20 20 70 80 1
20 90 20 90 J. D. 17 Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View From the States (New York: Happer & Row, Publishers, 1984), p.41-42. 2
19 1985 80 Gerald D. Nash, State and Local Governments, in Glenn Porter, ed., Encyclopedia of American Economic History: Studies of the Principal Movement and Ideas (New York: Scribnerm 1980) pp509 523 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, The Question of State Government Capability (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985), p.5. Richard E. Fogelsong, Planning the Capitalist City: The Colonial Era to the 1920s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p.12. Robert Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press: 1956), p.137 138. Robert Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven: Yale University Press: 1961), p.91. 3
60 Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (New York: Basic Books, 1969), p.72. Claus Offe, The Theory of the Capitalist State and the Problem of Policy Formation in Leon N. Linderg, Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism (Lexington: D. C. Heath and Company, 1975), p.127. 4
Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets (New York: Basic Books, 1977) Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Democracy and Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p.88. Linda Frances Lockett Scheible, The Role of State Government in Economic Development: an Analysis of the Wisconsin Strategic Development Commission (The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 1991), p.14. Ralph Miliband, Marxism and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p.74. 5
20 1986 R. 1988 K. H. 90 90 Ralph Miliband, Class Power and State Power (London: Verso Editions and NLB,1983), p.73. Committee for Economic Development. Research and Policy Committee, Leadership for Dynamic State Economies (New York: State Young & Bowe Inc.), p R. Scott Fosler,ed. The New Economic Role of American States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988) Peter K. Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial States: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988) Earl H. Fry, State and Local Governments in the International Arena, in Annals of the American Academy of Political Science (May 1990) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb 6
1991 6 17 22 1986 11 20 23 1981 1983 1983 443 469 1993 313 327 1998 9 10 7
20 1648 3000 100 1786 300 100 1788 1789 19 http://www.nga.org/common /issuebriefdetailprint/1,1434,3293,00.html Gerald D. Nash, State and local Government, in Glenn Porter, Encyclopedia of American Economic History: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas (New York: Scribner, 1980), p.510. Gerald D. Nash, State and local Government, p.513. 8
1836 1841 1850 1/3 1849 1860 10 50 10 25 30 19 19 1870 1869 F. 1869 1874 Gerald D. Nash, State and local Government, p. 518. 9
80 1886 10
1887 1900 19 19 80 19 80 14 11
1880 30 1889 1890 14 1900 27 15 1880 20 20 20 30 Gerald D. Nash, State and local Government, p.518. Gerald D. Nash, State and local Government, p.519. 12
Duane Lockard, The Politics of State and Local Government (Macmillan Publishing Co., 1983), p.12. 13
20 70 1950 1980 11 14 35 205 GNP 1 1 1 1 1940 1960 1975 50 310 2210 GNP 7.8% 10.4% 12% 200 770 1000 14
1 2 1 2 1940 1950 1960 1970 3,206,000 4,285,000 6,378,000 10,147,000 1,042,000 2,117,000 2,421,000 2,881,000 1 1 1 2 521 158 20 15
20 20 20 R. Scott Fosler, The New Economic Role of American States: Strategies in a Competitive World Economy (New York Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p.4. Jeffrey S. Luke; B. J. Reed; Curtis Ventriss; Christine M. Reed, Managing Economic Development: A Guide to State and Local Leadership Strategies (San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers, 1988), p.225. 16
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