1924,,,,,,,,,,,, 1924,,,,,?,? 40
,? 1924,,,, 1927, :,,,,!,??, 1924 1927,, 1921, :,,, ( 1996 ) ( 207 208 ) (,, 1989 ), ( 537 ),, ( 560 ), :, 2, 1927 7 1 41
2000 2, 3,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, : (1923 11 29 ), 8, 1985, 458 ; : ( ), 1986, 21 :, 9, 1986, 358 384 386 :, 1992, 46 42
,,,,, 1926 12 : 40%, 25%, 25%, 10%,,,, 1924,,,,, 1925 5 25 :,, ;,,,, ;,,!,,, 1926 12 :, 1988 6, 208 1924 1,, ;, ;, ;, ; ;,, ;, ; 1920, 1920,,, 1993, 4-31 43
2000 2 1926 1,, 12, 7 ( ) :, 1926 2,, (1926 1 ) (% ) (% ) (% ) 5444 50 20 5 1877 63. 1 2. 3 8. 9 2698 50 3500 1700 3600 70 10 2200 90 2500 40 25 15000 21. 2 20. 1 39. 1 2300 10 5 10 3200 8 3 80 2109 10 60 :, 1926 5 1925 1927, 14 17, 1928 8,, 1994, 272 273 : ( ), 1985, 117 : ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 1998, 126 127 44
1926 7,,, 1927 1,,,,,, 1927 1, 100,, 26%,, 23%, 12%, 11%, 9%, 3%, 16%, 26,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1926 10, 13, 1927 1 25, 1927 1 15 :, 1928 2 18 45
2000 2, 20,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1927 1927 2,,,,,,, (1927 ),,,,,,, :, ( ) 43, 1927 2 28 46
,,,, ;,,, (1927 2 ) 1 8, 2, 9,,, 3 10 (a), (b) 4 ( : 11, ) 5 12 6 13 7 10,, 11 14?, 15 7 14, : :, 43, 1927 2 28 47
2000 2,,,,,, 20?,,,,,,, :,,, ;,, :, :, 43, 1927 2 28,, 67%, 13. 9% (,, 18, 751 ), 48
,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 52650, 450, 1910, 3, 1915 444, 69770 ; 1923 738, 118548,,, 1916 1655, :, 1979, 24 1923 10 8,, 4 6 49
2000 2 399, ( ),, 1923 1924, 19 20%, 80%,, ;,,, ;,,, 3,, 1919 1927, 57% ( ), 38% 5%,,,,, 14 9, 1917 9, 71 72, 18 50
, : ( ),,??,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,! :,,,,, :, 43, 1927 2 28 : :, ( ),, 1995 51
2000 2,,,,,,,, :, ( ), ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 358 361 :, 1932, 534 :, 1980, 47 52
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 324, 1,, 2000,, 500,,,,, :, 1928, 3 1924 3 26 4 8 ; 1924 3 30 14 ; ( ) ;, :,, 1994, 481 487, 1927 1 5 53
2000 2,, 1927,,,,,,, :,,?,?,,,,,,,,, 1921 1924, 20,, 1924,,, :, 38, 1927 2 21 54
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1924, :,,,,,,,,,, 1924 2,,,, :,,,,,, : (1923 11 25 ), 8, 437 : (1924 1 25 ), 9, 137,, 1924 1 1 14, 1924 3 30 55
2000 2,?,, 1924,,,, 1924 1924, 1919 12 ( ) ( ) 1918 3 ( ) 12 66, 13 86,,, 2, 1, 1, 1924, 2, 2, 70,, 1976, 1993 8, 12 2, 446 1924, 70, 44 55 1919 1922, 1964, 1, 589 600 ; 2, 217 229, 1924 1922 1922 1919 1920, 1920, 1995, 104 56
,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : ; : : ( ) ; : 57
2000 2, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,, 1924,, 1923, 20, 5 ; 400, ;,,, 1924, 1926 10, 90% 25% : (1924 3 2 ), 9, 540 ( ), 2 47 ; :, ( ), 1989 4 58
; 54. 4, 82%, 18%,,,,,,, 1927, 100, 1926 10 1927 4, 1926 10 2266 3225 156915 1927 4 16000 27872 190000 236605 606% 764% 51% : (1) ( ),, 1936, E30 31 ; (2) : ( ),, 1934, 55 ; (3), 1929 1 4 ; (4) ( ), 101 ; (5) :, 1929 1 1 1927 4, 4 ( ), 100 101 : 35, 1929, 147 149 :, 7, 1927 1 4, 1927 1 15 59
2000 2 47, 100 1924 5, 19,,,, 300,,,,,, 1924,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 60
, :,,, ;, ;,?, ;,,,?,,,,,,,,,,, 1926 10, 4000, 8000 1927 1,, 100 : (1927 5 ),,, 711 (5) 347 :, 2, 1927 7 1 ( ), 100 101, 1927 1 15 61
2000 2,,,,,,, :,!,,!,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 1927,!, :, :, 38, 1927 2 21 ( ), 208 :, 61, 1927 3 22 :, 61, 1927 3 22 :, 9, 1927 1 6 62
,,,,,, ;, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 1927 1, ;, ;, ;, ;,,, 1927 1 13,, :,,, 1924 4 12 ;, 1927 1 5 ( ), 621 ;, 1927 1 28, 1927 2 18, 1927 1 12 63
2000 2,,,,,?,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,, 270,, 30,,,,,, :, : 1,, 1984, 524 64
, 1, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1927 1 :,,,,,,,,,, :,, :, 5, 1926 12 31 ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 459 :, 1927 1 26 65
2000 2 : 2, 6,,,,,,,,,,,, 1924 3 27 :,, 4 8 :,,,,,,,,,,, 1924 8,, 1,, 1922, :, 6, 1, 2 ;,, 3 3,, 5 5, 217 218 :,,, 1927 1 15, 65, 1927 3 28 66
1927 1 10 : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1926 10 1927 4,, 50, 19, 30, 2g3,, :,,, 323 :?, 42, 1927 2 26, 129, 1999 2, 59 :, 2 3 4, 1929 3 31, 1929 1 4 :, 2 3 4, 1929 3 31 67
2000 2,,,,,,,, :, 1923, : 3, 6 1925 10, 1, 3,,, :, ;,,,,,,, : ( ), 1982, 183 184 ( ), 122 ( ), 408 ( ), 254 68
,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( 1920 1925), 1997, 515 : (1924 4 4 ),, 1922 1924,, 1982, 380 69
2000 2,, 1926 5,,,, 1926 8,,, 80%,,, 1927 2 24, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,, : ( ), 1983, 344 345 ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 456 ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 487 :, : 1927,, 1981, 111 70
,,,, :, ;,,, 1925 12 23 : C. Y.,,,,?,, : K. M. T., C. P. ; K. M. T., C. P. 1926 12 31 :,,, 1 4 :, ;,, :,,,,!, :, 8 3, 1966 3, 25, :, 1985, 223 ( ), 281 :?, 5, 1926 12 31 71
2000 2,,!,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,, : ( ),,,,, : CY,,,,,,,,, 1926 1, :, 1927 1 4 :, 73, 1927 4 9 :, 8, 1927 1 5 :, 36, 1927 2 18 : CY, 64, 1927 3 26 72
, 3%, 1926 9,, 300, 1927,, :!,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1926 1,,,,,, 5000, 50, ( ), 384 ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 487 :, 73, 1927 4 9 :, 7, 1927 1 4 73
2000 2 50 5000?, 1 10, 1 100,,,,,, : C. P., C. P. 1926 11 4,,, C. P.,, C. P., C. P., C. P., C. P.,,,, 3, 20 30,,, ( ), 382 385 :, 61, 1927 3 22 ( ), 384 ( ), 280 281 ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 273 74
, C. P.,,,,,,,,,, :,?,, :,,,?,,,,, :, : (1923 11 29 ), 8, 458 : ( ),, 1980 : (1923 11 29 ), 8, 458 : (1923 11 29 ), 8, 459 : (1922 11 21 ), 6, 1985, 616 75
2000 2,,,,,,,,,, 20,, 1925 4,,,, 1926 1,, 1926,,,!,, ( ), 21 ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 138 ( ), 181 182 ( ) (1920 1925), 607 ( ), 384 :, 73, 1927 4 9 76
,,,, ;, 1926 7,,,,,,,,,,, 300,,,,,,,, ( ) (1920 1925), 601 ( ) (1926 1927) ( ), 325 326 ( ), 122 77
2000 2,, :,,, ;,,,,,,, 1926 5 14 :,,?,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :, 1992, 587 78
,,,,, 1921 1924, 1924 1927,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :, 1 21 22, 1939 1 : (1924 3 2 ), 9, 540 79
2000 2,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100006 : 80
M odern Ch inese H istory Stud ies No. 2, 2000 Ch iang Kai2shek s M ilitary Strategy in the W ar A gain st the Gu i C lique in 1929 Z eng Y ey ing (1) M ilitarily, Ch iang Kai2shek s victo ry against the Gui C lique (Guangxi m ilitary clique) in 1929 depended m ainly on h is successful m ilitary strategy. Befo re the w ar broke out, he sough t to settle the dispute peacefully, insisting on strik ing only after the enem y had struck first, leaving an imp ression that he w as fo rced to accep t a challenge. T h is bough t h im tim e to p repare fo r m ilitary action and w on the suppo rt of the peop le. Just befo re the outbreak of ho stilities, he took w ell though t out step s to dep loy troop s, strengthen discip line, w in over friendly fo rces and sp lit the enem y fo rceṡ A fter the w ar broke out, he app lied flexible strategy and tactics, effectively containing Feng Yuxiang s intended attack on W uhan, safeguarding the security of the city. T hese step s created favo rable conditions fo r the arm ies from H unan and Guangdong to eventually occupy the Gui C lique s base in Guangxi. T he Social Compo sition and Grassroo ts O rgan ization of the Guo2 m indang after Its R eo rgan ization W ang Q isheng (40) A fter the reo rganization of the Guom indang in 1924, the backbone of the party w as a group of young intellectuals som ew hat educated yet no t deep ly learned. T hese young peop le significantly boo sted the pow er and p restige of the Guom indang, but they also brough t p ressure on the party to allow them increased po litical participation, and to som e extent affected and restrained the functioning of the party o rganization. O ne of Sun Yat2sen s p rim ary purpo ses in reo rganizing the Guom indang w as to change the basic structure of the party. How ever, the Guom indang did no t m eet w ith success on th is issue. In fact, after its reo rganization along R ussian lines the Guom indang took on only the o rganizational fo rm of the R ussian Comm unist Party, but no t its essence. M erchan t D ip lom acy Befo re and A fter the M ay Fou rth M ove2 m en t of 1919 Y u H ep ing (81) T he participation of Ch inese m erchants in the M ay Fourth M ovem ent w as a fo rm of fo lk econom ic dip lom acy. U nder the special international and 1