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of 7 Long-ail Pai ansisto Ciuit Figue low shows the simplied Pi model of a Long-ail Pai tansisto iuit. i B -.i C V gm.v V V d i 0 Q Q V B V B V -.i C gm.v -V B i V o If Vd and - V d ie no ommon-mode signal then, V ee 0, sine the emittes ae at zeo potential. Diffeential Input Gain d ssuming mathed tansistos ie Q Q so that gm gm gm and gm and Vd So Vd ( gm. ). d Vd gm. ( ie the oltage gain of a C amplifie)

of 7 Whee Io gm V d ( I. ) o 4.V ie Io.. V Common-Mode Input Gain B i B C i -.i C gm.v V V V i s V o i -.i gm.v It an iewed as two equal paallel hales - gm V ssuming gm gm gm & V - ( i. i. ) Whee i i is gm

3 of 7 V - ( i. i. ) Whee i i i s gm V gm.. - gm.. Sustituti ngfo gm gm V ( ) gm gm gm ( ). Sine and as ( ) hen V - ( gm. ) ( gm. ) Now - gm hus - Sine gm is muhsmallethan Clealy to otain a high alue of ommon-mode ejetion atio (ideally infinite) we need to use a ey good high soue impedane uent-sink iuit instead of a simple esisto.

4 of 7 B i C i L.i i.i ) Zout V ut ut i e L e o detemine the Output impedane of the iuit, we gound the ase and the emitte. We then hae two esistanes in paallel onneted to the uent soue.i. Output Impedane OU V i OU e L. e ' L e V OU ( i.i ) e ' i. lso i i su into aoe equation V OU i.i e ' i e '. i. e '.i. e ' i e '. OU V i OU e '. e '. Geneally OU e '. e ' (. ) ' e

5 of 7 Common Mode ejetion atio CM s we want to ejet the ommon mode signal (usually noise) then we would ideally like a ey high CM atio whih is gien y: - -Io. 4V d o C CM. - C 4V - C C -I. Io V If we assume a load esisto ( ) of 5K and a uent sink of soue impedane 50K (ie ) set to a uent of m then - C - 5K * 50K - 0.05 d -Io. 4V C -3 - * 5-3 4 * 6 3-96 CM d - 96-0.05 93 In any amplifie the signal to noise ation should infinite. Fo example, onside a diffeene oltage of 0mV and a ommon-mode oltage of 00mV applied to the diffeential amplifie aoe. V 0mV d V od.9v V 00mV V o 5mV.9 ffeties/natio -3 5 384 heefoe, theelationship tweens/natioandcmis gieny : - ( S/N) ( S/N) x CM 0. * 93 384 O IN

6 of 7 Impoing ltage gain he oltage gain of the diffeential amplifie is dependant on the load esisto L (and ultimately the alue of e hus eplaing the load esisto with a uent soue will pesent a lage load esisto and hene gain. lso if we add a uent soue to the emitte tail we will inease the Commonmode gain as this is dependant on the alue of. n additional adantage of using a uent mio as an atie load is that this will eflet oth diffeential output signals to a single output. V Q 3 Q 4 Io δi δi Io δi Q Q V B Io V B -V heefoe as this is a Widla uent mio the load esisto will the e of Q4. Gain is now gm.e4

7 of 7 Long-ail pai with Common-Mode Input his iuit ties the two diffeential inputs togethe to fom a single stage amplifie that has enhaned popeties due to the diffeential pai an atie load. V Q 3 Q 4 Io δi Io δi Io δi I ~ 0 Q Q V CM I O δi -V Gain is now gm. ( // ) e4 e Load esistane e4 V IO CM gm

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