950331
1 1 Sinotaia quadrata 1986 1990 11 Sinotaia quadrata Mollusca Gastropodsa Prosobranchia Mesogastropoda Viviparidae 2002 9 25 1996 2002 10 intermediate host 1985 1987Chao et al., 1992 Niche 1999 2002 Pomacea canaliculata 2002 6 Chao et al., 1994 11 2 3
2000 13 18 2002 bleaching 2000 2002 6 pathogenesis 1989 1999 2
61 45 41 75 33 30 50 35 3 25 18 10 TES1310 TYPE-K STAINLESS HARDENED MODEL 610D LED THERMOSTAT D-835 Nikon coolpix 4300 SAMPO-DSP CCD VK-C6726 UNICO 64 42 37cm 250ml500ml 1000ml 10ml50ml 100ml 4 5 3
2002 3 24 28 Sinotaia quadrata 1985 1990 14 Visual Encounter MethodVEM Hand picking 1987Fan et al.,1992 6 0.0mm STAINLESS HARDENED Shell length Shell width 7 8 1997a 1997b 2003 26 27 WISEWIND ph Shell length Shell width Sinistral shell Dextral shell 27 4
61 45 41 112.545 75 33 30 74.25 9 10 1.333 ph 25 18 10 cm 11 5
ph 2004b Microsoft Office 2003 Excel Sigma Stat (Version 1.0)SPSS (Version 11.0) Sigma Plot (Version 8.0) 6
15.54 34.37 14.69 33.90 ph6.91 8.21 ph7.13 ph9.50 Dextral shell Pomacea canaliculata 12 Radix swinhoei 13 Tarebia granifera 14 Cristaria discoidea 15 Pomacea canaliculata Radix swinhoei ( ) Cyanophyta 1617 Cladophora sp. 1930 1956 1977 1999 1999 23 30 31 1821 56.25 36.21 Chi- square (test of homogeneity of proportions) (X 2 =25.237df=1p<0.01) 17.80±1.30 5.60±2.41 t Independentt-test) (t= -9.96p<0.01n=10) 3.0±0.707 2223 12.6±5.03 1.4±0.548 11.0±3.16 Analysis of Variance 7
ANOVA Student-Newman-Keul SNK test (28 F 2, 12 =11.2p<0.0133 F 2, 12 =29.9p<0.01) ( ) 0 16.8±1.92 ANOVA F 6, 28 =21.4p<0.01 F 5, 594 =1.98p>0.05 F 5, 594 =2.11p>0.05 F 6, 14 =58.4p<0.01 F 6, 14 =19.7p<0.01 F 6, 14 =14.6 p<0.01 24 21.0±1.1 35.5±1.64 ANOVA F 2, 15 =39.5 p<0.01 ph ph=7 19.33±1.15 ph=3 7.67±1.53 ANO VA ph=3 ph=4 F 7, 16 =34.7 p<0.01 F 7, 472 =1.90p>0.05 F 7, 472 =1.92p>0.05 ph=3 ph=4 8
F 7, 16 =4.89p<0.01 ph=7 ph=8 F 7, 16 =158.5p<0.01 ph=6ph=7 ph=8 F 7, 16 =437.9p<0.01 t Independentt-test) ph=5ph=6ph=7 ph=8 (shell) periostracum conchiolin prismatic layer calcite aragonite 1995 1997 chitin Ranellidae (Cymatium pileare) (Cymatium parthenoprum von) (Fusitriton Oregonense) Xancidae (Xancus pyrum)( 1985 1996) (Aegista) mackensii) (Aegista osbeckii) (Aegista impexa) ( 1990 2003) (Cladophora sp.) ( 2005 16 17 19) (Robert and Taft, 1959) (communalism) 9
10 25 2627 4 (Cladophora sp.) (CHLOROPHYTA) (CHLOROPHY- CEAE) (CLADOPHORALES) (CLADOPHORACEAE)( 2000) Cladophora ( 1992) ( 8 22 29) (Skinner and Entwisle, 2004) 33 28 1727 1977 1989 28 33 37 35 2004
(4.375) 2.0 1983 (5.0) (5.833) 8 20 2 1959 Robert Taft Robert Taft (Robert and Taft, 1959) 酶 ( 2002Chiu et al., 2002) 25 ( ) 6.91 8.21 20 8.0 20 11
( 28) ( 29) 8.5 8.5 () ( ) (simple correlation) ( r=-0.197p>0.05 r=-0.203p>0.05)( ) 1 2 7 (Linear Regression) R 2 =0.387p<0.01 R 2 =0.641p<0.01( ) 1 2 7 3031 3 24 secondary succession Lake aging 2000 2002 2002 3233 34 3536 3738 3940 (eutrophication) 12
algal bloom 1993 1999 12 15 Liebmann (oligosaprobic, os) - (-mesosaprobic, m) - (- mesosaprobic, m) (polysaprobic, ps) ( 2004) 1980 (polysaprobic, ps) - (- polysaprobic, ps) - (- polysaprobic, ps) ( 1980) ( 1995 2000) Liebmann ( 1985) - ( m) ( 1980 1972) - (m) - ( m) 1985 20 ( 1989) (mg/m 3 ) (mg/m 3 ) (oligotrophication) - (oligo-mesotrophication) (mesotrophication) - (meso- eutrophication) (eutrophication) 1999 () () () (BOD) (DO) - (NH 4 -N) (SS) ( 1985Chao et al., 1994 2000) ( 1985) 13
14 communalism 4.375 5.0 7.0 510 78 68 58 8.5 biological indicator
1992 310-312448 1985 1181-92 1977 1046-1056 2004 4538-45 1995 302-383 1996 13109-126 1997a 硏 册 103 1997bCITES 硏 册 133 1983 1829-56 1985 66 1985 12 1999 143 1999 73 1999 (Semisulcospira libertine) (Guld,1859)) 硏 硏 75 2003 68 1995 116-9 1985 48 2002 (Morphological and genetic variation of viviparid snails) 硏 114 2002 88 (224)11-15 2004a 14-19 2004b 54-56 15
1999 153 2000 336 2002 3543-46 1989 50 2000 233 2005 85(241)62-63 2002 41626-33 2002 41612-19 1987 1391-96 2000 4267-76 2000 202 2004 110 1989 346-442 1997 631 1986 140 1990 13200 1989 ( )194 2002 3525-33 2003 239 1985 187 1993 52 S. Peter Dance 1996 263 1980 273-304 1930 147-151 1956 45-69 1977 933 衞 (Wilber, Charles Grady) 1972 硏 300-323 Chao, D., Liu, Z.H. and Chang, H.W. 1992. Ecological and parasitological studies on freshwater mollusks of the Kaoping River. Bulletin of Malacology. ROC, 1751-57. 16
Chao, D., Z. H. Liu, H. W. Chang and T. C. Huang. 1994. Distribution and disappearance of freshwater snails in the midstream reaches of Tachia River. Bulletin of Malacology, ROC, 18: 21-27. Chiu, Y. W., C. A. Chen, and H. C. Chen. 2002. Genetic variation of the viviparid snail, Sinotaia quadrata (GastropodViviparidae) in Taiwan. Acta Zoological Taiwanica 13(1)1-10 Fan, P. C., C. C. Wu and C. T. Lo. 1992. Molluscan fauna of Cheng-Ching Lake, Kao-Hsiung county, Taiwan, and comparative efficiency of four collection methods. Bulletin of Malacology, ROC, 1799-105. Robert, F. N. and Taft, C. E. 1959. A new species of Basicladia from the snail Viviparus malleatus Reeve. The Ohio Journal of Science 59(1)58-62. Skinner, S. and Entwisle, T.J. 2004. Non-marine algae of Australia:6. Cladophoraceae (Chlorophyta), Telopea 10(3)731-748. 12005 http://www.cwb.gov.tw/v4/index.htm 22005 http://www.cwb.gov.tw/v4/index.htm 3 http://parklight.tcg.gov.tw/park01-24.htm 4 http://nerc1.ckjhs.tyc.edu.tw/10121607i.htm 5 http://www.in70.com/beauty/wenzhang-3827.htm 6 http://www.nmns.edu.tw/new/publib/newsletter/89/152/17-2.htm 7 94 http://www.cwb.gov.tw/v4/index.htm 8 http://www.coi.gov.cn/scyz/zj/136237.htm 9 2000 http://e-info.org.tw/topic/shell/viviparidae/viviparidae.htm 10 http://e-info.org.tw/topic/shell/freshshell.htm 11 2000 17 http://www.wetland.org.tw/about/hope/hope17/hope17.htm 12 http://pck.bio.ncue.edu.tw/pckweb/database/data2/ck/senior/ch3/3-4/fresh%20water/river/ property.htm 13 17
http://www.cga.gov.tw/south/dongsha/index_media.asp 14 1996 5 http://www.fa.gov.tw/tfb10/f2/f21/s6bc.htm 15 (red tides) http://study.nmmba.gov.tw/upload/resource/onserv1514.htm 16 http://news.yztoday.com/275/2005-05-19/20050519-528959-275.shtml 17 http://163.17.79.102/%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4j%a6%ca%ac%ec/content.asp?id= 19293&Query=3 18 2004 http://e-info.org.tw/against/2004/ag04101901.htm 19 http://www.topbluecat.com.cn/wisdom/view.aspx?parentid=0&id=862 20 http://www.agrisd.gov.cn/info/archive/60306.shtml 21 http://www.jswl.cn/course/b1015/chapter_4/setion_2/paper/4anli-lumaogui.htm 22 http://www.51taoqi.com/newscenter/new/pxl/200508110440428.html 23 http://xianwei.8849.cn/yuansheng/zao/zao.htm 24 http://parklight.tcg.gov.tw/park01-25.htm 25 http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/classification.php 26 http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/survey.php 27 http://shell.sinica.edu.tw/chinese/observation.php 28 http://parklight.tcg.gov.tw/park01-25.htm 29 http://www.yssj.net/jnyd/mtyxdc/32g.htm 30Prácticas de Biología marina: algas verdes macroscópicas http://www.pdipas.us.es/c/carromzar/algas/cladophorales.htm 31What is Cladophora?http://people.westminstercollege.edu/faculty/ tharrison/emigration/cladophora.htm#cladophora_fracta 18
163,880 m 2 77,883m 2 3.5m 126,717 m 2 100,149 m 2 5m ph 15.54 34.37 6.91 8.21 (Pomacea canaliculata) Radix swinhoei Tarebia granifera Cristaria discoidea 14.69 33.90 7.13 9.50 (Pomacea canaliculata) Radix swinhoei B D 23.3 3.35 23.7 2.65 t=- 1.84p>0.05n=736 17.6 2.43 18.0 1.80 t=- 1.49p>0.05n=736 28.48 28.43 ) 14.81 14.69 23.40 4.66 23.39 4.63 t=- 0.00228p>0.05n=32 7.6 7.5 7.1 7.1 7.28 0.141 7.30 0.158 t=- 0.262p>0.05n=32 312 243 180 88 ) 56.25 36.21 (Chi-square) X 2 =25.237df=1p<0.01 19
28 33 23.3 2.93 22.7 2.78 t=-1.56p>0.01n=200 18.1 1.73 17.6 2.47 t=-1.72p>0.01n=200 20.0 20.0 17.80 1.30 5.60 2.41 t=-9.96p<0.01n=10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28 3.0 0.707 9.80 2.59 12.60 5.03 F 2, 12 =11.2p<0.01 33 1.4 0.548 7.80 1.30 11.00 3.16 F 2, 12 =29.9p<0.01 1 0.00 0.00 3.67 1.63 6.50 3.62 11.50 5.75 16.00 3.32 16.80 1.92 F 6, 28 =21. 1 1.00 0.00 1.33 0.58 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 8.00 2.00 15.30 2.52 21.30 3.21 21.33 2.52 25.33 1.53 29.33 2.08 38.00 1.00 40.67 5.77 45.70 5.13 48.00 6.24 37.00 6.00 46.33 4.16 55.33 3.22 57.00 3.00 56.67 1.53 57.00 2.65 56.70 2.08 F 2, 6 =69.3 F 2, 6 =228.0 F 2, 6 =408.6 F 2, 6 =613.9 F 2, 6 =139.6 F 2, 6 =105.3 F 2, 6 =56.9 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01 20
7.67 1.53 13.00 1.00 19.00 1.00 19.00 1.00 19.33 1.16 18.33 1.53 18.33 0.58 17.33 1.53 F 7, 16 =34. p<0.01 3.33 0.58 5.00 1.00 5.67 1.15 13.00 2.00 41.67 3.05 39.67 2.52 12.67 4.04 2.67 0.58 3.67 0.58 5.33 1.53 19.33 1.53 45.00 2.00 52.33 1.53 47.00 2.65 9.33 2.58 3.33 0.58 =-0.707 =-0.316 =-12.4 =-19.6 =-5.41 =-3.48 =1.21 =-1.41 p>0.05 p>0.05 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.01 p<0.05 p>0.05 n=6 n=6 n=6 n=6 n=6 n=6 n=6 n=6 0227-0305 0306-0312 0313-0319 0320-0326 0327-0402 0403-0409 0410-0416 0417-0423 0424-0430 0501-0507 0508-0514 0515-0521 0522-0528 (mm) 167.9 27.3 15.0 26.5 134.4 0.9 2.0 12.6 51.1 84.4 255.1 162.0 162.0 ph 7.67 8.14 8.21 7.91 7.63 8.21 8.17 8.11 8.02 7.74 7.61 7.53 7.53 ph 8.84 9.27 9.42 9.31 8.93 9.44 9.28 9.15 9.17 8.48 8.33 8.20 8.62 0529-0604 0605-0611 0612-0618 0619-0625 0626-0702 0703-0709 0710-0716 0717-0723 0724-0730 0731-0806 0807-0813 0814-0820 (mm) 70.9 22.0 144.0 12.2 56.3 26.0 0 246.1 2.0 300.3 16.4 174.6 ph 7.54 7.63 7.47 7.72 7.68 7.40 7.50 7.36 7.40 6.91 7.66 7.34 ph 8.44 8.73 8.25 8.88 8.83 9.37 9.50 7.26 9.15 7.13 8.17 7.34 21
22
23
36 34 () 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10.0 9.5 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 ph 24
30 F 5, 594 =1.98 p>0.05 25 mm 22.5±2.04 21.2±3.67 21.9±3.25 21.3±3.34 22.3±2.85 22.2±2.25 20 15 10 5 0 14 15 16 17 18 19 25 mm 20 F 5, 594 =2.11p>0.05 16.7±1.18 16.4±2.48 16.8±2.19 16.3±1.88 17.1±2.07 17.1±1.97 15 10 5 0 1 4 15 16 17 18 19 25
30 25 F 6, 14 =58.4p<0.01 21.30±3.21 20 15.30±2.52 15 10 8.00±1.53 5 0 3.00±1.00 2.00±1.00 1.33±0.58 1.00±0.00 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 60 50 F 6, 14 =19.7p<0.01 40.7 5.77 45.7 5.13 48.0 6.25 40 38.0 1.00 30 20 21.3 2.52 25.3 1.53 29.3 2.08 10 0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 26
70 60 F 6, 14 =14.6 p<0.01 57.00±3.00 57.00±2.65 55.33±3.22 56.67±1.53 56.70±2.08 50 37.00±6.00 46.33±4.16 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 40 F 2, 15 =39.5p<0.01 35.5±1.64 26.0±4.56 30 21.0±1.10 20 10 0 Cyanophyta Sinotaia quadrata Cladophora sp. 27
30 F 7, 472 =39.5 p>0.05 25 mm 23.4±2.13 21.3±3.20 22.2±3.09 22.5±3.477 21.6±3.04 21.3±3.02 20.4±3.04 22.1±2.22 20 15 10 5 0 25 ph=3 ph=4 ph=5 ph=6 ph=7 ph=8 ph=9 ph=10 ph F 7, 472 =1.92p>0.05 20 mm 17.0±1.31 16.6±2.72 17.4±1.58 17.1±1.86 17.6±2.56 16.7±1.69 16.1±2.04 15.8±1.90 15 10 5 0 ph=3 ph=4 ph=5 ph=6 ph=7 ph=8 ph=9 ph=10 ph 28
10 8 F 7, 16 =4.89 p<0.01 5.67±1.53 6.00±1.00 5.67±2.08 7.00±1.00 6 5.33±0.58 4.00±1.00 4 2.67±0.58 3.33±0.58 2 0 ph=3 ph=4 ph=5 ph=6 ph=7 ph=8 ph=9 ph=10 ph 50 40 F 7, 16 =158.5p<0.01 41.67±3.05 39.67±2.52 30 20 13.00±2.00 12.67±4.04 10 0 5.67±1.15 5.00±1.00 3.33±0.58 2.67±0.58 ph=3 ph=4 ph=5 ph=6 ph=7 ph=8 ph=9 ph=10 ph 29
60 50 F 7, 16 =437.9p<0.01 45.00±2.00 52.33±1.53 47.00±2.465 40 30 20 19.33±1.53 10 0 9.33±2.52 5.33±1.53 3.67±0.58 3.33 0.58 ph=3 ph=4 ph=5 ph=6 ph=7 ph=8 ph=9 ph=10 ph 8.6 8.4 8.2 r=-0.197 p>0.05 10.0 9.5 8.0 9.0 7.8 7.6 8.5 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 () 6.6 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 8.0 7.5 7.0 r=-0.203 p>0.05 () 6.5 10 15 20 25 30 35 30
8.4 8.2 8.0 y=-0.002x+7.87 R 2 =0.387 p<0.01 n=25 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 ph 10.0 y=-0.006x+9.19 9.5 R 2 =0.641 p<0.01 n=25 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 ph 31
1 Sinotaia quadrata 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shell length) 32 8(Shell width)
9 B 10 D 11 12 Pomacea canaliculata 13 Radix swinhoei 14 Tarebia granifera 15 Cristaria discoidea 33 16 1. Cyanophyta
2. Cyanophyta 18 1.Cladophora sp. 19 2. Cladophora sp. 20 3.Cladophora sp. 21. Cladophora sp. 22 1. 34 23 2. 24
25 26 1. 27 2. 28 29 30 31 35 32
33 34 35 36 37 1 38 2 39 36 40