2 O Z1, ( OO ) ; p1/ g, 1 Z1 ( mh2 O 2.1 35
)1, ; v 2 1/ 2 g, v1 (mh2 O )2 HB : 1 HB = Z2 + p 2 g + v2 2 2 g mh 2 O (2.2 ), 1 2 H1-2 : H1-2 = HA - HB mh2 O ( 2.3) 1 2, 1 HA 2 HB, H1-2,, 1, 2, Z2 > Z1,,?, 1, Z1, H A > HB, 1 2,,, ( ),, 1m/ s;, 1m/ s, 3m/ s v = 1m/ s, v 2 / 2 g = 0.051mH2 O; v = 3m/ s, v 2 / 2 g = 0.46mH2 O,,,,, H = Z + p/ g, 2.1, CD AB 36
CD Z p/ g, Z + p/ g CD, : 1. (CD ) ( ) H; 2. ( Z ), p/ g ( mh2 O), p/ g = H - Z ( mh2 O), MPa, ( mh2 O), 0.1MPa = 10mH2 O = 1.0kg/ cm 2 3., H = HC - H D = Z1 + p1 g - Z2 + p2 g mh2 O ( 2.4) 2.2, 2.3 : (m ), (m ),,,, 2.3 ( ) ( ) 37
; mh2 O,,,,,, p/ g,, ( mh2 O) 1. : pi/ g = Hi - Zi ( mh2 O),, i Zi Hi, pi/ g Z0, Z0 2.2, p0/ g, H0 0 - = 0, p0/ g = H0 0 ( mh2 O) B, pb/ g = HA B- ZB ( mh2 O), H A B B ( ), ZB B, pd/ g = H0 0 - ZD, ZD > Z0, pd/ g < p0/ g,,,, ;,,, 2. :,?,,, 38
, 0.5mH2 O, 2.2, P1/ g = HA A - Z1 ( mh2 O) 2.3, 1 p1 ( )/ g = H1 () - Z1 = 37-1 = 36 ( mh2 O ) p1 ( )/ g = H1 ( ) - Z1 = 37-16 = 21 ( mh2 O),,, :, 2.2 1, 2, 3 3. :,, 2.3, 1 39
H1 = 49-37 = 12 ( mh2 O) 2.2, AB H A B = H A B- HA A 2.3 4. : R 1m ( Pa/ m ), ( ) R,, : R = ( 1 - )H 10 4 Pa/ m ( 2.5) L 40
H, mh2 O; L, m;, 0.30.5 2.2, CB : RCB = (1 - )H C B 10 4 Pa/ m LCB 2.3,2 : R2 = ( 1 - )H 2 10 4 L 2 = ( 1-0.5 ) (38-36) 100 10 4 = 10 Pa/ m 5. :, 2.2, HO E= HE- H O ( mh2 O)H E H O,, 2.1 2.3, mh2 O () : (1 ) 2 (48-7 = 41 ) (2 ) 2 (38-7 = 31 ) (3 ) 2 (38-7 = 31 ) (4 ) 2 (38-40 = - 2 ) (5 ) 3 (38 - ( - 5) = 43 ) (6 ) (34-0 = 34 ) (7 ) (52-0 = 52 ) (8 ) (52-34 = 18) (9 ) 1 (51-2 = 49 ) 41
(10) 1 (35-2 = 33 ) (11) 4 (38-1 = 37 ) (12) 4 (48-38 = 10) (13),3 (34 - ( - 5) = 39 ) (14),3 (34-8 = 26 ), (2 ), ( - 2mH2 O) :, ;, :,,,,,, 1.,,,,, H( ) = 2-5mH2 O;,,, H() = 812mH2 O;, H() = 35mH2 O 2. 42
1.6MPa, (M 132 ), 0. 4MPa(40mH2 O),, 0.6MPa, 1.01.2M Pa, 0.40.5MPa,,,,,,,, 40mH2 O( 0.4MPa) : p g 40 mh 2 O ( 2.6) 2.1,3 43mH2 O,, 3., p/ g0 ( ), ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, : 43
p g 25 mh 2 O ( 2.7) 25mH2 O, 2.1,2-2mH2 O,, 4.,,,,, 2.1 : 2.1 100150 ( ) 100 110 120 130 140 150 ( kpa) 0 46 103 176 269 386,, : p g p b g + 25 mh 2 O ( 2.8) pb, Pa 95/ 70,, ( 100),,,,,, 44
, 1. 212mH2 O,, ; 25mH2 O, ( ) 2., 40m,,, 42mH2 O, ;, 40mH2 O,, ( 2.3 2 ), :,,, ( 2.4 ), 40m, 40m, 40m,,,, (40m ) (40m ),,,,, 45
2.4 1,2,3 4,5,, :, ( ),, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,, 3.,,, 2.3 3 : 34mH2 O, 46
2.5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 39mH2 O, ;, 43mH2 O,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1. 47
,,,,, :,,,,, 2., R,,, ( ),,,, (, R ) ( ),, 3.,,,,,,,, ;, 48
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,, 1.05 49
,, ;, ; Hpb = Hj + Hb - Zb m ( 2.9) Hpb, m; Hj, mh2 O; Hb, mh2 O; Zb, m Gb 4,,, Hj, ( ),,,,, 1., ( ) 50
: p = SG 2 Pa (2.10) H = SG 2 mh2 O (2.11) phpa mh2 O ; G, m 3 / h; S, Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, (2.12) ;mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, (2.13) :.25-9 K0 S = 6.88 10 d 5.25 ( l + l d )Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.12) S = 7.02 10-10 K 0.25 d, m; l, m ; d 5.25 ( l + l d ) mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.13) ld, m; K,, K = 0.0005m = 0.5mm; S () ( kg/ m 3 ), S S ( ), ( ), (2.12 ) ( 2. 13 ), ;, 2. S (1 ) : 2.6, S n S = S1 + S2 + S3 + = S i (2.14) i = 1 51
2.6 i; n,, S, (2 ) : 2.7,, S 1 S = 1 S1 + 1 S2 + 1 S3 n 1 + = i = 1 Si (2.15) 2.7 (2.15),, S ;, pi p = pi (3 ) :,,,, 52
, Sp : ( ),,,,,,,,, Sp < 0, pp ( Pa ) Hp ( mh2 O), G ( m 3 / h), S p : S p S p = - p p G 2 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.16) = - Hp G 2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.17) AB( ) S A B ( 2.8 ) AB S : S = S A B + S p = S A B - p p G 2 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.18) 2.8 2.9 AB( ) p A B = S A B G 2 > pp, S > 0; pa B < pp, S < 0, p B > p A, AB,, 53
,,,, ( 4) :, 2.9, APB, A RB, S A P B =, APB ARB S A B = S A R B, APB, ARB,,, APB ARB, S A B : GA B + GA PB = GA R B GA B + HB A - S A P B = H A B S A R B GA B = H A B S A R B - - HB A - S A PB GA B = 1 S A R B - 1 S A P B HA B S A B = 1 S A B = 1 S A R B 1 S A R B 1 - - 1 S A P B 1 S A P B 2 (2.19) (2.20) 54
S A P B( AB ), APB ARB, S A P B < 0, S A B (2.19) ( 2.20) (2.20), S A B > S A R B :, (), S, ;, 2.9, HA BS A P B, GA P B = H A B S A PB,,, :, ;,, 3. G ( m 3 / h ), p( Pa) H( mh2 O), ( ), S, p = SG 2, S1 > S2 > S3, S1, S3 ( 2.10), (),, ( )2.11 S1 S2, 55
2.10 2.11, S1 S2, S1 S2,, S1 S2 S 2.12,,, ( S1, S2 ),, S 56
2.12 2.13 2.13 S1 S P S1, S P 57
P ( P )S1 S P, S S1 S P, ( ),, 1. (1 ) G( m 3 / h) H( m 10kPa) N ( kw ) n ( r/ min) : G G = n n ; H H = n2 N ; n 2 N = : n3 (2.21) n 3 N = GH kw (2.22) 367,, 2.14,, (, H G ) :, ( ) ( G = 0) 12% ;, 40% ;,,,,, 0, 58
2.14, (2 ),,, : : H G, : H = A + BG + CG 2 + DG 3 mh2 O (2.23) (2.11) H = SG 2 H = H, H = A + BG + CG 2 + DG 3 H = SG 2 H = H (2.24) 59
(2 24 ), ( G, H ) : H = SG 2 mh2 O (2.25),, ( ) : H G H G, 2.15 :,,, A,, ; ( ), B,, 2.15 2.15, (),,, 2.16 Zp 60
, A 2.16 2.17 Zp, p0, 2.17 61
,,,,,,,, ;,, 25%,, 2., ( ), (),, 2.18, 91%, 72.9% ; 50 %, 12.5%, 2.18 62
,, S1 S2, A1 A2, :, A2 A2,,,,, ( ),, ( A2 ),,,,, ( ),, 2.19 () : 2.19 GA, GA 1,, 3 2, A B GA GB 63
, A1 B1 ( 1), GA 1 GB1 2.14,,,, s( ),,,,,,, 1. Gg ( m 3 / h ), Gs ( m 3 / h), x : x = G s Gg (2.26),, x x = 1, Gg 64
Gs, x1 x1, 2. (1 ) : x1, x2, x3, xn, 1, 1,, (2 ) : 1, 1, (3 ) x1 = x2 = = xn =,,, 1. n ( 2.20 ), Gi G ( 2.27 ) : Gi G = 1 Si, n Si - 1, n S2, n S1, n Si Si, n Si - 1, n S2, n1 = i (2.27), Gm, Gj, ( 2.28 ) : G m Gj = Sj S m, n S m - 1, n Sk, n S m S m, n S m- 1, n Sk, n Si i ; ; = j, m (2.28) S i, n i n Si, ni ( ) n 65
; 2.20 n i i ; j, m jm (2.27) ( 2.28 ),, x, ( 2.28 ) :, ( ),, i < j < k, i, jk GjgGkg, GjsGks, (2.28) : Gks Gjs = G k g Gjg = j, k (2.29) Gjs Gjg = G ks Gk g = const (2.30), : (1 ),, ; ( 2) ( 2.20 i), ( ) ( ) 2. 66
, : ; ;,, (1 ) :,,, (2.21, ),,, 2.21 (2 ) :, S,,,, G 2.22 :,,,,, (3 ) : 2.23 O ( ), 67
2.22 2.23, S,,, G, O, O 68
HR, HR,,,, (4 ) : 2.24 3, S,, ( ), G, 1 H1, H1 = S1 G 2 1, S1, G1, G= G - G1, G,, 2, H2 = S2 G 2 2, S2, G2, G= G - G1 - G2, G,,, H3, G4 G5, 3, G3 = G - G1 - G2 - G4 - G5, G3, 3, 3 G3,, 3 ;3, 3, 3,, 3,,,, (5 ) :,,,,,,, 2.25, 69
2.25 2.24 A, A,,, (6 ) :,,,, ;, 2.26 : ( a ), B,,, Hg h< Hgh,, 70
2.26 ( a ), ( b), ( c),,, ( b), A,, ( c),,,,, 1.,, 71
,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ( ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ( 2.27 ) ; 2.27 1, 2 (5 ) ( 2.28) 2.28 1, 2, 3,,, ( ),,,, 72
,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 2.29 abcdef( ) a b c d e f ( ), H, (BCDE ) S,, G AB EF, BE be b e, Hb e< HbeBE SB E,, GB E< GB E b b Hb b, GCD= G - GB E, GCD, GCD > GCD, 2.30 a b c d e f ( ), 73
,, 2.29 2.30 2.29 2.30,, : ( 1 ),,, (2 ),, ( 2.29 ),,,,,, 4 5,, ( ),, 2.31 74
, 2.32 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.332.34 2.33 2.34 75
, CD, Hc d : OB O E, 2.332.34, ( OB O E ),,,,,, OO,,,,, 2.2 2.35, P1 P2, : HA = 20mH2 O, HB = 15mH2 O, HC = 40mH2 O, HD = 25mH2 O, GA C = GBD = 100t/ h, Gk = 90t/ h, GH = 70t/ h, GCD = 60t/ hp1 P2, HP 1 = 25mH2 O, HP 2 = 15mH2 O, HA HB, : (1 ) P2, GA CGK, GH HC, HD? (2 ) P1 P2, P1, GAC, GK, GH HC, H D? (3 ), P1 P2? P1 P2, S 76
: P1 2.35 AP1 C S A P 1 C S A P 1 C = H A - HC G 2 A C = 20-40 100 2 = - 2.0 10-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 P1 Sp 1 S P 1 = - HP 1 G 2 A C = - 25 100 2 = - 2.5 10-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S A P 1 C = S P 1 + S AC, S A C P1 AC, : S AC = S A P 1 C - S P 1 = [ - 2.0 - ( - 2.5) ] 10-3 = 0.5 10-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (1 ) P2 G ( S AC + SC H D + S BD ) G 2 = HA - HB + HP 1 SB D = ( HD - HB )/ G 2 BD = (25-15)/ 100 2 = 1.010-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 77
SC H D = ( HC - H D )/ ( GK + GH ) 2 = ( 40-15 )/ 160 2 = 0.58610-3 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 : ( 0.0005 + 0.00058 + 0.001 ) G 2 = 20-15 + 25 G = GAC = 30/ 0.00209 = 119.9t/ h K H, GK = 90 119.9 = 67.4 t/ h 160 GH = 70 119.9 = 52.5 t/ h 160 CDBD HC D HBD HC D = SCH D G 2 = 0.000586 119.9 2 = 8.43 mh2 O HB D = S BD G 2 = 0.001 119.9 2 = 14.38 mh2 O HD = HB + HBD = 15 + 14.38 = 29.38 mh2 O HC = H D +HC D = 29.38 + 8.43 = 37.81 mh2 O (2 ) P1 P2 G GAC, GB D ( S AC + SC H D + S BD ) G 2 = HA - HB (0.0005 + 0.000586 + 0.001) G 2 = 20-15 G = GA C = GBD = 5 0.00209 G K = 90 49 = 27.6 t/ h 160 G H = 70 49 = 21.4t/ h 160 = 49.0 t/ h HB D = SB D G 2 = 0.001 49 2 = 2.4 mh2 O HC D = SCH D G 2 = 0.000586 49 2 = 1.4 mh2 O HD = HB + HB D = 15 + 2.4 = 17.4 mh2 O HC = HD + HC D = 17.4 + 1.4 = 18.8 mh2 O, : P2 78,
100 t/ h 119.9t/ h, CD,, P1,, 119.9t/ h 49t/ h,, 2.36 1P 1, P 2, 2 P 1, P 2, 3 P 1, P 2,,,, 79
,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, 2.37,,,,,,,, ( 12% ) ( ),,,, 1, 2, 3 4 1,, 2, ( ), 1 2 1,,,,,,, 3 80
2.37 1, 2, 3, 4,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4, 1.52.0m,, : D N 32mm, DN 50mm, D N 20mm, DN 25mm,, 2.37,, : V p = t V s = 0.0006 75 V s = 0.045 V s L (2.31) 81
Vp (, L; t = 75; t ( 20 95),, = 0.0006L/ ( m 3 ) ; Vs, L V s 1000W 2.2, ( 2.31 ) T905, 112, 116, 0.355.35m 3,,, Hp : Zj + p b g + (2-5) < Hp < 40 m (2.32) Zj, m tg < 100, pb/ g ( ) 0,, Zj,,,,,,,,,,, 82
, 2.38 83
2.2 1kW ( L ) (L/ kw) M 132 ( 60 ) ( 60 ) (51) (71) 8.6 11.2 16.1 9.46 4.0 5.16 ( ) 0.43 12.0 4161000 4161000 5201000 5201000 6241000 6241000 6.45 4.7 7.4 5.26 8.0 5.6 RSL250 7/ 95 A SH,DZ, SZ RSD,RSG, RSZ (LH ) 0.8 2.6 1.0 5.16 9.46 5.16 6.9 13.8 84
2.38 O, y O, y Z p, j,,, p0/ g = Hp ; y, p0 / g < Hp, p0 / g, y, p0 / g,,,, 85
p0 / g,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.39, hy, h, 2.39 y O P O Zp, h Zhy O, yo H y > HO, yhpo h, Zh (Zp ) Oy Zp H O < Z p,,, 86
( ),,, 2.40 2.40,, ( ),,,,,,, 87
, ;,,,,,,, 2.41 2.41 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7,,, 88
3 4,,,, 6,,,,,,,, 2.42,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,?,? 89
2.42 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7,,,,,,,,,,,, 90
,, 2. 43, 3 2, j, 2.43 j j,, 2 (),,, :, 2.43, A, O O, 2 HA HB,,,,, 91
,,,,,,,, 2.44 4 2.44 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ( ),,,,,,,,, 92
,,,,,,, 2.45 ( ) 1, 2 3, 4 5, ;, p1,,,, p2, 6 7,,, 8,,, 9,, 2.46 ( ) ( ) j j, 93
2.45 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,, p1 p2 ( ) 10,,, 2.45,, 2.45 11,, 94
2.46 12,, V1 V2 V3 2.47 ) (,,, ( :, 12/ h ), : V, m 3 ; PV = C (2.33) 95
2.47 P ; C P1, ( V1 + V2 ) ; P2, V2 ( 2.33 ), : P1 ( V 1 + V2 ) = P2 V2 V2 = P 1 V1 P2 - P1 = P2 P1 1-1 V1 m 3 (2.34) P1 ( P2 - P1 ),, P2/ P1, V1 () :, V1 4%, 96
, : ( 0.5 % 1% ), V1 2% 3 % ( 2 % ),,,,, V3 V3 : V3 = (0.10.3) ( V1 + V2 ) m 3 (2.35), V = V1 + V2 + V 3,, ;,,, 1 m 2 1m 3,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ( ) 2.48 1 2, 3 4 97
2.48 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,, 5,,, 6,,,, 7 2.49, 98,
2.49 8, 9 16, 10 2.48 ; p 2.50 2.50,, p 99
, ( 1) hg ; (2 ) Z; (3 ) hb : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, ;,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,, 2.51 100
2.51 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9,10 1, 2 3,,, 5 6 7, 4, 8,, 9,, 10 V V1 V2 : V3 ( ) 101
V2 V3, 0.4 V2, 0.7m, : 0.2( V2 + V3 ) m 3 ; ( ) 0.30.4m,,,,, 2.49,,,,,,,,,,, 50Hz,, : n, r/ min; 102 f, Hz; n = 60 f ( 1 - S N )/ P (2.36)
S N,, 5% ; P, PS N,,, ;,, (2.21) G G = n n ; H H = n2 n 2 ; N N = n3 n 3,, 0.5400Hz, 1411200r/ min 2.52,,, (),, (420mA), (0.550Hz ),,, 2.52,, 2.53,, B1 ; 103
, GB, n1 n2, B2, AB1 B2 C,,,,, 67, 30%,,,,, 1000 / kw 10kW, 12,,, 2.53,,, 2.54, 6 ( ) ( ),, 104
2.54 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,, 7,, ; 6 8,,,,, j1 j2 2.55 ( 105
2.55 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ),,, 6 8,, 8 9,, j2 j1 3 106
,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q = K F t = K F t d - t x ln t d t x Q ( kj/ h) ; K ( k J/ ( m 2 h ) ) ; F ( m 2 ) ; 106 ( 3. 1)
t ( ) ; td, tx ( ) ( 3 1),, ( ) ( ), t d, t x, t, ( ), t, Q = xw x tz d = dw d tz d ( 3. 2) x, d, ; Wx, Wd ( kj/ ( h ) ) ; ( ) : t z d 3 1, t z d = t 1g - t 2h ( 3. 3) W x = CxGx ( 3. 4) W d = CdGd ( 3. 5) x = ( t 2g - t 2h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 6) d = ( t 1g - t 1h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 7) t 1g t 1h ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; t 2g t 2h ( ) Gx, 1988 9 107
3 1 3 1( a ), Gx = G 2; ( b), Gx= G1( t/ h) ; Gd, 3 1( a ), Gd = G 1; ( b), Gd= G2( t/ h) ; Cx, Cd ( kj/ ( k gk ) ) ( 3 2),, 1 ; ( 3 6) ( 3 7),,,, 1 0 F, F =, = 1. 0 3 1, td t x 108
( 3 13) ( 3 14) ( 3 1) : ln t d = t z d - t x ( 3. 8) t x = t z d - t d ( 3. 9) Q = Wd tx = W x t d ( 3. 10) t x = Q/ Wd ( 3. 11) t d = Q/ Wx ( 3. 12) t d = t z d - Q/ Wd ( 3. 13) t x = t z d - Q/ Wx ( 3. 14) z d - Q/ W d) t z d - Q/ Wx - 1 = K F Wx WX Wd, : exp W x W d t z d = tz d exp W x - 1 + : W d - 1 = K F / W x ( 3. 15) - 1 = t z d - Q/ Wx t z d - Q/ Wd 1 Wx - 1 Wd ex p Wx Wd - 1 Q Q = 1-1 - ex p Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd - 1-1 Wx t z d ( 3 2), 109
x = 1-1 - exp Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd - 1-1 ( 3. 16) ( 3. 16),, t : t = tz d - a t x - b t d ( 3. 17) a b,, b, b= 0. 65; a : a = 0. 35 a = 0. 4250 55 a = 0. 65 ( 3 17) t ( ), a = 0. 5, b= 0. 5 ( 3 17) ( 3 1), t (, x ) : = a Wx Wd 1 + b + 1 ( 3. 18) ( 3 16), F =, = 1, >,,,,, = = 1, ( 3 17), ( ), 6% 110
( 34) %,, ( ),, Wd =, : 1 = b + 1/ ( 3. 19), t, b = 0. 5, : = ; 1 0. 5 + u 1 + u + 1 ( 3. 20) u G1g, Gh, u= Gh/ G 1g, u= 0, = 1 0. 5 + 1 ( 3. 21), ( ), ( ) : = W m 1 1 W m 2 2 / W x ( 3. 22), ; W 1, W 2, W x, W 1= W1/ W 1 ; W 2= W 2/ W 2 ; W x = W x/ Wx 111
m 1 m 2,, m 1 = 0. 33-0. 5; m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5, m 1 = m 2= 0. 5, ( 3 22) = Wd / W x ( 3. 23), = K F W 1 W 2 ( 3. 24), : = yl ( 3. 25) y ; L ( m) y,, W 1 W2, ( 3 24) ( 3 18),, : = 0. 35 Wx Wd 1 + 0. 65 + 1 Wx Wd 1 ( 3. 26) 3 2 W x, W d ( 3 26) 3 2, Wx, Wd,, ( 3 2) Q 3 2, = 112
2. 03, W x/ W d = 0. 75, = 0. 716,, ( 3 22) m 1 = 0, m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5,, m 1 = 0. 12-0. 20; m 2 = 0. 33-0. 5 3 2 = f ( Wx, Wd, ) : = Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) Q = Q / Q ; W s = Ws/ Ws ;, B, B= 0. 17-0. 37, = K F / W s = = Q Q tg + t h t g - t h - t 2 tg - t h t g + t h = tg - t h tp - t - t 2 t g, t h ( ) ; t p ( ) ; t ( ) ; ( 3. 28) 113
,, g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ), q ( 1 ), q= K F / A( A, m 2 ), : = K F Ws A A = = q cg = 1 0. 5 + cg q q cg ( 3. 29) ( 3. 30), ( 3 2) : Q = W s( tg - t ),,,, t z d = const, Q = A SH RA E 3 3 G 1. 0 3 4 G > 1. 0 3 33 4 : G, Q ( ) t g = 90, 1, 2, 3, 4 114 W s = G ( 3. 31) 3 3 0< G < 100% Q G
10, 20, 30, 40 3 3, 1, t = 10, 70%, 5% ; 50%, 10% ; 20%, 30% ; 10%, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 :,, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 10%, 18%, 25%, 33% ; 20%, 69%, 50%, 40% 32%, 31%, 50%, 60% 68%,, ; 3 4 0< G < 160% Q G 3 4,,,,, :, ;, 160%, 1( 10) 105% ; 2( 20) 110% ; 4( 40) 125% 1( 10) 300%, 115
110%, :, t p tp, tg, t p t g G, th = t g, t p = t g, tg ( 3 30), q g,,,,, 3 3 3 4, 30, 20% ( 80% 120% ), 10%,, : t = 18,, 16,,,,, : 116
Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3 32) Q ( W) ; t w ( ) ; q v 1( W / ) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) : t = ( Wst g/ q v) + t w ( 3. 33) ( Ws/ qv) + 1 ( 3 33) t g t w, t G( Ws) 3 13 53 6, : tw = - 9, 813, 1m 2 0 5, 52 3W / m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h), 1 qv 1 94W / ( m 2 ) ( 1 67kcal/ m 2 h ) t g= 75,, 3 5 3 5, 5,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ( tw = t w = - 9) :, g = g = 2. 25kg/ ( m 2 h ), 117
3 1 X= g / g tg ( ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) q( W/ ( m 2 ) ) th( ) t ( ) 15 75 2 25 2 25 1 0 0 95 0 350 55 18 1 75 0 35 2 25 0 16 0 78 0 880 12 9 4 4 2 75 0 70 2 25 0 31 0 88 0 750 27 2 11 3 3 75 1 60 2 25 0 71 0 94 0 480 47 5 17 5 4 75 3 20 2 25 1 42 0 96 0 273 59 9 19 9 5 75 5 40 2 25 2 40 0 98 0 165 66 0 20 2 75 11 25 11 25 1 0 57 5
, t = t = 18 t g = 75, t h= 55, t= 20 3 6 ( tw= tw = - 9), : 4, 5 3 2kg/ ( m 2 h ), 5. 4kg/ ( m 2 h ), 19 9 20 2 1, 2, 3 0 35k g/ ( m 2 h ), 0. 7kg/ ( m 2 h ) 1 6kg/ ( m 2 h ), 4 4, 11 3 17 5,, ;,,,, ;,,,, x 1, ; x 1, t w > tw, ( 3 30), t w = t = 18, Q = 0, q= 0, = 0, ( 3 33) t = 18 t w = 18,, 3 7, 3 7, ( 3 1 ),, 119
,, t w = t w, ;,, tw = t,, tw = + 5, 3 7, 3 7,,, : 23, x = 2-3; 0 20 5, x = 0. 2-0. 5, 20 10 : 20,, 120
23 ; 10, 0 5, t ( 3 33) ( ),,, t w = - 18, 4 2kg/ ( m 2 h ) 3 2 : - 18, 60/ 45,,, 18t w = - 4. 1( ), 3. 7kg/ ( m 2 h), x = 0. 89, 47. 0/ 36. 6, 18, ( t w = - 4. 1),,, :,,, ;,,, x = 2. 3, 17 6, 18 1, 18 8, 19 4 20 1, 2 5 x = 0. 26, 15 9, 14 0, 12 3, 10 7 9 1, 6 8:, ;, 121
3 2 tw( ) g x ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) tg( ) th( ) t ( ) x y 1 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0-18 4. 2 1. 0 60 45 1 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 1 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 0 89 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0-4. 1 3. 7 0. 89 47. 0 36. 6 0 89 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 0 89 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 2 3 17 6 18 1 18 8 19 4 20 1-4. 1 4. 7 1. 12 46. 5 38. 3 0 8 17 4 17 3 17 2 17 0 16 9 0 26 15 9 14 0 12 3 10 7 9 1
, t w = - 4 1, x = 1. 0, x = 0. 89, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5,, x r, : x r = t / t p ( 3 34) x r = 1,,, x r > 1, x r < 1,,, ( 123
G ( kg/ h) g( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h ) ) 3 3 x t g t h 11.25 2.25 2.25 1.0 75 57.5 15.75 3.15 2.25 1.4 75 61.6 30.0 6.0 2.25 2.67 92 82.3 70.3 14.1 2.25 6.25 75 71.4 70.3 14.1 2.25 6.25 66.6 63.4 11.25 2.25 2.25 1.0 75 55
g i ( kg/ (m 2 h) ) x i 1 0.35 0.16 4.4 2 0.70 0.31 11.3 3 1.60 0.71 17.5 4 3.20 1.42 19.9 5 5.40 2.40 20.2 1 0.5 0.22 8.5 2 1.0 0.44 13.6 3 2.25 1.00 18.0 4 4.50 2.00 20.0 5 7.5 3.33 20.7 1 0.94 0.42 18.0 2 1.87 0.83 23.6 3 4.27 1.90 27.4 4 8.50 3.78 29.3 5 14.40 6.40 30.7 1 2.25 1.00 18.0 2 4.44 1.97 19.8 3 10.06 4.47 22.5 4 20.00 8.99 23.6 5 33.75 15.00 24.0 1 2.25 1.00 15.7 2 4.44 1.97 17.2 3 10.06 4.47 18.5 4 20.00 8.89 18.9 5 33.75 15.00 19.0 1 2.25 1.00 18.0 2 2.25 1.0 18.0 3 2.25 1.0 18.0 4 2.25 1.0 18.0 5 2.25 1.0 18.0 t n ( ) t np () Q( W) Q ( % ) q ( % ) 14.8 230-12.5 31.9 ( 6.3) 16.2 245.5-6.2 25.0 25.8 338.4 29.3 61.0 21.5 294.4 12.5 23.8 17.9 260.5-0.004 18.0 262 0.0 0.0
) ( ),,,,,, ;,,, 3 33 8, 3 3 3 8 3 1 3 6, 15 11 25kg/ h, 2. 25 k g/ ( m 2 h ),, tg = 75, : G= 15. 75kg/ h, x = 1. 4, 3 15kg/ ( m 2 h), 1 2 4 4 11 3 8 5 13 6, 4 1 2 34, 5 19 9, 20 2 20 0 20 7, 0 1 0 5 1 5, 15 8 12 2 x r, 1, x r1 0 3 0 53, 5, x r5 1 37 1 28 6 25 ( 70 3kg/ h ), 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h ), 1 5 6 0, 126
,,,, :,, ;,,, 3 8 1 g = 3. 15kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75), 2 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75), 3 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 66. 6), 4 g = 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 92),,,, : 1,, 3 3,,, 18, 262W ( 225k cal/ h ) 127
,,, ;,, 70 3k g/ h ( 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ), 15 15 7, 17 2, 18 5, 18 9 19 0, 17 9 tg = 66. 6, th = 63. 4, Q= 261W ( 224k cal/ h),, 18262W,,,, ( ),, 3 0, 1530kW, 1 4, 2 74, 4182kW,,,,,,,, : ( 1kW h ) 1986 ( ) : WT F ( 95/ 70) ( WT F ) th0 6, 128 W TF 0. 6( W TF ) t h ( 3. 35)
W TF : W T F = Q/ N q ( 3. 36) Q ( kw h/ d ), : q ( kw / m 2 ) ; A ( m 2 ) Q = 24q A ( 3. 37) N q ( kw h / d), N q : N ( kw ) N q = 24N ( 3 38) ( WT F ) t h: ( W TF ) t h = 7450 14 + al L ( m ) ; ( 3. 39) a R( mmh 2O/ m ), : L 500m 500m < L < L 1000m 0 6( W T F) th3 4 : a = 0. 0115 1000m a = 0. 0092 3 4 0 6( WTF) th a = 0. 0069 L ( m) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0. 6( WT F ) th 274 240 229 209 200 195 189 179 L ( m) 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 0. 6( WT F ) th 169 161 153 146 140 134 129 129
, 9 0, 32 1k W, 40kW, 36m, 270t / h,,,, 2,,,,,, (,, ),,,,, :,,,, 3 9, ( a ), ( b) 3 3, ( a ) ( b) g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h), ( b),, t w = - 9, 1 5 15 7 19 0, 3 3, t p = 17. 9,,, ( a ) ( b) 66 6 75, 1 18, 5 24, t p = 21. 5, 130
3 9 ( g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ) ( a ) ( b) Q= 294. 4W ( 253 1kcal/ h ), Q = 262W 12 5%, 3 3,,,, ;,,, 30kg/ h ( 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h ), x = 2. 67), ( 1 ) 18, 92 Q= 338. 4 W ( 291kcal/ h ), 29 3%,,,, 131
3,, : ( 1) 3 1 3 2,, ( x 1), t w = t w = - 9, t g = t g = 75,, t h= t h = 55,, t h = 57. 5, 2 5 262W ( 225kcal/ h ) 230W ( 197 8kcal/ h ), 12 5%,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 510%, ( 2), 0 350 45W / m 2 132,
0 60 9W/ m 2 0 45W / m 2 0 50 6W/ m 2,,, ( 1133) %, 100%,, ( 3),, ;, ( ),,, : q = j 0. 024( Q - Q1 8) = 1 j Q1 8 ( 3. 40) q, ( 100% ) ; Q ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; Q 1 8 18 ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; j Q, Q 18 3 2 ( 11 25kg/ h),, 31 9% ; ( ), 6 3% 30 0kg / h( 6kg/ ( m 2 h ) ), 92 ( 18), 133
61%,, ( ) ;, ( 4) : 10%, 23 2%,,,, :,, 816, 1018??,,,,, ( ),,,, 35%, 0 50 7 (, 1 0 1 5 m 2 ),, 0 3 0 5 4 ;,,,, 5, : 134
,,,, :,, ( 18) ( 3 33) : ( W s), t w qv t g ;,, ;,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,, ( ), ( 3 41) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) Q = Ws( t g - th ) ( 3. 41) 135
Q = ( 3. 20) ( 3. 27) ( 3. 28) W s( tg - t ) ( 3. 31) Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3. 32) = : 1 0. 5 + u 1 + u + 1 w ( 3. 20) w = w Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) w = t g - t h t p - t ( 3. 28) Q = t g - t w 0. 5( t g t - t w + + t h - 2t ) Q B / ( 1+ B) + 0. 5+ u 1+ u ( 3. 42) t g - t h W s Q = ( 3 42),, : t - tw t - tw t g = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w t - t w + ( 3 43) : 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( 0. 5 + u) ( tg - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w t h = t g - Q / W s = tg - Q / W s t h = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w - ( 0. 5 + u) ( t g - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 43) ( 3. 44) ( 3 43) ( 3 44) :, t, 136
t g th, G u tw,, ( 3 43) ( 3 44) t t ( 3 43) ( 3 44), : t p = tg + t h 2 ( 3 45) tw tp = t + 1 2 ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 45), t, G,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ), t 1g u 3 10, G 1g 3 10 1, 2, Gh, u = G h/ G1g,, G1g, Gh, 137
: cg1g ( t 1g - t 2g) = cgh( t 2g - t 2 h) u = Gh/ G1g = t 1g ( ) ; t 1g - t 2g t2 g - t2h t 1g = t 2g + u ( t 2g - t 2h) ( 3. 46) t 2g, t 2h ( ) ; c ( 3 46) t 2g, t 2h ( 3 43), ( 3 44) t g, t h, u, u = t 1g - t 2g t 2g - t 2h ( 3. 47) t 2g, t 2hu, ( 3 46) t 1g, u = 0, : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w t - tw 2G ( 3. 48) t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t - t w t g - t ht - tw t g + t h - 2t ) - t - t w 2G ( 3. 49) t - tw,,,, K = K, ( 3 48) ( 3 49) B= 0, : t g = t + t h= t + 138 1 2 ( t g + th - 2t ) t - tw t - tw + t g - th t - tw 2G t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w - t g - t ht - t w 2G t - t w ( 3. 50) ( 3. 51)
,, 1,, G= G, G = 1, t g, t h, ( 3 52), ( 3 53) : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w ( 3. 52) t - tw 2 t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t g t - t w t g - t ht - tw - 2t ) - ( 3. 53) t - t w 2 t - tw 3 1 t w = - 26 t = 18,, B= 0. 35 ( 1) t g = 95, t h = 70; ( 2), t 1g = 130, t 1h = t 2 h = 70, t 2g = 95 ( 1) ( 3 52), ( 3 53), t g = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 th = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 0. 74 0. 74 + 12. 5 18 - tw 44-12. 5 18 - t w 44 t w, t g t h ( 2), ( 3 46) u = ( 130-95) / ( 95-70) = 1. 4 t 1g = tg + 1. 4( tg - t h) 139
t g th ( 1) ( + 5 t w - 26),, 3 5, 3 11 3 5 tw ( ) - 26-23 - 20-15 - 10-5 0 + 5 95/ 70 th 70 67. 6 65. 1 60. 8 56. 2 51. 4 46. 2 40. 5 130/ 95/ 70 tg 95 90. 9 86. 7 79. 5 72. 1 64. 4 56. 4 47. 9 t1g 130 123. 5 116. 9 105. 8 94. 4 82. 7 70. 7 58. 2 tg 95 90. 9 86. 7 79. 5 72. 1 64. 4 56. 4 47. 9 th 70 67. 6 65. 1 60. 8 56. 2 51. 4 46. 2 40. 5 130/ 70 tg 130 122. 4 114. 7 102. 0 89. 3 76. 6 63. 8 51. 1 th 70 66. 5 62. 9 57. 0 51. 1 45. 2 39. 3 33. 4 G = 1 ( 3 50) ( 3 51), t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) ( 3. 54) t - t w t - t w th = t + ( t h - t ) ( 3. 55) t - t w 3 2, 130/ 70,, 130/ 70,, t g = 18 + ( 130-18) 18 - t w 18 + 26 = 18 + 2. 545( 18 - tw ) 140
3 11 1130/ 95/ 70, ; 295/ 70, ; 130/ 95/ 70, ; 3130/ 95/ 70 95/ 70, th = 18 + ( 70-18) 18 - t w 18 + 26 = 18 + 1. 182( 18 - t w ),, 130/ 70, t g = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 t h = 18 + 64. 5 18 - t w 44 0. 74 0. 74 + 30 18 - t w 44-30 18 - tw 44 ( + 5 t w - 26),, 3 5 3 63 12 141
3 12 130/ 70 ; 130/ 70 ; 130/ 70, : ( 1) t w,, ;, : Q = Q Q = t - tw t - tw = t 1g - t h t 1g - t h = t g - t h t g - t h ( 3. 56) ( 2) 3 12,, ; 142
, tw,,, K, ; K,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,, 60, 70,,,,, 2 tg = tg,, G t h : 143
G = t - t w 0. 5( tg - t h ) t - t w t g - t - 0. 5( t g + t h - 2t ) t h = 2t - tg + ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t - tw t - tw tw t - tw 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 57) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 58),,, 3 1, 95/ 70,,, t w = + 5, 7 27%, G = 0. 0727, t h= 24. 7,, G = 0. 153, t h = 16. 1t w = + 18, ( 3 58) t h < 0, tg = t g = 95 t w = + 18, t w = t,, t p = 18, 95,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 3 :, 144
,,,,,,, : G = 100%, G = 80% G = 60%, H p = 100%, 64% 36% ; N = 100%, 51. 2% 21 6%, : G = 100% G = 75% ; H p N 56% 42% ;, ; 3 3, t g = 130, t h = 70, 100%, 75%,, 3 6, 3 12, : - 15-26, G = 100% ; + 5 -, 75%, G = 75% - 15 15-26, G = 100%, + 5-15, G = 75%, : t g = 18 + 82 18 - t w 44 0. 74 + 0. 560 0. 75 18 - tw 44 ( ) 145
t h = 18 + 82 18 - t w 44 0. 74-0. 5 60 0. 75 18 - t w 44 ( ) 3 6 t w ( ) - 26-23 - 20-15 - 10-5 0 + 5 G = 1 t g ( ) 130 123. 8 117. 5 106. 8 95. 8 84. 4 72. 6 60. 1 t h ( ) 70 67. 9 65. 7 61. 8 57. 6 53. 1 48. 0 42. 4 t g ( ) 130 123. 8 117. 5 114. 3 102. 1 89. 6 76. 7 63. 1 t h ( ) 70 67. 9 65. 7 54. 3 51. 2 47. 8 44. 0 39. 4 G 1. 0 0. 75 t w 3 12, 3 6, 3 12, + 5 t w - 15, ;,,,,, 4,,,,, : ( h/ d) ; = 24 t - t w ( h/ d) ( 3. 59) t - t w t w ( 146
( ) :,,,, 24, 5, 95/ 70, :, ;, 7080, 18, : ( ) 4770W / m 2 ( 40-60k cal/ ( m 2 h ) ) ( ), 0 350 4 / m 2 ( 813), 7093 W/ m 2 ( 60-80kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), 0 50 7 / m 2,, m, L : m = qg / qs ( 3. 60) L = f g/ f s ( 3. 61) ) 147
m ; q g ( W / m 2 ) ; q s ( W/ m 2 ) ; L ; f g ( m 2 ) ; f s ( m 2 ), Q 3J Q 2J Q 1J : Q 1J Q 1J = Q 2J = Q 3J = qv( t - t w ) Q 2J = 1 2 K F ( t g + t h - 2 ) Q 3J = cg ( tg - t h ) Q 1, Q 1J = mq 1, Q 2, Q 2J = Q 2 / L, Q 3 Q 3J, Q 3 = Q 3J = Q 1J = mq 1 mq 1 = Q 2 / L = Q 3 mlq 1 = Q 2 = LQ 3 ( 3. 62),, Q 1 Q 2 Q3,, LQ 3 mlq 1 148
Q 2, Q 1J Q Q 1 = mlq 1 = Q 2 Q 2 = Q 3 LQ3 ( 3. 63),, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q3, Q 1/ Q 1 = Q2/ Q2 = Q 3/ Q 3,, ( 3 63), t g = t + t h= t + 1 2 ( t g + th - 2t ) t - t w t - t w 1 2 ( t - tw t g + t h - 2t ) t - tw = 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B) 1 Lm + - L ( t g - t h ) t - t w 2 t - t w ( 3. 64) L ( tg - t h ) t - tw 2 t - tw ( 3. 65) ( 3. 66), 95/ 70, ( 813 ) qs = 55W / m 2, f s= 0. 4 / m 2, qg = 70W/ m 2, f g = 0. 5 / m 2 m= qg / qs= 70/ 55= 1. 3, L= f g/ f s= 0. 5/ 0. 4= 1. 2 3 7, t w = - 9, 95/ 70, 75/ 55,, 149
3 7 tw( ) tg( ) th( ) tg( ) t h ( ) - 9-7 - 5-3 - 1 1 3 5 18 95 90. 2 85. 4 80. 5 75. 5 70. 4 65. 3 60. 0 18 70 67. 2 64. 1 61. 0 57. 9 64. 7 51. 4 47. 9 18 75 71. 0 67. 3 63. 9 60. 5 56. 9 53. 3 49. 6 18 55 53. 0 51. 1 49. 1 47. 1 44. 9 42. 7 40. 4 18 6,,,, ( ) 3 13, t 1g t 1h, W 1 t 2g t 2h, W2, : 3 13 1, 2, 3 150 Q = W t 1g - t 1h 1 t 1g - t 1h
Q = W t 1g - t 2h 1 t 1g - t 2h Q = W t 2g - t 2h 2 t 2g - t 2h, ( 3 18) 1 = a W x + b + 1 W d, t 1g t 2g, t 1= t 1g- t 1h t 2= t 2g - t2 h W 1< W 2, ( 3 18), W x= W1, W d= W2, : t 1g = t 2g + t2 g - t 2 h W W 2 2 W 1-1 t - t w t - t w t 1h = t 2h + t 1g - t 1h W W1 1 W1-1 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 67) ( 3. 68) ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t 2g, t 2h t1 g, t 1h, t 2g, t 2h W 1 W 2( G 1, G 2), t w, W 1= W 2= 1, ( 3 67) ( 3 68) W 2 t 1g = t 2g + ( t 2g - t 2h ) W 1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 69) W1 t 1h = t 2h + ( t 1g - t 1h ) W1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 70) 151
,,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68),,, :, ( 3 45),,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t1g = t1h + Q/ W1, t1h = t1g - Q/ W 1 : t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 h 2W t - t w 2 t - t w t 1h = t 2p + 1 W t 2g - t qh - 1 2W t - tw 2 t - tw, ( 3 71) ( 3 72) t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 ht - t w 2 t - t w 1 t 1h = t 2p + - 1 t 1g - t 1h W t 2g - t 2ht - t w - 1 2 t - t w t 2p, ( 3. 71) ( 3. 72) ( 3. 73) ( 3. 74) ( 3 45) t 2p = t 2g + t 2h 2 ( 3 71), ( 3 72), ( 3 73) ( 3 74),,, t w 152
t 1g, t 1h,, 18,,,, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 3 q 1 = q 2 = q 3 Q 1 = q 1 q 1, q 2, q 3 ; Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 3 14 ( 3 14), t g = t g 1 = t g 2, t h = t h 1 = t h2 ( 3. 75) tg = t g 1 = t g 2 ( 3. 76) 153
t g 1, th 1 ( ) ; t g 2, th 2 ( ) ; t g 1, t g 2 ( ) q 2 = q 3 = t g 1 + t h1-2t t g 1 + t h1-2t 1 + B = t g 2 + t h2-2t t g 2 + t h2-2t 1 + B th = th1 = th 2 ( 3. 77) G1( tg 1 - t h 1) G1 ( t g 1 - t h1 ) = G2( t g 2 - t h2) G( t g - t h) = G2 ( tg 2 - t 2 ) G ( tg - t h ) G = G 1 = G 2 = Q t g - th ) t g - t h G 1, G2 ( kg/ h ), G = ( 3. 78) G1 G 1 = G2 G2 = p 1 p 1 = p 2 p 2 = p ( 3. 79) p p 1, p 2 ( Pa) ; p 1, p 2 ( P a) ; p, p ( Pa), : p q, p z, p 1 = p q1 + p z 1, p 2 = p q2 + p z 2, p 1 = q1 + p z 1 p 2 = p q2 + p z 2 154
p z 1 = g ( h - g ) h 1, p z 2 = g ( h - g ) h 2, p z 1 p z 2 p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = = g ( h - g ) h 1 = g ( h - g ) h 2 h - g h - g h 1, h 2 ( m) ; ( 3. 80) g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) ; g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) h - g h - g = t g - th t g - th p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = tg - t h tg - t h p q1 = p q1 = p q2 = p q2 = 0 G = G1 G1 = G 2 G2 = tg - t h tg - t h ( 3 82) ( 3 78), G 3 = Q G = Q 1/ 3 = t - tw 1/ 3 t - tw ( 3. 81) ( 3. 82) ( 3. 83),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83), t( 3 82) ( 3 83) 155
,,,,,, G = p p = p q + p z p q + p z p z p z = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 74) ( 3 75),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83),, p q p q = p z p z = p q+ p z p q + p z = t g- t h t g - t h = G ( 3. 84) ( 3 84) ( 3 48) ( 3 49), ( 3 85), ( 3 86) ( 3 83) t g = t + t h= t + G = 1 / 2 t g- t h = t g - t h 1 2 ( t t - tw g + th - 2t ) t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w 1/ ( 1+ B ) 1/ ( 1 + B ) 1/ 3 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 83) + 1 2 / 3 2 ( t t - t w g - t h ) t - t w - ( 3. 85) 2/ 3 1 2 ( t - tw t g - t h ) t - tw ( 3. 86),, : 1,, ( 3 83) ( 3 85) ( 3 86), 156
,, :, ;,,, 3 3, 130/ 70, tw = + 5, 64. 8/ 38. 0, G = 0. 67(, 60 1/ 42. 4, G = 1),, 2 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 157
, Q = 3 15 Q 2 = q 2 = Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) = = t g + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t 1 + B = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + t h - 2t tg + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + th - 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t Q 1/ ( 1+ B ) t 1 ( ) Q = Q 3 = G t g - t h t g - t h Q G = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 87) G = = t g - th t g - th Q B / ( 1+ B ) G t - t w = t - t w 1 + B ( 3. 87) 3 15 B / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 88) 158
1 2G ( t g - th ) Q = tg - t h 2Q Q B / ( 1 + B ) 1 2G ( t g - t h ) Q = 1 2 ( t g - t h ) Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( 3. 89) ( 3 89) ( 3 48) ( 3 49) G t - t w = t - t w B / ( 1+ B) t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) t - t w t h t - t w = t + ( th - t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 90) ( 3. 91), ( 3 88), ( 3 90) ( 3 91) : 1,, 3 2, t w = - 4. 1, G = 0. 89 3 3 130/ 70, tw = 5, 63. 4/ 39. 1, G = 0. 73,, 2,,, K,,, 159
,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ( ) ( ), ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, ( ), 160
,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, 20%,, r r = 1- Q c Q j = 1- h q- h s j 1+ a ( h g r- h gs) + 1+ a ( h r h- h rq) 1 1 Q j ; Q c ; h g r ; h q ; h s ; h g s ; h r q ; h r h ; ( 3. 92) j a ( ) ; 1 161
a ( ) 1, r,, h g r, ( 5kPa ),,, ( h q- h s),,, j, hg s a, 1,, 1 + j a 1 ( h gr - h gs) 3 8,,,, 6 12MW, : 3 5MPa ( ), 435, 192 5; 50100MW, : 9 0MPa, 535, 231 7; 200MW, : 13 0MPa, 535; 300MW, : 16 5MPa, 550, 200 2,,,,,,,,,, 162
3 8 N 6 35 N12 35 N50 90 N100 90 N200 130 N300 165 ( MPa ) 3. 5 3. 5 9. 0 9. 0 13. 0 16. 5 / ( ) 435 435 535 535 535/ 535 550/ 550 ( MW ) 6 12 50 100 200 300 3 3 45 7 8 8 ( ) 150 150 215 215 240 254
2,, ; ( ),,,,,, : 150, 0 40 6MPa ( ) ; 150250, 0 8 1 3MPa ( ), ; 250, 0 41 5MPa ( ), 2132 91945 2kJ/ ( kg K ),, ( ) 4 187kJ/ ( kg K ), 2. 1kJ/ ( k gk ),, ;,,,,, ( ) 1%, 30% 40%,, 30% 40%,,,,,,,,,,, 164
, 0 4MPa( ) ( 143 6) 2737 6kJ/ kg, 1 5MPa ( 198 3) 2789 9kJ/ kg, 1 1MPa, 1 9% 0 4MPa, 200 2860 4k J/ kg, 56 4 4 5% ; 1 5MPa, 300 3038 9k J/ k g, 101 7 8 9%, ( 130300),, 10%, ( ),,,, 1 ( 1), G = 3. 6Q kg/ h ( 3. 93) r G ( kg/ h) ; Q ( W) ; r ( k J/ kg ) Q,,,, ;,, 165
: ( dp / d ) z d = 3-4k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 10-30k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 40-50k Pa/ s ( d p / d ) z d = ( 0. 002-0. 005) p ( kpa/ s) ( 3. 94) ( dp / d ) z d ( k Pa/ s) ; p ( kpa ), D s( kg/ h ) B( kg/ h ), p, D q( ), 3 16, p 0. 5MPa,,,,,,,, 3 16, 0 8MPa, ( 2) 166
,, ( 3 17) 3 17 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, p h, p 0, p k,, 1 2,,, a bc b ( a ), 6 9,,,,,, 167
,,,,,,,, a bc b ( ), a, c,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 ( 3 18) 1,,, 3, 2, 8, 9,, 10,,,,,,,, ; 168
3 18 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; 9, 10, 11, 0 5MPa( ) 2747 4kJ/ k g, 0 2MP a( ), 0 2MPa 2706 3kJ/ kg, 41. 1kJ/ kg, 2 1kJ/ ( k gk ), t = 41. 1/ 2. 1 = 19. 57 20 0 5MPa 0. 2 MP a, 151 84 140 23 ( 0 2MP a 120 23), 1. 1MPa ( ) 0 98, 0 42MPa ( ), 1 0 0. 42MP a, ; 0. 42MPa, ( 0 98),,,,, 169
,, ( ),,,,,,, ( 2 11) H = SG 2 Pa S = 6. 8810-9 K 0. 25 ( l + l d ) d 5. 2 5 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 H ( Pa) ; G ( m 3 / h ) ; S ( Pa / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) ; K ( m ), 0. 0002m; l ( m) ; l d ( m), ; d ( m) ; ( kg/ m 3 ), 0. 18-, 1 07 6kg/ m 3 1. 5MP a, S, S, ( 2 11), ( ), v,,,,,, 170
,,,,,,,,,,, 3 19 2, 1 4 7, ( 8),, 3 19 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, 3 4 0. 3MPa ( ) 400, 0 3MP a( ), 10, 171
? h q= 3275. 2kJ/ kg, h h = 2724. 7+ 2. 110= 2745. 7kJ/ kg, h s= 561. 5kJ/ kg k g m s kg,, : h q + h sm s = h h( 1 + m s) ( 3. 95) 3275. 2 + 561. 5ms = 2745. 7( 1 + ms) m s = 0. 242kg/ kg kg 0. 242kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 172
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : j t = d = 0 Q = Q = G= j = 0 t g + th 2 - tg j + = 0 j ( t w s) - ( 3. 96) + t h 2 - + ( t w s) - ( 3. 97) = 0 1. 163cG ( t g - t h )10 3 ( 3. 98) t - B/ ( 1+ B ) t w s t - tw t g, t h, ; Q, W/ d; G, t / h; t, ; t w s, ; c, kj/ ( k g ) ; ( 3. 99),,, ; - 1-173
t w s,,,, Q s k J/ ( m 2 d) ; tws = tw + Qs/ Sk ( 3. 100) S k, kj/ ( m 2 d ),,,, t, t g, t h, t w s, Q ( 3 96) ( 3 97) j,,, j 4-5,, 30 j = 5, 5, 5 = 0, ( - ), t, t g, th, t w s, Q ; 4 = 1, ( - ) = ( - 1), 4 5 ;, 1, = 4, ( - ) = ( - 4), 5 4, = 0, 1,, 4,, ( - 1), ( - 2),, ( - 4) 5 ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 1 t 5 t g + th = 0 2 5 t g + t h + 1 2 4 + 0t w s5 + 1tw s4 + + 4tw s1 t g + + 4 + t h 2 1 Q5 t g = 0 + t h 2 5 + 0tw s5 + tg + 1 + t h 2 4 1t w s4 + + 4t w s1 t g + th + + 4 2 1 6, j 5, 6 = 0, 5 = 1, 2 = 4, 1, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 2 174
t 6 t g + th = 0 2 6 t g + t h + 1 2 5 + 0t w s6 + 1tw s5 + + 4tw s2 t g + + 4 + t h 2 2 Q6 t g = 0 + t h 2 6 + 0tw s6 + tg + 1 + t h 2 5 1t w s5 + + 4t w s2 t g + th + + 4 2 2 30, 30 = 0, 29 = 1, 26 = 4, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 26 t 30 t g = 0 + t h 2 30 t g + t h + 1 2 29 + 0tw s30 + 1tw s29 + + 4t w s26 t g + th + + 4 2 26 Q 30 tg = 0 + t h 2 3 0 tg + 1 + t h 2 2 9 t g + t h + + 4 2 26 + 0t w s3 0 + 1t w s29 + + 4t w s26 26, 0-4, 0-4, 0-4 0-4,, ( 5 ),,,, 3 9 3 9 0 0. 1831 0 0. 2652 0 1. 462 0-0. 736 1 0. 0842 1 0. 1552 1-0. 221 1-0. 260 2 0. 0688 2 0. 1286 2-0. 130 2-0. 182 3 0. 0178 3 0. 0575 3 0. 017 3-0. 07 4 0. 0093 4 0. 0354 4-0. 002 4-0. 011 : Q 10 10 J/ d, t,, 10 10,, 175
t w s, S k( ) 160210kJ/ ( dm 2 ), 0 3 t, Q (,, ),,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) ( 3 98) ( 3 99),,,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 99),,,, tw s t ( t = 18) 4 t g, t h, G Q 4, t g, th, G Q,,,,, t w s= j = 1 j ( t w s) - + e - ( 3. 101) e,, ;, 176 = 1
, t w j,,, 177
:,, ( ;, ),,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 177
,,,,,,,,,,,,, S ( a, ) () (2.11) : S = H G 2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 G, m 3 / h; H, mh2 O G H,,, S,, : S, G H, S,,,, 178
,, (, ), :,,,,,,, ( ), 4.1, 4.1 4, 50m, 1, 2, 3, 4 100m 3 / h, 40, 30, 20, 179
10mH2 O 4.1,,, 4.1 G (m 3 / h) 400 300 200 100 H (mh 2 O) 10 10 10 10 S = H/ G 2 10-3 ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.063 0.111 0.25 1.00 1 2 3 100 100 100 40 30 20 4.00 3.00 2.00 4 100 10 1.00 4.2 4, 3, 2, 1, 180
4.2. 4 1 4 S 0 = S + S + S + S + S 4 = 0.063 + 0. 10-3 111 (mh2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) + 0.25 + 1.00 + 1.00 = 2.424 2 4 (m 3 / h) G 4 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 2.42410-3 = 144 3 4 4 = G 4 / G 4 = 144/ 100 = 1.44 181
( ). 3 1 2 3 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 3 4 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 2, 4 = H 3 / G 2 = 20/ 200 2 = 0.5 S 0 = S + S + S + S 3, 4 = 0.063 + 0.111 + 0.25 + 0.5 = 0.924 3 (m 3 / h) G0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0.92410-3 = 232 4 3 3 = G 0 / ( G 3 + G 4 ) = 232/ (100 + 100 ) = 1. 16 3 5 G 3 = G 4 = 3 G 3 = 1.16100 = 116 (m 3 / h). 2 1 2 2 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 2,3,4 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 2, 4 = H 2 / G 2 = 30/ 300 2 = 0.333 S 0 = S + S + S 2, 4 = 0.063 + 0.111 + 0.333 = 0.507 3 (m 3 / h) G 0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0.50710-3 = 314 4 2 2 = G 0 / ( G 2 + G 3 + G 4 ) = 314/ (100 + 100 + 100) = 1.04 5 2 (m 3 / h) G2 = 2 G2 = G3 = G4 = 1.04100 = 104 182
( ). 1 1 2 1 10-3 (mh2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1, 2, 3, 4 10-3 (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S1, 4 = H1/ G 2 = 40/ 400 2 = 0.25 S 0 = S + S 1, 4 = 0.063 + 0.25 = 0.313 3. (m 3 / h) G 0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ 0.31310-3 = 400 4 1 1 = G 0 / ( G 1 + G 2 + G 3 + G 4 ) = 400/ 400 = 1.00 5 1 (m 3 / h) G 1 = 1 G 1 = G 2 = G 3 = G 4 = 1100 = 100 :,,,,,,,,,, TA ( ),, 183
,,,,,,, 4.2, 4 A, B, C, D;4 : 1. 4.2 (1 ) ( ), ; (2 ) ( ), 184
,, (, ) (3 ) xi, i ; n ; xi = G i i = 1, 2, 3, 4,, n Gi Gi, m 3 / h; Gi, m 3 / h (4 ) x z d,,,, 2. (1 ), x z x A, x z d = GA/ GA A, 3, x z x = GA3/ GA 3, 3 (2 ) A 1, F A1, 1 x A 1 3 95%, x A 1 = 0.95 xz x = 0. 95 ( GA 3/ GA 3 ) (3 ) F A2, 2 x A 2 1 x A2, 1 = x A 1, 2 (4 ) 1, 3, 3, 4, 1 185
, (5 ),, 3. (1 ) xa, x B, x C, x D, (2 ), F D, D 95%, C, x D = 0.95 x C = 0.95 x z x (3 ), F C, F B, F A, D, D (4 ),,, 4. F(, ), D 1.0,, ( ),, :,, ;,,, TA 186
, : 1., ( 1) ( 4.2 ), (, ), ( ) 3kPa, ( TA DTM C, 0. 5kPa) 4.2 A, 2 () (2) (1 ) F A1 ( ) HF A 1 2 1 ( ), HA 2,HA 1 ( ), HF A1 : HF A1 = H A2 + 0.3 - Ha - a 2 1 - Ha - a 1 - HA 1 mh2 2 O Ha2 - a1,ha 1 - a 2 2 1, mh2 O; 0.3mH2 O 2 F A2 HF A 1 G, 1 F A1 Kv : Kv = 3.2 G ( m3 / h) HF A 1 ( mh2 O) = 10 G ( m3 / h) HF A1 ( kpa) ( 4.1), Kv S, 187
Kv S : S = 3.2 Kv S = 10 Kv 2 2, Kv S mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.2) kpa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.3) ( ), K v (S), Ks K S - A 1, 1 F A1,, ( 3) 1 F A1, A F A, F A1 HF A 1 F A1 ( ) F A, F A1,, 1, 1 F A1 (4 ) 2, F A2,,, F A, 1 (5 ), 3 4 2 2. (1 ),, (2 ) D( )F D, D 188
(3 ) C, B, A F C, F B, F A, D, F, (4 ),,,,,,, : 1.,,, 0.3mH2 O, Kv Ks 2., ( 2 ), 3., : H i z d (1 ) ; (2 ), ( ) ;,, H z x i ; H i z x (3 ) Hi = H z d i -, Hi, 189
: 1., ; 2.,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, 4.3, 2, 4.3 190
G22 bb Hbb, bb Sbb ( F2 ) F2 S F2 : S F2 = Sbb - S2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.4) S2 bb (F2 ), mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S2, S2 F2 S F2 1 SF 2 2, G2 1, G2 2, HF 2 1 HF2 2, bb Hbb 1 Hbb 2, : Hbb 1 = S F2 1 G 2 2 1 + S2 G 2 2 1 = HF 2 1 + S2 G 2 2 1 ( 4.5) Hbb 2 = S F2 2 G 2 2 2 + S2 G 2 2 2 = HF 2 2 + S2 G 2 2 2 ( 4.6) Hbb 1 Hbb 2, HF2 1 + S2 G 2 2 1 = HF2 2 + S2 G 2 2 2 ( 4.7) HF2 1,HF2 2, G2 1 G2 2, ( 4.7 ) S2, ( 4.4 ) F2 SF2, F2 Ks,,,,,,, 191
1. 1985,,,,, (1 ), 4.4, 7 5 ( ), :1,2,3,, 5 ; b1, b2,, b7, Gb1, Gb2, Gb3,, Gb7, ; Hb1,Hb2,Hb3,, Hb7 ; H1, H2, H3,, H5 ; DHp,,,, 1,, Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 ( 4.8),,, 192
4.4, l2 ( b2, b4, b5, b6, b7 ), Hb2 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 ( 4.9),, b4 (2 ), 4.4 193
Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 Gb2 + Gb3 - Gb5 = 0 Gb6 - Gb2 - Gb3 = 0 Gb7 - Gb1 - Gb6 = 0 Hb1 + Hb7 + Hb4 - DHp = 0 Hb2 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 Hb3 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 Hb1 = Sb1 G 2 b1 + ( Z4 - Z1 ) (4.10) Hb2 = Sb2 G 2 b2 + ( Z3 - Z2 ) Hb3 = Sb3 G 2 b3 + ( Z3 - Z2 ) Hb4 = Sb4 G 2 b4 + ( Z1 - Z5 ) - DHp Hb5 = Sb5 G 2 b5 + ( Z2 - Z1 ) Hb6 = Sb6 G 2 b6 + ( Z4 - Z3 ) Hb7 = Sb7 G 2 b7 + ( Z5 - Z4 ) (4.10) 14, 5 4 (5, ), 3 3, 7 7, 14, Gb1 Gb7 7, Hb1 Hb7 7, ( 4.10 )14, 14, :,,,,,,, 194
2,,,,,,, (4.10 ) 7 3 Gb1, Gb2, Gb3, 4, Gb4 = Gb7 = Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 Gb5 = Gb6 = Gb2 + Gb3 (4.10), Sb1 G 2 b1 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 Sb2 G 2 b2 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 + ( Sb5 + Sb6 ) ( Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 Sb3 G 2 b3 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 + ( Sb5 + Sb6 ) ( Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 (4.11) (4.11) 14 14 3 3 ( Gb1, Gb2, Gb3 ),, ( 4.11 ), 2.,, ( ),, : (1 ) 195
, Gsj, Hsj ( j ), S = H/ G 2 Ssj,,, FLB, ( ), 1.0%, ( ),,, (2 ) ( ), ( Ssj )Slj 4.3,,, 2025 4.3 q n Gl W/ m 2 k cal/ ( m 2 h) kg/ (m 2 h) 4070 4060 2.03.0 5881 5070 2.53.5 6481 5570 3.03.5 5870 5060 2.53.0 4776 4065 2.03.5 196
6487 5575 3.04.0 81105 7090 3.54.5 116140 100120 5.06.0 93116 80100 4.05.0 116163 100140 5.07.0,,,,,, S lj, 4.4, ( 4.11 ), b4, b5, b6, b7, Sb4, Sb5, SB6 Sb7, 4.3,, b4, b5, b6 b7 Glb4, Glb5, Glb6 Glb7, ( 4.11 ) S lb1, Slb2, Slb3 S lb1 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb1 S lb2 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6 ) ( G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb2 S lb3 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6 ) ( G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb3 (4.12),,, (3 ), :, (, ) 197
,, Slj Ssj ( ), ( 4.11 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 198
4.5, 4, DHp = 50mH2 O, 1, 2,, 12;,,, ; 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h, Gs1 = 140m 3 / h, Gs2 = 120m 3 / h, Gs3 = 80m 3 / h, Gs4 = 60m 3 / h 4.5, 4 (1 ), 4.4 4.4 Gs H s S s (m 3 / h) ( mh2 O) ( mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1 140 40.000 0.204110-2 2 120 32.489 0.225610-2 3 80 27.589 0.431110-2 4 60 23.989 0.666410-2 5 400 5.000 0.312510-4 6 260 3.756 0.555010-4 199
7 140 2.450 0.125010-3 8 60 1.800 0.500010-3 9 60 1.800 0.500010-3 10 140 2.450 0.125010-3 11 260 3.756 0.555610-4 12 400 5.000 0.312510-4 (2 ),, ( 4.12), 4.5 ( 3), 1,2,3,4 (), Sl1 = 0.4000 10-2, Sl2 = 0.300010-2, S l3 = 0.200010-2 S l4 = 0.100010-2 Ss1 = 0.204110-2, Ss2 = 0.225610-2, Ss3 = 0.431110-2 Ss4 = 0.666410-2, (4.11),, 4.6 200
4.5 G l (m 3 / h) H l ( mh 2 O) S l ( mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1 100 40 0.400010-2 2 100 30 0.300010-2 3 100 20 0.200010-2 4 100 10 0.100010-2 5 400 5 0.312510-4 6 300 5 0.555610-4 7 200 5 0.125010-3 8 100 5 0.500010-3 9 100 5 0.500010-3 10 200 5 0.125010-3 11 300 5 0.555610-4 12 400 5 0.312510-4 (4 ), 4.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 1, S1 = 0. 400010-2 Ss1 = 0.204110-2,, 1, G1 = 101.956m 3 / h, 1, 2() 3 (), G2 = 107.960m 3 / h, G3 = 104.472m 3 / h, 2, 3 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h,,, : (1 ) :, 201
4.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ) 1 2 3 4 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.204110-2 0.225610-2 0.431110-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 140 120 80 60 400 260 H( mh 2 O) 40.000 32.489 27.589 23.989 5.000 3.756 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.225610-2 0.431110-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 101.956 122.352 81.563 61.172 367.420 265.086 H( mh 2 O) 41.580 33.772 28.679 24.937 4.210 3.904 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.300010-2 0.431110-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 102.578 107.960 82.992 62.244 355.774 253.195 H( mh 2 O) 42.089 34.966 29.693 25.818 3.955 3.562 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.300010-2 0.200010-2 0.6664 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 101.421 104.472 112.859 57.653 376.406 274.985 H( mh 2 O) 41.145 32.743 25.474 22.151 4.428 4.201 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.400010-2 0.300010-2 0.200010-2 0.1000 10-2 0.3125 10-4 0.5556 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 400.000 300.000 H( mh 2 O) 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 5.000 5.000 1
7 8 9 10 11 12 ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 140 60 60 140 260 400 H( mh 2 O) 2.450 1.800 1.800 2.450 3.756 5.000 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 142.735 61.172 61.172 142.735 265.086 367.042 H( mh 2 O) 2.547 1.871 1.871 2.547 3.904 4.210 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 145.236 62.244 62.244 145.236 253.195 355.74 H( mh 2 O) 2.637 1.937 1.937 2.637 3.562 3.955 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 170.513 57.653 57.653 170.513 274.985 376.406 H( mh 2 O) 3.634 1.662 1.662 3.634 4.201 4.428 S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 0.125010-3 0.500010-3 0.500010-3 0.1250 10-3 0.5556 10-4 0.3125 10-4 G ( m 3 / h) 200.000 100.000 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 H( mh 2 O) 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 2
, (2 ) :,, (3 ) :,,, 23,, (4 ) :, ( ) ; (), ;,, (CCR ),, : ( ), ;, 1989 CCR,,, ( ), : (collection), ( calculation ), ( requlation ), CCR, 204
: ;, IBM,, ;,,, ;,,, 1. :, ;, ;,, (1 ), ( ), ( ),, ( ) 4.6, 3, pi1, pi2, pi3, pi pi, pi1, pi2 pi3, pi pi1, pipi3 ;,, pi1, pi2 pi3 205
4.6 pi pi, pi1, pi2, pi3, pi1, 1, pi2,1 pi3,1, pi1,2, pi2, 2 pi3,2 (4.11), 5 : S0 1 ( G1, 1 + G2, 1 + G3, 1 ) 2 + ( S10 + S1, 1 ) ( G1, 1 ) 2 - DHp, 1 = 0 ( S 20 + S 2, 1 ) ( G 2, 1 ) 2 + S 12 ( G 2, 1 + G 3, 1 ) 2 - ( S 10 + S 1, 1 ) ( G 1, 1 ) 2 = 0 ( S30 + S3, 1 ) ( G3, 1 ) 2 - ( S20 + S2, 1 ) ( G2, 1 ) 2 = 0 S 0 1 ( G 1, 2 + G 2, 2 + G 3, 2 ) 2 + ( S 10 + S 2, 2 ) ( G 1, 2 ) 2 - DH p, 2 = 0 ( S20 + S2, 2 ) ( G2, 2 ) 2 + S12 ( G2, 2 + G3, 2 ) 2 - ( S10 + S1, 2 ) ( G1, 2 ) 2 = 0 (4.13) S01, S12 1, 1 2 ; Si () ; Si0 ; Gi pi1, 1, pi2,1, pi3,1 pi1,2, pi2,2, pi3,2, Si, 1,Si, 2 ; Gi, 1, Gi,2 DHp,1, DHp, 2 5 5 S01, S10, S20, S30 S12 206
,,, M, N, k = 2 ( M - N + 1 ) - 1 ( ), ( ),,, ( ),,,, (2 ),, ( ) :, ( ) ;, ( ) ( ) (3 ),, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 207
( ),,, (),, 2., ( ) 8031 00.6MPa 0.5%, ( ),,,,, 120, 1 #, RS232, IBM PC, PC (), 0.5%, 0.5%,, 3% 10%, 3. PROLOG FORT RAN, DOS PC,, 208
, : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. 1,,,,,,,,, 2, PC,,,, 3, :, ( ) (3.45) : tp = t g + th 2 = tn + 1 2 ( t t n - tw g+ th- 2 tn ) t n- t w 1/ ( 1 + B ),, 209
tw, t n, tp = tg + th 2 = t n + f ( tn ) : tn tp :,,, tg, t h t n t p t n,,, tp t h t n,,,,,, ;,,,,, (),,,,,, :,,,,, 210
,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, :,,,,,,, ( ),, 23 1.0, 0.5, 211
, 1.,, tn,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) 40 /, 4 (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),, 212
,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 213
, : 10, ( 4.6 ) 20 %, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, : 1.,, 120% 2.,,, 80 % 85 % ;, 85% 90% ;, 90% 95% ;, 95% 100% 3.,,, 4.,,, 214
20%,, ( ),, 10% ; 16.0,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,, 4.7 215
18 ; n 58,, 58 n, 58,,, 4.7,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 216
,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. Gg Gz d y y = G g Gz d = 1 x z d (4.14) (4.14), y x z d, y = 1, Gz d = Gg xz d = 1,, 217
,, Gg = Hy/ Sy (4.15) H y; Sy,, ;, : Gz d = Hr/ Sy (4.16) H r, Hr H w Hy, Hr = H w + Hy, : Gz d =, H w + Hy Sy (4.17) y = G g Gz d = Hy Hw + Hy = 1 1 + H w Hy (4.18) xz d = 1 + H w Hy (4.19) (4.18), y 1 0 H w = 0, (, ), Hy =, y = 1,, :, Hy = 0 H w 218 = (,
), y = 0 x z d =,,, y 0,1,,,, 2., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 4.7, Hw/ Hy, xz d ( ) 3, 4.7 1 2 g Hw/ Hy G ( t/ h) x xz d Hw/ Hy ( t/ h) x xz d 1 0.2 100 1.02 1.09 1.0 100 1.08 1.41 2 0.5 100 1.06 1.21 1.5 100 1.12 3 1.0 100 0.00 1.37 2.3 100 0.00 4 2.0 100 1.15 1.56 4.0 100 1.20 5 5.0 100 1.15 1.56 9.0 100 1.20 G g 3 4 Hw/ Hy G g ( t/ h) x xz d Hw/ Hy G g ( t/ h) x xz d 219