: (),,, (CIP) /. :, 2002.11 21 ISBN 7-5045 - 3715-2... - - - : - - - : -. TU767 CIP (2002)090133 ( 1 : 100029) : * 787 1092 16 23.5 583 2003 2 1 2003 2 1 : : 38.00 : 64929211 : 64911190 : http : / / www. class. com. cn
,,, ( ),,,, 1999, 21 : ;, ;,, 10,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2000 9
,,,,,,,, GB 502102001,,, : ( ),,,,, 2002 9
( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 9 ) ( 17 ) ( 33 ) ( 46 ) ( 48 ) ( 51 ) ( 53 ) ( 53 ) ( 61 ) ( 76 ) ( 80 ) ( 85 ) ( 89 ) ( 90 ) ( 90 ) (104 ) (125 ) (130 ) (143 ) (144 ) (144 ) (147 )
(165 ) (172 ) (179 ) (180 ) (182 ) (182 ) (191 ) (200 ) (203 ) (210 ) () (211 ) (211 ) (220 ) (228 ) (237 ) (243 ) (245 ) (247 ) (247 ) (255 ) (261 ) (270 ) (272 ) (272 ) (289 ) (307 ) (320 ) (323 ) (326 ) (328 ) (330 ) (330 ) (338 ) (341 )
(342 ) (342 ) (346 ) (351 ) (353 ) (360 ) (366 ) (367 )
,,,,,,,,,, GB 502102001,,,,,, : (),,,,,,,,,, (),,, :,,,, ;,,,, (),, 1
,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : () ( ), (),,, 2
(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () ( GB 502102001 ), ( ) 10,,,,, : (),,,,,,,,,, (),,,,, 3
,,,,, ;, ; ;, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,, ; ;,,, ;,,,, (GB 502102001),, ( ),, (),,,,,,,,,,, 4
,,, ; ; ;,,,, : () 1. 2. ( GB 50222 ) ( GBJ 16 ) (GB 50045 ) 3. 4.,, 5., 6.,, 7., 8., 9. 10., () 1.,, 2. 3., 4., ; 5., 5
,, 7., 8. ( ), 9., 10.,, 11. 12. 5 5, 13., 14.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 60,,, 20 70,,,,, 107,,, 6
80,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 2., ;,, ;, 3.,,, 4.,,,, 5., 20 90 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7
? 2.? 3.? 4. 5.? 6. 8
,,,,,, 5 12 mm,,, 25 mm,, 21 21 21 1 2 3 4 21 1. 2. 1., 2.,, ( ), 1. 2., 1.,, 2. ; ; ; 3. 9
) 1. 2. () 1. 2.,, 3. ( ) (), 22 22,,, ( ),,, ( ) () 1. 10
),, 3,,, 1/ 3, ; 1/ 2,, 2. 3 mm,, 15 d,, 30 d,,, 20% 30%,, 3 d 3.,, 3 min, 6 min, 30 min,, ;,, 0. 1% 0.2% 4. ( ),,,, 5.,,,,, (), : 1., ( MX ) 11
MX 3. 73.1 ( 0. 5 mm) ; (2 ) MX 3. 02.3 ( 0. 350. 5 mm) ; (3 ) MX 2. 21.6 ( 0. 250. 35 mm) ;,,,,, 3% 2.,,, 3.,, 23 23 ( mm ) 20 15 8 6 4 0. 31.2,,, 4., 1.23 mm,,,,,, 5.,, - 200800, 40120 kg/ m 3 6. 80 200 kg/ m 3, 0.0470. 07 W/ ( mk),,, (),,,, 12
, 23 cm, 100 kg 1 kg, 2.,,,, 100 kg 2.75 kg, 3 mm 3. 1 cm, 100 kg 200300 g,,,,, (), ( ), () 1. ( ),,,, 36 2.,, 10%,,,,, 0. 3% () 1. :, ;, 200 L 325 L,, (22) 24 22 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 13
2 4 C0761 HJ 1 200 H J 1 200B HJ 1 325 ( L ) 200 200 200 325 ( r/ min) 2530 2530 34 32 ( min/ ) 1.5 2 1.5 2 2 1.5 2. 5 ( kw ) ( r/ min) 2. 8 1 450 3 1 430 2. 8 1 440 3/ 2.8 1 430/ 1 450 ( ) ( mm) 2 2801 0951 000 2 2801 100 1 170 1 620 8501 050 2 700 1 700 1 350 ( kg ) 600 600 560 760 ( m 3 / h) 3 3 3 6 2. 23, 3 m 3, 40 m, 150 m 23 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ( ) 9 10 ( ) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22,,,, ;,, JUB 0. 8 0. 2, 0.4, 0. 8 m 3, 25 m, 80 m () ( 5 mm, 2 mm ) 2. 5 m 1. 5 m 2 m 5 7 mm 14
) 24 () 24,,,,, ( ), (),,, 15
) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 3., ( ),, 4.,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 5., 6. (), 1. () 2., 13 3. ( ), 100 mm (25 ), 4. 13,, 10 mm 25 1 2 3 5., ; 13 ; (, 10% 16
, ( ),, 11 ( 5% 10% ), 6., 11 ( 10% ), 7. 10.33,,,, 1., : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, 2.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 3.,,, 4. (1 ), 15 mm;, 18 mm;, 20 mm (2 ) 20 mm; 25 mm (3 ) 20 mm;, 25 mm (4 ) 35 mm 35 mm, 5.,,,,,, : (1 ) 57 mm; (2 ) 79 mm; (3 ),, 3 mm; 2 mm; (4 ),,, 23 mm;,, 17
35 mm; (5 ) 36 mm,, ;,, () () 1.,,, 11 ( 5% 10% ), 2. (),,,, ( 7 mm ) 2 m, 1020 cm, (13 116 ) ( ), + ( 11.5 cm), 5 cm,,,,,, ( 1 mm), 1.21. 5 m, 26 27 26 1 2 ( ) 3 4 27 18
,, 10 cm,,, ( ),, 3. 2 m,,, 28 3. ( ), 10 cm,,,, 1 cm,,,,, 26, 28,,,,,,,, 2. 5 cm 123, 12. 5,, 29 1 2 3 412 4.,,, 12,,,, 2 m, 5 cm 29,,,,,,,, 12, ;,,,,,,, 5 cm ( ), 5. 19
,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( 210 ),,,, 211 210 211,,,,, ;,,, 3. 2 m,,, 3. 2 m,, 5 cm,, 6.,, ;,, (1 ), (, ),,,, 23 mm,, ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,, 20
:,,,,,,, 2 mm,, 3 mm,,, (2) 79 mm,,,,,, (3 ),, 57 mm,, () : :, ( ),, () 1.,,,, ( ),,,,, 2. [ 0. 40.5, 5% 10 % ( ) ], 13, 57 mm,,, 3.,,, 6 m 2,,,,,,, ;, 21
,,,,,,, ( ), 45 ;,, 60, 212 212 a ) b) 60 4.,,,,,, :,,, 12.5 1 0. 53. 5, 58 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 5. (),, ( ), 40 mm : 12. 5,, 10 mm,, 213 6. 213 ( ) a ) b) c) 1 2 3,,,, 22
,,,,, (1 ), 108 ( ) ( ),,,, (2 ),, ( 214 ), 45 mm ( ) 7. 214 24 h, 3 d, () 1.,,,,, 3. 60 m, 2 m 2., 3.,,, 4., 10%,, 11 ( 3 mm),,, 24 h, 5. 5,, 5, : ;, 13 7%, - 10,,,,, 23
5 25 ( ) 0-3 - 3-5 - 5-10 - 10 ( % ) 2 4 6 8 : :,, ;, () (26) 26 ( ) ( mm ) 1. 1 1. 12. 5 2. 12. 5 3. 79 79 1,,,, 2. 2 h,,, 2 1. 13 2., 11 13 6 1. 116 79 3 2. 116 79 1,, 3. 1 1. 10.33 7, 4 2. 10.33 7 ( 0. 37 0. 40 ),, 3. 10.33 5 24
) ( mm ) 1., 5 1. 13 57 2. 13 57 3. 12. 5 12 5 2., ( ), 3. 1. 1. 1. 12. 5 57 2., 6 2. 12. 5 57 3. 3. 12 5,, 2., 1. ( 1. 13 57 0. 37 0. 40 ) 7 2. 13 57 3. 12. 5 5 2. 5 1. 8 1. 15 = 108 2. 13 3. 12. 5 5 5 2. 108 3. ( ) 4. 9 10 11 12 1. 139 3 2. 13 79 3. 2 3 1. 10.23 35 2. 10.54 79 ( ) 3. 2 3 1. 13 4 2. 13 4 3. 2 3 1. 12. 5 79 2. 12. 5 79 1., 15 10,, 2.,,,, 3., 1. 23 d 4., 2., 5.,, 3. 1. 116 2 3 79 13 2. 116 3. 79 2 3 25
) ( mm ) 14 15 16 17 18 ( ) 19 1. 10.33 79 ( 139, 10. 54, 116, ) 2. 79 3. 2 3 1. 13 2. 2 3 1. 13 2. 2, 80150 kg/ m 3 1. [ 01 ( 5 % ) = 1005660 ( ) ] 2. ( 23 5 % = 60402 475 ) 1. 12. 5 ( 116 1015 ) 2. 1 5 mm, 5 20 mm,, 1.,,,,, = 120),, 11. 5 mm 1. ( 2.,, 2.,, 1. 1415 16 2. 3., 1., 0. 5 mm,, ( ), 4.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 5. 0, 1. 1 2. 17 0. 4, 2 5 min, 15 min, = 0. 50.611,, 26
) ( mm ) 20 1. 12 3 6 7 2. 1364 ( 23 ),,, 1., 20 d,, 28, = 7.5 1 300 ( ) 2., 5 min, 4 900 10 % 3.,,,, 10 12 cm : 1 % 2 % ; : 1 kg 1. 4 kg, 70 kg 4., 5.,, 6.,,,,,,, () () () 1.,,, 12,,,,,,,, 0. 370. 40, 2.,, 27
,, 3. = 10. 51, 2 mm = 139, 6 mm,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ;, 200300 mm,, 4.,,,,,,, 5.,, () (27) 27 ( ) ( mm ) ( 1. 11 2. 139 ( ) ) 3. 2 6 2 1. 10 % 2.,, 3. ( ) 1. 11 2. 114 3. 12.5 2 7 6 1. 2. 1. 1. 13 2. 12. 5 ( ) 3. 8 5 2 2., 3., 4.,, 28
,,, (), 20 mm 32.5 3%, 12 ( )M15, 35 mm () 1., 2. () 3., 4. 5. () ( ) () 1., 2. ( ),, 1. 21.5 m 3.,, 1 %, 4., 5.,, 2 min,, ( ) 25 35 mm;,, 6.,,,,,, 58 mm, 100150 mm 7.,, ( = 11 ) ;,, 11 ( ),,, ( 36 h, ),,,,,, 29
8. 34, 7,,, (),,, ( ) () () 1.,, 2 m,,, 2.,, 33.5 m 3,,,,,, 215, (, ) ( ), 216 215 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 216 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 30
90100 mm, 100120 mm,, 3. 2 m,,, 217 :,,, 1. 2 m,, ;,,,,,,,, ( 218) 217 a) b) 218 1 2 3 4 5 :, 1015 cm, 90,,, 1530 cm, 65,, ( 217 ),, 810 cm,,, 28,, ;,, ;,,,,, 31
2 8 ( cm ) 1 4535 3045 2 7080 2530 3 ( 4 cm) 3040 810 4 45 57 5 90 1015 6 65 1530 :,,,, ;,, 29 29 1 JUB0.8 2 2 1 3 Q = 0. 6 m 3 / min 2 4 2 56 mm 5 32 L = 1 m 2 6 25 240 m 7 240 m 8 2 9 4,,,,, 1015, 2030 cm,,,,,,,, 1317 cm,,,,, ;,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 32
1. 52 m,,, 4.,,, 5.,, 6.,,,,, 7.,,, = 1002.42. 9 (), 912 cm 1624 h, 2040 min,, :, 50 60 cm 1/ 3,, 80 cm,, 1/ 3, 1/ 3,, : 2 mm, 2030 cm;, 1015 cm, ( 6090 ),, :,,, 34, 1/ 3,, 2/ 3,,,,, 33
1. ; 2., ; 3.,,,, ; 4., ; 5.,, ; 6., 2 10, 210 ( ) ( mm ) 1. 13 57 2. 13 57 3. 0. 370.40 4. ( ) : ( 1) 11 ( 10. 51. 3 ) 20 (2 ) 11.25 ( 10. 51. 5 15 ) ( 3) 11.5 ( 10. 52. 0 10 ) 1. 0. 370.40 2. 10. 53 3. 13 4. 0. 370.40 5. ( ) : ( 1) 11 ( 10. 51. 3 ) (2 ) 11.25 ( 10. 51. 5 ) ( 3) 11.5 ( 10. 52. 0 07 56 20 15 10 ) 1. 134 108 2. 218 79 3. 13 57 4. 0. 370.40 5. ( ) : ( 1) 11 ( 10. 51. 3 ) 20 ( 2) 11.25 ( 10. 51.5 ) 15 ( 3) 11.5 ( 10.52. 0 ) 10 34
) ( mm ) 1. 13 57 2. 13 57 3. 0. 400.50 4. 108 = 10050200515 4 5 ( 5 6, 5. ) 1. 0. 370.40 2. 10. 53 3. 13 4. 0. 400.50 5. 108 = 10050200515 37 56 4 5 ( 5 6, 6. ) 1. 134 ( 108 ) 2. 218 79 3. 218 4. 0. 400.50 57 5. 108 = 10050200515 4 5 ( 5 6, 6. ) (55.5, 1. ( 108 = 10050200515 ) ) (2.5 3, ) 2. (22. 5, ) 1. 13 57 2. 12 3. 0. 370.40 57 4. 11. 25 ( 30 % ) 1. 0. 370.40 1011 2. 10. 53 3. 12 4. 0. 370.40 07 57 5. 11. 25 ( 30 % ) 1011 1. 13 12 2. 3. 11 12.5 1. 13 8 1520 2. 3. 11. 512. 5 1218 35
),,,,, 1. 2. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, 1 mm,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,, (, ),,, ; ( ) ( ),, 1020 cm,, 1/ 2, ( 3/ 4 ), ;,,,, 5%,,, 3%,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,, 36
),,, 1. 2. (1 ),,,,,,,, 10 mm (2 ), 0. 45,, 12 mm (3 ) 46 mm, 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 2,,,, 2),,,, 3040 cm,, 1/ 2,,,, 0. 60.8 MPa (219) (4 ),,,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,, 3. 24 h,, 23 d, 24 h 37
() 19 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 6,,,, ;,, 1. (1 ),, 32.5 (2 ) ( ),, 414 mm, (3) : = 1 200 mm 10 mm11. 2 mm; 10 mm 3 mm, (4 ) (5 ) 2. ;, 3 mm; 3. 4. 38 (1 ) 1224 h,
1 m1 m,, (2 ),, 11.2 m 4, 22 #,,,, 1/ 2, 3 mm, 4050 mm,, 220 1224 h, 35 d 220 (3 ),,,, ( ) 12 ( )1 1. 5 ( ) 11. 25 ( ),,,,,,,, 6 cm (4),, 0. 40.45,, 12 mm,,,, (5 ),,,, 211, 211 510 1020 2030 ( d) 5 6 3 4 2 3 ( d) 2 3 1.5 2. 5 1 2 :, (6 ),, 39
212 12 1. 8,, 2 m 1 6080 2 120180 3 200240, 2.,, 3.,, 4., 46 d 1.,, 2., 3. 24 d 1.,,, 2. (7 ) = 10.35 ( ), 300320, 10% 1% 2% (8 ) = 140.60.1 ( ), 130,,,,,,,,, (),,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ) 2 mm 0. 151. 0 mm,, (3 ) 2. 3. (1 ) 12 12. 5, 12,, 24 h 40 (2 ),
11. 25 11.5, 56 cm 2 mm 0.3 mm,,,, (, 13 mm, ),,,, 24 h, (4 ) ( 1530), 23 d,,,,, 1520 mm,,,,,, 1/ 3,, ;,,,, (), 1. (1 ) ( ) = 11.25 (2 ) 2., ; 8 mm,,,,, ( 221 ),, 24 h,,,,,, :, () 221,,, 41
1. 32. 5 2. ( ) 3. :, 4. (1 ) 116, 12 13 1013 mm, 811 cm, (2 ), (3 ) 10% 20%, 30% 50 %,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24 h, 7 d (), 1. 2. (1 ) 13, 13 mm (2 ) 20 cm, (3 ) 11, (4 ),,,,,,, ( ) 42
,, (),,,,,, 222 1., 2030 cm 2. 3. (1 ) (2 ), 6 cm, ;,,,, (3 ) = 20 mm8 mm 30 mm8 mm (4 ), = 10. 54,,,, ( 223) 222 223,, ;,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,, 24 h 37 d (6 ),,, (),,, 43
: = 12, 35 mm, 100 mm50 mm 15 mm 20 mm,, 78 mm, 224 2.,, 10 mm,,,,, 40 60 mm, (, 224 ), :,,,,, 24 h 11 10.53,,,,, () :, = 111;, = 141 ;, = 120. 5; 225 226 227 228 225 a) b) c) 44
26 a) b) c) 227 228 () () 1.,,, 2. 3.,, 111,,, 5 mm,,,,,, 12 ( 3 mm ), ( = 64 ) 67 min 4.,,, 5.,,,,,,, 6. 45
,,,,, (2 ),,,, () 1. (1 ) 42.5 (2 ) ( 80 kg/ m 3 ) ( 80120 kg/ m 3 ) (3 ) (4 ) 1% 3%, : 14.5 ( ) ;, 10.36 ( : 3 mm ),, 11. 5 h,, ( ), 9 (5 ) (6 ) 213 213 ( ) 1 4 5 ( ) 1 1 1 4 6 ( ) 1 0.1 0.003 0. 1 ( ) 1 0.1 0. 2 0. 03 0. 05 2., : (1 ),,, ; (, ), 156 (, 5% 10%, ) (2 ) 1520 mm, ; 58 mm,, 10 cm,,, 46
,,,, 2 mm () 1. (1 ) 42.5 (2 ) 10 mm, 1. 25 mm (3 ) (4 ) 1% 3%, (5 ) 214 214 1 4 8 1. 405 749 kg/ m 3 1 1 5 8 2. 0. 152 0. 194 W/ ( m 1 2. 5 4 K) 2. (1 ), 23 mm ( 11.5 3) (2 ), 1520 mm, 10 mm (3 ),, (4 ),,, ;, (5 ),, 2 h, ( ) (, ) X, X X 1. (1 ) 42.5 ( ) (2 ), (3 ) 0. 61.2 mm, (4 ) 0. 3 mm (5 ) 215 2. 215 ( ) ( ) 0. 48 1 1 1. 8 0. 4 ( kg ) 252. 5 526 526 947 210. 4 47
50 (2 ),, 50 (3 ), 13, (4 ) 34 mm,, 78,,,,, (5 ), (6 ), 5,,,,,,,, 1., 2. 3. ; 4. ; ; 5.,,, 6. () ( ),, 10 mm 7. : (1 ),, (2 ),,, 8. 216 9. : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ) ( ),,, 48 (4 ),,,,,
2 16 ( mm ) 1 4 3 2 m 2 4 3 2 m 3 4 3 4 ( ) 4 3 5 4 3 5 m, 5 m, :, 3, 2, (5 ),,,, (6 ),, (7 ), (8 ), (9 ),, (10),, (11),, 10., 217 217 ( mm ) 1 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 m 2 3 2 3 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 2 m 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 ( ) 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 m, 5 m, 1. (218 ) 2. (219 ) 3. (220 ) 4. (221 ) 5. (222 ) 49
2 18 ( ) 11 12 12. 5 13 13.5 kg 399 274 235 207 184 m 3 ( 0. 64) (0. 44 ) ( 0.38 ) ( 0. 33 ) (0. 30) m 3 0. 85 1. 01 1.05 1. 09 1. 10 kg ( 1 047 ) (1 247 ) ( 1 035 ) ( 1 351) ( 1 363 ) m 3 0. 46 0. 38 0.36 0. 35 0. 36 219 ( ) 10. 33 10.54 112 114 116 139 32.5 kg 361 282 397 261 195 121 kg 56 74 208 136 140 190 m 3 ( 0. 09) ( 0.12 ) (0. 33 ) ( 0. 22) ( 0.16 ) (0. 30 ) m 3 1. 03 1.08 0. 84 1. 03 1.03 1. 10 kg ( 1 270) ( 1 331 ) (1 039 ) ( 1 275) ( 1 275 ) (1 362 ) m 3 0. 35 0.35 0. 39 0. 36 0.34 0. 36 220 ( ) 11 12 12.5 13 13. 5 14 32.5 kg 812 517 438 379 335 300 m 3 0. 81 1.05 1. 12 1. 17 1.21 1. 24 kg (999 ) ( 1 305 ) (1 387 ) ( 1 448) ( 1 494 ) (1 530 ) m 3 0. 36 0.35 0. 35 0. 35 0.34 0. 34 221 ( ) 11 12. 5 11.5 12 12. 5 13 32.5 kg 956 862 767 640 549 481 m 3 1. 17 1.29 1. 40 1. 56 1.68 1. 76 m 3 0. 28 0.27 0. 26 0. 24 0.23 0. 22 50
2 22 116 ( ) 32. 5 kg 1 888 60 kg 634 639 554 104 m 3 0. 97 m 3 0. 16 kg 153 kg 10.23 10. 23 m 3 0. 39 0. 70 0.70 0. 61 0. 22 : : 2 160 kg/ m 3, 1 900 kg/ m 3, 2 030 kg/ m 3 : 0. 3 %, 0.8 %, 0.5 %, 3 % 2. 3 %, 1 300 kg/ m 3 5 %, : 12, 1 350 kg/ m 3, 64, 625 kg/ m 3 : 1 200 kg/ m 3? 1. 2.?? 3. 4.? 5.??? 6.? 7. 8.? 9.?? 10.?,? 11.?? 12.?? 13. 14.? 15.,? 16.?? 17.? 18. 19.?? 51
?? 21. 22.? 23. 52
,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, : TZH ( ) GRC ( ) (, ),,,,,,, 600 mm, 75, 100, 120, 125 mm 1., 3050 mm, (125 mm, 3.5 m ), 2. (1 ),, 53
, ( 31 ),, (2 ),, 700800 mm 8, 200 mm ( 32 ) 31 a) b) c), 1 2 3 4 32 1 2 8 3 (3 ),,, 1/ 3, 30, (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ),, 25 mm 3. (1 ),,,, : 20, 10 (),,,,, (2 ), (3 ), 31 (4 ) 54
1 ( ) 1. 108 = 110. 20.3 2. = 13, 108 3. = 12 13, ( 51, 1. 4 1. 5) 4. 108 = 10. 150. 030. 35 5. = 112 1. = 113, 108 2. = 139 116, 3. = 13, 108 (5 ) 1), () 2), ; 100 mm, 1. 5 m,, ( 33 ) 3),,, ( 31 ) :,, 3 mm,, ; ( 33 ), ( 34 ),, 33 34,, 5 mm, 12, ;,,, 12 55
,, ;, 5),,,,,, ;,,,, 6),, 7),, 10 mm,,, 8), 9),,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,, ; 2 0003 300 mm, 500, 600 mm, 60100 mm (2 ), 108, 108 = 113 124SG 791SG 792 (3 ), = 11 2. (1 ),, 35;,, 36 L, (2 ) ( ), 600 mm, (3 ) 37 3. (1 ), 500700 mm, (2 ),,,, 56
5 36 57
4. 7 : ( ) (1 ), (2 ), 107,,, (3 ), 1/ 3, (4 ),, (5 ), 108, 108,,,,, 1. (1 ) ; ; (3 8) 2 4003 000 mm, 900, 1 200 mm, 50, 92, 120 mm 58
(2 ) ( = 600 1 000, )108 108 2.,,, 3. (1 ) 2 m 8, 1. 6 m,,,, a ) b) c) (2 ),, 300400 mm,,,, 5, 1012,, 4., (39 ), ( 310) 39 310 5. (1 ) (2 ) 1) ( 311 ),, 2), 3), 4),,, 59
450 mm,,,,,,, 5),, 8,,,, 5 mm, 11 25 mm,, 1 2, 3 6),,,, 7), :,, ;,,,, 8),, 1., 2., 3. 4., 5., 6. 7. 8. 32 32 ( mm) 1 2 3 3 3 2 m 2 2 3 3 3 2 m 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 2 2 3 60
,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,, ;, () 1. ( ) ( ), ( ) () ; C U ; Q50Q75Q100Q150 (1 ) 312 A, B 4050 mm, 0.631.5 mm 312 a) b) c),, C50 3. 5 m ; C75 3. 56.0 m ; C100 5.08. 0 m, 61
, 33 33 mm A ZC, 0-0. 5 0. 7 K T ( ) 0-0. 5 0. 7 JT ( ) 0-0. 5 0. 8 T L 0-0. 5 1. 0 2.,,,,, ;, 34 34 ( mm) ( mm) ( mm ) 9. 5 12 2 400 2 700 3 000 3 300 900 1 200 15 18 25 45 9. 5 12 62 ()
,,,,, (U ), (C ),,, 313 313 2.,,, ( ), 600 mm, ( ), 420 mm 3., 3 m, ( ) ( ),,, ( C, ), 314 4.,,,, 315,, 63
14 ( ) 5.,,, 316, PVC H, 315 316,, 12 mm, 317 6.,, 64
17 () 1. 318 318 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 2. 65
(1 ),, ( ) ( ),, (2 ), () ;,,,, 100200 mm,,,, 600 mm (3 ) :, ;, ; ( ), 319 ( ), 100 mm; 0. 8 m (4 ) ( ) 319 ( ) ( ) 319,, (5 ),,, 100 mm, 500 mm,, (6 ),, ( ), ( ),,,, 3 mm ( 450 mm600 mm, 453 mm 603 mm) ;,,,,, 15 mm 66,, (
,,, 320 (7 ) ( ),,, 321, 3 m ; 35 m ; 5 m, 400600 mm, 2025 mm,, 320 321,,, ;, 322 322 (8 ),,,,, 323 (9 ), 67
23,,,,, 300 mm, 200 mm 10 mm, 16 mm,, 3 mm,, 1015 mm, 5 mm, YJ4,,,,, ( ) ; 324 324 L, 68
, (10),,, 10 %,, : ( ) ;, ; 12 m, ( 1015 mm ),, ;, : 1),, 2),, 60 mm, 1 mm,,, ( 325) 325 3), 180 mm 1 mm, 4),,, 270 mm 5) :, 150 mm, 400 mm; 440 mm 6) :, ;,,, 150,,,,,,,, 150, () 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, 69
,,, (5 ) 3 mm, 2 mm 2. (1 ) ;, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ) 3 mm; 3 mm; 3 mm; 1 mm () 10 m 2 35 35 ( mm ) ( mm ) 453 603 453 603 12 mm m 2 20 20 40 40 U m 8 8 8 8 C m 25 20 25 20 25 mm 360 280 720 560 12 12 12 12 2. 32.5 3.3 3. 5 (),,,, 1., 8%, 2., 70 ()
( ) ( ) ( ) 400 600 mm; 1. 2 1. 5 m,,, 50 mm70 mm 50 mm100 mm,,, ( 25 mm30 mm ) 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 800 mm 1 200 mm,, 400 mm 326; 327 326,,,,,, () 1., ( ) ( ),, 71
2. 27 ( ),,,, 300400 mm,, 3. : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,, (1 ),,,, (2 ),, 72 (3 ),
,,, (5 ), (6 ), 80150 mm, 2535 mm, 0. 51 mm, (7 ),, (8 ), 80120 mm, 2030 mm, 0. 5 mm, (9 ), (10), 200 mm, 0. 51 mm,,, (11),, 2 710 mm, 35 mm, 500 mm, () 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) 2. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), 2030 mm;,, (5 ),, (6 ) (7 ), 36 36 ( mm ) 1 4 2 m 2 3 2 m 73
mm ) 3 3 4 3 5 m, 5 m, 5 3 5 m, 5 m, 6 1 (),, ( TK ) ( NAFC ) ( SGRC ) ( NT ) ( NAL ), FC,,,, 37 38 37 FC (, mm ) 3 0001 200( 640 ) 2 4001 200( 45) 1 200600 ( 45 ) 600600 ( 4 5 ) ( 58 mm, 8 % 20 % ) ( 500, 600, 985,1 200 ) ( 500, 600, 985) ( 4 5 ) 38 FC ( M Pa) 28, 20 ( kj/ m 2 ) 2. 45 (g/ cm 3 ) 0.9 1. 1-20 25, ( h) 1 [ W/ ( mk ) ] 0. 21 ( db) 100 mm, 45 ( ) ( % ) 0. 035 ( ) ( % ) 0. 03 74
) 1.,,,,, ;,, ( ),,, :,, ; ( ), ( 100 mm),,,,, ; ( ), 2. (1 ), (2 ), ;, (3 ),, (4 ) ( ) ( ),, 10 mm, 16 mm (5 ), ;, 200 mm, 300 mm (6 ),,, (7 ),, 3 mm (8 ),, (), 36 75
1. (1 ) (2 ) 328,, 2. 328 (1 ), (2 ), ( ), ( ) (3 ),,, ; 76 (4 ), (5 ),,, (6 ),
,,,,,,,, 100 mm, 100 mm 100 mm300 mm300 mm,, 6,, ( ),,,,, ( 329) 329 a ) b) d ) c) e) f ) g) h) i ) () 1. :, ( 190 mm190 mm80 mm, 240 mm240 mm 80 mm, 145 mm 145 mm 95 mm ) ; ( 115 mm 240 mm 80 mm, 140 mm 250 mm95 mm, 145 mm300 mm95 mm) : : ; 2. 3. () () 77
1. ( ), 2. (1 ) 40 mm 70 mm, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),, 3.,,, 4. (1 ),,,,, 510 mm, (2 ),, (3 ) = 11, = 1007 ( ) 32. 5,, (4 ), : 1),, ( 330) : 50 mm, 35 mm ; 80 mm, 60 mm, ( ),, (331), 2),,, 510 mm (332 ) 3), (5 ) ( 333) : 1), 3050 mm, 2), 810 mm, 1220 m 78
30 331 332 3) 4) 650 mm, 5),,,,,, 6) 5. 810 mm,,,,,, 6., 7. 333, (1 ),, 334 (2 ), 335 () 1., 2., 100200 mm, () 79
34 335 1. 2., 3., 100 % 4., 5., 6.,, 7. 39 39 ( mm ) 1 3 2 2 m 2 3 2 m 3 2 4 2 5 m, 5 m, 5 3 2 6 1,,,,, () 1. 42.5 815 mm 24 mm 46 mm 8 2. 80,
) ( ) () : 1. 8 (1 ) 1213 (2 ) C20, 25 mm (3 ) 11. 252,,, 2. 3., 4., 5., ( ) 6., 7.,, 1212.5, 6 mm, 8.,,,,,,, 336 () 1. :,,, : :,, 81
36 a) b) 2. () () : 1. 2.,,, 3., 4.,, ( 337 ), 5. 82 337
,,,, 338 (), () () : 1.,, 339 a) b) c) 2., 338, ( 339),,,,,, 3., 4.,,, ( ) 340 () 83
1. 40 :, : 2. (),, ; () : 1.,, 2., 3.,,,, 4.,,, 5. 84
,,,,, 6., () 1., 2., 3.,, 4., 5.,, 6. 39,,,, ( ),,, () 1. (1 ) (, ) (2 ), 2. : (1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) PVC, 85
,,, () () 1. (1 ), (2 ), 2. : (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ) T,, (4 ), (5 ),,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ), 2.,,,, 3. : (1 ),,,, (2),,,,, ( ) (3 ) ( ),, (341 ),,, : 86
,,, ; ( 342) 341 342,,, T (343 a),,,,, ( 343) 343 (4 ) :,, ( ) (25 mm) (),,,, ( ),, ;, ;, ;, 1. (1 ) (2 ) 2. 87
: (1 ),,, ( 344) (2 ) 1),,,,,,, 2), ( 345 ) ( 346 ),,, ( ) 344 345 346, 1., 88
, 3., 4., 5.,, 6. 310 310 ( mm) 1 3 2 m 2 2 2 m 3 3 5 m, 5 m, 4 2 5 2 1. 2. 3. 4.? 5. 6. 7.? 8.?? 9.?? 10. 11. 12.? 13.? 14.? 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 89
(), 1/ 3 1/ 4,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 41,, 12%,,, 90
1, ( mm ) < 10 < 5 < 10 < 10, 1/ 4 1/ 4 20 mm 1/ 3 2 0 2 3,,,, 1/ 6 1/ 5 ( % ) 6 4 15 10,,, ;,, () 41 42, ( ),, 41 a) ( ) b) ( ) 42 ( mm ) ( mm ) h: 2 100, 2 400, 2 500, 2 700 h 1 : 2 090, 2 390, 2 490, 2 690 M b: 700, 800, 900, 1 000, 1 100, 1 200, 1 300, 1 500, 1 800 b 1 : 680, 780, 880, 980, 1 080, 1 180, 1 280, 1 480, 1 780 () 42 : 91
2 : 55 mm95 mm : 33 mm55 mm : 33 mm25 mm (, 200 400 mm) ; 33 mm40 mm; 33 mm55 mm ( 950 mm ), 16 mm () 3 5 mm,, ( )() ( ) : 40 mm18 mm, () 1.,, 2. 92 :
,,,,,,, 45 mm;, 23 mm 20 mm,,,, 60 mm; 2030 mm 3050 mm, 20 mm 10,,, 1/ 6 1/ 3,, 23 mm, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90,,,, :,,, : 40 mm, 10, 400 mm (4 mm),,,,,,, (3 ), 1/ 3, ;, 1/ 2,,,,, 50 mm, (4 ),,,,, 1/ 2,,,,,,, 93
,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,, ( 43 ) 43 (6 ),, 1/ 2, 12 mm,,,,, : 49 mm (44 ),,, 44 (7 ) 1),, 2,,,,, 2) 94
;, 24 h, 4 h 3) 50, 20 h ; 24 h,,, 4),, 5),,,, 6) () 1. (1 ),, 125 mm,, (2 ) (3 ) 1), 2), > 10 mm 3) : 1. 2 m, 2 ; 1.22 m, 3 ; 23 m, 4 : 180 mm, 240 mm, ;, 4) + 50 cm 5),, 6),,, 2. : : : (1 ) 1),,, 2) ( ) + 50 cm, 95
,,, ( ),, 125 mm ( ) 4), 1. 2 m, (2 ) 1), (, ),,, 2),, 1/ 10,,,, 3),,,, 4 ) 1/ 3,,, 0. 8 2/ 3,, ( ), 9001 000 mm,, 9501 050 mm ;, 5),,,, 6),,,, ( ),,,,,, (), 4543 () : 1. : 70 mm140 mm () 2. : 70 mm115 mm; 70 mm175 mm; 70 mm175 mm: 40 mm50 mm 3. : 15 mm ; 50 mm20 mm; 10 mm18 mm; 12 mm12 mm 45 mm20 mm 4. : 40 mm ( ) ; 20 mm 96
5 43 mm GM 3 : 2 100 : : 900, 1 000 : 1 500, 1 600, 1 800 : 2 090 : : 880, 980 : 1 480, 1 580, 1 780 : GM 3 40 db (50 kg/ m 3 ) ; ; 14 mm18 mm 2 mm,, 12% 97
) 1., : (1 ) 40 mm, 60 mm,, 600700 mm (2 ), ;, (3 ), (4 ),,,, (5 ) 20 mm, ;,,,, (6 ), (7 ),, 2. : (1 ) 240 mm,, 95%, (2),,,, 30 cm, (3 ),,, C20,, (4 ), 2 mm,,,, (5 ),, 150 mm (6 ), ( 206 ), 1 mm, 2 mm, (7 ) 5 mm, 3 mm, 34 mm (46 ), (8 ),,,, ;,, ;, 98
mm () 47, 44 46 47 44 T M B : 900, 1 000, 1 100 H: 2 000, 2 400 B : 1 400, 1 600, 1 800 H: 2 000, 2 400 B : 900, 1 000, 1 100 H: 2 000, 2 400 B : 1 400, 1 600, 1 800 H: 2 000, 2 400 b: 900, 1 000, 1 100 h: 1 992, 2 392 b: 1 400, 1 600, 1 800 h: 1 992, 2 392 b: 850, 950, 1 050 H : 1 992, 2 392 b: 1 250, 1 550, 1 750 H : 1 992, 2 392 1 730, 1 930, 2 130 2 660, 3 060, 3 460 1 685, 1 885, 2 085 2 550, 2 950, 3 350 : 30 mm, 10 20 mm 80 mm (), 48,, 49 : 1. M850 mm ; 90 6 M8 M575 mm 20 mm 150 mm 5 mm17 mm16 mm2 mm U 2. M850 mm M8 ; 17 mm16 mm2 mm U 3. ; 40 mm30 mm 20 mm, 20 mm90 mm, 20 mm 99
8 a) b) 4., : 55 mm33 mm, 55 mm33 mm, 40 mm33 mm, 40 mm18 mm, : 100 mm40 mm, 200 mm40 mm, 12 mm, 82 mm20 mm2 mm, 60 mm 30 mm2 mm () 100
9 1., : (1 ) 45 45 mm ( ) ( ) 1 2 BH bh - 8 2 B - 70 BH bh - 8 2 B - 140 BH b - 50h - 8 2 B - 115 BH b - 50h - 8 2 B - 250 : > 30 mm, b 10 20 mm 80 mm (2 ) ( 410 ) ( 411), (3 ), 60 mm,,, 4. 535 mm, 60 mm,,, 200 mm, 20 mm ( ) 410 101
2. 11 a) b) (1 ) + 50 cm, 20 mm ( ),, ;,,,, (2 ), (3 ) ( 20 mm90 mm ) 90 6, 500 mm 4 M575 mm,,,, M8,, (4 ),,, 412 (5 ),,,, ( ),, C20,, (6 ),, 6 mm,, (7 ), 800 mm, 150 mm, ( 20 mm110 mm), 102
12 (8 ),, 1. ; 2. 3. 4.,,, 5.,,, 6.,,, 7., ( ) 8., 9. 46 10. 47 103
6 ( mm ) 1 3 2 2 2, 2 3 2,, 3 2 2 1 m 4 0, - 2 0, - 1 + 2, 0 + 1, 0,, 5 1 0. 5 6 2 1 47 ( mm ) ( mm ) 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 m 3 2 1 4 l2. 5 1.5 2 5 25 6 12 11.5 7 12.5 11.5 8 23 22.5 9 35 34 10 4 3 47 56 11 58 67 812 810 1020,,,,,, 104
,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 48 48 mm ( ) ( ) 50 8001 800 2 1002 700 40 6002 100 600 1 800 55 8001 800 2 1002 700 50 6002 100 600 2 100 70 8001 800 2 1002 700 70 6002 100 600 2 100 70 1 5003 000 2 1003 000 55 1 2003 000 900 2 100 90 1 5003 600 2 1003 000 60 1 2003 000 900 2 100 70 9003 000 2 1003 300 70 1 2003 000 1 2002 100 100 9003 600 2 1003 300 90 1 2003 000 1 2002 100 90 38 46 46 413 ; 38 2 414; 90 415 () 1. (1 ) 1), 2) : : : M415 mm 3) 5 mm (2 ),, 105
13 46 414 38 ( ),,,, 49 106
15 90 ( ) 49 mm 50 50 25 60 60 30 100 100 50 2. 8 R20 3. 107
(1 ) 1),,,,,,,, 2 mm, 25. 4 mm90 mm,,,,,,,, 4550 mm 58 mm 2), (416 ),, 2 mm,,,, ( 20 mm ),,, ( 417),,, M4, 3.2 mm, 12 mm12 mm,,,,, 0. 5 mm,,,,, 5 mm,, M435 mm,, ( 418 ),,,, 5 mm,, M435 mm 108
16 417 1 2 3 418 1 2 3 4 5,, ( 4 19 ),,,, 3),, 51 mm, 76.5 mm ( 420) 419 1 2 420, :,,,, 4. 5,,,,, 109
, 4. 5 mm, 67, 8, 8 mm, 421,,, :,,, ( ), M4 ( ),, 422,,,,, 1.51. 7 m,,, 25 mm,,,,,,,,, ( 422) 421 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 422 1 2 3 4,,, 4 23,, 110
mm,,,, (424 ), 4 mm, M5,,,, 423 1 2 3 4 424 (2 ), 414 38 1), 45, 45,, 20 mm,,, ;,,, ;, 45,,, 45, 2), 45,,,,,,, ( 425), 20 mm,, 111
( 425), 810 mm, 0. 51 mm,, 5 mm (426 ),, 425 426,,,,,,,,, 3),,,, 4),,,,,,, 9060,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4 27 112
,,,,, (3 ) 1) 70 mm44 mm 100 mm 44 mm, ( 427 ) 12 mm12 mm, 24 mm 3 mm 2),,,,,,,,,,,, 3) 56 mm 36 mm 1015 mm, 428, ( 900 mm ), 428,, 25 mm,,, () 1. (1 ) ; 113
,, + 50 cm (3 ),,, 1 000 mm, 429 (4 ), (5 ),,,,, 2. 3. :,, (1 ),,, 5 mm ( ), 5 mm, 58 mm,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, : 1) 2), 3),,,, 10 mm, 430 4) (431 ), 5), (3 ) 114
29 a) 38 60 b) 90 100 430 1 2 3 4 5 6, 1. 5 mm, : 1),,,, 2),, C25 12 3), 5 mm ( 432), 431 432, 50 mm, 810 mm, (433) 4) 3050 mm 5) ( ) 25 mm 35 mm 6) 180 mm, 500 mm, ( ) 50 mm,, 115
33 a) b) 7),, (4 ),,,,,, 58 mm,,, (5 ), 1),,,,,,,,,,, 2),,, 3),,,,, 434 (6 ), 116
, ( ),, 38 mm 2), ;,,, 2 mm, ; 5 mm,, 38 mm, 3), :, 10 mm,,,,,, ;,, ( 435), (436 ) 435 434 436,,, 117
, ( ), 5 mm,, 3040 (7 ) 1),,, 2), 1% 5% ph 7. 39.5,, 3),, 4),, () 1. 2. ; 3. ;, 100 N ;, 90l. 5, 610 s 4.,,,, 5.,, 6., ;,, 7. 410,,,, 1986, (), 180220 g/ m 2, 180,, 0. 71.1 mm,,,, 34 mm,, 118
4 10 ( mm) 1 1 500 mm 1. 5 > 1 500 mm 2 2 2 000 mm 3 > 2 000 mm 4 3 2. 5 4 2 1 m 5 5 6 5 7 4 8 1. 5,, 437 437 (),, 438, 119
439,,, 438 439 () 1. (1 ) ( ) ( ) (2 ) (3 ) 1) () 2), 3),, 4) 2. (1 ) 1),, M512, 2),, 3), 4), (338 ) 5), ( 440 ),,, 6),,, M520, 120
7), (2 ) 1), 35 mm, 58 mm 2) 440 3), 4),,,,, ( 439) 5),, :,,,,, () 1. 2., 3. ; 4. 411,,,, () 441, 2 1003 000 mm, 1 8004200 mm () 1. 0. 8 mm, 1 220 mm, 3 048 mm SUS304, 2., 121
11 ( mm) 1 1 500 mm 2 > 1 500 mm 3 2 2 000 mm 4 > 2 000 mm 5 3 3 4 3 1 m 5 5 6 5 7 4 8 2 441 a) b), 1. 52.0 mm 3., 4. 12 mm, 6 mm 43 200 N/ m 2 5., 9. 711. 6 MPa 122
( BL208 V ), FIX- TOLL FIXTO 6., () 1. (1 ) (2 ) 1),,, 2), 1020 mm, (442 ) 442 h L 1 L 2 L 3 1 2 3 4 5 3), L 3, L2, ( 23 ), 15 mm, 6070 mm 30 mm 16 mm ( + ), 16 mm,,,, 4),, 10 mm 90( 443) 1. 52.0 mm, V, 0.8 mm,,, 123
,,,,, 12 d,,,,, 2. 443 (1 ) (2 ) 1), 2), 3), 4), 5), 3. (1 ) (2 ) 1) 2), ;,,, 3), () 1., 2., 3., 4.,,,,,, 5. 412 124
12 ( mm ) 1 1. 5, 1. 5 2 2 000 mm > 2 000 mm 1. 5 2. 5 3 2 000 mm > 2 000 mm 2. 0 2. 5 4 1/ 1 000 5 < 1. 5 6 < 1. 5 ( PVC),,,,,,,,, 3, 711, 30 db, 1. ( PVC) ; ( ) ; PVC ; 2. 7002 100 mm, 2 1003 300 mm, 58 mm; 9002 400 mm, 9002 100 mm, 60 mm 75 mm 3. (1 ) 1),,, 2) 3) (GB 12002 ) 4), 1. 2 mm,, 125
413 ),, 3, 300 mm, 100 mm, 4 mm 413 ( mm ) 60 1 470 1 170 1 320 80 1 470 1 280 (2 ) 1),,,,,, 2), 414 414 ( mm) 300900 901 1 500 1 5012 000 > 2 000 1 1. 5 1. 5 2 2. 5 2 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3 2 2. 5 3 4, 415 415 ( mm ) < 1 000 1 001 2 000 > 2 000 1 2 3 4 2 3 3. 5 5 3 3. 5 4 5 0.3 mm, 0. 3 mm,,,,,,,,,,, 1 mm 126
, 1. 2.,, 3.,, 4., 50, 1 m, 5 cm;, 70,, () 1.,,,, 2. 415 mm 8 mm 530 mm PE O 3. ( 8 mm ) ( 3.5 mm ) 4. (1 ),, (2 ) 5 (3 ), : 10 mm, 1520 mm, 2025 mm, 4050 mm, 1015 mm, 10 mm,, 35 mm 13, : 5 mm, 3 mm, 3 mm, 3 mm 127
(5 ) () () 1. 1. 5 mm 15 mm 150200 mm, 600 mm ( 444 ), 3.2 mm, 415 mm, 2. 444 (1),,,, 445,,, (2 ) ( 446) ; 445, ( 445 447),,, 50 mm (3 ),, 128
46 447,,,, C20,, 600 mm;, 3.,,,,, ;,, 5 mm,, ( 447),,, 4.,, 5. ( ),, ; ( ),, ;, ; 448, ;,,, 6.,,,,, 129
48 a) b) c) 1. 2., 3. ; ; 4.,, 5., 6. 416 416 ( mm) 1 2 1 500 mm 2 > 1 500 mm 3 2 000 mm 3 > 2 000 mm 5 3 3 1 m 4 3 1 m 5 5 6 5 7 4 8 2 9 + 2, - 1 10 + 1. 5, - 2. 5 11 2 1 m, 130
,,, (), ;, (449) ;,, 449 a) b) c), 7006 600 mm; 1 520 4 800 mm 25150 W (), ZME2 450, 450 ZME 2 417 () 1. (1 ) 1 2 3 (2 ) 4 5 ( ) 6 7 8 (3 ) 1),, 417 ZME 2 AC 220 V/ 50 Hz 150 W 10 15 s 0 350 mm/ s ( ) - 20 40 1. 54. 0 m < 10 N 2), 131
,, 4) 2. : (1 ),,, ;, 50 mm70 mm,,, 451 (451 ), (2 ), 18,, 452 452 a) b) 1 2 3 ( - 8 250150 ) (3 ), (4 ),,, (5 ),,,, () 132
2. 3., 4.,, 5. 418 418 ( mm ) ( mm) 1 1 500 mm 1. 5 > 1 500 mm 2 2 2 000 mm 2 > 2 000 mm 2. 5 3 1 1 m 4 0. 3 5 1 1 m 6 1. 5 7 1. 21.8 8 1. 21.8 6. 419 419 ( s ) 1 0.5 2 1620 3 1317,,,,, () 1. 2 h, 0. 9 h, 0. 6 h 133
, ( ) 0.1 m 2 453 2., 80%,,,,, 3.,,,,,, () 1. (1 ) 1),, 453 2) (2 ) (3 ) 1), 2), 3), 4) (4 ) 1),, 454 455 2) Z, 456 134
54 455 456 (5 ) : 1), 2),, 20 mm,, ( ),,,, 3), 12 C10,, 4),,,, ;, (6 ) 1) 135
, 3) ; 4), 5),,, 6), 7) 420 420 ( mm ) 1 1.5 2 2 3 3 4 10, 2.,, ;,,,,,, () 1., ;, ;, 8 14 16 ;, ;, 2., 358,,,, 3.,, 3 ( 3M0 ) 421, 4575 m () 1. 136
21 mm W H A A 1 B ( W ) ( H ) a b c d e m h W 3 000 3 000 8 W + 410 W + 130 655 W - 50 H - 30 25 210 200 220 30 W + 240 340 W + 310 W + 10 655 W - 150 H - 75 75 160 150 220 75 W + 140 295 3 000 < W 5 000 5 000 < W 8 000 5 000 5 000 W + 440 W + 130 655 W - 50 H - 30 25 225 215 280 30 W + 270 340 14 W + 340 W + 10 655 W - 150 H - 75 75 175 165 280 75 W + 170 295 W + 460 W + 130 655 W - 50 H - 30 25 235 225 300 30 W + 290 340 16 W + 360 W + 10 655 W - 150 H - 75 75 185 175 300 75 W + 190 295 457 a) b) c) 8 (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), 2. 458 421 137
3. (1 ) 58 (2 ) (3 ) 1),,, 2), 3) 4. (1 ) 138
5. (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4),,, (5 ), (6 ),, (7 ),,, 12 mm, 459 459 1 2 3, () 1., ; 139
2. 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), () 12 mm : 1., ;, 23 mm 35 mm 2.,, 2 mm,,,, () 1. : (1 ),,, (2 ) 24 mm, 1020 mm 460,, (3 ),, 461,, 140 460 461
,, ( 462) (5 ),, (6 ),, 4 mm,, 461 (7 ),,,,,,, (8 ), 23 mm,,,, 2. :,, ( 463) 462 463 (1 ), (2 ),,,, 464,,,,,, 464 (3 ) 141
mm;, 90,,,, 15 mm, 465 (4 ),, ;,,,, 466 464 466 465 () 1. 2. 3., 4. ;, 90 1. 5, 610 s,, 5., 6.,,,, 7. 422 422 ( mm ) 1 1. 5 2 2 3 1. 5, 1.5 142
mm ) 4 60 N 5 3 6 5 7 1.5 1.,? 2.? 3.? 4. 5. 6. 7.? 8.? 9.,? 10. 11. 12. 13.? 14. 15.? 16. 17.? 18. 19. 20.? 21.?? 22.? 23.,,? 24. 25. 26.? 27. 28. 29. 30. 143
,, (),,,, ( ) 51 52 51 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.,,, 2. 144
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,,,, 3.,, ( ),, ; ; ; ;, 1.,, 2., T,,,, 53, ;,, 3., ( ) 54 : 4.,, 145
3 54,,,,, 55 5. 55, 146
,,, 56 56, ( ) ( ) ( ), ;, ; ;,,, ; : () U C T L ; U C L, ( )() L (, ) 38 45 50 60, 147
51 1, 52 57 ( mm ) ( cm 2 ) ( kg/ m ) CS60 60271. 5 1.74 1. 366 LL D US60 C60 C50 C25 60271. 5 1.62 1. 27 60270. 63 0.78 0. 61 50200. 63 0.62 0. 488 25200. 63 0.47 0. 37 50151. 5 1.11 0. 87 52 ( 1 ) U50 ( U50 ) CS60 L CS601 CS602 ( 2 ) ( ) C60L C60 1 C602 C603 148
) C60 C60 57 UC a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7U 8C 9 149
) 1. (),,,,,,, 2. (),,,,,,, 500 mm 3.,,, 58 511,, 57 b, U C < 1 200 mm, < 1 200 mm, 500 1 500 mm ( ) ; 400 600 mm, 8001 500 mm,, ; 58 C60 150
9 C60 510 C60 151
() 1. (1 ) 11 C60 1),, 2) ( ) ; ; ( ) 3), 4 6 mm ; 8 10 mm, 4), (2 ), ;, ( ) ; (3 ) 1),, 610, 9001 200 mm,, 9001 200 mm, 2),,,, 3),, 4),,, 2., : 152
(1 ) ( ) (2 ), (512 ),,, ;, 2 m/ min, 2 mm 512 a) b) (3 ) ( ) ( ), M5M8, ;, 11.5 h, 513 513 ( ) a) b) c) (4 ), ( ), ( 514) 3. : (1 ),, ( L ), 5 mm 153
14 (), ( ),,,,, (2 ),,, 4 6 mm, 8 mm,,, ;, 2 10, 515,, 4 mm 516 515,,, 5,, 60 mm, 4 154
16 3,, 5 9 511,, 60 mm, 517,,,,, 518,, 517 518 (3 ),,,, 5 17,, 60 mm60 mm,,,,,, 1/ 200 (4 ),,,, 155
U W 518 ), 50 mm,,, 23 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1),,,,, 2),,,,, 3), 4), 5) 300 mm,, 6),, 7),, 8), (5 ),,, ;,,,, 1 800, 2 100, 2 400, 2 700, 3 000, 3 300 3 600 mm; 9001 200 mm; 9, 12, 15, 18 mm (21 mm 25 mm ), 9 mm 12 mm ( PJ HJ)45( PD HD) ( PC HC) ( PB HB) ( PY HY) (519 ), 500 mm 156
19 () a) b) c) 45 d ) e) 500 mm, 600 mm600 mm, 9 mm 12 mm, 9 mm 1),, ( ),,,, 150170 mm, ( ) 1015 mm, ( ) 1520 mm,,, 50 mm, 40 mm C ;, 300 mm,, 2) :,, ( 10. 6), 56 min, 30 min, 5, ;,, 50 mm,,,,,, 50 mm,,,,, :,, 60 mm 1 mm ( ), 60 mm ( ),,, 150 mm 150 mm 157
mm, 2 mm ( 12 h ), 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ),, 520 (2 ),,, ;, 521 520, 522 a) b) 521 (3 ),,, 523,,,, 524 (4 ),, ; ( 525) 158
22 523 a) b) c) d) e) ( ) 159
24 a ) b) 525 c) d) ( T ),,,,,, ;, ;,,, () 1., ( ),, ( ), T 3 (1 ) ( ), 526 (2 ) ( ),,,,, 527 (3 ),, 25 mm25 mm 160
26 a) b) 527 a) b) (4 ) 53T, 53 ( T ) ( ) T 2. 48 3., T, 500 mm500 mm, 600 mm600 mm, 300 mm600 mm, 500 mm1 000 mm 4. (),,, 528 161
28 T, U C,, 529 () 529 T 162
(1 ),,,, T 1. 01.2 m, (2 ),, 2.,,, (1 ), T 3 1),,, 14 2), 8,,,,,,,, 530 530 a ) b) c) d ) 3) 531, (2 ),,, 1. 2 m,,, 163
:, (1 ), ( ), ( ) (2 ), (),,,,, 531,,,,, (3 ),, 0. 5 m,, 1. 0 m,,, (4 ),,,, 4. (1 ) T,, (2 ) : T, T,, T, (3) T, 5 32 533 (4 ) 1), 2),,, 3) 4),, 5),, 164
32 a) b) 533 a) b) 6), 7),,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( ),,, ( ),,, ( ), 165
) 1. 60 mm100 mm 50 mm70 mm, 50 mm50 mm 40 mm60 mm,,,,,,, ( ), 54 25%, 20%, (GBJ 16), 54 1 2 : 15 cm, 1/ 3 ( 1/ 4 ) 2/ 5 1/ 3 3, ( % ) 5 8 12 4, ( ) 1/ 4 1/ 3 5 :,, ( ), 20 mm, 1, 50 mm, 2,,, 10 mm 2., 55, 56 166,
5 mm 1 2 15 000 > 15 000 15 000 > 15 000 10 15 10 15 3 5 4 2 5-10 - 3 0.2 d 6 0. 5 d, 4 % 1.0 d 7 1.0 d : d 56 1 20 mm 4 10 mm 2 0. 5 % 5 5 mm 3 1/ 300 () 1.,, ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ; ; ( ) ; ; ( ) (), 2.7, 3, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6 mm, 6 mm 1 mm 915 mm 1 220 mm, 915, 1 220, 1 830, 2 135, 2 440 mm, 4 mm 6 mm (), 0.5%, 1%, 2% 2., (1 ) ( )(),, 167
,,, 15%, 3. 5 mm, 5 mm; 6.5 mm, (2 ) ( ) ( ) 6% 14 % ; () ( ) 8% 16% (3 ), 0. 7 1. 0 MPa (4 ) (GB 9846.5 ),,, ; ; ;,, : 1) 12, 3 2) (),,,,,, 14% 534 534 168
) 1. ( ),,,,, 2.,, ( ),,,,,,, 3.,, (),, ( ),,,,, ; L ( ),,,,, ( )535 536 535 169
36 (),, 537 a, 537 b 537 a) b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 170
,,,,, 1., ( ) 2., 300 400 mm (, ),,, (), 10 mm, 12 mm, 500800 mm,, () 1. ( ),,,,, 2., 3.,,,, 4.,, 5.,, ;,,, () 1.,,,,, 2., 45, 23 mm,,, 3.,,,, 4.,,, 171
, 2535 mm,, ; 1520 mm 6.,, 80150 mm, 0.51. 0 mm, 7.,,, 1., 4 mm 2.,, ; 3., ; ( ), 4.,, ;, 5.,,,,, (, ),,,,, 1. (1 ),,,, 538 539 (2 ) (3 ) 68 2.,, 172
38, 539 ( ), : 1. (1 ) (2 ),, 173
, 2.,, (1 ) 1) 915 mm, ( 120200 mm),,,, 2 2), 540 3), 12 mm, 541 540 541 (2 ) 1), 2), 3), 542 (3 ) 1), 2),, 3),, 543 (4 ) 1) 174
42 1 2 3 543 2),, 544 (5 ) 1),,, 2),,,, 309 408 3) 545 544 545 (6 ),, ( 546 ) ; 547 546,,,, 175
(1 ), (2 ), 547 (3 ) 1),,, 548,,, 549 548 549 2),,, 100 m 2,,,,, 550,,,,,,,,,, 551 552 (4 ) 553 : 176
50 551 1), 2),,, 177
52 553 a) b) c) f ) d ) e) 3) 4) (5 ),,,, ;,,, 554 178
54 a ) b) c), 4. (1 ) 1),, 2),, 3), (2 ),,, ;,, ;,, 2/ 3,,, 179
;, 57 58 57 ( mm ) 1 3 2 2 2 2 m 2 3 1. 5 3 3 5 m, 5 m, 3 1 1 1. 5 1 58 ( mm ) 1 3 2 3 2 2 m 2 3 2 3 3 5 m, 5 m, 3 1 1 2 1 1.?? 2.?? 3.,?? 4.? 5. 6 m, 1/ 200 6.,? 7.? 8.? 9. 180
?? 11.?? 12.?? 13. 14.?? 15.? 181
,,, :,, :,,,, C1 5 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), (6 ),, (7 ) + 500 mm :, (),,, 25 35 mm 13. 54, ; 10 15 mm, 12, 2535 mm 6 1 182
() 1. 1 a) b) c),,,,, 400 mm400 mm20 mm, 600 mm600 mm20 mm ( ),, ;,, ;, 75 ; 2.,,, 600 mm300 mm20 mm, 600 mm600 mm20 mm, 900 mm600 mm20 mm ( ),, 61 3. 400 mm 400 mm 25 mm,,,, 1 mm 183
1 ( mm ) + 0 2 + 1-2 400 0.6 800 0.8, ;, - 1 + 1-2 400 1.0 800 2.0,,, :,, 4., 42.5 32. 5 5., ( 5 mm5 mm ),,, 3% () 1.,,, 2. 3., 4. () : 1.,,,,,, 510 mm, 30 mm ; 2.,,,, ( 62 ),, 3. 184
2 ( ) a) b) c) d ) :,,,,, : ( 62 ), 30 mm,,,, 1 mm, 2 mm 4.,,,, ( 0. 40.5,, ),,, ( 13.514, ),, 34 mm, (1 ) 5.,,,,,, ( 62 ) 185
,,,,,,,,, 0. 5 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 6., 24 h 2 d,,, 11 ( ) 2/ 3,,,, 3 d, 12 d,,,,, 2 mm 37 d 7.,, 23 d 12 N/ mm 2, :,,,, () 100200 mm, 1520 mm,, 45,,,,,,,,,, 1., 122.5,, 23 mm,,, 2., 186
1015 cm 12 (),, 3. (1 ),, (2 ), 5 mm (3 ), (4 ),, ;,,,, (5 ) ( ),,,, 18. 5 mm18. 5 mm5 mm, 39 mm 39 mm5 mm 25 mm,, 305 mm305 mm, 0.093 m 2, 0. 65 kg 40, 3. 7 m 2,,, () 1., 2. 325 425, 3., 4. + 50 cm 5., 6.,,, 7., 8.,, () (240 mm120 mm50 mm) (6 K6K8 )(200 mm70 mm1 mm) () 1. (1 ) 187
1), 2),,, 1. 5 m 3) = 13,, 1. 5 min,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 22.5 mm, 34 mm,,,,,, 5),,,, 6),,, 1525 min,, 7),,, 11,,,, 56 h, 8) 24 h, 45 d 2. (1) ( ) (2 ) 1), 2),,, 188 0. 5%
3),, 0. 40. 5, = 13 ( ) ( 3.5 cm ) ;,,, 4 mm/ 2 m; ( ),, 24 h 4) 1.2 MPa,,,,, 2 mm,,,, 35 ( ),,, 5), 23 h, 6),,,, ( ) 1520, ;,, 23,,,,, ;, ; :, 0.40. 5 (, ), 1015 mm 12,,,, 7) 23,, 15 min,,,, ( ),,, 56 h 8) 2 d,,, 11,,,, 11, 9), 7 (3 ) 1),, ( ) 189
,, 3),,, 63 63 () 1. > 60 mm,, C20 2. MU60,, 80120 mm 3. () 1., 1. 2 MPa 2., 3.,,,, 4., 1/ 31/ 2 5., 6 mm; 5 mm 12 2/ 3,,,, 7 d 1. 62 62,,,,,, 2. 63 190
3 ( mm ) 1 1 2 3 3 4 10 2 m 2 2 3 3 3 8 8 5 m, 5 m 3 0.5 0. 5 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 4 1 3 3 4 5 m, 5 m 5 1 2 2 6 5,, ;,,, 64 68 64 191
5 66 67,,,,,,,,, ; ; 192
(1 ) ( ) ( ),, 20%, 13% 15% 18%, 10% 12% 15%,, 68, 12%,, (2 ) ( ) 510 cm ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2.,, 80%,,, 3.,,, 4.,,, 5., 12 : : 193
) 1. (1 ),, 2 m,,,,, 120 mm120 mm 3 5 m 180 mm180 mm,, 200 mm, 750 mm750 mm (2 ) ( ),, ( ),,, ( ), 8,,, 8 (3 ),,,, 400 mm,, 30 mm,, 3 mm/ 2 m,, 10 mm,,, ( 45 ),, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,, 3045 ;,, 23 mm,, 2. 5, 2,,,,, 2. 194
5 mm/ 2 m,, 30 mm40 mm 40 mm50 mm,,, 6, 40 mm,, 0.8 m, ( 69 ) 3.,, 69,,, (),, 1.,,,, 35 mm, 610, 4560,, ;,,,,, 120 mm,, 1 mm, ( ), ( 611 ), 22.5, 0. 70.8 610 611 195
, ( 612 ) ;, 2., 2 mm/ 2 m,,, 612 (1 ),,,,, ( ), 150 200 mm,,,,, (2 ),,, 903,,,,, 10% 65 10 % ( ), ;,, 1 mm, 0. 5 mm, ( 5 min ),,, 1 mm (),, 57 d,, 45,,,,,,,,, 1. 5 mm, (),, 3 ; 01 196
),, 1 m 6 mm, 75 cm,,,,,,, 45, ( 613) (),,, ( 3 ),,,,,, 1., 1215 mm,, 3 mm/ 2 m,, 15 % 2.,,, 614 613 614 3., 197
10 mm,, (615 ),,,,,, 10 mm,,, ( 616 ), 180, 40 cm,, Z ( 617) 615 616,,, 618, :,,,,,,,,, ( 619) 617 618 619 4., 2 h, ( ) 10 mm, 15 mm 5. (1 ),, 812 mm (2 ) 8 m, 8 m, 620 198
20 a) b) c) (3 ) 1. 2., 3., 64 65 64 1., ; ;, ; ; 2.,,,, 3.,, 1.,,,, 2., ; ;, 3.,, ;,,, 199
5 ( mm ) 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 m 5 m, 5 m 5 m, 5 m 4 0. 5 0. 2 0.2 2,, 2501 000 mm,,,,, 621 621 a) b) c) 200
(1), 25 mm, 1.5 mm, 1 mm 600 mm 500 mm (2 ),, 7. 5 MPa 2. ( ), 1., 2.,, 3., ;, ;, + 50 cm,,,, 23 m ( ) : 1.,, 8%,, 2.,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 201
4.,,,, 622, 622 a) b) 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7. 5 MPa, 105109 m 623 623 a) b) 202
,,,,,,,, 3 mm,, 7. :,, 1. () 2. (), ;, 3. 66 66 1,,,,,,, 2,,, 3,, 4. 67 67 () ( mm ) 1 ( ) 4 2 2 2 m 3 3 5 m, 5 m, 4 ( ) 0.2 5 3 5 m, 5 m,,,,,,, 203
,, 1., ;,, 2., ( ; ), 40 mm 123, 11,,, 8% 3.,,,, 8% 4.,,,, 5. 8 mm, 6.,,,, 624 624,,,,,,,, 204
),,,,,, 4 mm/ 2 m,,,,,,,,,,,,, L (625 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () : ; (626 ),, 625 626 1 2 3 1. : (1 ),,,, 205
,,,, (3 ),, 2 cm,,,, (4 ), (), 40 cm 810 mm, (5 ),, 10 mm, (6 ),,, 56 cm, ; ;,,,,,,, (7 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 627) (8 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( 628) 2. : : 627 (1 ),,,,,,,,, 206
510 min,,,,,,, 1215 cm,, 0. 05 kg/ m, (2 ),,, 2 cm, 2 m (3 ),, 10 cm, 0.8 kg/ m,, ( 629),,,, 628 629, : L b h n ; ; ; L = ( b + h) n + 450 ( mm) 450 mm,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,, 50 mm,, 1 mm,,,, 207
630),,,, 20 mm 630 2.,,,,,,, ( 631),, ( 632 633), ( 634) 631 632 633 634 3.,,,, 208
, ( 635) 635,,,, 68 68 1. 2. ( ) 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. : 30 ml 1 120 ml : 7 ml 300 ml :,, 1., 2., 3.,, 209
, 5., 6., 1. 2.? 3. 4.? 5.,? 6.?? 7.,,? 8.?? 9.?? 10.? 11.?? 12. 13.,? 14.? 15.?? 16.?? 17.?? 210
() ( ),,,,, ; : ; : : 400 mm, 20 mm : 400 mm, 710 mm, : 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm,,, ( ) () 1. (1 ), (2 ) 32.5 (3 ) 32.5 (4 ) (5 ), (6 ) ( ) 2.,, 50 cm, 0.000,, 150200 mm; 211
,,, 5 cm,, (, ),,,,, (),,,,,,,,,, 71 71 ( mm) 1 1 2 5 3 10 4 2 5 10 6 1 4.,,,,,, 72,,, 0. 5 mm, 3 h 15, 1 h 72 100 100 6 8 10 20 10 0 100200 ( ) ( ),, 72,, 15 1 h, 0 ; 212
3 h,, 5.,,,,,,, 6.,,,, () 5 [ (3 0005 000 ) mm40 mm( 10 15 ) mm] () : 1.,, 10 %,,, 515 mm, 30 mm 2., :, ( ) 8,,,, 500 mm; 2030 mm, M1016 ( ) 68 60 mm, 68, 50 mm,, 100 mm,, 71 3.,,,,, 213
( 72 ),, 71 72,,,, 4. (),, :,, :, 3040 mm,, 73 73 a ) b), 18 20 30 cm, U U, U,, 5.,,,,,,,,,, 74 214
,,,,,,,, 6., (, 20%,,,, ),,,,,, 1% 4,,,, 7. 1015 cm 12. 5 ( ),,, 15 cm, 1/ 3,,,, (12 h),, 20 cm,, 510 cm,,, ( ),, 8.,,,,,,,,,, 9.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 215
, 1.,, 11, 2., 1/ 4, 6 mm, 3540 mm 500 mm 2 ; > 500 mm 3 ; > 800 mm 4, 90, 1, 100 mm, 6 mm, 3540 mm,, 7 mm, U, 75 3.,,, 45, 6 mm, 4050 mm, 76 4., (1 ), 5 mm U (7 7), ;,, U,, U, 78 75 76 77 U (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 78 1 2U 3 4 5 216
,,,, ;,, 79 79 a) b) (), () () : 1., 2.,,, 3. 217
, 20 cm,, 1. 01.2,, 40 m 810 kg,,,,, 4.,,,,, 21 mm, 6 mm 710 5. :,, 12. 5,, 6080 mm,,,,,,,, 7 710 9, (711) 6. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25 cm 12. 5, 20 cm, 11. 5,, ( ) 50 mm 5, 20 mm (2), M8 ;,,,,,, 218
,,,, 20 mm 250 mm,, 10 mm, 20 mm 7.,,,,, 712 711 712 8.,,, 1. (1 ), 4 m, 20 m 1 ( 3 ), 3 ;, 10 %, 10, 1, 3 (2 ) (3 ) ( ), (4 ), (5 ) (6 ), ( ) 2. 73 219
7 3 ( mm ) 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 m 2 2 3 1 2 4 2 m 3 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 3 2 2 3 5 m, 5 m, 6 0. 5 3 0. 5 0. 5 3 7 1 2 2 0. 5 0. 5 2,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),, 10% (2 ) 42.5 (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ), 2. (1 ),, 13,,,, (2 ) ( ),,, 13 ( ) (3 ) ( ), (4 ),, 220
, () : 1., ( ),, (1 ), 25 mm,,,,,, (2 ), 2.,,, U,,,,, U,,, :, 713 3.,,,,, 2 h,, 713 6 h, 4.,,,,, 1 500 mm, 5.,, 714 (1 ) ( ) 221
14, 11.5 mm, U,, U,, ( 715 ),,,,,, (2 ) 1), 12 ( ), < 2.9, 15% 2),, 715 a) b) 3) :,,,, 2 m,,,,,,,, 5 mm, 8 mm,,,,,, 4),,,,,,,,, 716 5),, 6), 222
16 () : 12 d, 1.,, 2., : ; : ; : ( 13 mm ) ( 420 mm) 717 717 717 :,,,,, 223
,, 45,, ;,, 718 718,,, 3%, ;, 719 719 a) b),, ( ),,,, 3. (1 ) 5 kg,,, (2 ), 1 5002 000 mm, (3 ),, 1 000 mm (4 ),,,,,, 510 mm 4.,,,,,, 12 224
,,, 610 mm,,,,,,,, (,, ),,,,, 23 mm, 10%,, T,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 35 mm, ( ),, 719 5., 11 (, 2. 9),, 3 mm 6.,,,, (, ) () 1. : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 225
,,, 23 mm 10.3 1 1,, 4,, 1 2,, 10. 3 (720 ),, 20,, 23 mm, () (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,, 2. ( AH05) (1 ) (2 ) = 123, 1 mm, (3 ),,,,, (4 ), (5 ) () (),,,,, : 1.,,,,, 2., 226 10%
, 11 3 mm,, 3% 5% 1224 h, ;, YJ302,, ( ) ( 60120 ) = 12. 5379,, 6090 min 3.,, 308 mm308 mm, 2 mm, 310 mm 18 mm18 mm, 2 mm, 20 mm 4. 42.5, 0. 32,, 5. 2 mm,, 0.32, 12 mm,,, 6.,, 7.,,,, 1. 2. 3. 4., 5. (), 6., 7.,,, 8. () (),, 227
74 74 ( mm) 1 3 2 2 m 2 4 3 2 m 3 3 3 4 3 2 5 m, 5 m, 5 1 0. 5 6 1 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) () 228
(1 ),, (2 ), (3 ) 2. (1 ), (2 ) () () : 1., 810, 2., 303, [2512 14, 30 mm 50 mm 900 mm, 500 mm, ;,, 500 mm,,,,,,, 3. : (1 ),,,, (2 ), ;,, ;,,,, (3 ),,, ;, 4. 229
,,,, 1.,,, 2.,,, 200,,, 90,,,, ( ) () 1. (1 ) (2 ) ( )( ) (3 ) 2. (1 ), (2 ) () () : 1. (1 ),, (2 ) ( ) (3 ),,,, : 1),,, : 230
,, (721 ), 2),,,, 1/ 2,, ( 722) 721 722 3),,, (723 ),,, 2.,,,,, 724 725 723 724 : (1 ),,,,, 231
25,,, 726 (2 ),,,, 1) 15 mm 726,, (727 ),,,, 2), 232
, 300 mm 400 mm,, 728 727 728 a ) b),,,,,,, 300 mm3 m, 30303 50505 3 m,,, 30 mm30 mm, 6.5,, M6, (4 ),,, 1),,,,,, 4 3 m, 3 mm ; 3 m, 6 mm, 2),,,, ;, 3 mm 3) 200 mm 233
3 mm 4),,, 3. (1 ) 1),,,,, 10 mm, 1 mm,, ( ),,,,, 2) 50 80 mm, 350 mm, 1020 mm 3),, ( 12 mm ) 729 729 a) b) :,,,, 23 mm M4M6,,,,,,, (2 ), 2 mm,, 1/ 2 1/ 3 1/ 4,, 234
,, 4.,,,,, (1 ), ;, 730,,, (2 ), 730 731 731 a) b) 1 2 3 4 1),, 1 mm,,,, 7 31 a,,,,, 0. 5 mm 2),,,,,,,,, 731 b 5., (1 ),, 235
, 732 732 (2 ),, 733 (3 ) 45,,, 734 733 734 6. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ) ( ), (5 ), 1. 75 75 1,,, 2,,, 236
,, ; 4, 5, 6,, 2. 76 76 ( mm ) 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 m 2 1 1 2 2 m 3 2 1 3 4 1 0.5 0.5 0. 5 0. 5 5 m ( 5 m ) 5 1 0.3 0.3 0. 5 0. 5 6 2 2 5 m ( 5 m ) 7 2 2 1/ 4,,,,, ( ) 4 ( ) () 1., ( ) ( ) 0.20.5 mm, 237
,,,, : 2. () () : 1.,,, 2.,,,, 23 mm,,,,,,, 3.,,,, ;,,,,, 735,, 735 :,,,,, 238
,,,,,,,, 60,, ( 24 h ) ( ) () 1. (1 ), (2 ), 25 mm30 mm (3 ) 2. ; ; ; 3.,, ( ) 3 A601 YZL858 () () : 1.,, ( ) 400 mm,,, 1620 mm,, 60 mm,,, 2.,,, 736, 25 mm30 mm ( ), 300 mm400 mm 400 mm400 mm ( ), ;,,,,, 239
,,, 400 mm, 500 mm 10 mm, 450 mm,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 3., ( ),,,,, 36,, 1 2,, 3, V, 45, 3 mm ;,,, ;, ;,,,,, 50100 mm5 mm, 20 mm ; 5 mm, 2530 mm,, 0. 51. 0 mm, 4., 737 738 737,,, 240
;,, 739 738 739,,, 740, 1. 77 740 2. 78 3. 79 4. 710 77 1,, 2 3 : 1. 12 % ( 8 % 10 % ) 2. = / 100 % 20 % 3. 4. 1/ 5, 5 mm 5. 241
6. 1/ 4, 20 mm 7. : 10 %, 15 % 8. 1/ 4, 1/ 5 3 9. 10.,, 11. 12., 4, 5 6, 7,,, 78 1,,, 2 12 %,, 3, 79 1, 2,,,,,,, 3 4,, 150 mm, 10 mm, 58 mm,,,,,,,, 710 ( mm ) 2 5 m, 5 m 2 1.5 1 m 2 242
mm ) 2 2 m 3 2 m 3 5 m, 5 m 3 5 m, 5 m 0.5 2, 1. (1 ) (, ) (2 ) (3 ) 2., : ( ) 1. (1 ) (),,, 500 mm (2 ),, (3 ) 40 mm40 mm 50 mm50 mm,,,,, 741 (4 ) 15 mm 5 mm,,,, 2. :,,,,,,,,, 243
(1 ) 35, (742 ),,,,,,,, ( 743) 742 741 743,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), 4, 744,,,, 244,,
(3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ), ( ), 745 : 1) 2),, 3), 30 mm,, 200 mm, 0.51. 0 mm,,, 10 mm, (745 ) 4),,,,, 746 744 745 746 4. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),,, 1.??? 2.? 3.?? 4. 245
6.?? 7. 8.??? 9. 10.,? 11.? 12. 13.? 14. 15.?? 16.?? 246
,,,,, 81 81 1 2 3 4 5 6,,,,, : () ( ),,, 82,,,,, (),,,,, ( ), ( ) 247
), ;, (),,, 4 m,, 83; 4 m,, 84 82 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( ) 8 9 83 84 ( ) 248
,,, () 1. (1 ), 100, 120, 140, 150, 160, 180, 210 ( ),,, 85 86;,, 85 145 (2 ),, 87 ( ), 2 249
6 145 87 a ) b),,,, + 40 mm 1. 5 2.,, 6 mm 8 mm, 6 + 12 + 6 ( mm) 8 + 9 + 8 ( mm),, 88,,,,,,, 3. (1 ),, 250
,,,,,, 89 88 (3 ) () 89,,,, () 1.,, ;,, 2.,,,,,,, 3. ( ), 4.,, 5. ( ) 251
,, : 1., ;,,,,, ( ),, ( ) 2. ( ),, ( 87 810 ),,,,,,, 200 mm, 20 mm, ( 810) ( ) 4,, 1 mm, 810 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,, 3. ( ),,, ( 811) 4.,, 252
(1 ),, : 82 811 :, 812 811 ( ) 812 ( ) (2 ),,,, ;,, 100 mm,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 mm,,,,,,,, ;, 253
, 813,, 1., 2., 3., 813,,, 4.,, 10 mm 5.,, 1. 5% 2. 0%,, 6. 7.,, 8. 9. ; ; 10. 81 81 1 > 100 mm 2 100 mm 8 3 500 mm 2 11.,, 12. 82 254
8 2 ( mm ) 30 m 10 1 2 30 m < 60 m 15 60 m < 90 m 20 > 90 m 25 35 m 5 > 35 m 7 3 2 2 m 4 2 m 2 > 2 m 3 5 1 6 2 m 3 > 2 m 4 13. 83 83 ( mm ) 30 m 10 1 2 30 m < 60 m 15 60 m < 90 m 20 > 90 m 25 3 m 3 > 3 m 5 3 2 2 m 4 2 5 2 1 m 6 1 7 2 8 3 5 m, 5 m, 9 1 10 1, ; 255
(), : ; : ; : ; :,,, 3 : (1 ), ; (2 ) ZE2000 ; (3 ) 3M 3, ( 2), 84 84 1. E : 0. 7 10 5 M Pa, 34 mm 2. : 84. 2 MPa 3. : 48. 9 MPa 4. : 2. 310-5 / 0. 5 mm 1. E : 0. 7 10 5 M Pa 2 5 mm P VC, 2. : 15 MPa, 36 mm 3. : 9 M Pa,, 4. : 10 % 5. : 2410-5 28 10-5 / 0.8 1. 2 mm 1. 2 1. 8 mm,, : 10 25 mm ; :,, 1. E : 410 4 MPa 2. : 10 M Pa 3. : 1. 5 M Pa 4. : 22 10-5 23. 5 10-5 / (), 85 (),,,,, 256
8 5 0.2 0.4 mm 0. 352.0 mm,, 1. E : 2. 1010 5 MPa 2. : 1.2 10-5 / ; 0. 753.0 mm,, 1. E : 2. 1010 5 MPa 2. : 180 M Pa 3. : 100 MPa 4. : 1. 210-5 1.810-5 /,,,,,, 814 817 814 815 () () 1.,,,, 2., 257
16 817 3. () 1.,,, 20 mm, 2. ( 50 ),,,,,, 3. () (1),, ( ),, 1 mm,, 0. 5 mm (2 ) ( ) 1),,,,,,,, 2) (),, 1 mm, 258
87,, ( ), 4.,,, 1. 5 mm,, 5. ( ),, 6.,,,, 7., ; ( ) () ; ( ), ( ) 1020 mm,,,,, 1/ 2, ;, 8.,,,,, 1., 2., 3. 259
5., 6., 7. 8., 9. 10., 11. 86 86 1 > 100 mm 2 100 mm 8 3 500 mm 2 12. 87 87 ( mm ) 30 m 10 1 30 m < 60 m 15 60 m < 90 m 20 > 90 m 25 2 3 m 3 > 3 m 5 3 2 2 m 4 3 5 2 1 m 6 1 7 2 8 3 5 m, 5 m, 9 1 10 1 260
,,,,,,, (), 2530 mm,,,,,, 8. 0 MPa; 0. 8%,,, 82, 810,,, (),,,,, (), () 1Cr18Ni90Cr18Ni9,, LD30LD31, 4. 0 mm, 3.0 mm,,, 5, : 261
),,, ( ),,, 818 ;, (), 818,,,, 819,,,, 819 a ) b) 820,,,,, 821 27,,,, 262
,, 820 a) b) 821 (),,,,,,, 822 823, 822,, 824, 825 826 (), ( MEGAPOXY) 1. 263
23 824 825, AB : (1 ),, - 30 90,, ( 2 ), (3 ), (4 ),, ( 5) (6 ),, 95% (7 ) PM PF GEL69 3 88,, 826 5 ( 827),,,, ( 1012) 264
8 8 PM P F G EL69,,, AB A B AB AB ( ) 11 11 11 23 ( min) 45 3 45 23 ( ) ( h ) 12 1 12 23 4 d 6 h 4 d ( ) 70 70 70 ( ) 10 0 10 ( ) - 3090-3090 - 30 90 ( M Pa) 25 25 25 ( M Pa) 80 65 80 ( M Pa) 10 10 10 ( M Pa) 15 18 15 ( 1/ ) 6010-6 40 10-6 6010-6 (25 10 d, % ) 0. 5 0.5 0. 5,, 50 kg 104 cm 2, 25, 24, 18 2. (1 ),, (2),, (3), ( 1012 mm) (4 ) 827,, (5 ),, 5 mm (6 ), (7 ),, 3. (1 ), (2 ) (,, ) 265
(4 ),, (),,,,, 828, 828 () 829 829 () 1.,, 20 mm,,, 2. 266
, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ) : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 3. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) (6 ), ;, (7 ),, 4. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),, 5.,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ), (6 ), (7 ) ; 267
, (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),,, (6 ),, (7 ) 7.,,, () 1., 2., 3.,, 4., 5., 6.,, 7.,, 8. () 1., 2. 3. 4., 5., 268
7. 8., 9. 10. 11., 12. () 1.,,, 2. 3. ;, ;, ;, 4. 5. 6. 89 89 1 > 100 mm 2 100 mm 8 3 500 mm 2 7. 810 810 ( mm ) 1 30 m 10 30 m < 60 m 15 60 m < 90 m 20 > 90 m 25 2 3 3 3 4 2 1 m 5 1 6 2 3 7 2 4 269
mm ) 8 3 4 5 m, 5 m, 9 1 10 1 2 () 1.,,, 2., 3., 4. 5.,, 6., 7. 8.,, 9., ; 3 m, 6 m 10.,, 1.? 2.??? 3.? 4.? 5.? 6.,? 7. 8.?? 9. 10. 11. 12.? 13.? 270
?? 15.,? 16.,? 17. 18.?? 19. 20. 271
,,,, ; ;,,,, ( ) () : ; : 1., (1 ) 91 91 81 :, 5, : 2 h SA1 : 4 h 0, : < 2 h :, 2 ( ) ; ; 5 272
92 92 PG 838 :,, 5, 24 h, 30 min :, 5 :,,,, 8, : 30 min :,,, 5, 30 min, 2 h JH8501 :,,,,, 0, 2. 93 93 LT 1 :,,, 8, < 85 % J Q831 J Q 841 : 100 250,, 5 :, 10 :, 15, < 30 min, 24 h 273
:,, 5 206 :, : = 41 :,,, :, 5,,,,,, 0 (, ) :,, 0 :,, 0, 10 %,, 2 h, < 24 h,, 3. 94 94 BS707 :,,, :,, 5, 2 h, 8 h 274
:,,,, 5 RD01 :,,, 10 DJQ :,,,,, 2 h, 24 h, ( ), ( ) :, ( ),, ( ),,,, SH131 2 :,, 1 5 mm,,,,,, 7,,, 4. 95 95,,, 275
,,,,,, :,, C042 C0442,, C04 2 C04 42, C042, :,, ( ),, 5. 96 96 :,, :,, 276
,, J S :,, :,, 24 h, :, : 20 min, : 30 min : : 2. 8 cm, : 3 h, 2 2. 5 cm 5 CT013 :, :,, :, 5 () ( ), 97 (),,,,,,,, 277
7 200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 % 20 %,,,, 10 % 20 %,, 2 %,, ; ; 98 98 ( PbCrO 4 ) [ FeO( O H) nh 2 O ) ] ( HgS ) ( Fe 2 O 3 ) ( CoOAl 2 O 3 ) ( ZnO) ( TiO 2 ) ( ZnS + BaSO 4 ) 278
(, ) ( C) (C) ( Fe 3 O 4 ) ( Al) (Cu) (),, : ( ), 99 99 1. = 1651( 4 6),,,, 2. ( ) = 3210. 6 ( 0. 7) 3. = 8546, = 20750 1. = 51. 22. 55. 82317.5 2. = 59152510, 3. = 7564141 = 24162 ( ) = 141118 ( 6 % ) = 55261063 = 24751 15 % 20 % = 50. 1707. 9665 ( ) = 20510 745 279
= 31. 510. 6, ( 1 % 2. 5 % ) ( )2 % = 153.5 (2 % ) = 100100( 510 ) 108 = 10010050 ( 20 30 ), ( 2 % ),, = 2210 = 151 () 1. 200,, 2. 200 ; 200 = 11, 3. 910 910 ( % ) 1 2 50 70 50 20 10 4. 911 911 ( % ) 1 2 3 20 38 10 10 12 10 65 80 5 50 5. 912 6. 913 7. 914 280
12 ( % ) 1 2 3 10 30 30 25 60 70 75 913 ( % ) 16. 5 44. 0 22. 0 5. 5 12 914 ( % ) 20 20 40 20 8., X1 X2 915 915 ( % ) 1 2 3 4 5 25 18 20 16 18 18 14 20 14 16 2 8 2 6 10 10 16 12 4 56 45 50 44 56 : 4 ; 5 (), 91 () 1., 92 2.,, 281
1 a) b) c) d ) e) f ),,, 93 92 93 3.,,, 94 4.,,, 95 94 95 (),,, 96 97 (),,,, 98 99 282
16 96 97 98 PQ1 99 PQ2 916 PQ1PQ2 PQ 1 PQ 2 ( MPa) 0. 280. 35 0. 40.5 ( mm ) 250 250 ( mm 2 ) 300800 1 3001 400 ( mm ) 0. 24. 5 ( ) 1. 8,, 910,,,,,, 911,, 912 () 283
10 911 1. 2., 912,, ;, ( ), 3., 4., 8% ;, 10% 12% 5., 14 d, 1 6., 535,, 7.,, () 1.,,, 2. 3., 4., ( ph ), 5., ( JG/ T 3049) 284
(), 7., 8.,,,,,,, 9.,,, 10.,, 11., 12.,, () :,,,, 1., 917 917 1, ( ), 5 6 cm, 2,, 3, 4,,, ( ) 2. (1 ),, 40100 s (25, 4 ) ; 2040 s (2 ), (3 ),,,, (4 ),, 285
(5 ),,,,, (6 ), 3. () 1.,,,,,, W,,,, 2. (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 ), (4 ),,, 3.,,,,, () :,, 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,, 0.4 0. 8 MPa (3 ),, ( 913 914), ( ), (4 ), 4060 cm 286
13, ; (5 ) 915,, 7080 cm, 180 (6 ),, 1/ 21/ 3,, 914 915 a ) b) c) d) (7 ),,, (8 ), 2. (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, (4 ), 120 200 (5 ),,, 3., 287
),,,, 1. (1 ),, (2 ) : 1), 2 h ( ), : 1. 52 mm,, 23 mm 2),,, 3), 1 h,,, 4) 48 h,, 2. (1 ),, (2 ) ( 1. 52 mm, 23 mm),, (3 ), (4 ) 3. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),, (),, 12 mm : 1. (1 ), 5060 288
0. 5 mm (3 ) 12,, (4 ) (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ), 2. (1 ),, ( ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) 3.,, (), 918 918 1 2, 3 5 % 20 %, 4 3 %, 5,, 6, 7 10 %,,, () 289
,,,, ( 5 10 ), 2.,, 3. V,, ( ),,,,,, 4., 3, 3,, 5. ; 6., () 1. 2 % ; ; 2., 4% 2%,, 3., 4.,,, 1. 919 919 1 + + + + + + + + + + 2, + + + + + + + + + + 290
+ + + + + + + + + + 4 + + + + + + + + + + 5 + + + + + + + + + + 6 + + + + + + 7 + + + + + + 8 + + + 9 + + + + + + + + + + 10 + + + + + 11 ( ) + + + + + + 12 + + + + + + + + + + 13 ( ) + + + 14 + + + 15 ( ) + 16 + : +,,, 12 2. 920 920 1 + + + 2 + + + 3, + + + 4 + + + 5 + + + 6 + + + : +,,, 3., 921 291
21 1 + + + + + + 2, + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + 4 + + + + + + 5 + + + + + + 6 + + + + + 7 + + + + + 8 + + + + + + 9 + + 10 + + + + + : +,, 4., 922 922 1 + + 2 + + 3, + + 4 + + 5 + + 6 + + : +, 5., :, : 292
, :,,,,,,,, 923 923 1 + + + + 2 + + + + 3, + + + + 4 + + + + 5 + + + + 6 + + + + 7 + + + + 8 + + + + 9 + + + + : +,, 12 h, 24 h, 12 h, ( ) 924 924 1 + + + + 2, + + + + 3 + + + + 4 + + + + 5 + + + + 6 + + + + 7 + + + + 8 + + + + 9 + + + + 10 + + + + 11 + + + + 12 + + + + : +,, 12 h, 24 h, 12 h, 293
: () 1. : : 2. : SG821 : ( ) 3. (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) ( ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),,, (6 ), ;,,,, (7 ),,,,, (8 ), 4. (1 ), 8% (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), 5. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),,, () 294
: : 2. : :, 3. (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ), 23,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,, ;,,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),,,,,, 4. (1 ) (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),, (5 ) 0, () 1. : : 295
: : 3. (1 ),, 8%,, (2 ),, 2 h, 4. (1 ) 0, (2 ),,,, (3 ), () 1. : : 2. : : 3. (1 ),, (2 ) 12 (3 ),,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ) 24 h (4 ), () 296
2. 3. (1),,, (2 ),, (15% ),, 13, 12. 5, (3),,, (4 ) ( < 10% ),, 23 mm,,,,,,,,,, ;, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ) () 1. ( 0. 60.9 m 3 / min, 0.40.7 MPa) (, 3 mm, 2. 5 mm, 7 mm ) 297
(1 ),,,,,,, < 10 %, ph < 10 (2 ), (3 ),, 0. 40.6 MPa, ;, 5,, 3050 cm,, ;, ; S, ; ; 1/ 3,, 4. (1 ) 925 926 927,, 925 B ( ) 1 3. 54. 5 0.8 0. 2 926 1 ( ) 1 3. 54. 5 0.8 0. 2 927 2 ( mm ) 1. 0 0. 6 0.6 0. 15 < 0.15 ( % ) 10 50 40 (2 ),,, (3 ) 5, 0,, 15 h (4 ) 0. 5% 1%,,, (5 ),, Ca( OH)2,, 298
) 1. 2. 801 3. (1 ), (2 ) ( ) 23,,,,, (3 ),,,, ),, ( (4 ),,,, (2.5 ) 300400 mm, 90,, 0. 250. 3 M Pa,,, 4. (1 ) 8%, 10 %, ph 9. 5, 5 (2 ), 0% 10% ; 10 % 12 %,, 4060 (3 ),,, 23 d () 1. ( 3, 4, 5, 6, 8) 2. 3. (1 ) 20 mm 13,, 10 mm 12. 5,,, (2 ) ;, 5% ; 299
3 d, 4. (1 ) ( ) 40% 100%,,,, (2 ) 2 h, 928 928, 400500 mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 928 ( mm ) ( MPa) ( ) 3 0.4 0. 5 1001015 4 0.4 0. 5 1006 6 0.4 0. 5 1005 8 0.4 0. 5 1006 :, (3 ), 10 30 min ( 520 min, 1.5 h ),,,, 2 3 mm (4 ) 24 h,, 24,, 0. 20.3 ( ),, 0. 20.3 5. (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),, (),,,,,, 300
1. (1 ),,, 02,,,,,, 02,, 02 ( ) (2 ), (, ), (3 ) ( 2 h ),, ( ) (4 ), 3 4 ( ), 0. 6 MPa, 2. 02.5 mm, 300400 mm,,,,,, ( ), 13 h () 2. (1 ),,, 5% (2 ) 5 > 85% (3 ), ( ) (4 ),,,, (), ( ),,,,,,,, 1. (1 ), 12% 20%, (2 ) ( ), 301
,,, (4 ), ( 4 h ) 360 48 h,, 5 d ( ) 2. (1 ) 15, 75% (2 ) (3 ), (4 ), (5 ), ( 11. 6, ), 8 h (6 ), ;, (7 ), (),,,,,,,,,,,,, FC,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ), ( ) (3 ) (60 min ),, (, ), (4 ) 1.5 mm, (5 ) 6 h, 34 mm (6 ),, 302