Transcription

1 4G

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3 4G 4G - ITU-R G 4G 4G 1 Gbit/s 100 Mbit/s G 3GPP G 1G 2G 3G 3G+ 3GPP LTE-A 4G LTE/LTE-Advanced PHICH Synchronization Signal 1

4 1 3GPP LTE LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release-8 UMTS/ WCDMA (3GPP R99) HSDPA(R5) HSUPA(R6) HSPA+(R7) 1.1 LTE (system requirement): (1). FDD TDD (2). (FDD) (MHz) (3). : 20MHZ 50MHz 100MHz (4). HSPA 2~4 (5). (low latency): 5 ms (6). : 20MHz 2

5 (7). : (8). 0~15 km/hr (9). 15~120 km/hr (10). 350km/hr (11). Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS) :(mobile TV service). (12). GSM/UMTS/CDMA. (Frame)(slot): (1). FDD One slot, T slot = 0.5 ms Slot #0 Slot #1 One subframe One radio frame, T f = 10 ms Slot #2 Slot #3 Slot #18 Slot #19 NCP CP Symbol #0 CP Symbol #6 ECP CP Symbol #0 CP Symbol #5 3

6 : FDD (Frame) 10ms 10 (subframe) 20 (slot) 1ms 0.5ms CP(normal CP, NCP) CP(extend CP, ECP) OFDM NCP 7 OFDM ECP 6 OFDM ECP (2). TDD half radio-frame, 5ms One radio-frame, 10ms Subframe #0 1ms 1ms Subframe #2 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #9 DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS GP 0.5ms Slot Slot : TDD TDD 10ms 10 1ms ms subframe-1 subframe-5 (special subframes) 4

7 DwPTS(downlink pilot time-slot): downlink GP(guard period): DwPTS UpPTS UpPTS(uplink pilot time-slot): uplink SRS configuration special subframe 5ms special subframe 10ms configuration 8 subframes configuration LTE : LTE : (1). (Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH) (2). (Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH) (3). (Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH) LTE : (1). (Demodulation Reference Signal, DMRS) 5

8 (2). (Sounding Reference Signal, SRS) 1.2 (Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH) PUSCH uplink single-carrier FDMA (peak-to-average power ratio, PAPR) Single-carrier FDMA OFDM SC-FDMA DFT-precoder (frequency hopping) (frequency diversity). : PUCCH (No. of subband) (slot)(subframe) (virtual resource block, VRB) (index) 1.3 (Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH) 6

9 (resource block, RB) PUCCH PUCCH : PUCCH Format Bits per subframe Symbol mapping Symbol 1 N/A N/A d(0)=1 1a 1 BPSK d(0) 1b 2 QPSK d(0) 2 20 QPSK d(0)~d(9) 2a 21 QPSK&BPSK d(0)~d(9), d(10) 2b 22 QPSK d(0)~d(9), d(10) format 1 (scheduling request) format 1a/1b 1 bit 2 bits ACK/NACK format 2 CQI (channel quality information) format 2a 20 bits CQI 1 bit ACK/NACK format 2b 20 bits CQI 2 bits ACK/NACK. (code division multiplexing, CDM) CDM walsh code (cyclic shift code) 7

10 1.4 (Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH) (call-setup) (cell) cell (random access format) (random-access slot) (root) (cyclic-shift value) : Align with the starting of a configured subframe CP Sequence TCP TSEQ : (random access, RA)(subframe) RA 8

11 cell (round-trip time, RTT) (maximal multipath delay) cell TSEQ ( cell ) (format): FDD TDD FDD RA (1.08MHz) (higher layer) 1.5 (Demodulation Reference Signal, DMRS) PUSCH PUCCH PUSCH PUCCH (detection) DMRS Zadoff-Chu (ZC) (constant-amplitude zero circular auto-correlation, CAZAC) ZC ZC (group number) (sequence number) PUSCH DMRS OFDM 9

12 DMRS PUSCH PUCCH PUCCH DMRS OFDM PUCCH format ( ) : PUCCH 1/1a/1b DMRS 2,3,4 ( 3,4,5 OFDM ) : PUCCH PUCCH Format Symbol-l (NCP) Symbol-l (ECP) 1, 1a, 1b 2, 3, 4 2, 3 2 1, 5 3 2a, 2b N/A 1.6 (Sounding Reference Signal, SRS) SRS (enb) SRS OFDM SRS SRS scheduling 10

13 SRS RRC SRS (diversity) 1.7 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel, PHICH PHICH HARQ ACK NACK ACK/NACK a 0 Channel Coding (Repetition code, Code rate=1/3) HI 0 1 HI codeword <b0,b1,,b2> <0,0,0> <1,1,1> Positive acknowledgement Negative acknowledgement b0, b1, b2 z, z, z PHICH PHICH SF SF s c n / 2 1 2N 1 2 N cell 9 cell init ID ID N Bit-wise multiplied with code d( i) w i mod N 1 2 c( i) z i / N The scrambling sequence generator shall be initialised at the start of each subframe. *Note: ns denotes slot number. BPSK modulation PHICH SF 4 2 NCP ECP d(0),..., d(11) NCP d(0),..., d(5) ECP Resource group alignment (0) for NCP: d ( i) d( i), for i 1,..,11. for NCP: (0) (0) (0) (0) T [ d (4 i) d (4i 1) d (4i 2) d (4i 3)] T group [ d(2 i) d(2i 1) 0 0], nphich mod 2 0 T group [0 0 d(2 i) d(2i 1)], nphich mod 2 1 i 0,...,5. Antenna port P=1 Secs & Layer mapping & precoding Antanna port P=2 Secs & (STBC) Antanna port P=4 Secs & (STBC) ( p) ( p) ( p) Next pagey (0), y (1),..., y (11) From other PHICH groups Layer mapping & precoding y ( n) y ( n) ( p) ( p) i i PHICH units mapping y (0), y (1),..., y (11) ( p) ( p) ( p) i i i Total 8 (NCP) or 4 (ECP) processes in a PHICH group group N PHICH Over all PHICH in the PHICH group PHICH groups Resource element mapping Quadruplet grouping NCP: ( p) ( p) group y ( n) y ( n), m m' 0,1,..., N 1 m ECP: y ( n) y ( n) y ( n), m' m / 2, m 0,2,... N 2 ( p) ( p) ( p) ( p) ( p) z i y i y i y i y i ( ) (4 ), (4 1), (4 2), (4 3) i 0,1,2. ' m PHICH ( p) ( p) ( p) group m ' m m 1 PHICH 11

14 1.8. Reference Signal Reference signal Cell-Specific reference signal MBSFN reference signal UE-specific reference signal Cell-Specific reference signal cell reference signal MBSFN reference signal MBSF reference signal UE-specific reference signal cell UE reference signal beam forming reference signal CP / reference signal QPSK - Cell-Specific reference signal: One antenna port R 0 R 0 l 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 l 6 l 0 R 0 R 0 l 6 Mapping of downlink reference signals (normal cyclic prefix) R 0 Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols antenna port 0 Two antenna ports R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 Resource element (k,l) Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols on this antenna port R 1 R 2 R 3 Reference symbols antenna port 1 Reference symbols antenna port 2 Reference symbols antenna port 3 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 Four antenna ports R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R R 2 R 2 R 2 R R R 3 3 R3 R3 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 0 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 1 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 2 evennumberenumbered odd- slots slots Antenna port 3 12

15 Normal CP One antenna port R 0 R 0 l 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 l 5 l 0 R 0 R 0 l 5 Mapping of downlink reference signals (extended cyclic prefix) R 0 Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols antenna port 0 Two antenna ports R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 Resource element (k,l) Not used for transmission on this antenan port Reference symbols on this antenna port R 1 R 2 R 3 Reference symbols antenna port 1 Reference symbols antenna port 2 Reference symbols antenna port 3 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 Four antenna ports R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R 1 R R 2 R 2 R 2 R R R 3 3 R3 R3 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3 Extended CP extended cyclic prefix, Δf=15kHz (FFTsize=2048, CP=512) extended cyclic prefix, Δf=7.5kHz (FFTsize=4096, CP=1024) R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 R 4 l 0 l 5 l 0 l 5 even-numbered slots Antenna port 4 R 4 odd-numbered slots R 4 l 0 l 2 l 0 l 2 evennumbered slots oddnumbered slots Antenna port 4 MBMS 13

16 Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 l 0 R 5 even-numbered slots R 5 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 odd-numbered slots R 5 even-numbered slots R 5 l 5 l 0 l 5 odd-numbered slots Antenna port 5 Antenna port 5 UE-specific 1.9 Synchronization Signal Synchronization Signal Primary Synchronization Signal (P-SCH) Secondary Synchronization Signal (S-SCH) P-SCH S-SCH Cell-ID P-SCH (Timing) (Synchronization) LTE W-LAN (Auto-correlator) Cell LTE Match GPP LTE 14

17 (enodeb) (DL synchronization) (propagation delay) (round-trip delay) (UL synchronization) enodeb Timing advance (TA) enodeb Wave trip UE UE UE (handover) 15

18 3GPP LTE UE Source enb Target enb MME Serving Gateway 1. Measurement Control 0. Area Restriction Provided packet data packet data UL allocation 2. Measurement Reports 7. Detach from old cell and synchronize to new cell DL allocation RRC Conn. Reconf. incl. mobilitycontrolinformation 3. HO decision Deliver buffered and in transit packets to target enb 9. Synchronisation 4. Handover Request 6. Handover Request Ack Data Forwarding 10. UL allocation + TA for UE 11. RRC Conn. Reconf. Complete packet data 8. SN Status Transfer End Marker 17. UE Context Release 5. Admission Control Buffer packets from Source enb 12. Path Switch Request End Marker packet data 16.Path Switch Request Ack packet data Legend L3 signalling L1/L2 signalling User Data 13. User Plane update request 15.User Plane update response 14. Switch DL path Handover Completion Handover Execution Handover Preparation 18. Release Resources 16

19 Step 0 (Access Gateway) (Source enodeb) Step 1 Step 2: (event-triggered) Step 3: Step 4: (Target enodeb) (Handover Request) (UE context) (Radio Bearer configuration parameters) Step 5: (admission control) 17

20 Step 6: Handover Request Acknowledge Handover Request Ack C-RNTI (system information blocks) Step 7: RRC Handover Command Handover Command (starting time) Handover Command RLC ACK 18

21 Step 8: (Random Access Channel, RACH) Step 9: Handover Confirm Step 10: Handover Confirm Step 11: Step 12: Step 13: Step 14: 19

22 ( 8) Handover Confirm ( 10) UE enb 1 Random Access Preamble Random Access Response 2 (e.g., TA, UL scheduling grant, ) 3 Scheduled Transmission Contention Resolution 4 (Random Access Procedure) 3GPP LTE ( ) (Random Access Burst) (Pseudo-Noise Code) (Signature) 20

23 (auto-correlation) (cross-correlation) (Access Slot) (random back-off mechanism) 3GPP LTE 25~30 ms GPP LTE 21

24 LTE resource allocation subframe subframe PDCCH radio LTE DRX(Discontinuous Reception) DRX DRX cycle On-Duration subframe On-Duration (inactivity timer) DRX 22

25 On Duration Timer On Duration Timer On Duration Timer Receive PDCCH indicating a new DL data DRX Inactivity Timer Receive PDCCH indicating a new DL data DRX Inactivity Timer DRX Short Cycle Timer DRX Short Cycle Timer HARQ RTT Timer HARQ Procee 1 Send NACK HARQ RX Timer Receive PDCCH & DL data HARQ RTT Timer HARQ RTT Timer HARQ Procee 2 Send NACK HARQ RX Timer Receive PDCCH & DL data HARQ RTT Timer Active Time DRX DRX DRX DRX (DRX short cycle timer) DRX DRX DRX DRX DRX HARQ ACK NACK HARQ 23

26 process HARQ (HARQ RTT timer) HARQ (HARQ retransmission timer) 8 HARQ process 8 HARQ process DRX 8 HARQ process (active time) GPP LTE 3GPP RAN Plenary#43 LTE Rel-9 LTE Rel-9 Rel-9 24

27 (Home enodeb) DSI MCCH Service 1 Service 2 Service 3 N o D a t a BCCH (SIB13) MBSFN Area ID #2 MBSFN Area ID #5 MBSFN Area ID #7 MCCH MCCH MCH MCH MCH... DSI Service 5 MSAP Occasions Service 7 Service 6 MSAP Scheduling Occasions Interval N o D a t a MCCH DSI Service 9 Service 10 Service 11 N o D a t a Unicast subframe MSAP Scheduling Occasions Interval Information transmitted in MBSFN subframes e-mbms LTE e-mbms (Broadcast Control Channel; BCCH) (Multicast Control Channel; MCCH) 25

28 (Dynamic Scheduling Information; DSI) #13 (System Information Block 13; SIB13) (DL-SCH) MAC (MAC control Element) (MTCH) (Multicast Channel; MCH) (MBSFN subframes) #13 (Modulation and Coding Scheme; MCS)(MCH Subframe Allocation Pattern; MSAP)... (MBSFN Area) 26

29 (MBSFN Area ID) (reference symbols) (scrambling sequence) TS (MCS) (MCCH Repetition Period) (frame) (MCCH Frame Offset) (system frame number) (SFN module mcchrepetitionperiod == mcchoffset) (MCCH Subframe Bitmap) (segment) 27

30 (MCCH) (Quality of Service; QoS)(Block Error Rate; BLER) (MCH) (MCCH) QoS (MCH) (MCH Subframe Allocation Pattern; MSAP) (scheduling interval) 28

31 frame frame subframe scheduling interval DSI Service 5 Service 6 Service 7 N o D a t a Scheduling MSAP occasions Interval (SAP) ( ) MSAP occasions (DSI) MSAP occasions (Service list) (Service ID) (Session ID) (Logical channel ID; LCID) MAC header 29

32 RAN2 MSAP occasion (DSI) DSI MCCH Service 1 Service 2 Service 3 N o D a t a ( ) service #1 service #2 service #

33 (RRC signalling) MAC (MAC control element) MAC MAC (MAC packet data unit; MAC PDU) (DSI) (MCCH) (MTCH) 31

34 (MBMS coordination entity, MCE) MME MBMS GW M3 MCE M2 M1 MBMS GW: MBMS Gateway MCE: Multi-Cell/Multicast Coordination Entity M1: user plane interface M2: E-UTRAN internal control plane interface M3: control plane interface between E-UTRAN and EPC enb SYNC 1. (MBSFN Synchronization Area) (radio frame timing) 32

35 2. RLC MAC PHY ( ) MCE 3. (E-MBMS Gateway) SYNC (SYNC protocol) 4. SYNC 5. SYNC 6. (segmentation) (concatenation) RLC/MAC 7. SYNC 8. 33

36 9. (burst)(: ) UE MBMS packet enb MBMS Gateway BM-SC MBMS packet SYNC SYNC RLC MAC PHY RLC MAC PHY TNL TNL TNL M1 SYNC: Protocol to synchronise data used to generate a certain radio frame SYNC 3GPP LTE SYNC ( ) BM-SC SYNC SYNC (SYNC header) ( ) 3GPP SYNC (Timestamp)(data burst) 34

37 SYNC (Elapsed packet counter) (Elapsed byte counter): 0 (256 byte) (256) (512) LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced (MIMO-OFDMA) All-IP 100MHz 内 1 Gbps 500Mbps LTE-Advanced 1) Support wider bandwidth; 2) Advanced MIMO 35

38 technologies; 3) Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception; 4) Further reduction of delay; 5) Relaying (Carrier Aggregation) 2.1 (Carrier Aggregation) Support wider bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation) LTE LTE-Advanced 20MHz 100MHz LTE-Advanced F1 F2 NTT DoCoMo 3GPP RAN2 F1 F2 36

39 F1 F2 #1 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 2 GHz 800 MHz F1 F2 #2 #1#2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 37

40 F1 F1 F2 F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2 3.5 GHz F1 F2 #3 F1 F2 F2 F1 F2 F1 F1 F1 F2 (coverage holes) F1 #3 F1 F2 F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2 3.5 GHz F1 F2 38

41 F1 F2 #4 (Remote Radio Head; RRH)F1 (macro) F2 (hotspot) F1 F1 F1 F2 F1 {800 MHz, 2 GHz} F2 3.5 GHz 39

42 #5 F1 F2 F2 (frequency selective repeater) F2 F1 F2 #4 #5 (UL Timing) LTE Rel-10 (UL Timing Advance; TA) LTE Rel-10 FDD #1 #2 #3 LTE Rel-10 TDD 40

43 #1 #2 #3 LTE Rel-10 LTE Rel-10 LTE-Advanced (Activation and Deactivation Mechanism) LTE-Advanced RRC (deactivation) (PDCCH)(PDSCH) 41

44 (Channel Quality Indicator; CQI) MAC (MAC Control Element) (configured) MAC (deactivation) UE MAC MAC (deactivation timer) 42

45 deactivation n n n 3 (Sounding Reference Signal; SRS) 43

46 LTE LTE 3GPP RAN2#66bis 7 (Handover Command) RAN2#70bis RAN2#70bis (source enb) (Handover Request) (target enb) (Physical Cell Identity; PCI) 44

47 6 Handover Request Acknowledge 7 Handover Command Handover Command (de-activation) MAC 2.2 Advanced MIMO technologies OFDM + MIMO is basis of all 4G technologies 3GPP-LTE: Ericsson UMB: Qualcomm Broadband Wireless WiMAX: Intel High SE WiFi (802.11n) 45

48 4G 4G 1G 2G 3G 3G+ WLAN 2005 WLAN (Unlicensed) 4G IMT-Advanced 4G (Licensed) 4G 4G Ericsson 3GPP LTE Intel WiMAX 4G MIMO 46

49 MIMO MIMO OFDM OFDM MIMO MIMO MIMO OFDM 4G MIMO OFDM MIMO-OFDM 4G 4G MIMO-OFDM 4G 4G MIMO-OFDM MIMO i.e. / MIMO 47

50 MIMO (Transmit Diversity, TxD)(Spatial Multiplexing, SM) MIMO / Downlink (DL) User 1 Mobile Station (MS) (Collaborative SM, CSM) User K User 2 Uplink (UL) MIMO Channel H Downlink (DL) Uplink (UL) MIMO Space-Time/ Space-Freq. Processing Base Station (BS) MIMO MIMO / (Downlink Open/Closed-Loop Single-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Downlink 48

51 Open/Closed-Loop Multi-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Uplink Open/Closed-Loop Single-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Uplink Open/Closed-Loop Multi-User MIMO, DL OL/CL SU-MIMO) / (Collaborative SM, CSM) MIMO MAC MIMO L (Layers) MIMO Mt MIMO (Streams) MIMO Nt Nt L 2 L Mt Nt MIMO MIMO MIMO MIMO MIMO 4G 49

52 MIMO Layers MIMO Streams Antennas MAC Data MCS Set MIMO MIMO Encoder Precoder MCS Set L Layers M t Streams N t Antennas MIMO MIMO (Open-Loop, OL) MIMO (Closed-Loop, CL) MIMO MIMO (Precoding) MIMO (Codeword) MIMO MIMO 8 4 8x8 MIMO Schemes 8 Streams 4 Streams 50

53 2.3 COordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception (CoMP) CoMP 51

54 2.4 Relay Relay Backhauling Relay LTE-Advanced 2.4 (Machine Type Communication, MTC) (Machine Type Communication, MTC) (Machine-to-Machine, M2M) (The Internet of Things, IOT) (Radio-frequency identification, RFID) (internet) 52

55 (IOT) (RFID) 500 (MTC) 53

56 (MTC) (sensing) (communications) (computing) (control) (MTC) (smart grid) (smart home) (e-healthcare) (intelligent transportation) (remote monitoring) (MTC) (MTC) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,IEEE) (Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF)(3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP) (European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI) (MTC) 54

57 (MTC) (Time) (Place) (Thing) (MTC) (MTC) (MTC) (use cases) (1) (Security)(Alarm systems) (Backup for landline) (Access control)(car and driver security) (2) (Tracking & Tracing) (Fleet 55

58 Management) (Order Management) (Pay as you drive) (Asset Tracking) (Navigation) (Traffic information) (Road tolling) (Traffic optimization and steering) (3) (Payment) (Point of sales)(vending machines)(gaming machines) (4) (Health)(Monitoring vital signs) (Supporting the aged or handicapped) (Web Access Telemedicine points) (Remote diagnostics) (5) (Remote Maintenance and Control) (Sensors) (Lighting) (Pumps) (Valves) (Elevator control) (Vending machine control) (Vehicle diagnostics) (6) (Metering)(Power) (Gas)(Water) (Heating) (Grid control) (Industrial metering) (MTC) (1) (Extremely Low Power Consumption) (2) (High Reliability) (3) (Enhanced Access Priority) 56

59 (4) (Mass Device Transmission) (5) (Addressing of Mass Device) (6) (Group Management) (7) (Security) (8) (Small Data Transmission) (9) (Low/No Mobility) (10) (Time-Controlled Operation) (11) (Time-Tolerant Operation) (12) (One-way Data Traffic) (13) (Extremely Low Latency) (14) (Extremely Long Range Access) (15) (Infrequent/Intermittent Traffic) (3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP) (MTC) Working Group SA (System Architecture) (MTC) (service requirements) RAN (Study Items) (MTC) (Radio Access) RAN2 57

60 (M2M)(traffic characteristics) (M2M) (Human-to-Human, H2H) (MTC) (Mass Device Transmission) (path loss) (wall penetration loss) In-device coexistence interference avoidance 3GPP Study Item(User Equipment) device LTE ISM band Bluetooth WLAN LTE GPS Study Item 58

61 ITU-R IMT-Advanced (4G) 3GPP 3GPP2 IEEE 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced 3GPP TSG GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network) GSM/EDGE TSG RAN (Radio Access Network) UTRA/E-UTRA 59

62 FDD TDD Layer 2 Layer 3 TSG SA (System and Service Aspect) 3GPP TSG TSG CT (Core Network and Terminal) 3GPP 3GPP 3GPP LTE 2005 Study Phase Study Phase Working Item Phase 60

63 2008 Rel 8 LTE LTE LTE-Advanced 2008 Study Item Phase GPP IMT-Advanced LTE-Advanced 2009 LTE-Advanced Study Item Phase 2010 Working Item Phase 2010 LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced IMT-Advanced 61

64 LTE Test spec and CRs TSG-RAN meeting Core spec approval #38&WS 26 Nov- #39 4 Mar- #40 27 May- #41 9 Sep- #42 2 Dec- #43 #44 #45 #46 #47 #48 #49 #50 #51 #52 LTE-Advanced (IMT-Advanced) Study Item Work Item Circular Letter Proposals for Evaluation ITU-R WP5D LTE-Advanced 62

65 First-class company owns the Standards; Second-class company owns the Brands and IPR; Third-class company owns Technologies and Fourth-class company owns Products( The game-rule in wireless industries, 4GMF) (2G 2.5G 3G) Essential IPR 3G 3G 2G 15~25%( 94/09/05) Qualcomm 46% (IEK, 2005) 3GPP 63

66 ITU-R 2006 IMT-Advanced ITU-R 2008 IMT-Advanced (2G 2.5G 3G) WiMAX WiMAX WiMAX d/16e (Essential IPR) Samsung LG Qualcomm Motorola Nokia 64

67 IPR IMT-2000 IMT-2000 Beyond IMT (Mbps) IMT-Advanced 94 3GPP LTE j/16m 65

68 66

69 3GPP WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA 3GPP LTE 3GPP Ericsson Ericsson Nokia Qualcomm Alcatel Lucent Samsung LGE Huawei ZTE 67

70 3GPP LTE RAN1 LTE-Advance Wider bandwidth support UL transmission schemes Cooperative MIMO Coordinated MultiPoint transmission Relaying RAN2 Carrier Aggregation Relaying Enhanced MBMS HeNB Machine Type Communication Minimization of Drive Test 3GPP RAN3 UE enb control plane H(e)NB MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service HSPASON Self-Organizating network LTE-A 68

71 H(e)NB RAN4 Relay Carrier Aggregation for LTE 3GPP Carrier Aggregation Cooperative MIMO CoMP Relay Machine Type communication 3GPP LTE LTE-Advanced Essential IPR 69

72 1G 2G 3G TDMA CDMA 3G 3G HSPA 3G 3G circuit switch(cs) ADSL All-IP IMT-Avanced 4G 70

73 ITU 2005 billion (mobile Internet) Nokia, Samsung, LG Apple iphone Google Andriod Mobile World Congress 2010 IOT Mobile (ITU-R) 2000 Question 229-1/8 Future development of IMT-2000 and system beyond IMT-2000 Vision (M.1645) Spectrum (M.1768) Technology Trends (M.2038) Market (M.2072) and Service View (M.1822) 71

74 Radio aspects (M.2074) IMT-Advanced 3G 4G 4G 4G 4G 5.1 4G (All-in-one)(Application-centric) Google Android Apple Store (Mobile Services) 72

75 GSA Q billion 58% GSM/CDMA 2G 88.77% WCDMA/CDMA G 10.1% ABI Research billion; 2G (GSM/EDGE/GPRS) % 3G (WCDMA, EVDO, TD-SCDMA) 1.58 billion 19.5% 4G (LTE, WiMAX) 91.4 million 1.7% Subscriber (Millions) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, Mobile WIMAX LTE TD-SCDMA EVDO Rev B EVDO Rev A EVDO1X CDMA2000 1x HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ UMTS CDMAone GPRS EDGE GSM PHS PDC TDMA AMPS iden : ABI Research Q : (World market ) 73

76 : interactive web 2.0, messenger, blog and facebook ( ) 3G mobile commerce, LBS, Internet and mobile TV, social networking, online Gaming, M2M, P2, video messaging, music downloading and high-quality video and voice conference 3G All-IP 74

77 Mobile Data ; AT&T 2008 iphone 4.6 million % USD 3.4 billion Verizon Wireless 52.6%M1 25.1% mobile data 9.5% 10.9% Telefonia mobile data ; +32%, +25%, +33%, +36% softbank 3G iphone HTC smartphone, 3G circuit switch(cs) mobile internet packet switch All-IP wall-garden 75

78 4G 5.2 4G IMT-Advanced(4G) (MIMO-OFDMA) All-IP 100Mbps 1Gbps 4G IP FMC Business model always-on VoIP : Increase spectral efficiency by using OFDM and Support of Smart Antenna Technology Flatter IP-based network architecture Provide a more flexible spectrum and Scalable Channel Bandwidth Lower OPEX and CAPEX Better integration with other standards such as WLAN, 3GPP and 3GPP2 systems. OFDMA 1.4MHz 20MHz 100MHz WCDMA CDMA G 5MHz 76

79 Multi-carrier OFDMA Scalable Channel Bandwidth Hot Spot 4G All-IP Pervasive computing P2P web 2.0 ITU-R WP5D IMT-Advanced (4G) ITU-R WP5D 4G (Draft) IEEE m 3GPP LTE-A MIIT(China) TDD-LTE-A IMT-Advanced OFDMA (Smart Antenna) IMT-Advance All-IP 2011 ITU-R WiMAX Rel. 1.X LTE Rel.8 3.9G (value proposition) ; Circuit Switch Based Packet Switch Based ; CDMA-based MIMO-OFDMA based 77

80 ITU-R (Heterogeneous) 4G 3.9G 4G 4G CDMA 3G 5.3 4G 3.9G ; Circuit Switch Based Packet Switch Based ; CDMA-based MIMO-OFDMA based MIMO-OFDMA CDMA ICL 4G (Ecosystem) Enabler group () Momentum group ( ) Foundation Group () Growth Engine() 78

81 Enabler Group Standard Bodies Regulators Foundation Group Infrastructure Suppliers User Devices Venders Content/Service Providers Industry Bodies Momentum Group Operators Test Equipment Manufactures Chipset Manufactures App ins Software Developers : : Foundation Group () 4G : Content, Services and Applications. 79

82 - LTE 3G/LTE 2009 MDM MSM LTE modemm GSM/HSPA/LTE SMARTi LU 3G-LTE TD-LTE WiMAX MSC8156 LTE TCI6487 LTE 2010 LTE SandbridgeLTE LTE 2010 LTE LTE modem 2010LTE LTE Enabler Group () 4G Momentum Group( ) 4G 4G 4G 4G WiBRO TD-LTE 3G 80

83 Growth Engine( ): SMS (Mobile Content) mobile internet Ecosystem 4G ecosystem 4 Ecosystem LTE Ecosystem ~ LTE Ecosystem 81

84 ~ ~2013 LTE LTE LTE nhspa ngsm nlte n LTE n LTE VoIP n LTE n LTE n LTE NB n LTE CPE IOT2010 Multi mode LTE LTE? LTE 5.4 4G Foundation Group Foundation Group : (Access) (Core) All-IP (Silicon, Platforms and subsystems) new chipsets and other subsystems or devices needed to implement the 4G Access and Core equipment (Software and protocols) -- similarly for software and protocol stacks. [ Access] 4G MIMO-OFDMA 82

85 plug-and-play self configuration self-optimization 4G software-define Radio (SDR) (multistandard) radio/base-station Motorola WiMAX 16e Access Points and LTE enodeb, GSM E-EDGE LTE OFDM Flexible channel bandwith 4G RF LTE TDD FDD Cost-effective LTE Access : LTE Access Vendor Alcatel-Lucent AXIS Network Technology Ericsson Fujitsu Network Communications Access products include 9326 NodeB LTE software LTE Remote Radio Heads BS 6000 base station series, EVO RAN BroadOne LS LTE enodeb base station portfolio Hitachi Technologies Communication (Developing products) Huawei Technologies SingleRAN 83

86 IPWireless Motorola NEC Nokia Siemens Networks Nortel Panasonic Communications Mobile V5 Multi-Standard Base Station Platform CTU4 and RCTU4 base station radios, enodeb enodeb Flexi Base Station enodeb NTT's Super 3G (LTE) Base Station project Powerwave Technologies Radiocomp ZTE Base station solutions supporting LTE Remote Radio Heads for 3GPP LTE ZXSDR R8860 Multi-Mode Outdoor RRU, ZXSDR B8200 Multi-Mode Indoor BBU Parentheses indicate products planned or in development. Source: Light Reading, 2009 [ Core Network] LTE Core Network 4G LTE/SAE GSM/WCDMA core Network LTE Core Cisco 4G core network 4G circuit-switched gateways VoIP packet Gateway VoIP Voice Always-on All-IP 4G Gateway Gateway LTE Core 84

87 : LTE Core Vendor Alcatel-Lucent Allot Communications Cisco Systems Core products include Evolved Packet Core Service Gateway Sigma (SG-Sigma) (Developing EPC Serving Gateway (SGW) and the Packet Data Node (PDN) gateway) Ericsson Evolved Packet Core portfolio -- SGSN/MME, Mobile Packet Gateway, Converged Packet Gateway Hitachi Technologies Communication (Developing products) Huawei Technologoes IntelliNet Technologies NEC Nokia Siemens Networks Nortel Starent Networks Sonus Networks Evolved Packet Core LTE gateways Evolved Packet Core EPC -- Flexi Network Server, Flexi Network Gateway LTE Access Gateway, Evolved Packet Core Evolved Packet Core MobilEdge Access Node (within Sonus mobilevolution architecture) Stoke LTE SAE Gateway (via SSX 3000) Tecore Networks ZTE ICore LTE Evolved Packet Core Parentheses indicate products planned or in development. Source: Light Reading, 2009 WiMAX 16e LTE 85

88 Wideband towards Mobility And other WiMAX Forum Members WiMAX IMT- Advanced Mobile towards Wideband LTE : [ (Silicon, Platforms and subsystems)] 4G embedded (MID) WiFi embedded 4G 3.9G 4G HotSpot 4G 4G Multi-mode 4G 4G : Multi-standard CDMA/LTE, GSM/UMTS/LTE, UMTS/LTE, GSM/WiMAX, WiMAX), TDMA, CDMA OFDMA 86

89 Multi-band (700MHz, 900MHz, 1.5GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.1GHz, 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 2.6GHz, 3.5GHz,.etc) Support FDD and TDD Integrated multi-antenna (2x2 4x4 8x8) Improve battery life and sleeping mode intelligent : LTE Silicon/Platform/Subsystem Vendor Analog Devices BitWave Semiconductor Cavium Networks ComSys Ericsson Silicon / Platform /Subsystem products include Various LTE applicable RF+ DSP devices BW1102 Softransceiver RFIC OCTEON Multi-core MIPS64 processors ComMAX LT8000mobile baseband processor M700 mobile platform Freescale Semiconductor MSC8156 DSP IPWireless LG Electronics Lime Microsystems Percello picochip Qualcom RMI (LTE chipsets in development) Handset modem chip (in development) LMS6002 multiband multistandard RF transceiver IC Aquilo femtocell SOC family PC8618 picocell and PC8608 femtocell platforms MDM9xxx-series LTE device chipsets XLR processor family Sandbridge Technologies SB3500 flexible baseband processor 87

90 ST-Ericsson Texas Instruments Ubidyne M700 mobile platform LTE developmental ecosystem ub900 Antenna Embedded Digital Radio Wavesat Odyssey 9000 under development (release due in third quarter 2009) Wintegra WinPath3 W series processors Source: Light Reading, 2009 [ (Software and protocols)] managed device platform (MDP), Apple, Microsoft, Google, Nokia, Sony, Facebook and RIM MDP User experience. 4G Femtocell Home Node Femtocell Home Node LTE WiMAX WiFi 3G WiMAX Forum LTE release 8 Femtocell Home Node OFDMA 88

91 Femtocell Home Node : LTE Software/Protocol Vendor 4M Wireless Aricent Software / Protocol products include PS100 LTE protocol stack LTE Evolved Node B (enodeb) development suite Continuous Computing Trillium Long Term Evolution (LTE) IntelliNet Technologies LTE protocol stacks IPWireless Kineto Wireless MimoOn Nomor Research Texas Instruments Wintegra (LTE software in development) Gateway software mi!femto, mi!infra, mi!mobile LTE Protocol Stack Library, LTE enb Emulator LTE developmental ecosystem LTE protocols Source: Light Reading, Momentum Group: GSM, UMTS/HSPA CDMA-2000 [GSM/UMTS/HSPA] GSM 2G 3G WCDMA 89

92 UMTS/HSPA GSM Association Q GSM 80% 800 GSM 300 WCDMA WCDMA HSDPA WCDMA 95% HSPA HSDPA networks (3.6M or higher) 78% HSDPA networks (7.2M or higher) 50% HSPA LTE (per no. of subscribers) Ran k Company Main Markets Technology* Subscribers (total, in millions) GSM, GPRS, 1 pedia.org/wik i/people%27s _Republic_of _ChinaChina China (Mainland) "GoTone", "M-zone" and "Easyown" Hong Kong "Peoples" and Pakistan "ZoNG" EDGE TD-SCDMA, TD-HSDPA, TD-LTE (September 2009) [1] Mobile (planned) United Kingdom GSM, GPRS, pedia.org/wik Albania, Australia, China EDGE, UMTS, i/united_kin gdomvodafo (Mainland), Congo DR, Czech Republic, Egypt, Fiji, France, HSDPA, LTE (planned) (September 2009) [2] ne Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, (CdmaOne, 90

93 India "Vodafone Essar", Ireland, CDMA2000 1x, Italy, Kenya, Lesotho, Malta, EV-DO) Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Cyprus, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, Turkey and United States "Verizon Wireless" 3 pedia.org/wik i/spaintelefó nica / Movistar / O 2 Spain Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Ireland, United Kingdom, Isle of Man, Germany, Czech Republic, Morocco and Slovakia GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, LTE (planned), D-AMPS (CdmaOne, CDMA2000 1x) (June 2009) [3] Mexico GSM, GPRS, 4 pedia.org/wik i/mexicoamé rica Móvil United States, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Jamaica, Peru, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, D-AMPS (CdmaOne, CDMA2000 1x, (September 2009) [4] Ecuador and El Salvador EV-DO) France United Kingdom, Switzerland, Poland, Spain, Romania, Moldova, Slovakia, Belgium, Austria, 5 pedia.org/wik i/franceoran ge / France Télécom Liechtenstein, Israel, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Cameroon, Botswana, Madagascar, Mali, Senegal, Mauritius, Réunion, Martinique, French Guiana, Saint Kitts and GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, LTE (planned) (September 2009) [5] Nevis, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Kenya, Uganda, Togo, Niger, Equatorial Guinea and Armenia 6 pedia.org/wik Norway Sweden, Denmark, Hungary, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, (September 91

94 i/norwaytele Montenegro, Serbia, Thailand, HSDPA, LTE 2009) [6] nor Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, (planned) India, Ukraine and Russia "VimpelCom" Germany 7 pedia.org/wik i/germanyt- Mobile United States, United Kingdom, Poland, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Hungary, Austria, Croatia, Slovakia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Puerto Rico and U.S. GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, LTE (planned) (September 2009) [7] Virgin Islands Sweden 8 pedia.org/wik i/swedenteli asonera Norway, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Spain, Russia, Nepal, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Moldova, Turkey and GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (September 2009) [8] Ukraine 9 pedia.org/wik i/people%27s _Republic_of _ChinaChina China (Mainland) GSM, GPRS EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA (September 2009) [9] Unicom Egypt "Mobinil" Algeria "Djezzy", Pakistan 10 pedia.org/wik i/egyptorasc om Telecom / WIND "Mobilink", Tunisia "Tunisiana", Bangladesh "Banglalink", Italy "WIND", Greece "WIND", Canada "WIND", North Korea "Koryolink", Lebanon "Alfa", Burundi "Telecel", Central African Republic "Telecel", GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (September 2009) Namibia "Telecel" and Zimbabwe "Telecel" 11 pedia.org/wik i/indiabharti India Seychelles, Jersey, Guernsey and Sri Lanka GSM, GPRS, EDGE (September 2009) [17] 92

95 Airtel South Africa India, Afghanistan, Benin, Botswana, 12 pedia.org/wik i/south_afric amtn Group Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Cote d'ivoire, Cyprus, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Republic of Guinea, Iran, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA (September 2009) [18] Swaziland, Syria, Uganda, Yemen and Zambia [CDMA-2000] : CDMA CDMA Verizon Wireless KDDI LTE MobileWiMAX WiBro XOHM CDMA KT(KoreaTelecom) Sprint Nextel 2009 UMB CDMA Development Group(CDG) CDMA 93

96 5.6 3GPP LTE 8 3GPP GPP RAN 4G WiMAX LTE CDMA CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access ) CDMA % CDMA ( CPE ) (Samsung) (LG) SK Telecom 94

97 IMT-Advanced? 4G ( ) 3G 3.5G TD-CDMA TD-SCDMA WCDMA CDMA2000 1x EV-DO Voice-centric centric HSPA HSDPA HSUPA CDMA x EV-DO Rev A 3.9G HSPA+ CDMA x EV-DO Rev A WiFi WiMAX WiMAX Rel. 1.0 Rel. 1.X Data-centric TD-LTE/TD-LTE-A 4G ( ) LTE (FDD)/LTE-A : 3G/WiMAX ( IDB 4G, 2010) ( ) (multi-mode) (Femto/pico cell) (ASN Gateway) ( ) PC NB (CPE) 95

98 CPE Solution (OEM/ODM) Essential IP FMC : ( ICL, 2009) 96

99 /// 也能帶領該國的通訊產業維持其在全球 3.6 2, , % 100% 1, Gbps 2010 HSPA+ 21Mbps 2011 HSPA+ 42Mbps 3GPP 3GPP LTE Rel LTE 97

100 Alcatel-Lucent FDD LTE TD-LTE LTE IC/ CPE / / 30 IC CPE 2009/ : ( ITRI/ICL, 2010 ) 5.7 LTE 2G GSM 88% 98

101 GSM 2G Apple iphone Google Andriod (Apple) iphone 4G % GDP 1.3%

102 Global Penetration Global Mobile Users 58% 4.0 B Subs 51% 3.6 B Subs 34% 2.2 B Subs Global Penetration Global Internet Users 36% 2.5 B Subs 26% 1.8 B Subs 17% 1.1 B Subs Global Penetration 6% 4% 3% Global Broadband Users 0.4 B Subs 0.3 B Subs 0.2 B Subs Source: Chart (mobile) WCIS, Sep 2008, (Internet and Broadband), ICL/ITRI B 4.7 B 3.6 B 1.8 B 0.4 B 0.35 B WW Population Mobile User Internet User Broadband user Mobile Broadband : (: 4G, ITRI ) [LTE ] GSM41 LTE 4G NTT DoCoMo KDDI SK KTF TeliaSonera 2012 LTE LTE T-Mobile Orange LTE LTE 100

103 Vodafone Telecom Italia Teltra 8 LTE TD-LTE 2012 TD-LTE FDD-LTE 4G LTE LTE UMTS/WCDMA LTE : 41LTE 4G 2010 USA Verizon Wireless Sweden TeliaSonera 2010 Canada Telus 2010 Sweden Telenor Sweden 2010 Canada Bell Canada 2010 Sweden Tele2 Sweden 2010 Japan NTT DoCoMo 2010 USA MetroPCS 2010 Japan emobile 2010 USA CenturyTel 2010 Norway TeliaSonera 2010 South Korea KTF 2010 South Korea SK Telecom ~2012 Canada Rogers Wireless Austria T Mobile China China Mobile 2011 Austria Mobilkom Austria Germany T-Mobile 2011 Austria Hutchison Ireland Hutchison Austria Orange Japan Softbank Mobile 2011 China China Telecom Spain Telefonica O France Orange USA Cox 2011 New Zealand Telecom NZ USA AT&T Mobility 2011 Japan KDDI

104 USA Aircell 2011 Taiwan Chunghwa Telecom 2012 To be Confirmed Australia Telstra To be confirmed Bahrain Zain To be confirmed Hong Kong SmarTone-Vodafone To be Hong Kong CSL Limited To be confirmed Italy Telecom Italia To be confirmed Philippines Piltel To be confirmed confirmed Hong Kong PCCW To be confirmed Various Vodafone To be confirmed [ LTE ] 1) Verizon Wireless Verizon Wireless LTE 700MHz Verizon Wireless (Ericsson)(Alcatel-Lucent) LTE Starent Networks IMS (Nokia-Siemens) IMS Verizon Verizon IP LTE IMS Verizon Verizon LTE LTE LTE Verizon 102

105 LTE 2) TeliaSonera TeliaSonera Erisson LTE (Stockholm) Ericsson TeliaSonera 4G 2010 Ericsson LTE Ericsson LTE LTE Radio Base Station Evolved Packet Core 3) KDDI KDDI 3.9G LTE LTE KDDI LTE KDDI 2008 (2008/4~2009/3) 2009 LTE 103

106 2010 LTE MME (Mobile Management Entity) S-GW (Serving Gateway) P-GW (PDN Gateway) PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) O&M LTE : LTE Verizon Wireless 700MHz n n AT&T Mobility 700MHz n 2011 TeliaSonera 2.6GHz n n 2010 Telenor/Tele 2 900MHz/2.6GHz n n 2010 NTT docomo 1.5GHz n n 2010 n Softbank Mobile 1.5GHz n 2011 KDDI 1.5GHz nhitachi GHz/2.6GHz n n

107 [1] 3GPP TR : "Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)" [2] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer; General description". [3] 3GPP TS :"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation" [4] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding" [5] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures" [6] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer; Measurements" [7] IETF RFC 2960 (10/2000): "Stream Control Transmission Protocol" [8] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Services provided by the physical layer" [9] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode" [10] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities" [11] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Acces Control (MAC) protocol specification" [12] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification" [13] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification" [14] 3GPP TS : "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification". [15] 3GPP [16] 105