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09 ofhistorical discourseis society ;the typicalfeatures of each constitute an importanttransitionalmechanism betweenthetwo.althoughliteraryandhistorical discoursescomplementeachother,attimesliterarydiscoursemaydeviatefromand evenchalengehistoricaldiscourse. (9)MilitaryFinancinginLateQingFrontierDefense Liu Zenghe InthemiddleoftheGuangxureign,China sfrontierswerebeingharassedby foreignaggression.financialdificultiesmeantthatoficialsatcourtandthoseatthe frontierhaddiferentviewsonthedefenseofthefrontier,buttheqinggovernment eventualy madethedecisionto mounta defenseofthefrontieragainstthreats. Negotiationstoregain Yilitriggeredathreatfrom TsaristRussiaonthenorthwest andnortheastfrontiers.thegovernmentsetup dedicatedfundingsupportingthe defenseofthenortheastfrontier.onthenorthwestfrontier,it made Xinjianga province,whileoficialsincluding YanJingmingarrangedtobailoutthetreasury whilesupportingthedefenseofthatfrontier.thecrisisprovoked bythe French invasionoftaiwandrovetheqingtomakeaprovinceoftaiwan,butthedefenseof TaiwanandthePenghuislandsrequiredfurtherlarge-scalefunding.Fujiantriedto maintaintheunityoffujianandtaiwan,providingfinancialsupporttotaiwanand financialbacking to southeastcoastaldefense.militaryfinancing ofthefrontier defense wasimpeded by the government sfinancial dificulties.pacifying the frontierconflicted withaddressingthedynasty sfinancialproblems,butthetwo werecloselyconnected,becominganimportanttestofthe Qing government s abilitytopacifythefrontieranddefenditsborders. (0)TheTransformationoftheInternationalOrderandChina schoices Tang Shiping 8 Sincetheglobalfinancialcrisisof008,therehasbeenanoticeableincreasein domesticandforeigndiscussionofthecurrentandfuture American/Western-based internationalorder,buttherelevantresearchfindingsnotonlylackaframeworkfor assessingtheoperabilityoftheinternationalorderbutalsolackcase-studiesgivingan empiricalanalysisofitshistoricaltransformation.ourpaperconstructsarelatively completedefinitionandassessmentframeworkfortheinternationalorder,providing case-studiesof majorchangesinthatordersince800andoferingthefolowing optionsforchina:namely,chinawilbea builderofworldpeace,contributorto globaldevelopmentandkeeperofinternationalorder. Aslongaswecanbesurethat nooutsidecountrywilimpedethecountry seconomicgrowth;andthatgrowthwil tendtodepend moreondomesticreform andopeningup,whatweneedtodoisto retaincalmand manageourdomesticafairsinaccordwithreform andopeningup, whileasfaraspossiblepromotingsteadyimprovementintheinternationalorder jointlywithothercountriesandnon-stateactors,withbenefitsfortheworld. 08