2.1 2.1 [2] AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access GSM Global System for Mobile Communication CDMAOne (IS-95A) US-TDMA (IS-136)
2.5 GPRS General Packet Radio System GSM CDMAone IS-95A IS-95B PPP IP 2.1 MP3 W-CDMA W-CDMA 3GPP (the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project) W-CDMA 3GPP UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access ) FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) TDD (Time Division Duplex) W-CDMA FDD TDD UMTS QoS
2.2 [12] (Access Network Layer) (Mobility Layer) (Backbone Layer) 2.2 : 2.2
QoS (marking) (policing) (shaping) (traffic engineering) (Radio Network Controller RNC) RNC RNC (Radio Resource Manager RRM) RRM (1) Admission Controller (AC) call AC AC call Call new call handoff call handoff call (2) Load Controller(LC) (3) Handover Controller(HC) HC HC (soft handoff hard handoff) delay
handoff (4) Power Controller (PC) QoS (5) Packet Scheduler (PS) PS (RAN) (Common Channel CCH) (Dedicated Channel DCH) (Shared Channel SCH) 2.1 (1) (Common Channel CCH) (fast power control) (2) (Dedicated Channel DCH) (soft handover) (3) (Shared Channel SCH) W-CDMA ( )
Dedicated Common channels Shared channels channels DCH FACH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH Uplink/Downlink Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, only in TDD Code usage According to maximum bit rate Fixed codes per cell Fixed codes per cell Fixed codes per cell Code shared between users Code shared between users Fast power control Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Soft handover Yes No No No No No Suited for Medium or large data amounts Small data amounts Small data amounts Small or medium data amounts Medium or large data amounts Medium or large data amounts 2.3 2Mbps 384Kbps : (circuit-switched bearers) (packet-switched bearers) GSM (radio bearer) bandwidth delay jitter
3GPP UMTS Conversational Streaming Interactive Background 2.2 (delay) (jitter) (packet loss) 2.3 Traffic class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background Fundamental Preserve time Preserve time Request response Destination is Characteristics relation (variation) relation (variation) pattern not expecting between between information the data within information entities entities of the stream Preserve data a certain time of the stream integrity Preserve data integrity Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay) Example of the Voice, Streaming Web browsing, Background Application Videotelephony, multimedia network games download of Video games emails
2 3: UMTS QoS delay jitter packet loss [15] Type Service Data Rate Delay Jitter Reliability Conversational/ Real Time Conversational voice 4-25 kbit/s <150 ms <1 ms <3% FER Videophone 32-384 kbit/s <150 ms <1% FER Telemetry (Control) <28.8 kbit/s <250 ms ~0% FER Games <1 kbit/s <250 ms <3% FER Interactive Voice Messaging 4-13 kbit/s <1 sec <1 ms <3% FER Web Browsing 4sec/page E-commerce 4sec <0% FER Streaming Streaming audio 32-384 kbit/s <10 sec <1 ms <1% FER Video 32-384 kbit/s <10 sec <1% FER Telemetry (Monitoring) <28.8 kbit/s <10 sec ~0% FER
2.4 Location Base Service FCC 2000 130,000 911 119 FCC E-911 Enhanced-911 盗 2.4.1 (Global Position System, GPS) GPS GPS GPS GPS 2.3
GPS GPS 2.3 95% 100 5% 300 (Differential GPS, DGPS) DGPS 2 10
2.4.2 Cell ID Signal Strength Angle Of Arrival, AOA Time Of Arriva, TOA Time Difference Of Arrival, TDOA 2.4.2.1 Cell ID cell ID 2.4 Home Location Registers, HLR
2.4 CELL ID Cell ID Sector Antenna Timing Advance, TA 2.4.2.2 Signal Strength large-scale path loss P P G G λ 2 t t r r ( d ) = 2 2 ( 4 π ) d L ( ) P t P r d Gt Gr L System Loss Factor λ d d d d 2.5
multipath fading shadowing ( ) effect d d P r 2.5 2.4.2.3 Angle of Arrival, AOA
sector anatenna antenna array line-of-sight 2.6 θ 1 θ 2 2.6 scattering
multipath delay 2.7 angular resolution x 2.4.2.4 Time of Arrival, TOA
3 10 8 m/s R i = c τ = i ( X x) 2 + ( Y y) 2 i i R i i c τ i i ( ) X, i x, y i Y i ( ) line-of-sight 1µs 300 2.4.2.5 Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA i j τ i, j R i, j = c = c τ τ i, j ( τ i j ) = Ri R j R i, j i j c τ i i
R ( X x) 2 + ( Y y) 2 ( X x) 2 + ( Y ) 2 i, j = i i j j y 2.8 x, y ( ) 2.4.2.6 Hybrid Location
2.5 seamless lossless [4] 1 network initiated handoff mobile initiated handoff 2 Intra-cell Intra-domain Inter-domain Intra-cell Intra-domain (domain) Inter-domain Inter-domain [23] 3 hard handoff soft handoff
4 circuit switched packet switched 5 Mobile IP forwarding [18] multicasting ( HAWAII[18] SNOOP[16]) (Mobile Host, MH) ( 2.9)
2.9 Mobile IP ( 2.10) SNOOP HAWAII
2.10 (forwarding) (multicasting) 2.6 handoff dropping probability [4]
2.6.1. (Predicted Based Scheme) 2.6.2. (Pattern Based Scheme) admission control pattern 2.6.3. (Estimation Based Scheme) Guard Channel Scheme GCS
2.7 new call blocking probability resource utilization [16] 2.7.1 (Non-Priority Scheme, NPS) new call handoff call 2.7.2 (Fixed Resource Reserved Scheme, FRRS)
2.7.3 Queuing Priority Scheme, QPS 2.7.4 Sub-Rating Scheme, SRS