100 4G 1D151000131-15 100 1 31 100 12 10 100 12 10
...1...2...71...80...92...93...132
4G 4G - ITU-R 2003 4G 4G 4G 1 Gbit/s 100 Mbit/s 2010 4G 3GPP 2008 5 4G 1G 2G 3G 3G+ 3GPP LTE-A 4G LTE/LTE-Advanced PHICH Synchronization Signal 1
1 3GPP LTE LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release-8 UMTS/ WCDMA (3GPP R99) HSDPA(R5) HSUPA(R6) HSPA+(R7) 1.1 LTE (Frame) (slot) : (1). FDD One slot, T slot = 0.5 ms Slot #0 Slot #1 One subframe One radio frame, T f = 10 ms Slot #2 Slot #3 Slot #18 Slot #19 NCP CP Symbol #0 CP Symbol #6 ECP CP Symbol #0 CP Symbol #5 : 3GPP : FDD (Frame) 10ms 10 (subframe) 20 (slot) 1ms 0.5ms CP(normal CP, NCP) CP(extend CP, ECP) OFDM 2
NCP 7 OFDM ECP 6 OFDM ECP (2). TDD half radio-frame, 5ms One radio-frame, 10ms Subframe #0 1ms 1ms Subframe #2 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #9 DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS GP 0.5ms Slot Slot : TDD TDD 10ms 10 1ms 20 0.5ms subframe-1 subframe-5 (special subframes) DwPTS(downlink pilot time-slot): downlink GP(guard period): DwPTS UpPTS UpPTS(uplink pilot time-slot): uplink SRS configuration special subframe 5ms special subframe 10ms configuration 8 subframes configuration 3
LTE : LTE : (1). (Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH) (2). (Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH) (3). (Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH) LTE : (1). (Demodulation Reference Signal, DMRS) (2). (Sounding Reference Signal, SRS) 1.2 (Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH) (resource block, RB) PUCCH PUCCH : PUCCH 4
PUCCH format Modulation scheme Number of bits per subframe, M bit : 3GPP 1 N/A N/A 1a BPSK 1 1b QPSK 2 2 QPSK 20 2a QPSK+BPSK 21 2b QPSK+QPSK 22 3 QPSK 48 format 1 (scheduling request) format 1a/1b 1 bit 2 bits ACK/NACK format 2 CQI (channel quality information) format 2a 20 bits CQI 1 bit ACK/NACK format 2b 20 bits CQI 2 bits ACK/NACK. (code division multiplexing, CDM) CDM walsh code (cyclic shift code) 1.3 (Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH) PUSCH uplink single-carrier FDMA (peak-to-average power ratio, PAPR) Single-carrier FDMA OFDM SC-FDMA DFT-precoder 5
(frequency hopping) (frequency diversity). : PUCCH (No. of subband) (slot) (subframe) (virtual resource block, VRB) (index) 1.4 Synchronization Signal Synchronization Signal Primary Synchronization Signal (P-SCH) Secondary Synchronization Signal (S-SCH) P-SCH S-SCH Cell-ID P-SCH (Timing) (Synchronization) LTE W-LAN (Auto-correlator) Cell LTE Match 1.5 (Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH) (call-setup) (cell) cell (random access format) (random-access slot) 6
(root) (cyclic-shift value) : Align with the starting of a configured subframe CP Sequence TCP TSEQ : (random access, RA) (subframe) RA cell (round-trip time, RTT) (maximal multipath delay) cell TSEQ ( cell ) (format): FDD TDD FDD RA (1.08MHz) (higher layer) 1.6 (Demodulation Reference Signal, DMRS) PUSCH PUCCH PUSCH PUCCH (detection) DMRS Zadoff-Chu (ZC) 7
(constant-amplitude zero circular auto-correlation, CAZAC) ZC ZC (group number) (sequence number) PUSCH DMRS OFDM DMRS PUSCH PUCCH PUCCH DMRS OFDM PUCCH format ( ) : PUCCH 1/1a/1b DMRS 2,3,4 ( 3,4,5 OFDM ) : PUCCH PUCCH format Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix 1, 1a, 1b 3 2 2, 3 2 1 2a, 2b 2 N/A : 3GPP 1.7 (Sounding Reference Signal, SRS) SRS (enb) SRS OFDM SRS SRS 8
scheduling SRS RRC SRS (diversity) 1.8 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel, PHICH PHICH HARQ ACK NACK ACK/NACK a 0 Channel Coding (Repetition code, Code rate=1/3) HI 0 1 HI codeword <b0,b1,,b2> <0,0,0> <1,1,1> Positive acknowledgement Negative acknowledgement b0, b1, b2 z, z, z PHICH PHICH SF SF s c n / 2 1 2N 1 2 N cell 9 cell init ID ID N 0 1 2 Bit-wise multiplied with code d( i) w i mod N 1 2 c( i) z i / N The scrambling sequence generator shall be initialised at the start of each subframe. *Note: ns denotes slot number. BPSK modulation PHICH SF 4 2 NCP ECP d(0),..., d(11) NCP d(0),..., d(5) ECP Resource group alignment (0) for NCP: d ( i) d( i), for i 1,..,11. for NCP: (0) (0) (0) (0) T [ d (4 i) d (4i 1) d (4i 2) d (4i 3)] T group [ d(2 i) d(2i 1) 0 0], nphich mod 2 0 T group [0 0 d(2 i) d(2i 1)], nphich mod 2 1 i 0,...,5. Antenna port P=1 Secs. 6.3.3.1 & 6.3.4.1 Layer mapping & precoding Antanna port P=2 Secs. 6.3.3.3 & 6.3.4.3 (STBC) Antanna port P=4 Secs. 6.3.3.3 & 6.9.2 (STBC) ( p) ( p) ( p) Next pagey (0), y (1),..., y (11) From other PHICH groups Layer mapping & precoding y ( n) y ( n) ( p) ( p) i i PHICH units mapping y (0), y (1),..., y (11) ( p) ( p) ( p) i i i Total 8 (NCP) or 4 (ECP) processes in a PHICH group group N PHICH Over all PHICH in the PHICH group PHICH groups Resource element mapping Quadruplet grouping NCP: ( p) ( p) group y ( n) y ( n), m m' 0,1,..., N 1 m ECP: y ( n) y ( n) y ( n), m' m / 2, m 0,2,... N 2 ( p) ( p) ( p) ( p) ( p) z i y i y i y i y i ( ) (4 ), (4 1), (4 2), (4 3) i 0,1,2. ' m PHICH ( p) ( p) ( p) group m ' m m 1 PHICH 9
1.9. Reference Signal Reference signal Cell-Specific reference signal MBSFN reference signal UE-specific reference signal Cell-Specific reference signal cell reference signal MBSFN reference signal MBSF reference signal UE-specific reference signal cell UE reference signal beam forming reference signal CP / reference signal QPSK - Cell-Specific reference signal: One antenna port 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 0 R 0 l 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 l 6 l 0 R 0 R 0 l 6 Mapping of downlink reference signals (normal cyclic prefix) R 0 Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols antenna port 0 Two antenna ports 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 Resource element (k,l) Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols on this antenna port R 1 R 2 R 3 Reference symbols antenna port 1 Reference symbols antenna port 2 Reference symbols antenna port 3 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 Four antenna ports 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R R 3 3 R3 R3 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 0 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 1 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 2 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 3 : 3GPP Normal CP 10
One antenna port 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 0 R 0 l 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 l 5 l 0 R 0 R 0 l 5 Mapping of downlink reference signals (extended cyclic prefix) R 0 Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols antenna port 0 Two antenna ports 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 Resource element (k,l) Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols on this antenna port R 1 R 2 R 3 Reference symbols antenna port 1 Reference symbols antenna port 2 Reference symbols antenna port 3 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 Four antenna ports 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R 2 R 2 R 2 R 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 R R 3 3 R3 R3 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots : 3GPP Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3 Extended CP extended cyclic prefix, Δf=15kHz (FFTsize=2048, CP=512) extended cyclic prefix, Δf=7.5kHz (FFTsize=4096, CP=1024) R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 even-numbered slots Antenna port 4 R 4 odd-numbered slots R 4 l 0 l 2 l 0 l 2 evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots Antenna port 4 : 3GPP MBMS 11
Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 l 0 R 5 even-numbered slots R 5 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 odd-numbered slots R 5 even-numbered slots R 5 l 5 l 0 l 5 odd-numbered slots Antenna port 5 Antenna port 5 : 3GPP UE-specific 1.10 3GPP LTE (enodeb) (DL synchronization) (propagation delay) (round-trip delay) (UL synchronization)! 12
enodeb Timing advance (TA) enodeb Wave trip UE UE UE (handover) 3GPP LTE : 3GPP 13
UE Source enb Target enb MME Serving Gateway 1. Measurement Control 0. Area Restriction Provided packet data packet data UL allocation 2. Measurement Reports 7. Detach from old cell and synchronize to new cell DL allocation RRC Conn. Reconf. incl. mobilitycontrolinformation 3. HO decision Deliver buffered and in transit packets to target enb 9. Synchronisation 4. Handover Request 6. Handover Request Ack Data Forwarding 10. UL allocation + TA for UE 11. RRC Conn. Reconf. Complete packet data 8. SN Status Transfer End Marker 17. UE Context Release 5. Admission Control Buffer packets from Source enb 12. Path Switch Request End Marker packet data 16.Path Switch Request Ack packet data Legend L3 signalling L1/L2 signalling User Data 13. User Plane update request 15.User Plane update response 14. Switch DL path Handover Completion Handover Execution Handover Preparation 18. Release Resources : 3GPP Step 0 (Access Gateway) (Source enodeb) Step 1 14
Step 2: (event-triggered) Step 3: Step 4: (Target enodeb) (Handover Request) (UE context) (Radio Bearer configuration parameters) Step 5: (admission control) Step 6: Handover Request Acknowledge Handover Request Ack C-RNTI (system information blocks) Step 7: RRC Handover 15
Command Handover Command (starting time) Handover Command RLC ACK Step 8: (Random Access Channel, RACH) Step 9: Handover Confirm Step 10: Handover Confirm Step 11: Step 12: Step 13: Step 14: 16
( 8) Handover Confirm ( 10) UE enb 1 Random Access Preamble Random Access Response 2 (e.g., TA, UL scheduling grant, ) 3 Scheduled Transmission Contention Resolution 4 : 3GPP (Random Access Procedure) 3GPP LTE ( ) (Random Access Burst) (Pseudo-Noise Code) (Signature) (auto-correlation) (cross-correlation) (Access Slot) 17
(random back-off mechanism) 3GPP LTE 25~30 ms 1.11 3GPP LTE LTE resource allocation subframe subframe PDCCH radio LTE DRX(Discontinuous Reception) DRX DRX cycle On-Duration subframe On-Duration (inactivity timer) 18
DRX On Duration Timer On Duration Timer On Duration Timer Receive PDCCH indicating a new DL data DRX Inactivity Timer Receive PDCCH indicating a new DL data DRX Inactivity Timer DRX Short Cycle Timer DRX Short Cycle Timer HARQ RTT Timer HARQ Procee 1 Send NACK HARQ RX Timer Receive PDCCH & DL data HARQ RTT Timer HARQ RTT Timer HARQ Procee 2 Send NACK HARQ RX Timer Receive PDCCH & DL data HARQ RTT Timer Active Time DRX DRX DRX DRX (DRX short cycle timer) DRX DRX DRX DRX DRX HARQ ACK NACK HARQ process HARQ (HARQ RTT timer) 19
HARQ (HARQ retransmission timer) 8 HARQ process 8 HARQ process DRX 8 HARQ process (active time) 1.12 3GPP LTE 3GPP RAN Plenary#43 LTE Rel-9 LTE Rel-9 Rel-9 (Home enodeb) 20
DSI MCCH Service 1 Service 2 Service 3 N o D a t a BCCH (SIB13) MBSFN Area ID #2 MBSFN Area ID #5 MBSFN Area ID #7 MCCH MCCH MCH MCH MCH... DSI Service 5 MSAP Occasions Service 7 Service 6 MSAP Scheduling Occasions Interval N o D a t a MCCH DSI Service 9 Service 10 Service 11 N o D a t a Unicast subframe MSAP Scheduling Occasions Interval Information transmitted in MBSFN subframes e-mbms LTE e-mbms (Broadcast Control Channel; BCCH) (Multicast Control Channel; MCCH) (Dynamic Scheduling Information; DSI) #13 (System Information Block 13; SIB13) (DL-SCH) MAC (MAC control Element) (MTCH) (Multicast Channel; MCH) (MBSFN subframes) #13 (Modulation and Coding Scheme; MCS) (MCH Subframe Allocation Pattern; MSAP)... 21
(MBSFN Area) (MBSFN Area ID) (reference symbols) (scrambling sequence) TS 36.211 (MCS) (MCCH Repetition Period) (frame) (MCCH Frame Offset) (system frame number) (SFN module mcchrepetitionperiod == mcchoffset) (MCCH Subframe Bitmap) (segment) (MCCH) 22
(Quality of Service; QoS) (Block Error Rate; BLER) (MCH) (MCCH) QoS (MCH) (MCH Subframe Allocation Pattern; MSAP) (scheduling interval) frame frame......... subframe scheduling interval DSI Service 5 Service 6 Service 7 N o D a t a Scheduling MSAP occasions Interval (SAP) 23
( ) MSAP occasions (DSI) MSAP occasions (Service list) (Service ID) (Session ID) (Logical channel ID; LCID) MAC header RAN2 MSAP occasion (DSI) 24
DSI MCCH Service 1 Service 2 Service 3 N o D a t a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ( ) service #1 service #2 service #3 0 4 9 0 4 9 (RRC signalling) MAC (MAC control element) MAC MAC (MAC packet data unit; MAC PDU) (DSI) (MCCH) (MTCH) 25
(MBMS coordination entity, MCE) MME MBMS GW M3 MCE M2 M1 MBMS GW: MBMS Gateway MCE: Multi-Cell/Multicast Coordination Entity M1: user plane interface M2: E-UTRAN internal control plane interface M3: control plane interface between E-UTRAN and EPC enb SYNC 1. (MBSFN Synchronization Area) (radio frame timing) 2. RLC MAC PHY ( ) 26
MCE 3. (E-MBMS Gateway) SYNC (SYNC protocol) 4. SYNC 5. SYNC 6. (segmentation) (concatenation) RLC/MAC 7. SYNC 8. 9. (burst) ( : ) UE MBMS packet enb MBMS Gateway BM-SC MBMS packet SYNC SYNC RLC MAC PHY RLC MAC PHY TNL TNL TNL M1 SYNC: Protocol to synchronise data used to generate a certain radio frame SYNC 27
3GPP LTE SYNC ( ) BM-SC SYNC SYNC (SYNC header) ( ) 3GPP SYNC (Timestamp) (data burst) SYNC (Elapsed packet counter) (Elapsed byte counter): 0 (256 byte) (256) (512) 768 2 LTE-Advanced 3GPP ITU-R IMT-Advanced LTE-Advanced ITU-R 2010 2011 RAN2 LTE-Advanced Stage 3 3GPP RAN LTE-Advanced 28
Release 10 LTE-Advanced (MIMO-OFDMA) All-IP 100MHz 的頻寬内 1 Gbps 500Mbps LTE-Advanced 1) Support wider bandwidth; 2) Advanced MIMO technologies; 3) Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception; 4) Further reduction of delay; 5) Relaying 2.1 (Carrier Aggregation) Support wider bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation) LTE LTE-Advanced 20MHz 100MHz LTE-Advanced F1 F2 NTT DoCoMo 3GPP RAN2 F1 F2 29
F1 F2 #1 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 2 GHz 800 MHz F1 F2 #2 #1 #2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 30
F1 F1 F2 F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2 3.5 GHz F1 F2 #3 F1 F2 F2 F1 F2 F1 F1 F1 F2 (coverage holes) F1 #3 F1 F2 F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2 3.5 GHz F1 F2 F1 F2 31
#4 (Remote Radio Head; RRH) F1 (macro) F2 (hotspot) F1 F1 F1 F2 F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2 3.5 GHz #5 F1 F2 32
F2 (frequency selective repeater) F2 F1 F2 #4 #5 (UL Timing) LTE Rel-10 (UL Timing Advance; TA) LTE Rel-10 FDD #1 #2 #3 LTE Rel-10 TDD #1 #2 #3 LTE Rel-10 LTE Rel-10 LTE-Advanced (Activation and Deactivation Mechanism) 33
LTE-Advanced RRC (deactivation) (PDCCH) (PDSCH) (Channel Quality Indicator; CQI) MAC (MAC Control Element) (configured) MAC (deactivation) UE MAC MAC (deactivation timer) deactivation 34
n n n 3 (Sounding Reference Signal; SRS) LTE : 3GPP LTE 3GPP RAN2#66bis : 3GPP 35
7 (Handover Command) RAN2#70bis RAN2#70bis (source enb) (Handover Request) (target enb) (Physical Cell Identity; PCI) : 3GPP 6 Handover Request Acknowledge 7 Handover Command Handover Command (de-activation) MAC 36
2.2 Advanced MIMO technologies OFDM + MIMO is basis of all 4G technologies 3GPP-LTE: Ericsson UMB: Qualcomm Broadband Wireless WiMAX: Intel High SE WiFi (802.11n) 4G 4G 1G 2G 3G 3G+ WLAN 2005 WLAN (Unlicensed) 4G IMT-Advanced 4G (Licensed) 4G 4G 37
Ericsson 3GPP LTE Intel WiMAX 4G MIMO MIMO MIMO OFDM OFDM MIMO MIMO MIMO OFDM 4G MIMO OFDM MIMO-OFDM 4G 4G MIMO-OFDM 4G 4G MIMO-OFDM MIMO i.e. / MIMO MIMO (Transmit Diversity, TxD) (Spatial Multiplexing, SM) MIMO 38
/ Downlink (DL) User 1 Mobile Station (MS) (Collaborative SM, CSM) User K User 2 Uplink (UL) MIMO Channel H Downlink (DL) Uplink (UL) MIMO Space-Time/ Space-Freq. Processing Base Station (BS) MIMO MIMO / (Downlink Open/Closed-Loop Single-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Downlink Open/Closed-Loop Multi-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Uplink Open/Closed-Loop Single-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Uplink Open/Closed-Loop Multi-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Collaborative SM, CSM) 39
MIMO MAC MIMO L (Layers) MIMO Mt MIMO (Streams) MIMO Nt Nt L 2 L Mt Nt MIMO MIMO MIMO MIMO MIMO 4G MIMO Layers MIMO Streams Antennas MAC Data MCS Set MIMO MIMO Encoder Precoder MCS Set L Layers M t Streams N t Antennas MIMO MIMO (Open-Loop, OL) MIMO (Closed-Loop, CL) MIMO MIMO (Precoding) MIMO (Codeword) MIMO MIMO 40
8 4 8x8 MIMO Schemes 8 Streams 4 Streams 2.3 COordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission 4G 4G (Coordination Multi-Point, CoMP) 41
(cellular) (Coordination Multi-Point, CoMP) CoMP CoMP (Joint Processing, JP) / (Coordinated Scheduling/Beamforming, CS/CB) - CoMP (Cooperating Set) (Joint Transmission, JT) CoMP CoMP (Dynamic Cell Selection, DCS) CoMP CoMP 42
- / (Serving Cell)/ / CoMP CoMP CoMP CoMP (Cooperating Set) CoMP (Transmission Point) CoMP CoMP CoMP CoMP - JT CoMP CoMP 43
- DCS CoMP CoMP - CS/CB CoMP CoMP (Measurement Set) CoMP CoMP CoMP = CoMP CoMP CoMP CoMP CoMP < CoMP < CoMP CoMP CoMP CoMP 3GPP LTE-A Rel-11 CoMP 3GPP LTE-A Rel-11 CoMP 1 (Intra-site CoMP) (Homogeneous) 3 (Intra-site CoMP) 44
enb Coordination area CoMP 1 2 (Remote Radio Header, RRH) (Macrocell) High Tx power RRH Optical fiber CoMP 2 3 (Heterogeneous) / (Cell ID) 45
enb Low Tx power RRH (Omni-antenna) Optical fiber CoMP 3 4 (Heterogeneous) / CoMP 1 2 1 (Intra-site CoMP) 2 (Inter-site CoMP) CoMP 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4! 3 4 46
(Distributed Antenna System, DAS) SCENARIO 3 macro cell cell-id 1 Handover Handover pico cell cell-id 2 pico cell cell-id 3 pico cell-id 4 SCENARIO 4 cell-id 1 macro point pico points cell-id 1 cell-id 1 cell-id 1 CoMP 3 4 4 CoMP 3 3GPP LTE-A Rel-10 (Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation, eicic) 4 3 - / - - 2.3.1 / 3GPP LTE-A Rel-10 (Almost Blank Subframe, ABS) (Subframe Shifting) (Macro-cell) (Pico-cell) CoMP 3 (Cell-specific 47
Reference Signal, CRS) (Synchronization Channel) (Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH) SCENARIO 3 ABS/ MBSFN ABS/ MBSFN ABS ABS/ MBSFN ABS/ MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN Subframe Shifting MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN MBSFN SF#0, #4, #5, #9 cannot be configured as MBSFN subframe Macro is not muted Macro is muted Assume FDD system CoMP 3 3 CoMP (Handover) 4 CoMP (Handover) 3 3 CoMP (Time Division Multiplexing, TDM) 4 CoMP (Resource Block, RB) 12 48
4 3 2.3.2 4 (Primary Synchronization Signal, PSS) (Secondary Synchronization Signal, SSS) (Single Frequency Network, SFN) (Soft Combining) (a) 3GPP LTE Rel-8/9 CoMP 3 / (Splitting) (b) (a) (b) CoMP 2.3.3 3GPP LTE-A Rel-10 (Channel State Information based Reference Signal, CSI-RS) 49
4 / / Rel-11 (UE-specific) Rel-10 / CoMP CSI-RS resource reuse due to sufficiently spatially well-isolated RRHs CSI-RS maintains orthogonality within cell due to high reuse factor and well-separated RRHs CoMP 4 2.4 Relay 50
Relay IEEE 802.16j IEEE 802.16m LTE-Advanced 3GPP Rel-10 LTE-A Relay Type-I Relay Type-I relay L3 Relay backhaul link 3GPP Rel-10 2011 LTE-A Relay Two-hop, non-mobility Relay Relay Type-II Relay throughput Type-II Relay Type-II Relay L1 Relay Type-II Relay (Control Channel) Relay (Data Channel) Relay Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) Type-II Relay 3GPP 51
- Throughput enhancement within an enb cell - It does not have a separate PCI and thus would not create any new cells - It is transparent to Rel-8 UEs; a Rel-8 UE is not aware of the presence of a type 2 relay node - It can transmit PDSCH. - At least, it does not transmit CRS and PDCCH. 3GPP Rel-10 Type-I Relay Type-II Relay Type-II Relay LTE-Advanced Type-II Relay Type-II Relay LTE Type-II Relay HARQ? Downlink HARQ Relay delay 52
Downlink HARQ ACK/NACK timing Uplink HARQ (msec) Uplink HARQ ACK/NACK timing 53
L3 Relay Performance Enhancement Un Header Compression 3GPP Rel-10 Relay S1 MME LTE-A Relay DeNB S1 proxy LTE-A Relay MME S1 DeNB S1 S1 LTE-A Relay DeNB MME LTE-A Relay DeNB LTE-A Relay S1 Control plane NAS RRC RRC S1AP SCTP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY S1AP SCTP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY S1AP SCTP IP NAS S1AP SCTP IP PDCP PDCP RLC RLC L2 L2 MAC MAC PHY PHY L1 L1 UE RN Donor enb MME LTE-A Relay Control plane S1 LTE-A Relay X2 DeNB DeNB X2 proxy LTE-A Relay DeNB X2 DeNB X2 X2 LTE-ARelay DeNB LTE-A Relay X2 Control plane 54
RRC RRC X2AP SCTP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY X2AP SCTP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY X2AP SCTP IP X2AP SCTP IP PDCP PDCP RLC RLC L2 L2 MAC MAC PHY PHY L1 L1 UE RN Donor enb other enb LTE-A Relay Control plane X2 LTE-A Relay DeNB GTP-U LTE-ARelay DeNB GTP-U Uu LTE-A Relay DeNB S-GW/P-GW LTE-A Relay GTP-U LTE-A Relay DeNB LTE-ARelay User plane IP GTP UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY GTP UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY GTP UDP IP IP GTP UDP IP PDCP PDCP RLC RLC L2 L2 MAC MAC PHY PHY L1 L1 UE RN Donor enb S-GW or other enb LTE-A Relay User plane S1 X2 Rel-10 LTE-A Relay Un Uu / (1-12) / ( ) Relay Un / : VOIP 55
25.3% / ID Multiplex VOIP 21.1% Un / Initial header size Minimum compresse d header size Minimum VOIP header overhead Maximum VOIP header overhead Header compressi on gain Compress the outer excl GTP 76/96/116 bytes Header Compression Schemes Entire Separate Header header comp strippin chain excl g comp GTP 76/96/1 16 bytes 76/96/11 6 bytes 76/96/11 6 bytes Separate comp incl GTP 76/96/116 bytes 53/73 bytes 9 bytes 18 bytes 13 bytes 10 bytes 64.6%(IPv4 ) / 71.4%(IPv6 ) 72.2% / 76.5% / 79.7% 7.6% / 11.9% /15.1%(IPv 4), 0.8% / 5.2% / 8.3%(IPv6) 25.3% 39.4% 32.3% 27.2% 72.2% / 76.5% / 79.7% 46.9% / 51.2% / 54.4% 72.2% / 76.5% / 79.7% 32.8% / 37.1% / 40.3% 72.2% / 76.5% / 79.7% 39.8% / 44.2% / 47.3% 72.2% / 76.5% / 79.7% 44.9% / 49.3% / 52.5% 2.5 (Machine Type Communication, MTC) 56
( PDA Smart Phone MID) ( ) (Mobile Internet) (Machine-to-Machine, M2M) ( Machine Type Communication, MTC) (Sensor) M2M (, / ) 3.5G 4G WCDMA/HSPA WiMAX LTE LTE-A IEEE 802.16m M2M M2M ( ) TCP/IP (network transparency) M2M M2M M2M M2M M2M M2M M2M M2M IP 3GPP Network Improved Machine Type Communications (NIMTC) 3GPP TS 22.368 V10.0.0 (2010-03) (M2M) (Machine Type Communication, MTC) ( ) 57
MTC a) (different market scenarios), b) (data communications), c) (lower costs and effort), d) (a potentially very large number of communicating terminals to a large extent,) e) (little traffic per terminal.) GSM/GPRS circuit switch MTC MTC ( ) TCP/IP (network transparency) M2M (Sensor) MTC, / 3.5G 4G WCDMA/HSPA WiMAX LTE LTE-A IEEE 802.16m MTC (500 v.s. 60 ) 2013 M2M 5 2 58
MTC M2M (Source: Connected World) MTC Remote monitoring RFID Senor Networking Smart Service Telematics Telemetry ( ) ( ) M2M MTC MTC MTC 59
MTC 3.5G/4G MTC MTC 3.5G/4G MTC MTC (ID) 50 MTC Device MTC MTC Telematics Smart Service Telemetry IP MTC System beyond 3G>2010 ( ) MTC (Network Improved) MTC Network Improved MTC(NIMTC) 60
MTC (Source: ETSI Workshop on Machine to Machine Standardization) 3GPP TS 22.368 NIMTC MTC Server MTC MTC Server MTC Server MTC MTC API MTC MTC 61
MTC Devi MTC ce Devic MTC e Devic MTC Device e Operator MTC Server API MTC User MTC Device MTC Devic MTC edevice MTC Device Operator API MTC Server/ MTC User NIMTC (System Architecture, SA) (Machine Type Communications, MTC) (RAN) 2009 12 MTC (Study Item) MTC MTC MTC (Human-to-human, or H2H communications) MTC LTE 62
(Congestion Control) MTC (M2M devices) (Human devices) MTC (radio access) (ranging) (Quality of Service, QoS) 3GPP LTE MTC MTC MTC MTC MTC MTC 1) 2) MTC 3) MTC MTC 63
(M2M) 3C M2M (M2M device) 4G(LTE WiMAX) CPU ( ) sleeping (Source: B Chen, K Jamieson, H Balakrishnan, R Morris, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) M2M device MTC Signal and Data Offloading 64
3G/3.5G (data traffic) 3GPP MTC 3G/3.5G 4G LTE-A WiFi offload 3G/3.5G/4G Control and/or Data Traffic Data Traffic offloading offload 3G/3.5G/4G Control Traffic offloading Control Traffic offloading Control Traffic WiFi offload control traffic? (Congestion Control) Human-to-Human (H2H) 3GPP RAN Group ( Qualcomm Samsung Ericsson LGE Huawei NSN ALU) RAN(Radio Access Network) Congestion Control 1. (Access Class Barring Schemes) 2. MTC (Separate RACH Resources for MTC) 65
3. (Dynamic Allocation of RACH Resources) 4. MTC (MTC Specific Backoff Scheme) 5. (Slotted Access) 6. (Pull based scheme) Sierra Wireless MTC Access Barring LGE Time-Controlled Policy grant period forbidden period : MTC Slotted access scheme Alcatel-Lucent Slotted Access MTC ID( IMSI) Access Slot MTC Access Slot access attempt MTC Alcatel-Lucent access slot blocking block mask message 66
access slot MTC device MTC Masked to block half number of the slots in a access cycle 50% of access traffic blocked Access slots SFN=0 SFN=1 SFN=2... SFN=511 SFN=501... SFN=1023 Low Access priority High slotted access Group delegate scheme Samsung Electronics Group delegate MTC Group delegate MTC Group delegate MTC Group enb MTC enb MTC Group MTC Network Entrial MTC MTC - ( Source: MobiCom 2010, Pages 85-96, ACM by A. Schulamn Et. Al) 67
- (Bursty) (source: CCNC 2011, IEEE, 2011, M. Hoque Et. Al On Energy efficiency of proxy-based traffic shaping for mobile audio streaming ) - (Traffic shaping) 65% (source: CCNC 2011, IEEE, 2011, M. Hoque Et. Al On Energy efficiency of proxy-based traffic shaping for mobile audio streaming ) - (Energy-efficient) (Source: E-Energy 2010, Pages 75-84 ACM, April 2010) CPU / / MTC Signal and Data Offloading Data traffic offloading AAA(Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) Control Traffic offloading Data Control Traffic offload offload offload 2.6 Latency Reduction 68
LTE Rel-8 LTE Control-plane 100ms LTE-Advanced 50ms 1). SR : SR 5ms 2.5ms SR 1ms PUCCH PUCCH 2). PUSCH: PUSCH PUCCH SR 3). SR: SR SR SR PUCCH SR PUSCH SR PUSCH SR 69
PUSCH In-device coexistence interference avoidance 3GPP Study Item (User Equipment) device LTE ISM band Bluetooth WLAN LTE GPS Study Item 70
ITU-R IMT-Advanced (4G) 3GPP 3GPP2 IEEE 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced 3GPP 3G/3.5G 3G/3.5G 3G NCC 2010 2 2,573 2G 943 3G 1,630 3G 2G 1.7 3G 3GPP WCDMA/ HSPA IMT-Advanced 4G 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced 3G 71
WCDMA/HSPA TD-SCDMA TD-LTE/TD-LTE-Advanced LTE/LTE-Advanced TDD Mode 3GPP2 CDMA2000 Qualcomm 2008 11 UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband LTE LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced 3GPP LTE-Advanced IEEE 802.16m 3GPP The 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 1998 12 3GPP 3G WCDMA/HSPA GSM 2G GPRS EDGE OFDMA LTE LTE-Advanced 3GPP Working Procedures 3GPP Partners Individual Members ITU Representatives Observers Guests Partners Organizational Partners Market Representation Partners 4G 3GPP 72
3GPP Organizational Partners Organizational Partners ARIB TTC TTA CCSA ATIS ETSI ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses TTC The Telecommunication Technology Committee TTA Telecommunications Technology Association CCSA China Communications Standards Association ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute 3GPP 3GPP Organizational Partners 3GPP 3GPP Market Representation Partners Market Representation Partners mobileignite IMS Forum 3G Americas Global UMTS TDD 73
Alliance UMTS Forum GSA Fixed-Mobile Convergence Alliance Femto Forum IPv6 Forum TD SCDMA Industry Alliance TD-SCDMA Forum GSM Association InfoCommunication Union Observers Partners Potential Partners 3GPP 3GPP Market Representation Partners IPR 3GPP Individual Members TSG Technical Specification Group 3GPP 3GPP Individual Members Individual Members Organizational Partners Organizational Partners Organizational Partners 3GPP Individual Members 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced 3GPP 3GPP PCG Project Co-ordination Group 3GPP PCG 74
: 3GPP 3GPP 3GPP TSG, Technical Specification Group 3GPP TSG GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network TSG RAN Radio Access Network TSG SA Service and Systems Aspects TSG CT Core Network and Terminals TSG GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network) GSM/EDGE TSG RAN (Radio Access Network) UTRA/E-UTRA FDD TDD Layer 2 Layer 3 TSG SA (System and Service Aspect) 3GPP 75
TSG TSG CT (Core Network and Terminal) 3GPP TSG RAN WG, Working Group RAN WG1 Radio Layer 1 RAN WG2 Radio Layer 2 Radio Layer 3 RR, Radio Resource Management RAN WG3 NodeB RAN WG4 Radio Performance RF Conformance RAN WG5 3GPP TSG WG 3GPP Operator Rapporteur TSG WG LTE LTE-Advanced 3GPP LTE 2005 Study Phase Study Phase Working Item Phase Rel-8 2008 12 Rel-8 All-IP (System 76
Architecture Evolution; SAE) IP Rel-9 2009 12 Rel-9 SAES (System Architecture Evolution Specification), WiMax LTE/UMTS Rel-10 LTE-Advanced LTE IMT-Advanced Rel-11 2012 12 : 3GPP LTE (ITU) 4G 2008 WP5D IMT-Advanced 3 IMT-Advanced 10 WP5D 6 LTE-Advanced 2008 Study Item Phase 2009 LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced 2009 LTE-Advanced Study Item Phase 2010 Working Item Phase RAN#44 LTE-Advanced WP5D 6 LTE-Advanced 77
: 3GPP ITU-R LTE-Advanced 3GPP LTE-Advanced ITU-R WP5D 2009 10 3GPP IEEE 3GPP LTE Release 10 and beyond LTE-Advanced IEEE 802.16m 2010 10 21 LTE-Advanced WirelessMAN-Advanced WiMAX 2 2010 12 22 WiMAX HSPA+ LTE 4G 4G HSPA+ LTE LTE-Advanced WiMAX WiMAX 2 3GPP 2010 LTE-Advanced 2010 Rel-11 study item 3GPP 78
2011 9 Stage 1 stage 2 3GPP Rel-11 working item 2012 9 ASN.1 79
First-class company owns the Standards; Second-class company owns the Brands and IPR; Third-class company owns Technologies and Fourth-class company owns Products ( The game-rule in wireless industries, 4GMF) GSM WCDMA CDMA HSPA LTE LTE-A WCDMA Qualcomm WCDMA CDMA HSPA WCDMA Qualcomm 4G LTE LTE 1 GSM WCDMA CDMA HSPA LTE LTE-A WCDMA Qualcomm WCDMA CDMA HSPA WCDMA Qualcomm 4G LTE LTE WCDMA ETSI 2010 WCDMA InterDigital Nokia Qualcomm Ericsson Samsung WCDMA Qualcomm (2G 2.5G 80
3G) Essential IPR ETSI 2010/02 WCDMA LTE ETSI 2010 LTE 3,000 34 LTE Qualcomm 498 15% InterDigital Patent Holdings InterDigital Technology Corp Nokia Samsung Ericsson LG 81
ETSI 2010/02 LTE WCDMA LTE WCDMA LTE Samsung 235 LTE LTE 2 ARM Holdings, Plc. 95% ARM Holdings, Plc. ARM Holdings, Plc. ARM Holdings, Plc. Qualcomm 82
2.1 ARM Holdings, Plc. 2.1.1 ARM Holdings, Plc. 1990 ARM 2010 ARM 61 2009 39 56% Mobile 62% Embedded 17% Enterprise 16% Home 5% 2010 91 743 2006~2010 ARM Holdings, Plc. Mobile Smart phone Feature Phone Low cost Phone Portable Media Player Mobile Computer Tablet 83
Netbook Laptop Baseband Connection Applications GPS/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth Touchscreen Camera Storage Baseband Connection ARM 95% 4G 4G Broadcom Qualcomm Intel Renesas Marvell Samsung Mediatek ST Erricsson ARM LTE LTE-Advanced Baseband 2.1.2 ARM Holdings, Plc. Licensing Royalty Other Licensing 35% Royalty 2010 53% Royalty Other 2006~2010 ARM Holdings, Plc. 84
2.1.3 ARM Holdings, Plc. ARM ARM Holdings, Plc. ARM Holdings, Plc. Royalty ARM Rotalty ARM Holdings, Plc. 2.2 Qualcomm 2.2.1 Qualcomm 3G Android Windows Mobile 85
Samsung LG HTC Motorola RIM Sony Ericsson Qualcomm Gartner 2010 Qualcomm 55.94 39.5% Qualcomm Snapdragon Mobile Station Modem MSM MSM8x60 MSM8X55 1.2GHz 2011 86
2.2.2 QTL Qualcomm Technology Licensing Qualcomm Qualcomm Qualcomm cdmaone CDMA2000 WCDMA CDMA CDMA TDD TD-SCDMA GSM/GPRS/EDGE OFDMA LTE WiMAX QTL Qualcomm 2010 QTL 36.59 Qualcomm 33.3% Qualcomm 2011 QTL 28.03 38.8% 2006~2011H1 QTL Qualcomm 87
2.2.3 Qualcomm Licensing Royalty OBM/ODM/OEM Qualocmm Qualcomm OBM Qualcomm ODM OEM Qualcomm Qualcomm Dongle Router Qualcomm Qualcomm Qualcomm Qualcomm 3G Qualcomm 88
4.65~6% Qualcomm 3G 25~30% 9 16.5%~17.1% 2.3 GSM WCDMA CDMA Qualcomm Nokia InterDigital Ericsson LTE LTE-Advance ARM Holdings, Plc. Qualcomm Qualcomm Nokia Motorola Samsung LG (2G 2.5G 3G) WiMAX WiMAX WiMAX 802.16d/16e (Essential IPR) Samsung LG Qualcomm Motorola Nokia 89
IPR IMT-2000 IMT-2000 Beyond IMT- 2000 1 10 100 1000 (Mbps) IMT-Advanced 94 3GPP LTE 802.16j/16m 90
91
3GPP 3GPP Ericsson NOKIA Alcatel-Lucent Motorola 3GPP 3GPP GSM WCDMA HSPA NTT DoCoMo Deutsche Telekom AT&T Vodafone RAN Plenary RAN RAN RF 3GPP 3GPP 1. 3GPP 3GPP 3GPP 3GPP ( ) 92
3GPP Ericsson: Relay CoMP Nokia, NSN: CA MDT Qualcomm: LTE Direct Samsung: RRC Vodafone NTT DoCoMo Deutsche Telekom : MTC Relay MBMS CMCC Huawei CATT : TDD Mobile Relaying IDC NES MBMS 1. 4G Smartphone 93
4G (RFID ) 1.1. 4G Enabler Group Standard Bodies Regulators Foundation Group Infrastructure Suppliers User Devices Venders Content/Service Providers Industry Bodies Momentum Group Operators Test Equipment Manufactures Chipset Manufactures App ins Software Developers (ITU-R) 3G Ecosystem 94
3G UMTS Forum 2009 Ecosystem, Enabler group ( ) Momentum group ( ) Foundation Group ( ) Growth Engine Group( ) 1.2 4G 2009 10 ITU International Telecommunication Union IMT-Advanced International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced 3GPP LTE Release 10 and beyond LTE-Advanced IEEE 802.16m 2010 10 21 LTE-Advanced WirelessMAN-Advanced WiMAX 2 2010 12 22 WiMAX HSPA+ LTE 4G 4G HSPA+ LTE LTE-Advanced WiMAX WiMAX 2 2011 10 4G 4G 3GPP/3GPP2 IEEE 3GPP/3GPP2 4G LTE 95
HSPA+ LTE IEEE WiMAX LTE 3GPP/3GPP2 IEEE 4G 4G 1.2.1 2010 5 2,691 2009 13.4% 2011 5 8,710 11.4% 2G/2.5G/2.75G/Other PDC GSM CDMA IS-95 TDMA iden GPRS 2010 76.4% 2009 2011 72.2% 2G 3G/3.5G+ WCDMA cdma2000 1xRTT EVDO TD-SCDMA HSPA 2010 23.4% 2G 3G 2011 27.4% 4G Mobile WiMAX LTE LTE WiMAX 2010 0.2% 4G 2011 4G 0.4% 4G 2011 2,186 96
4G 3G 2013 4G LTE 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 000s 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011(e) 2012(f) 2013(f) 2014(f) 2015(f) GSM 3,269,462 3,674,763 4,009,619 4,228,376 4,347,782 4,382,764 4,315,255 4,220,593 TD-SCDMA(incl. TD-HSPA) 0 3,408 20,331 69,660 100,616 130,190 157,194 162,985 WCDMA 200,379 259,790 327,990 366,238 392,969 375,909 344,598 295,572 HSPA 101,910 214,984 355,875 601,390 885,908 1,201,712 1,538,373 1,829,375 LTE 0 2 139 3,423 21,693 68,989 166,771 346,614 cdma one 4,831 1,606 299 200 129 96 64 28 1XRTT 296,904 316,796 343,619 336,465 316,110 290,865 270,028 244,478 EV-DO 113,482 143,231 185,059 234,731 288,110 338,434 374,846 397,821 Mobile WiMAX 569 2,760 9,715 18,437 27,454 38,046 49,853 61,923 Other 32,971 27,628 16,532 12,138 10,324 10,078 9,410 8,107 Ovum IEK 2011/04 2008~2015 1.2.2 3GPP/3GPP2 4G 3GPP/3GPP2 TeliaSonera LTE Verizon Wireless NTT DoCoMo TeliaSonera Verizon Wireless NTT DoCoMo TeliaSonera 2009 12 TeliaSonera LTE LTE 2010 97
LTE 2010 4G TeliaSonera 4G 28 2011 237 TeliaSonera LTE 100Mbps USB Dongle Verizon Wireless Verizon Wireless 2010 12 LTE 2011 3 LTE 1.1 39 69 2011 145 LTE 2013 LTE 3G Verizon Wireless LG Pantech USB Modem HTC ThunderBolt Samsung Hotspot Motorola Xoom 7 USB Dongle 50 5GB 80 10GB GB 10 NTT DoCoMo NTT DoCoMo 2010 12 LTE 2012 4 LTE NTT DoCoMo 98
2013 3 36 LTE 15,000 40% 2015 3 LTE 75% 25% 3G LTE NTT DoCoMo LTE Xi Crossy 37.5Mbps 12.5Mbps NTT DoCoMo 2011 LTE LTE 2010 12 24 ~2012 4 30 Xi Data Plan Ninen 3,177KB 1,000 3,177~15,667KB KB 0.315 15,667KB~5GB 4,935 NTT DoCoMo 2011 3 Xi 2.56 5,000~10,000 1.2.3 IEEE 4G IEEE 4G Clearwire Yota UQ Communications WiMAX WiMAX Clearwire Yota UQ Communications Clearwire Clearwire 2010 4 440 2009 371.2 / WiMAX Clearwire Sprint Nextel WiMAX Sprint Nextel Clearwire WiMAX 99
2011 Clearwire WiMAX Clearwire / / AT&T Verizon WiMAX Clear Spot 4G 8 WiMAX WiFi WiFi Dongle Indoor CPE Laptops/Netbooks Voice Adapter Sprint Nextel HTC Samsung HTC EVO 4G 199.99 HTC EVO Shift 4G Samsung Epic 4G 149.99 Clearwire 2011 2011 WiMAX 1.3 LTE WiMAX LTE Phoenix LTE PC Tablet Hotspot Yota Yota 2009 6 WiMAX Yota 2009 11 Yota Moscow Saint-Petersburg Ufa Sochi Krasnodar Vyborg Serpukhov 2011 86.6 USB Modem Express Cards Notebook HTC MAX 4G 2010 5 Yota 100 100
LTE Kazan Novosibirsk Samara 5 LTE Moscow Saint-Petersburg 2011 LTE 2014 180 LTE 7,000 Yota LTE WiMAX 2011 Yota Moscow Saint-Petersburg LTE Yota WiMAX LTE 2012 UQ Communications 2011 2 UQ Communications WiMAX 13,800 70% 2011 80 UQ Communications WiMAX 2 IEEE 802.16m 330Mbps 112Mbps UQ Communications UQ Step 380 bps 0.042 4,980 UQ Flat 4,480 UQ 1 Day 24 600 Notebook USB Dongle WiFi UQ Communications KDDI 2011 4 HTC EVO WiMAX UQ Communications WiMAX WiMAX KDDI WiMAX WiMAX POS 101
KDDI LTE 2012 LTE 2015 3 96.5% 1.2.4 WiMAX LTE LTE 4G WiMAX Clearwire Yota Packet One LTE BSNL LTE WiMAX WiMAX LTE LTE LTE TD-LTE 4G LTE 4G 4G WiMAX LTE 4G 4G 102
Yota Clearwire 4G 4G 3G/3.5G WiMAX 3G/3.5G 4G USB Dongle/Modem CPE Netbook/Notebook WiMAX WiMAX USB Dongle/Modem Express Card CPE WiMAX 2009 Netbook/Notebook WiMAX WiMAX WiFi WiFi WiMAX WiMAX Yota Sprint Nextel KDDI HTC Samsung WiMAX HTC Samsung WiMAX LTE LTE LTE FDD TD-LTE USB 103
Dongle/Modem Router Femtocell LTE Wi-Fi WiMAX 3G LTE LTE 1.3 LTE 2011 8 237 85 LTE LTE FDD 225 TD-LTE 12 26 LTE FDD 2012 93 LTE LTE FDD 87 TD-LTE 6 LTE LTE LTE USB Dongle/Mobile Hotspot 104
NTT DoCoMo LTE USB Dongle Mobile Hotspot TeliaSonera LTE USB Dongle Notebook 2012 2 7 TD-LTE USB Dongle Verizon Wireless LTE 1.1 45 69 ) Tablet USB Dongle Mobile Hotspot MetroPCS LTE MetroPCS 14 LTE LTE USB Dongle Mobile Hotspot Tablet Notebook LTE 3G Verizon Wireless LTE 20 /1GB 105
LTE LTE 2012 LTE LTE 106
TD-LTE Card LTE FDD LTE Card 2011 LTE Card 568 LTE FDD FDD 78.7% TDD 21.3% 2015 LTE Card 1.4 TDD FDD 2011 LTE 442 FDD 2015 LTE 1.78 LTE FDD 90% TDD 10% 107
1.4 WiMAX 150 583 WiMAX WiMAX 2011 5 583 WiMAX 150 2010 15 WiMAX LTE WiMAX / / WiMAX TD-LTE Yota TD-LTE 2013 WiMAX UQ WiMAX 2 2012 WiMAX 2 2013 Packet 1 LTE 2012 WiMAX/TD-LTE Clearwire WiMAX 108
LTE TD-LTE Sprint 2012 Clearwire WiMAX TD-LTE WiMAX Yota Packet 1 Clearwire LTE 2012 WiMAX/TD-LTE UQ Communications WiMAX 2 2012 年内在東京完成 WiMAX 2 2013 WiMAX 2 WiMAX WiMAX Sprint 2012 Clearwire Clearwire WiMAX WiMAX 2011 WiMAX 2,773 2011 1 Clearwire WiMAX 109
615 Yota UQ Communication WiMAX / WiMAX LTE / WiMAX / WiMAX 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011(e) 2012(f) 2013(f) 2014(f) ( ) 1,514 3,921 11,540 10,982 8,097 5,687 4,815 WiMAX LTE WiMAX 2011 Clearwire Axtel UQ 110
Communications 2011 WiMAX 1,098 WiMAX 2012 Sprint Clearwire WiMAX 1.5 4G 2000-2009 20 WiMAX ASP 111
WiMAX ( ) LTE ASP LTE ( ) 3-6% 24.3% 2009 11 SOC 6 iphone 3G 300 112
導體產值 還沒包括其他行動寬頻終端的其他零組件 因此通訊產業 對我國經濟來說是相當之重要 為因應 4G 技術所帶來的行動寬頻服 務將帶動語音 數據 多媒體匯流 以通訊整合 ICT 產品(電腦 電 視 半導體)之趨勢 我國應提早整合資源 全盤可量並全力發展通 訊核心技術能力 才能確保國家產業競爭力 圖八十二 通訊產業 - 連結 照亮 ICT 產業 1.6 台灣產業價值鏈之現況 無線通訊產業之產業鏈可大致分為 前端關鍵技術(專利佈局 標準制定) 晶片與模組開發 終端裝置製造(multi-mode) 發展基地 台(Femto/pico cell) 基地台所須之網路系統 (ASN Gateway 等) 測 試與認證以及應用服務與內容等 透過政府具前瞻性之計畫 策劃投 入行動寬頻技術多年 從掌握國際標準動態 提早投入智財權開發以 及帶動無線產業鏈的發展 並且建立產品認證機制 晶片設計商 終 端製造商 微型基地台 WiMAX 運營商 國際大廠策略聯盟以及國 際知名度 台灣產業鏈在晶片及終端設備業者趨為完整 多數產品的 廠商成為領導者地位 台灣 WiMAX 產業已經是一個成熟的 有實力 扮演關鍵角色的產業 2009 年台灣 WiMAX 產品產值已達 90 億新台 113
90% WiMAX CPE Solution WiMAX / / / 也能帶領該國的通訊產業維持其在全球 AMOLED ODM 114
AP+MMP: Connectivity : IEK 2011/08 2. LTE/LTE-A 2.1 LTE/LTE-A 2011 7 218 81 LTE 24 LTE 2011 7 FDD 3G LTE 4G LTE 2012 91 LTE LTE FDD 85 TD-LTE 6 LTE/LTE-A 115
LTE/LTE-A GSA 2011/07 LTE 2.2 LTE/LTE-A ( ) TeliaSonera TeliaSonera LTE 2009 12 TeliaSonera LTE LTE TeliaSonera LTE LTE LTE 2.6 GHz 116
TeliaSonera LTE 28 2011 237 2011 75% 2012 89% TeliaSonera LTE 100Mbps LTE USB Dongle GSM/UMTS/LTE LTE 48 30GB ( ) Vodafone Germany Vodafone Germany 2010 9 Heiligendamm LTE 2011 1,500 1,000 LTE LTE 800MHz 2.6GHz 2011 2 Vodafone Germany Ericsson CeBIT LTE HD 100Mbps Samsung USB Dongle 29.99 3.6Mbps 69.99 50Mbps ( ) Mobyland & CenterNet A1 Telekom Austria TeleNor Sweden Tele2 Sweden Elisa EMT 2010 LTE 2011 2012 LTE LTE 117
LTE 2.3 LTE/LTE-A ( ) Verizon Wireless Verizon Wireless Verizon Vodafone CDMA UMB 4G Verizon Wreless 118
LTE 2008 700MHz Verizon Wireless 2010 12 LTE 2011 3 LTE 1.1 39 69 LTE 2011 145 LTE 2012 LTE 2013 LTE 3G Verizon Wireless LTE Verizon Wireless LG Pantech USB Modem HTC Samsung LG Samsung Hotspot Motorola Samsung Xoom HP USB Dongle 50 5GB 80 10GB GB 10 119
Verizon Wireless 2011 VoLTE voice over LTE ( ) MetroPCS MetroPCS 2010 9 LTE AWS 1700MHz 2011 5 LTE MetroPCS 14 2011 LTE MetroPCS 40 50 60 50 60 VoD Vedio on Demand LTE Samsung Craft Samsung Galaxy Induge MetroPCS 2011 VoLTE voice over LTE ( ) LightSquared FCC LightSquard 2012 1 2013 1.45 2015 2.6 2010 LightSquard NSN Nokia Siemens Network 8 70 2015 4 92% Sprint LTE 120
LightSquared 2011 LTE Hotspot Router 2012 Open Range Communications Leap Wireless Best Buy ( ) Leap Wireless Leap Wireless 3G 2011 LTE Leap Wireless CEO 2012 LTE 2012 LTE LightSquared 2.4 LTE/LTE-A ( ) NTT DoCoMo 2010 12 NTT DoCoMo LTE 2011 7 LTE 2012 4 LTE NTT DoCoMo 2013 3 36 LTE 15,000 40% 2015 3 LTE 75% 25% 3G LTE LTE-A NTT DoCoMo LTE-A 2015 121
NTT DoCoMo LTE Xi Crossy 37.5Mbps 12.5Mbps USB Dongle Express Card Tablet 2011 LTE 2010 12 24 ~2012 4 30 Xi Data Plan Ninen 3,177KB 1,000 3,177~15,667KB KB 0.315 15,667KB~5GB 4,935 NTT DoCoMo 2011 7 Xi 20.57 3~5 ( ) CSL Limited Smart Communications M1 SK Telecom LG U+ 2011 7 LTE 2011 2012 LTE LTE LTE 122
2.5 2.5.1 LTE LTE Wi-Fi Femtocell LTE 2.5.2 LTE LTE LTE 3G LTE LTE LTE Verizon Wireless LTE 1.1 123
USB Dongle Mobile Hotspot 2 LTE 3G Verizon Wireless LTE LTE 2.5.3 LTE FCC 2008 700MHz 900MHz 1800MHz GSM 4G LTE 700MHz 800MHz 1,800MHz 2,600MHz 2.5.4 LTE LTE-A 2013 LTE LTE LTE FDD TD-LTE LTE-A NTT DoCoMo 2015 SK Telecom 2013 LTE-A LTE-A 2013 2.5.5 LTE 3G LTE 3G 124
3G LTE LTE 2.5.6 MetroPCS Verizon Wireless Verizon Wireless Mobile Hotspot 3G LTE 2011 2012 3 LTE 3.1 LTE LTE LTE GSM/UMTS Qualcomm Infineon ST Ericsson CDMA Qualcomm VIA Telecom WiMAX Altair Beceem GCT Intel Sequans LTE Intel Infineon Broadcom Beceem Percello LTE FDD TD-LTE 125
LTE 3.1.1 LTE FDD LTE FDD Qualcomm ST-Ericsson Samsung Renesas LTE LTE/HSPA+ LTE/EVDO CPE Hotspot Qualcomm Samsung LTE FDD 126
3.1.2 TD-LTE TD-LTE / TDD/FDD TD-LTE TD-LTE Qualcomm TD-LTE TD-LTE / TDD/FDD 127
TD-LTE TD-LTE 128
3.2 LTE 3.2.1 2011 LTE Card 568 2010 482 FDD (78.7%) TDD 21.3% FDD 8 LTE FDD TD-LTE LTE FDD TD-LTE Verizon Wireless AT&T TeliaSonera NTT DoCoMo Vodafone Telefonica Reliance Bharti Airtel 2015 LTE Card 1.4 FDD TDD 50% 2010~2015 LTE LTE LTE FDD TD-LTE LTE Mobile Hotspot 200-300 129
Mobile Hotspot LTE Dongle/Router 3.2.2 2011 LTE 442 FDD LTE Verizon Wireless MetroPCS Samsung 2015 LTE 1.78 FDD TDD 90% 10% LTE FDD TD-LTE LTE FDD TD-LTE LTE FDD TD-LTE TD-LTE LTE FDD TD-LTE LTE FDD 130
2010~2015 LTE Verizon Wireless MetroPCS LTE Verizon Wireless Samsung LG Motorola MetroPCS Samsung 550 LTE CDMA LTE LTE 131
3.2.3 LTE FDD TD-LTE LTE FDD LTE FDD TD-LTE 2011 2012 9~12 FDD TDD TD-LTE LTE FDD 2015 LTE Card FDD TDD 50% LTE-FDD TD-LTE LTE LTE/HSPA+ LTE/EV-DO LTE Dongle Router Mobile Hotspot VoLTE Verizon Wireless 2011 [1] 3GPP TR 25.913: "Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)" [2] 3GPP TS 36.201: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer; General description". [3] 3GPP TS 36.211:"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation" 132
[4] 3GPP TS 36.212: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding" [5] 3GPP TS 36.213: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures" [6] 3GPP TS 36.214: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer; Measurements" [7] IETF RFC 2960 (10/2000): "Stream Control Transmission Protocol" [8] 3GPP TS 36.302: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Services provided by the physical layer" [9] 3GPP TS 36.304: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode" [10] 3GPP TS 36.306: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities" [11] 3GPP TS 36.321: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Acces Control (MAC) protocol specification" [12] 3GPP TS 36.322: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification" [13] 3GPP TS 36.323: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification" [14] 3GPP TS 36.331: "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification". [15] 3GPP http://www.3gpp.org/ [16] http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/wikipedia [17] 4G 133
[18] LTE/LTE-A [19] LTE [20] 134